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8/4/2019 Nuisance (Rich)
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NUISANCE: A nuisance is any act, omission, establishment, business, condition of property, oranything else which:
(1) Injures or endangers the health or safety of others; or (2) Annoys or offends the senses; or (3) Shocks, defies or disregards decency or morality; or (4) Obstructs or interferes with the free passage of any public highway or street, or any
body of water; or
(5) Hinders or impairs the use of property.
Is nuisance the same as negligence?
Nuisance differs from negligence. The basis of liability arising from nuisance is not negligence.
Negligence is the want of proper care, if you fail to exercise the diligence of a good father of a
family. It corresponds with the time and the circumstances. In short, if you are sued for abatement
of nuisance, exercise of ordinary diligence is not a defense. A person who creates a nuisance is
responsible for the resulting injury, regardless of the degree of care or skill exercised to avoid such
injury. That even if you exercise due diligence that is not a mitigating circumstance so to speak.
If you are an aggrieved party in a nuisance suit, what remedy are you entitled to? You are entitled to
abate the nuisance or to stop the nuisance and for consequential damages.
FYI: 75k ra ang value sa human life if theres no question..
CLASSIFICATION OF NUISANCE:
PUBLIC NUISANCE:
A public nuisance affects a community or neighborhood or any considerable number of persons,
although the extent of the annoyance, danger or damage upon individuals may be unequal.
Note: Only the city mayor is authorized to avail a public nuisance except if the nuisance is esp. injurious
to you.
Q: Will the action be dismissed simply bec. you file it yourself and not the mayor?
Ans: It will be dismissed if you cannot prove that the nuisance is esp. injurious to yourself.
PRIVATE NUISANCE:
A private nuisance is one that is not included in the foregoing definition.Nuisance may also be:
1. Per se- nuisance at all times regardless of the circumstancesEg. Houses of prostitution, gambling houses, houses constructed on public streets, river
beds
2. Per accidens-nuisance only under or because of certain circumstances or conditions. Thisnecessitates a previous determination by a tribunal.
Eg. Rubber factory in a residential subdivision, raising a breeding of pigs in a residential
area
Q: Why do we have to distinguish between nuisance as being per se or per accidens.
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Ans: Because of the remedies available to avail. If it is nuisance per se it can be summarily
abated, no need for a court order.Mere executive order by the mayor will be sufficient and the
mayor can validly issue such an executive order on the strength of Sec.16 of LGC on the general
welfare Clause. However,if it is nuisance per accidens, there is a need for a court proceeding, to
determine whether it is a nuisance or not. There is no summary abatement available if it is a
nuisance per accidens.
Cases which are to be considered as nuisance per accidens and cannot be summarily abated by the
mayors executive order:Estate of gregoria case: copra business
Torayno case: gasoline business
Lucena grand terminal case: public transpo business
REMEDIES IN NUISANCE:
1. prosecution under RPC or local ordinance2. civil action (eg.injunction)3. abatement without judicial proceedings
Basis for the exercise of abatement:a. police powerb. xxx
Doctrine of Attractive Nuisance: Dangerous instrumentality or appliance which is likely to attract children at play. One who maintains on his estate or premises an attractive nuisance without exercising
due care to prevent children from playing therewith or resorting thereto, is liable to a
child of tender years who is injured thereby, even if the child is technically a trespasser in
the premises.
If you maintain an attractive nuisance you would be liable and the child should not beconsidered as a trespasser.
