Nuclear Semiotics Reducing the Likelihood of Human Activities That Could Affect Geologic High-level Waste Repositories

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B M

ONW1-537

Distr ibution Category UC-70

. -

-

1

Reducing the Likelihood of Future Human Activities

That Could Affect

Geologic High-level Waste Repositories

Technical Report

M a y 1984

Hu m an In ter ferenc e Task Force

prepared

for

Of f i ce o f Nuc lear Waste I so la tion

Bat tel l e Mem or ia l I ns t i t u te

505 K i n g A ve n u e

Columbus, OH

43201-2693

The content of this repo rt was effective as of December 1983. This report was prepared by Office of

Nuclear Waste Isolation under Contract

N o .

DE-AC02-83CH10140with the US.Department of Energy.



DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by anagency of the United States Government. Neither the United StatesGovernment nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legalliability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, orusefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privatelyowned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, orotherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or anyagency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed hereindo not necessarily state or reflect those of the United StatesGovernment or any agency thereof.



DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible inelectronic image products. Images are producedfrom the best available original document.



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Human I nterf erence Task Force* i s very grat ef ul f or t he val uabl e

cont r i but i ons of t he task f or ce consul t ant s:

Dr. War r en Berr y, Mat er i al s Sci ence

Dr.

Paul

Ekman, Nonverbal Communi cat i on

Dr. Davi d Gi vens, Anthropol ogy and Nonverbal Communi cat i on

Dr. Maur een Kapl an, Archaeol ogy

Dr. Geor ge Kuk l a, Long- Ter m Cl i mat ol ogy

Dr. Thomas Sebeok, L i ngui s t i c s

and

Sem ot i cs

Dr. Per cy

Tannenbaum

Behavi oral Psychol ogy and Publ i c Pol i cy

They t ook t he t i me to comprehend t he i ssues we f aced

and

t o appl y thei r

exper t i se t owar d achi evi ng t he obj ect i ves we est abl i shed.

t he pat i ence necessary t o t ut or us i n the appr opr i at e appl i cat i on of t hei r

speci al t i es.

pr ovi ded thr oughout t hi s document , f ar more t han t he ci t at i ons al one m ght

suggest .

We al so expr ess our t hanks t o Br enda J erman of Bat t el l e Memor i al

I nst i t ut e who provi ded t he techni cal edi t i ng necessar y t o make t he esot er i c

become comprehensi bl e.

They al so exhi bi t ed

We have drawn heavi l y upon t he r ef erences and the gui dance t hey

*See Appendi x B f or the l i st o f member s.



1anguage/ soci et a1 changes

symbol t o denot e Caut i on

t housands of non- r adi oact

i i i / i J

ABSTRACT

The

di sposal of r adi oact i ve wast es i n deep geol ogi c f ormat i ons pr ovi des

a

means of i sol at i ng the wast e f r om peopl e unt i l t he r adi oacti vi t y has decayed

t o saf e l evel s. However , i sol at i ng peopl e f r omt he wast es i s a di f f er ent

pr obl em si nce we do not know what t he f ut ur e condi t i on of soci et y w l l be.

The Human

I nter f erence Task Force was convened by t he U.S. Depart ment of

Energy t o det erm ne whet her r easonabl e means exi st ( or coul d be devel oped) t o

r educe t he l i kel i hood of f ut ur e humans uni nt ent i onal l y i nt rudi ng on r adi o-

act i ve wast e i sol at i on syst ems. The t ask f or ce concl uded t hat si gni f i cant

r educt i ons i n the l i kel i hood of human i nt er f er ence coul d be achi eved, f or

perhaps t housands of year s

i nt o t he f ut ur e,

i f appr opr i at e st eps ar e t aken t o

communi cat e t he exi st ence

o f

t he reposi t ory. Consequent l y, f or t wo year s the

t ask f orce di r ect ed most of i t s st udy t oward t he area of

l ong- t ermcommuni ca-

t i on. Methods ar e di scussed f or achi evi ng l ong- t ermcommuni cat i on by usi ng

permanent marker s and w del y di ssemnat ed r ecor ds, w t h var i ous st eps t aken t o

pr ovi de mul t i pl e l evel s of pr ot ect i on agai nst l oss, dest r uct i on, and maj or

Al so devel oped i s t he concept of a uni ver sal

- Bi ohazardous Waste Bur i ed Here . I f used for t he

ve bi ohazardous wast e si t es i n t hi s count r y al one, a

symbol coul d t ranscend generat i ons and l anguage changes, t hereby vast l y

i mprovi ng t he l i kel i hood of successf ul i sol at i on of al l bur i ed bi ohazar dous

wast es.

-



V

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Q

Page

1

T H E H U M A N I N T E R F E R E N C E I S S U E

.......................................

1.1 INTRODUCTON

..................................................

1.2 H U M A N I N T E R F E R E N C E

............................................

1.3

S I G N I F I C A N C E OF HUMAN IN T ER F ER E NC E A C T I V I T I E S

.................

1.4 P R O T E C T I N G A G A I N S T H UM AN I N T E R F E R E N C E .........................

2

H UM AN I N T E R F E R E N C E T A S K F O R CE AP P RO A C H A N D F I N D I N G S

................

2.1 H UM AN I N T E R F E R E N C E T A S K F O R CE A PP R O A C H ........................

2.2

P R E M I S E S B O U N D I N G T H E S T U D Y

...................................

2.3 L O G I C F O R A N A L Y Z I N G H U M A N I N T E R F E R E N C E P O T E N T I A L

..............

2.4 H UM AN I N T E R F E R E N C E T A S K F O RC E F I N D I N G S ........................

2.4.1 S i t i n g .................................................

2.4.2 R e p o s i t o r y D e s i g n ......................................

2.4.3

C o m m u n i c a t i o n s

.........................................

2.4.4 S y s t e m E f f e c t i v e n e s s ...................................

2.4.5 A p p l i c a b i l i t y ..........................................

3

S I T I N G . L A ND U SE . A ND I N S T I T U T I O N A L C ON TR OL S

.......................

3.1

S I T I N G C O N S I D E R A T I O N S

.........................................

3.2

L AND

USE

......................................................

3.3 I N S T I T U T I O N A L C O N T R O L S ........................................

4 C O M M U N I C A T I O N A S A M E A N S

OF

R E DU C IN G TH E L I K E L I H O O D

O F H U M A N I N T E R F E R E N C E

..............................................

4.1

BASIC ELEMENTS

F MESSAGE

COMMUNICATION

.......................

4.2 M ES SA GE D U R A B I L I T Y A ND D E T E C T A B I L I T Y

..........................

4.2.1

D u r a b i l i t y

.............................................

4.2.2

D e t e c t a b i l i t y

..........................................

4.3 M E S S A G E C O M P R E H E N S I B I L I T Y .....................................

4.4 RESPONSE TO MESSAGE ...........................................

7

7

7

12

15

15

17

17

19

20

22

22

23

25

28

28

30

30

33

34

38



v i

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

(Cont i ued)

Page

4.4.1 Message In fo rmat i on

....................................

4.4.2 Message Relevance ......................................

4.4.3 F a c t u a l B a s i s ..........................................

4.5 MESSAGE REDUNDANCY ............................................

5 MESSAGE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT

......................................

5.1

CAUTION MESSAGE (FIRST LEVEL) .................................

5.1.1 I c o n i c Message

.........................................

5.1.2 Symbol ic Message

.......................................

5.1.3

Verbal Message

.........................................

5.3 DETAILED MESSAGE (THIRD LEVEL) ................................

5.2

WARNING

MESSAGE (SECOND LEVEL)

................................

5.4 DETAILED TECHNICAL INFORMATION (FOURTH LEVEL)

.................

5.5

SUMMARY

.......................................................

6

MESSAGE

TRANSMISSION ...............................................

6.1

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INFORMATION

....................................

6.1.1 Ancient Monuments ......................................

6.2 MESSAGE DURABILITY ............................................

6.2.1 O n s i t e M a r k e r s

.........................................

6.2.2

W r i t t e n R ec or ds

........................................

6.'3

MESSAGE

DETECTABILITY

..........................................

6.3.1 P e r i p h e r a l M a r k e r s

.....................................

6.3.2 Central Monument .......................................

6.3.3 Earthworks and Anomal ies

...............................

6.3.4

O f f s i t e W r i t t e n Message

................................

6.3.5 O r a l T r a n s m i s s io n

......................................

6.4 SUMMARY

.......................................................

7 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS COMPONENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

............

38

39

4 1

4 1

43

45

45

45

47

49

50

52

52

54

56

56

60

60

66

68

68

69

7 1

7 1

74

75

76

Q

. . . . . . . ~- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ .

. . . . . ..

. . . .



v i

i

TABLE OF

CONTENTS

(Cont i ued)

Page

7.1 S I T E LOCATORS AND DESCRIPTORS

.................................

7.1.1 Pe r ip he ra l Marke rs .....................................

7.1.2 C en tr al Monument .......................................

7.1.3 Other S i t e Marke rs

.....................................

7.2 INFORMATION AND RECORDS D I S S E M I N A T I O N AND

R E T E N T I O N OFF

THE

S I T E ........................................

7.2.1 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f R e p o s i to r y L o c a ti o n s

on Maps and Charts

.....................................

7.2.2 D i s t r i b u t i o n and A r ch iv ing o f Documen ts and Maps .......

7.2.3 E d u ca t io n a l and I n s t i t u t i o n a l A c t i v i t i e s

...............

7.3 SUMMARY

D I S C U S S I O N

.............................................

7.3.1 F i r s t Leve l Channels

...................................

7.3.2 Second Le vel Cha nnels

..................................

7.3.3 T h ir d Leve l Channels

...................................

7.3.4 Fo ur th Leve l Channe ls ..................................

7.4 OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF C O M M U N I C A T I O N M E T H O D S

...................

8 AREAS R E Q U I R I N G FUTIJRE WORK ........................................

8.1 E F F E C T I V E N E S S OF MESSAGE ......................................

8.2 MATERIAL AND MESSAGE DURABILITY ...............................

8.3 M E S S A G E T R A N S M I S S I O N

..........................................

8.4 SITE-SPECIFIC STUDY

...........................................

REFERENCES

............................................................

77

77

79

83

88

89

90

9 1

9 2

9 2

97

98

99

100

102

102

102

103

104

105

A P P E N D I X A P I C T O G R A P H I C

P R E S E N T A T I O N

OF B I O H A R Z A R D O U S

..............................................

CAUTION

MESSAGE

113

B

HUMAN I N T E R F

ERE NCE

T ASK

FORCE MEMBERS

......................

119

.



v i i i

LI ST OF FI GURES

Page

1-1

2- 1

3- 1

4- 1

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-5

4-6

5- 1

5-2

5-3

6- 1

6-2

6- 3

6-4

7 - 1

7-2

7-3

7-4

7-5

7-6

7-7

A- 1

5-

1

Di r ect I nt r usi on by Expl orat ory Dr i l l i ng

and Resul t i ng Connect i on of Aqui f er s ..........................

Human I nter f erence Logi c Fl ow .................................

Reduci ng the Li kel i hood of Human I nt erf erence .................