However, if what you are maintaining is only a duplication of nature as in the case ofHidalgo, the owner shall not be held liable. Unless, if there are some artificial
modifications (i.e. Jollibee mascot, tree house)
Hidalgo Enterprises Inc. vs. Guillermo Balandan et.al. G.R. No. L-3422 June 13, 1952
Nature has created streams, lakes and pools which attract children. Lurking in their waters is always
the danger of drowning. Against this danger children are early instructed so that they are
sufficiently presumed to know the danger; and if the owner of private property creates an
artificial pool on his own property, merely duplicating the work of nature without adding any
new danger, . . . (he) is not liable because of having created an `attractive nuisance.
http://d/OFFICE%20FILES/USC%20LAW%20FILES/PROPERTY/Civil%20Law%20Review/Cases/Nuisance/Hidalgo%20Enterprises%20v.%20Balandan.dochttp://d/OFFICE%20FILES/USC%20LAW%20FILES/PROPERTY/Civil%20Law%20Review/Cases/Nuisance/Hidalgo%20Enterprises%20v.%20Balandan.dochttp://d/OFFICE%20FILES/USC%20LAW%20FILES/PROPERTY/Civil%20Law%20Review/Cases/Nuisance/Hidalgo%20Enterprises%20v.%20Balandan.doc8/4/2019 Nuisance (Rich)
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MODES OF ACQUIRING OWNERSHIP:
Art. 712. Ownership is acquired by occupation and by intellectual creation.Ownership and other real rights over property are acquired and transmitted by law, by
donation, by testate and intestate succession, and in consequence of certain contracts, by
tradition.
They may also be acquired by means of prescription.
MODES OF ACQUIRING OWNERSHIP:
1.occupation
2.intellectual creation.-eg.patents,trademarks,copyright
3.law,-eg.fruits naturally falling from the tree of your neighbor and falls in your property; hidden
treasure; ownership of alluvial deposits form gradually and imperceptively by the current of the
river
4donation-
5.succession(testate and intestate)
6.in consequence of certain contracts, by tradition.-eg. In sale, the execution of public instrument
transfers ownershipif coupled with delivery
7.prescription
If the basis for claiming ownership is prescription you have to provejust title-you come into ownership
of the thing thru any of the modes of acquiring ownership except that the source of your title is
not the owner.
MODE AND TITLE:Mode is the specific cause which produces dominion and other real rights as a result of the co-
existence of special status of things, capacity and intention of persons and fulfillment of the requisites of
law
OCCUPATION: all things appropriable by nature without an owner (res nullius)
Eg. Animals object of hunting, hidden treasure and abandoned movables are acquired by
occupation
Ownership of a piece of land cant be acquired by occupation.
LAW- eg. Hidden treasure, changes in the course of the river, fruits of trees falling naturally in the
property of another
PRESCRIPTION-
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DONATION- is an act ofliberality (as shown by the phrase love & affection), whereby a person disposes
of gratuitously of a thing or right in favor of another who accepts it.
For donation to be valid there must be acceptance by the donee and the acceptance must be made
known during the lifetime of the donor.
FYI: Donation made to a paramour is a void donation.
Donation made to the wife is also void, except moderate gifts on occasion of family rejoicing.
RULES:
-only gratuitous and remuneratory donations are governed by the provision of Title III.
-Donation with an onerous cause is governed by the rule on contracts.
-Donation mortis causa governed by the formalities required in execution of notarial will. (Art.805 CC)
Classification of Donations:
Simple/Gratuitous-cause is pure liberality; a unilateral act of the donor (art.727)
If it is a pure and simple/gratuitous donation with an impossible condition or conditions contrary to law,
morals, good customs, public order or public policy, the effect would be that it will be simply
disregarded and will not invalidate the donation as stated in Art. 727 CC .
Remuneratory( first kind)- to reward past services e.g. donation who saved life of his son)
The donation is made in consideration of the rendition of past service which however does notconstitute a demandable debt.
Remuneratory (second kind)- to reward future services
Onerous- there are burdens, charges, or future service. This is governed by the rules of contracts.
(Art.1193)
Akin to a contract which has a reciprocal obligation.ART.1193 Impossible conditions cite this!
So, if it is an onerous donation and there is an impossible condition or conditions contrary to law, morals
good customs, public order or public policy that would invalidate the donation. Because the Rules
on Contracts say that impossible condition or conditions contrary to law, morals good customs,
public order or public policy shall annul the obligation which depends upon them.