El ement s of Ef f ect i ve Long- Term Communi cat i ons ................

Basi c El ement s of Communi cat i on

...............................

Message Dur abi l i t y ............................................

Message Det ect i on .............................................

Ef f ect i ve Message Comprehensi on ...............................

Response t o Messages

..........................................

Compr ehensi on and Response

....................................

Symbol . Caut i on

.

i ohazar dous Wast e Bur i ed Here

.............

Exampl e of Thi rd Level Message

................................

Dur abi l i t y and Det ectabi l i t y

..................................

St onehenge ....................................................

Ser pent Mound .................................................

Two Possi bl e Const r uct i on Met hods f or a Quasi - Monol i t h

Per i pheral Marker Message

.....................................

Central Monument ..............................................

Vaul t Det ai l ..................................................

Al t ernat e Cent ral Monument

....................................

Al t ernat e Cent ral Monument Det ai l .............................

Typi cal Cent ral Monument Pl aza

................................

........

Per i pheral Markers

............................................

Pi ctogr aphi c Present at i on

o f

Bi ohazar dous

Caut i on Message

...............................................

LI ST OF TABLES

Summar y o f Message Level s

.....................................

4

13

22

28

29

3 1

33

34

39

43

48

5 1

5 5

57

59

63

78

80

8 1

8 2

8 4

85

87

117

53

.......... .

.

.

.................

. . . . . . . . . . . . .



1

THE HUMAN I NTERFERENCE I SSUE

1.1 I NTRODUCTI ON

For near l y t wo decades t he Uni ted Stat es gover nment has been eval uat i ng

pot ent i al concept s f or t he permanent di sposal o f hi gh- l evel r adi oact i ve wastes.

The l eadi ng cont ender of t he opt i ons consi dered by t he Uni ted St at es and by

f or ei gn gover nment s has been t he sol i di f i cat i on of wast es i nt o a rel at i vel y

i nsol ubl e f or m and the i nt erment of t hose sol i di f i ed wast es i nsi de l ar ge rock

f ormat i ons several hundred meters bel ow t he ear t h' s sur f ace ( deep geol ogi c

di sposal ) .

The r ock f ormat i on t hat i s chosen f or di sposal

woul d be at a dept h

and l ocat i on r el at i vel y f r ee f r omci r cul at i ng ground wat er i n or der t o m ni m ze

t he l i kel i hood of wast e movement f r omt he pl ace of bur i al .

Consi der abl e ef f or t s have been devot ed t o l ocat i ng rock f ormat i ons w t h

sui t abl e geol ogi c, t her mal - mechani cal , geochem cal , and hydr ol ogi c pr oper t i es

so

that:

1.

2. I f such cont act occur r ed, t he wast e woul d be rel eased rel at i vel y sl ow y

Ci r cul at i ng ground water woul d be unl i kel y t o cont act t he wast e.

( i f at al l ) i nto t he ground water .

Tr anspor t t i me of t he wast e f r om t he poi nt of bur i al t o pot ent i al

poi nts wher e wast es coul d cont act humans woul d be suf f i ci ent l y l ong

so

t hat di l ut i on, r adi oact i ve decay, and adsor pt i on or pr eci pi t at i on of

r adi onucl i des i n t he geol ogi c f ormat i ons al ong t he ground- water pat hway

woul d

resul t i n very l ow, i f . any, doses t o humans.

3.

The pr edom nant st rat egy i n sel ect i ng wast e di sposal si t es and desi gni ng

wast e di sposal syst ems has been t o use mul t i pl e bar r i er s agai nst wast e r el ease

t o achi eve i t ems (1) t hrough ( 3 ) above, .

Fur t her ef f or t has gone i nt o the

char act er i zat i on of several pot ent i al host rock f or mat i ons t hr oughout t he Uni t ed

St at es. Si m l ar l y, consi der abl e ef f or t has gone i nt o t he devel opment of wast e

f or ms w t h

l ow l each char acter i st i cs

and

wast e packages t hat provi de

hi g h

i nt eg-

r i t y and

hi g h

r esi st ance to cor rosi on.

The Ci vi l i an Radi oact i ve Wast e Management ( CRWM) program ( f ormerl y the

Nat i onal Wast e Termnal Storage

[ NWTS]

program, under t he di r ect i on of t he

Uni t ed St at es Depart ment o f Energy (DOE), has

the

r esponsi bi l i t y f or t he

i dent i f i cat i on and devel opment of hi gh- l evel wast e di sposal syst ems w t hi n t he

Uni t ed Stat es. At pr esent , t he CRWM program i s f ocused on f our pri me medi a:



2

basal t i c r ocks i n t he nor t hwest er n por t i on of t he Uni t ed St at es, geol ogi c t uf f

i n

t he sout hwest er n por t i on of

the

Uni t ed St at es,

bedded

and

domal

r ock sal t i n

t he sout heast ern and sout hern cent ral por t i ons of

the

Uni t ed St at es,

and

gr a-

ni t i c r ocks

i n t he nor t h cent r al , nor t heast er n, and sout heast er n por t i ons

o f

t he

Uni t ed St at es.

t he above- ment i oned rock t ypes of f er

a

hi gh

pr obabi l i t y of provi di ng adequat e

i sol at i on of t he r adi oact i ve wast es over t he l ong t i me per i ods dur i ng whi ch such

i sol at i on i s requi red. *

Si m l ar l y,

st udi es of pot ent i al wast e f orms and wast e package desi gns have

resul t ed i n package conf i gur at i ons whi ch appear capabl e of provi di ng l ow r adi o-

nucl i de rel ease r ates f r omwast e packages t o t he ground water , shoul d cont act

occur as ment i oned

i n

I tem

2

previ ousl y.

di sposal syst ems ( geol ogi c reposi t or i es) f or t he syst ems pr esent l y under consi d-

erat i on r esul t

i n

a very

h i g h

l i kel i hood o f successf ul wast e i sol at i on and t he

cont i nued pr ot ect i on of humans. Anal yses of pot ent i al r eposi t or y syst ems

have

shown t hat adequate l evel s of i sol at i on shoul d cont i nue

i n

spi t e of pot ent i al

unt oward geol ogi c, ext r at er r est r i al , and l ong- t erm cl i mat i c event s, or pr ocesses

t hat coul d adver sel y act on r eposi t ory systems.