Modal-theburden is less than the thing donated. To the extent of the burden governed by therules onObligation and Contract and the excess of that is covered by Title III
Donations may also be:
1. Mortis causa-takes effect/operative after death of the donor; must follow the formalities in theexecution of will and testament
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Attestation clause 3 witnesses
2. Inter Vivos- takes effect during the lifetime of the donor; act is immediately operative and final;the donor may stipulate that he the donor shall take possession over the property while he is still
alive, which means that the donor becomes a usufruct and the donee becomes the naked owner of
the property donated. Not sure pa..
FYI: Donation may also be made to an unborn child and the acceptance must be made by the parent.
Magat vs CA: Issue: what is this donation?
SC: If this is the issue we have to examine the terms of the donation?
Austria-Magat vs. Hon. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 106755 February 1, 2002 [ INTER-VIVOS DONATION]
Deed of Donation provides: Ibinibigay ko at ipinagkakaloob ng ganap at hindi mababawi sa naulit na
apat na anak ko at sa kanilang mga tagapagmana, ang aking lupang residential o tirahan sampu
ng aking bahay nakatirik doon xxx. (emphasis supplied)
Donation Propter Nuptias- are donations made in consideration of marriage. Governed primarily by the
Family Code and in a suppletory manner Title III.
Essential Elements of Donation:
1. Essential reduction of the patrimony of the donor. So, if the donor will donate there is reductionin his assets.
2. An increase in the patrimony of the doneee.3. Intent to do an act of liberality.
Is donation a contract? YES.
Contract is the meeting of minds between two persons whereby one binds himself with respect to the
other to give something or to render some service.
Yes, like any contract donation also requires the concurrence of the reciprocal consent of the parties. It is
not perfected until it is accepted by the donee and the acceptance must be made known to the donor
during his lifetime. And the manner of acceptance must be stated in an authentic form and noted in both
instruments. (i.e. Deed of Donation and in that authentic form which is made separately). It is to be stated
or reflected in both instruments that the donor knows about the acceptance.
However, in one case the SC said that even if the acceptance is not noted in the instruments but based
from the facts it is very clear that the donor knows about the acceptance, there can still be a valid
donation. Based on the principle that fiction gives rise to reality.
http://d/OFFICE%20FILES/USC%20LAW%20FILES/PROPERTY/Civil%20Law%20Review/Cases/Donation/austria-magat%20vs.%20court%20of%20appeals.dochttp://d/OFFICE%20FILES/USC%20LAW%20FILES/PROPERTY/Civil%20Law%20Review/Cases/Donation/austria-magat%20vs.%20court%20of%20appeals.dochttp://d/OFFICE%20FILES/USC%20LAW%20FILES/PROPERTY/Civil%20Law%20Review/Cases/Donation/austria-magat%20vs.%20court%20of%20appeals.dochttp://d/OFFICE%20FILES/USC%20LAW%20FILES/PROPERTY/Civil%20Law%20Review/Cases/Donation/austria-magat%20vs.%20court%20of%20appeals.doc8/4/2019 Nuisance (Rich)
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If he possess at the meantime he is the usufructuary. Just because there is no transmission of possession
immediately after the donation that does not necessarily negate the fact that the donation is still an inter
vivos donation.
In fact there is a provision in Title III that even if the donation is subject to a suspensive condition, still
the donation is an inter vivos donation.
If it is a donation mortis causa, we have to follow the formalities required in the execution of a notarial
will. That it must have an attestation clause and the very least 3 witnesses.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MORTIS CAUSA DONATION:
Bonsato vs. Court of Appeals [ G.R. No. L-6600 July 30, 1954 ], the characteristics ofdonation mortis causa are as follows:
(1) It conveys no title or ownership to the transferee before the death of thetransferor; or, what amounts to the same thing, that the transferor should retain the
ownership (full or naked) and control of the property while alive;
For instance I donate to you. You are entitled to possess but there is a stipulationthere that I reserve my power to sell the parcel of land.
Remember that the donor has the reserved power to sell. Donation mortis causa is revocable by nature. In donation intervivos you completely part with rights of ownership.
(2) That before his death, the transfer should be revocable by the transferor at will,ad nutum; but revocability may be provided for indirectly by means of a reserved power in
the donor to dispose of the properties conveyed;
As long as there is that power to revoke then, it is mortis causa. (3) That the transfer should be void if the transferor should survive the transferee.
Eg. I donate to you a parcel of property but there is a stipulation that if thetransferee will predecease the transferor then the property will revert back to
the transferor.
If it was a donation intervivos what will happen is that if the transferee willpredeceased the transferor, the one who will own the property after the deathof the donee will be the heirs of the donee and will not be reverted back to the
transferor.
If it is a donation mortis causa and the document is in a public instrument but there is noattestation clause then the donation is invalid because it failed to comply with the formalities of a
notarial will.
Situation: It is a donation intervivos. There is a stipulation that if the donee dies ahead of thedonor the property shall go back to the donor. This donation is embodied in a document which isnotarized by a notary public but without an attestation clause.
Q: Is this a donation intervivos ?
Q: Is the donation valid?A: It is a mortis causa donation on the strength of the case of Bonsanto vs CA.
A: Hence, it must follow the same formalities required in the execution of a will and testament.
So, there must be an attestation clause and there must be 3 witnesses who must positively and
affirmatively state in the document that the witnesses see the donor signing and that the witnessessee each other signing.
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Art. Though the property shall not be delivered till after the donors death. This shall be
considered as donation inter vivos. The donor continues to be in possession but that does not
necessarily negate that the donation is intervivos. Kay and possession man ang gi reserved di
man ang ownership. (look for this particular article)
See the next article.
I donate to you a parcel of land if youll pass the 2013 bar exam.
Cabatingan case: SC said that this is a mortis causa donation.
Note the distinguishing characteristic. If it is mortis causa there is always an attestation clause.
And even if it is intervivos it must be in a public document. There is no donation of a real
property in a private handwritten instrument.
Public documentis that duly notarized; does not mean to be registered in the RD.
It is not required that the donation must be registered in the RD for validity.
What is required is that the document embodying the donation of a parcel of land must bein a public document, which simply means that it is notarized by a notary public.
Attestation is required in the last will and testament and in donation mortis causa. But attestation
is not required if it is an inter vivos donation involving parcel of land. (art.805CC)
DONATION OF A MOVABLE:
Art. 748. The donation of a movable may be made orally or in writing.
An oral donation requires the simultaneous delivery of the thing or of the document
representing the right donated.
If the value of the personal property donated exceeds five thousand pesos, the donation and the
acceptance shall be made in writing, otherwise, the donation shall be void.
If movable and less than 5K, not required to be in writing but requires simultaneous delivery. If movable and at least 5K, must be in writing but not required to be in a public document.
DONATION OF REAL ESTATE:
Art. 749. In order that the donation of an immovable may be valid, it must be made in a public
document, specifying therein the property donated and the value of the charges which the
donee must satisfy.
The acceptance may be made in the same deed of donation or in a separate public document, but it
shall not take effect unless it is done during the lifetime of the donor.
If the acceptance is made in a separate instrument, the donor shall be notified thereof in an
authentic form, and this step shall be noted in both instruments.
Parcel of land must be in writing and in a public document. The requirement that it must be in a public document applies only when it is immovable by
nature.
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Donation once perfected the donation is final except if there are legal grounds it cannot berevoked.
Q: Is an onerous donation valid if it is embodied in a private document?
A: Yes, because it is governed by the rules of contracts. To which contracts are perfected by mere
consent.
However, if it is a simple donation of a parcel of land and made in a private document then it is invalid.
2 instances where you can illustrate the rule:
1)the effect of the existence of impossible conditions
2)the effect if it is not executed in a public document
ELEMENTS OF DONATION:
1. CONSENT-following the theory of cognition;Donation is perfected from the moment the donor knows of the acceptance by
the donee. The donee must accept the donation personally or through an
authorized person with SPA.