The

st udi es w t hi n the CRWM pr ogr am have i ndi cat ed t hat

al l

of

The combi nat i on of si t i ng and engi neer i ng f actors whi ch char act er i ze wast e

1.2

HUMAN I NTERFERENCE

The successf ul i sol at i on of hi gh- l evel r adi oact i ve wast es over l ong per i ods

of t i me, however, r equi r es not onl y t hat t he wast es be unaf f ected by nat ural

event s and pr ocesses, but al so t hat wast e i sol at i on be sat i sf act or i l y i ndepen-

dent

o f

f ut ur e act i vi t i es of humans.

number of i ndi vi dual s and or gani zat i ons t hat at some t i me af t er t he reposi t or y

has been seal ed, perhaps f ar i n the f ut ure, humans may engage

i n

some t ype of

act i vi t y

at

or near

the

r eposi t or y si t e t hat woul d cause wast e i sol at i on to be

Consi der abl e concern has been voi ced by a

*I sol at i on means segr egat i ng wast es f r om t he accessi bl e envi r onment ( bi osphere)

to the ext ent r equi red t o meet appl i cabl e r adi ol ogi cal perf ormance obj ect i ves,

e. g. , U S. Envi r onment al Protect i on Agency ( EPA) or

U.S.

Nucl ear Regul atory

Commssi on ( NRC) st andar ds. I sol at i on per i ods of several t housand year s are

general l y consi dered adequate t o reduce most r adi oact i ve speci es t o saf e l evel s

( DOE, 1980).



3

severel y di mni shed ( DOE,

1980).

There are t wo basi c t ypes of human i nt er -

f erence act i vi t i es t hat ar e of concer n, di r ect i nt er f er ence and i ndi r ect

i nt er f erence.

Di rect i nt er f erence act i vi t i es are those that woul d somehow breach t he

The most commonl yctual r eposi t ory f aci l i t y and i ni t i at e a wast e r el ease.

hypot hesi zed formof di r ect i nt er f erence i s di r ect i nt rusi on i nt o a seal ed

r eposi t ory by means o f a shaf t or borehol e whi l e expl or i ng f or , or at t empt i ng

t o r ecover , r esources ( Fi gure 1-1). Di rect i nt r usi on coul d range f r om a

borehol e passi ng through the reposi t ory and est abl i shi ng hydr ol ogi c cont i nui t y

w t h one or more aqui f er syst ems, t o t he actual m ni ng by convent i onal or

sol ut i on t echni ques of nat ur al l y occur r i ng mat er i al s

i n

t he r eposi t or y r ock

f ormat i on.

di st ance f r omwhere wast es are act ual l y empl aced i .e., of f si te) , but t hat

coul d adver sel y af f ect wast e cont ai nment or i sol at i on (e.g. ,

shor t - cut t he

hydrol ogi c t r anspor t path).

i nt erf er ence event s. However,

as

stated i n t he U.S. Depart ment o f Ener gy' s

St at ement of Posi t i on on t he U.S. Nucl ear Regul atory Comm ssi on Wast e Conf i -

dence Rul emaki ng ( DOE, 1980 , t he r i sks f r omwar ,

t er r or i sm or sabot age

shoul d not be si gni f i cant due t o t he dept h,

desi gn, and di f f i cul t y of access

of

a seal ed

r eposi t ory. For exampl e, al t hough a r eposi t ory coul d be sever el y

damaged by a di r ect at t ack w t h power f ul ( nucl ear ) weapons, t he i ndi r ect

ef f ect s on peopl e of such an at t ack, due t o r el eases

of

radi oact i vi t y

f r om

t he

r eposi t or y, woul d be muc h smal l er t han t he di r ect damage

i nf l i cted

by such

weapons. Si m l ar l y, the dept h of t he r eposi t or y, the r el at i ve i mmobi l i t y of

r adi onucl i des w t hi n the wast e f or m and t he di st r i but i on of wast e packages

w t hi n the l arge vol ume of rock compi i si ng t he r eposi t ory woul d make post -

cl osur e t er r or i st or sabot age acti vi t i es bot h unl i kel y and

i nef f ect i ve. *

Reposi t or i es shoul d, t her ef or e, be unat t r act i ve t ar get s f or war , sabot age, or

terr or i sm

I ndi rect i nt er f erence r ef er s to act i vi t i es t hat coul d t ake pl ace at some

War , t er ror i sm and sabot age have al so been postul at ed as pot ent i al human

*Each wast e

package

woul d be i ndi vi dual l y seal ed i n t he rock f ormat i on, maki ng

each package rel at i vel y i ndependent of any ot her package.



Impermeable Zone

Repository

Host R o ck

Impermeable

Zone

Confined

Aquifer

Impermeable

Basement Rock

F I G U R E 1 1. DIRECT INTRUSION BY EXPL ORATORY D RIL L ING A ND RESUL TING CONNECTION OF AQUIFERS



5

1.3

SI GNI FI CANCE OF

HUMAN

I NTERFERENCE ACTI VI TI ES

The si gni f i cance of pot ent i al human i nt er f er ence act i vi t i es i s measured

by

t he pot ent i al t hose act i vi t i es ar e cal cul at ed t o have f or i ncreasi ng t he

radi ol ogi cal dose t o humans f r omt he reposi t ory.

reposi t or i es of f er a r el at i vel y passi ve f or mof pr ot ect i on f r om t he empl aced

r adi oact i ve wast e; i .e. , t he combi nat i on of t he rock mass, t he hydr ol ogy, t he

r eposi t or y desi gn, and t he wast e f or mw l l be chosen t o i mpede the di ssol ut i on

and mgr at i on of r adi oact i ve wast e f or a wel l - desi gned and pr oper l y si t ed

r eposi t or y system

The rel ease of any wast es t o

t he

bi ospher e i n si gni f i cant

amount s i s unl i kel y; t he i ncrease

i n

radi oacti vi t y

i n

t he bi ospher e, i f any,

woul d be very smal l

compared w t h radi oacti vi t y l evel s f r om nat ur al l y occur -

r i ng sour ces

( DOE,

1980).

been per f ormed on hypot het i cal r eposi t ory systems. The r esul t s vary w del y

dependi ng upon the par amet ers used,

t he physi cal processes t aken i nt o account ,

and t he purpose of t he anal ysi s.

(e. g. , usi ng sol ubi l i t i es, ci r cul at i on r at es, and geomet r i es repr esent at i ve of

cur r ent sol ut i on mni ng practi ces) , have resul t ed i n cal cul at ed doses t hat

wer e a f r act i on

o f

t he nat ural

background dose, usual l y

a

f ew m l l i r ems or

t ens of m l l i r ems ( Of f i ce of Nucl ear Wast e I sol at i on [ ONW ]

1981). Wher e

assumed human i nt er f erence scenari os resul t ed i n wast e rel eases t o an aqui f er

syst em cal cul at ed doses to humans are normal l y f r act i ons of a m l l i r em

A s

di scussed pr evi ousl y,

Over t he past several year s, var i ous anal yses of human i nt erf erence have

Anal yses per f ormed on a real i sti c basi s

I n

al l cases,

t he

actua

dependent w t h real

doses.

Al t hough the ca

r el at i vel y smal l f or

human i nterf erence

m

magni t ude of t he cal cul at ed doses i s st r ongl y assumpt i on

s t i c anal yses general l y r esul t i ng i n rel at i vel y l ow

cul at ed r el eases r esul t i ng f r om human i nt er f er ence are

rea; i st i c and even r easonabl y conservat i ve anal yses,

anal yses due to t he rel at

1

be t he dom nant cont r i but or t o post - cl osur e r i sk

ve i mmuni t y

o f

r eposi t ory systems t o nat ur al l y

i nduced rel eases.



6

1.4

PROTECTI NG

AGAI NST

HUMAN I NTERFERENCE

The prot ect i on af f or ded by t h

t he reposi t ory si t e i s expected t o

r el ease of r adi onucl i des t o ground

cont act i s due t o natural or human

hypot het i cal syst ems show t he l i ke

r eposi t or y desi gn, t he wast e package, and

adequat el y m t i gate t he consequences of t he

wat er , whether t he gr ound- water/ wast e

i nduced causes. I nsof ar

as

anal yses of

i hood of human i nterf erence t o be gr eat er

t han t he l i kel i hood of nat ural event s or pr ocesses breachi ng a reposi t or y

syst em however , pr udence di ct ates t hat methods di r ect ed at r educi ng t he

l i kel i hood of such i nt er f er ence be eval uat ed.

The general soci et al t r end of cont i nuous t echni cal advancement makes i t

unl i kel y t hat human i nt er f erence coul d be precl uded by desi gn measures;

i .e.,

t echni cal advances ar e l i kel y t o render pr ot ect i ve syst ems put i n pl ace by one

gener at i on vul nerabl e t o t he t echnol ogy of subsequent generat i ons. I f future

gener at i ons el ect t o appl y t hei r t echnol ogy t o gai ni ng access t o t he wast e

r eposi t or y, t hey ar e l i kel y t o succeed w t h r easonabl e pl anni ng and at con-

si der abl e cost ( see Sect i on 2, ground r ul e 2).

has t aken t he posi t i on that : I .

.

. al t hough thi s generat i on bear s t he

r esponsi bi l i t y f or prot ect i ng f ut ur e soci et i es f r om t he wast e t hat i t creat es,

f ut ur e soci et i es must assume t he responsi bi l i t y f or any r i sks whi ch ar i se f r om

del i ber ate and i nf ormed act s whi ch t hey choose t o per f orm ( DOE,

1980,

p.

11-189).

concept of r el eases f r omt he reposi t ory t aki ng pl ace because t hose soci et i es

t hat caused or coul d be af f ect ed by t he r el eases were uni nf ormed.

as

i t s mai n f ocus the r educt i on of t he l i kel i hood of uni nf ormed human i nt er -

f erence w t h r eposi t ory systems. There are t hree pr i mary mechani sms f or

reduci ng the l i kel i hood of human i nt er f erence.

i ncent i ve f or human i nt er f er ence,

(2)

desi gni ng the r eposi t or y t o i ncrease t he

di f f i cul t y of i nt erf erence, and 3 ) communi cat i ng t he exi st ence of t he reposi -

t ory to gener at i ons f ar i nt o t he f ut ure.

r eport , t he task f orce f ocused on t he t hi rd mechani sm

l ogi c used by t he task f orce to anal yze t he probl em and to ar r i ve at i t s

r ecommendat i ons are di scussed i n Sect i on 2 of t hi s report .

The

U.S.