The acceptance must be made during the lifetime and before the incapacity ofthe donor and the donee. Otherwise, the donation shall be deemed invalid.
Q: Who may give or receive the donation?A: Persons who may give or receive a donation:
1. All persons who may contract and dispose. Donors capacity is determinedas of the time of making, not at the time of signing. Donor must be capacitated
as to when he knew the acceptance by the donee.
Making- refers to time of the execution of the formalities and at thetime of the acceptance of the donation.
2. All those not disqualified by law may accept donations. Minors and others
who cannot enter into contract may become donees ,but acceptance shall be
done by their parents or legal representatives.
Eg. minors and even unborn child (have acquired personality) canbecome a donee.
Void Donations:
1. Those between persons guilty of adultery and concubinage at the timeof the donation. (prior conviction not required but only proof of
preponderance of evidence for concubinage or circumstantial evidence
for adultery)
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2. Between persons found guilty of the same criminal offense.( priorconviction required)
3. Those made to a public officer or his wife, descendants and ascendants,by reason of his office. (RA 6713;3019)
2. OBJECT-ordinary donation may comprehend all the present property of the donor, or partthereof, provided he reserves in full ownership or in usufruct, sufficient means for the support
of himself and/or relatives.
Only present property (not future property) can be donated to which you havefree disposal thereof. Except donation propter nuptias which comprehends
future property.
You cant donate everything. There must be sufficient reservation for oneself&/or family.
But without reservation however the donation is not necessarily void. Thedonation will just be reduced by the petition of the person affected by it.
3. CAUSE- donation is an act of liberality, although it may be made on account of donees marriagefor the services but not constituting a demandable debt or of a burden which is less than the
value of the thing given.
Liguez vs Lopez Feb. 13, 1958
Formalities of Donation (see Art. 748 & 749)
a. Orallyb. In writing
Effect of Donation:
Fruits of the property at the time of acceptance when the donation pertains to the donee and his
donor provides otherwiseWhen the donation is made to several persons jointly understood to be in equal share with no right of
accretion among them, except if the donation is made by the husband and wife jointly theres simply
right of accretion.
Eg. Donation is made to A & B. If A dies does that mean that the donation shall go to B?
A: No, except if A & B are husband and wife.
Donees subrogated to all the rights and actions which will pertain to the donor.
The donor is not obliged to warrant the things donated.
If the donation is onerous, you have a valid ground to file an action for damges. Hoever, if the
donation is simple you have no ground.
The property can be donated to one person with the usufruct to another provided all the donees are
living at the time of the donation
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a) When donation imposes upon the donee the obligation to pay debts of donor, the donee is onlyliable to pay debts previously contracted (unless there is a declaration to the contrary).
b) Donee not responsible for debts exceeding the value of the property donated.If there is no stipulation to the contrary regarding payment of debts the donee shall be
responsible only when the donation is made in fraud of creditors.
As a donee you can be held liable if it can be proven that there is fraudulent transfer
Presumption of fraudulent transfer: if at the time the donation was made the donor does not
reserve sufficient property to pay his debts.
Rule: Donation is final and could not be revoked.
Grounds to revoke:
A. APPEARANCE OF CHILDREN:1. If donor after donation should have legitimate or legitimated or illegitimate children even
though posthumous.
2. If child of donor believed to be dead, should turn out to be living.3. If donor should subsequently adapt a minor child.
B. BREACH OF CONDITION
EXTENT OF REVOCATION/REDUCTION:
Donation shall be revoked or reduced insofar as it exceeds the portion that can be freely disposed of by
will taking into account the whole net estate.
INOFFICIOUS Donation- the amount of the donated property exceeds the free portion and impairs the
legitime
LEGITIME- is the portion of the estate of the donor which is reserved to the compulsory heirs
Compulsory heirs includes the spouse, children, parents
4 years from the birth of the 1st
chld
4 year prescriptive period is reckoned from the date of birth of the 1st
child ( art.764)
5 M Reserved 5M Free Portion
(This is the only
portion that can
be freely
donated.)
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