Depar t ment of Energy

However , at t he hear t of t he human i nt erf erence i ssue i s t he

Thi s

t ask f or ce endor ses t he Depar t ment ' s posi t i on and, t her ef or e, adopt s

These are

(1)

r educi ng t he

For t he r easons di scussed

i n

thi s

The approach and t he



7

2 HUMAN I NTERFERENCE TASK FORCE APPROACH AND FI NDI NGS

2.1 HUMAN

I NTERFERENCE TASK FORCE APPROACH

The

US.


DOE )

convened the Human I nt er f er ence Task

For ce i n 1980.

organi zat i ons ( see Appendi x

6 ) .

Thei r exper t i se i ncl uded pol i t i cal sci ence,

soci ol ogy, envi r onment al sci ences, l aw, hi gh- l evel wast e management , nucl ear

r egul at i on, and nucl ear engi neer i ng. The group devel oped t he over al l

anal yt i cal l ogi c and methods f or addr essi ng t he human i nt erf erence

i s sue.

Addi t i onal areas

of

exper t i se consi dered cri t i cal t o t he anal ysi s wer e

i denti f i ed, and i n t hose di sci pl i nes exper t s whose work seemed par t i cul ar l y

rel evant wer e consul t ed. The areas of exper t i se i dent i f i ed i ncl uded

l i ngui st i cs, sem ot i cs, ant hr opol ogy, behavi oral psychol ogy, publ i c pol i cy,

nonverbal communi cat i on, mat er i al s sci ence, cl i matol ogy, and archaeol ogy.

anal ysi s of human i nt er f erence i ssues. Af t er consi der abl e di scussi on, t he

t ask f orce reached a consensus t hat a l ogi c f l ow di agr am ( see Fi gure

2- 1,

p.

13)

present ed a r easonabl e and st ructured approach to devel opi ng and

anal yzi ng t he i ssues.

present at i on of t he many f act ors i nvol ved

i n anal yzi ng human i nterf erence and

I t consi st s of a gr oup of exper t s sel ected f r om sever al

A

var i ety of methods were consi dered by t he t ask f or ce

i n

devel opi ng t he

The l ogi c f l ow f ormat chosen provi ded a cl ear

provi ded di r ect i on

i n

devel opi ng measur es t o r esol ve t hose i ssues. That

appr oach and t he subsequent acti vi t i es undert aken

i n

i t s i mpl ement at i on have

been revi ewed

by

peer s r epresent i ng rel evant t echni cal di sci pl i nes and f ound,

t hus f ar , t o be reasonabl e.

Bef ore di scussi ng the l ogi c f l ow f ormat , however , t he pr em ses boundi ng

t hi s st udy or ground r ul es must be examned.

2. 2 P R E M I S E S BOUNDI NG THE STUDY

I n devel opi ng the approach in t hi s repor t ; t he t ask f or ce f or mul at ed

basi c ground rul es and assumpti ons to reasonabl y bound t he i ssue of human

i nt er f erence.

obj ect i ves f or si t i ng and devel opi ng a hi gh- l evel

wast e reposi t or y as wel l as

w t h exi st i ng and proposed regul at ory r equi r ement s. The ground r ul es, assump-

t i ons, and rel at ed consi derat i ons used by t he t ask f orce are di scussed bel ow

The ground rul es

and

assumpt i ons are consi st ent w t h proposed



8

1.

Present soci et y' s responsi bi l i t y i s

to

di spose of

r adi oact i ve

wast es

i n a

manner t hat

i s

saf e,

i s

envi r onment al l y accept abl e,

and

does not r equi r e

l ong- t ermmai nt enance or survei l l ance. Thi s ground r ul e i s consi st ent w t h

t he obj ect i ves i n t he

U.S.

Depar t ment of Energy' s St atement of Posi t i on i n t he

U.S.

Nucl ear Regul atory Comm ssi on (NRC) Wast e Conf i dence Rul emaki ng ( DOE,

1981) and w t h

a

proposed

U.S.

Envi ronment al Prot ect i on

Agency (EPA)

cr i t er i on

t hat woul d l i m t r el i ance on acti ve i nst i t ut i onal cont r ol s t o a 100- year

per i od af t er r epos

A

pr emse f or

a

t angi bl e benef i t

pose of

the

wast e

t ory cl osur e

( EPA,

1982a).

t hi s gr ound rul e

i s

t hat si nce pr esent soci et y i s der i vi ng

f r om nucl ear power pr oduct i on, and, si nce t he

means

t o

di s-

s

w t hi n t he t echni cal capabi l i t y of t he pr esent soci et y,

t hen

a

moral obl i gat i on exi st s f or present soci et y t o saf el y di spose of i t s

waste.

Thi s

obl i gat i on i ncl udes taki ng reasonabl e steps t o reduce

the

l i kel i -

hood of i nadver t ent i nt er act i ons bet ween f ut ur e humans and the r eposi t ory.

The obj ect i ve i s

t o

m ni m ze, t o t he ext ent pr acti cabl e, t he l i kel i hood t hat a

f ut ur e

human

woul d unknow ngl y decr ease t he ef f ect i veness of t he reposi t ory.

Reposi t ory syst ems must

be

si t ed and desi gned t o m t i gat e the consequences of

bot h natural and human- i nduced r educt i ons

i n

t he ef f ect i veness of wast e

cont ai nment or i sol at i on.

l i kel i hood and pot ent i al consequences of human i nt er f er ence i s pr erequi si t e t o

assur i ng any subsequent exposures of f uture humans t o be at as l ow as i s

r easonabl y achi evabl e l evel s.

r eposi t or y, i ts cont ent s, and the r i sks of i nt er f er ence, bear t he f ul l

r esponsi bi l i t y f or any of t hei r act i ons that can r easonabl y

be

expect ed t o

adver sel y af f ect

the

per f or mance of t he reposi t ory.

consi st ent w t h t he

U.S.

Depart ment of Energy' s St at ement of Posi t i on

i n

t he

NRC

Was t e

Conf i dence Rul emaki ng ( DOE,

1980).

t hi s ground rul e.

w t hst and

a

det er m ned, per haps t echni cal l y super i or , f ut ur e soci et al ef f or t

t o overcome

i t .

Second, al t hough cer t ai n pot ent i al l y val uabl e mat er i al s

(e.g.,

heavy metal s

i n

hi gh- l evel wast e) may

be

deemed unsui t abl e f or

recycl i ng at present due to econom c or pol i t i cal r easons, t he l egi t i mat e use

of such mater i al s by f ut ur e generat i ons shoul d not be precl uded.

soci et i es el ect i ng to take act i ons t hat woul d know ngl y decr ease t he

Adopti ng r easonabl e measur es t o r educe bot h the

2.

Fut ur e soci et i es w t h know edge of t he exi st ence

and

l ocat i on of

t he

Thi s

ground rul e i s al so

There are t wo basi c prem ses f or

F i r s t , i t i s i mprobabl e t hat any st r uct ur e or syst emwoul d

However,



9

ef f ect i veness of t he r eposi t or y i n i sol at i ng wast e (by

such

measur es as

at t empt i ng t o r ecover t he wast e or t o modi f y t he gr ound- water f l ow r egi me or

chemcal composi t i on) must assume r esponsi bi l i t y f or any r i sks t hat r esul t

f r omt hose act i ons to ei t her t hei r gener at i on or l at er gener at i ons.

i sol at i on systemt hat woul d cont i nue t o f unct i on i f l ef t undi st ur bed, by

avoi di ng pr obabl e causes of di st ur bance,

and by t r ansm t t i ng know edge of t he

r eposi t or y t o f ut ur e gener at i ons, t hus al l ow ng t hem t o pl an thei r act i vi t i es

accordi ngl y. The pr i nci pal concer n i s t o avoi d a si t uat i on wher e i nt er f erence

act i vi t i es t ake pl ace w t h no, or i nsuf f i ci ent ,

know edge of t he exi st ence and

si gni f i cance of t he r eposi t or y

so

t hat t he consequences proceed unchecked.

3 .

Present soci et y shoul d make al l r easonabl e ef f ort s to t r ansm t t o

f ut ur e soci et i es i nf ormat i on about t he reposi t or y, i t s cont ent s, and t he ri sks

of i nt er f erence.

A

vi rtual ' l y endl ess r ange of f ut ur e condi t i ons on ear t h,

f ut ure cust oms and

l evel s of t echnol ogy, and f uture r esour ce needs can be

post ul at ed. Because reposi t ory desi gn cannot w t h cer t ai nt y pr event human

i nt er f er ence nor can the pot ent i al mot i vat i ons f or i nt er f er ence act i ons be

known w t h cer t ai nt y, a l l r easonabl e ef f or t s shoul d be made t o devel op and

i mpl ement l ong- l ast i ng mechani sms f or t r ansm t t i ng t o f ut ur e generat i ons

i nf ormat i on about t he r eposi t or y, i t s cont ent s, and t he pr esent l y per cei ved

danger s of i nt er f erence. The mechani sm f or t r ansm t t i ng such i nf ormat i on

shoul d be desi gned t o per si st f or as l ong as possi bl e i n or der t o cont i nuousl y

prevent i nt r usi ons i nt o t he r eposi t or y, i .e., i nt r usi ons t hat woul d not

have

occurred had the existence and location

o f

the repository been known. This

ground rul e

i s

consi st ent w t h t he phi l osophy adopt ed by t he

NRC i n 10 C F R 60

(NRC,

1983) and prepared by t he

E P A

i n 40

C F R

191

( E P A ,

1982a).

The

f ocus of t hi s repor t i s on f ut ur e soci et i es havi nq t he t echnol ogy

requi red to di sr upt a r eposi t ory.

t echnol ogy are i mport ant

i n

devel opi ng measur es to i nhi bi t human i nt er f erence.

These i ncl ude: t he general l evel of soci et al know edge and t echnol ogy, and

t he speci f i c

l evel

of know edge or awareness of t he r eposi t ory and i t s

cont ent s.

Thi s

soci et y' s obl i gat i on shoul d be di scharged by pr ovi di ng

a

secur e

4.

Two aspects of l evel of know edge/

Pot ent i al st at es of f ut ur e soci et al know edge/ t echnol ogy r epr esent a

cont i nuum t hat r anges f r om i nf er i or t o f ar advanced. I f t echnol ogy

si gni f i cant l y r egr esses, t he abi l i t y t o penet r at e t hr ough l ayer s of



sat urat ed* rock t o t he dept h of t he reposi t or y w l l not exi st , maki ng i t

unl i kel y t hat a r eposi t or y coul d be si gni f i cant l y af f ected. Consequent l y, of

maj or concern i n t hi s study

i s

a general l evel of soci et al know edge and

t echnol ogy suf f i ci ent t o di srupt

a

mned geol ogi c r eposi t ory.

l evel of know edge and t echnol ogy may vary dependi ng on t he method of

i nt er f erence (see ground r ul e

5).

i nf er i or l evel of know edge woul d r equi r e t he t echnol ogy necessary t o

successf ul l y penet rat e several

hundr ed

met er s of over l yi ng st r at a, i ncl udi ng

aqui f er s, to reach t he reposi t ory. However , i ndi r ect i nt er f er ence act i vi t i es

may be possi bl e by a soci ety w t h know edge and t echnol ogy i nf er i or t o t hat

requi red f or di r ect i nt er f erence.

exampl e, t hrough l arge- scal e i r r i gat i on or r eser voi r proj ects i n t he

r eposi t ory vi ci ni t y whi ch adver sel y af f ect gr ound- wat er f l ow pat t er ns over

ext ended peri ods of t i me.

soci et i es wi t h advanced know edge and t echnol ogy

i s

l i m t l e s s .

Thi s m ni mum

Di r ect i nt er f er ence by a soci et y w t h an

I ndi r ect i nt er f er ence coul d occur , f or

The range of possi bl e i nt er f er ence act i vi t i es, di r ect and i ndi r ect , f or

As f or ecast s

penet r at e f ar t her i nt o t he f ut ur e, t he r ange of pot ent i al i nt er f er ence

acti vi t i es i ncr eases

as

know edge and t echnol ogy advance. Fort unatel y, t he

know edge of how to prot ect agai nst t he r el ease or i mpact s of bur i ed wastes,

r adi oact i ve or ot herw se, shoul d l i kew se i ncrease. Fi nal l y, one cannot

compl etel y di scount the probabi l i t y of an hi stori cal

cont i nui t y w t h present

soci et y

( and

i t s l evel of know edge

and

t echnol ogy)

and

cont i nued know edge of

t he r eposi t or y, w th or w t hout t he measures di scussed

i n

t hi s report .

t he conduct of t he i nt er f erence i n several ways. For exampl e, any act i on i n

whi ch materi al s coul d be brought t o t he sur f ace f r om t he r eposi t or y i s l i kel y

t o be moni t ored more cl osel y, i f

t he

presence of t he r eposi t ory i s known.

Si m l ar l y, acti ons l i kel y t o r el ease radi oact i vi t y to t he envi r onment woul d be

avoi ded. Thus, i n cases where communi cat i ons are ef f ect i ve i n r ai si ng the

l evel of a f ut ur e soci ety' s awar eness of t he reposi t or y or t he wast e, t he

prevent i on of a di sr upt i on of t he reposi t or y coul d be enhanced, or t he conse-

quences of a di sr upt i on l essened.

The l evel of awar eness of t he reposi t ory and/ or t he wast e mght al t er

The l i mt i ng case woul d be one

i n

whi ch

*The presence o f ground water compl i cat es the process of very deep m ni ng.

Several

r eposi t ory concept s under eval uat i on woul d pl ace t he reposi t or y bel ow

ne or more water- bear i ng st r ata, however , whi ch coul d hel p prevent human

i nt er f erence.



there

i s

I n t hi s

m t i gat e

11

no awareness of t he r eposi t ory and al l communi cat i ons have fai l ed.

i mt i ng case, onl y the desi gn f eat ur es and si t e char act er i st i cs wou

t he ef f ects of i nt erf erence.

Thi s ground rul e i s consi st ent w t h t he NRC' s phi l osophy r egar di ng t he

credi bi l i t y of ant i ci pat ed processes and event s rel at ed t o human i nt r usi on

( NRC, 1983).

be ef f ect i ve f or both di r ect and i ndi r ect i nt er f er ence act i vi t i es. Ei t her

5. The met hod used t o communi cate i nf ormat i on t o f ut ure soci et i es must

d

di r ect or r emot e i nt er f erence act i vi t i es coul d i nf l uence t he ef f ect i veness

o f

t he r eposi t or y.

on communi cat i on t echni ques t hat are appl i cabl e f or ei t her t ype of i nt er -

f erence.

under t ake acti vi t i es t hat are pot ent i al l y di srupt i ve ( dr i l l i ng, m ni ng, etc. )

may t ake a var i et y of f orms and cover a l arge range of t echnol ogi cal capabi l -

i t i es. The mechani sms f or al er t i ng such i ndi vi dual s shoul d be suf f i ci ent l y

di ver se t o cover a reasonabl e ar ray of pr e- i nt er f er enee survey opt i ons (e. g. ,

ground surveys, ai r bor ne surveys, vi sual or geophysi cal survey techni ques) .

10,000

year s af t er r eposi t ory cl osure.

decr easi ng degr ee of r i sk of r adi oact i ve exposure over t i me and uncert ai nt i es

due

t o nat ural phenomena. Fi r st , t he r adi oact i vi t y hazard associ at ed w t h t he

The means used t o t r ansm t know edge, t her ef or e, must f ocus

For exampl e, t he survei l l ance methods used by persons pl anni ng t o

6.

The emphasi s f or t r ansmt t i ng i nf ormat i on w l l f ocus on t he f i r st

Thi s per i od of t i me consi ders bot h t he

nucl ear waste di m ni shes over t i me.

ucts occur s dur i ng t he f i r st

1,000

year s af t er cl osure.

t r ansurani c el ement s woul d reach l evel s that appr oxi mat e backgr ound r adi at i on

af t er t en

t o

t hi r t y thousand years. Second, t he t i me f r ame consi ders t he

uncer t ai nt y

i n

eval uat i ons due t o cl i mat i c changes ( heat i ng, cool i ng, and

r ai nf al l ) on ear t h over per i ods of t housands of year s.

Stat ement of Posi t i on on the NRC Wast e Conf i dence Rul emaki ng

(DOE, 1980).

i nt erest.

l anguages w l l be repl aced or si gni f i cant l y modi f i ed,

maki ng any si ngl e

l anguage unr el i abl e by i t sel f as an ef f ect i ve devi ce f or communi cat i on.

Rel at i vel y rapi d decay of f i ssi on pr od-

Sl ower decayi ng

Thi s per i od o f t i me i s consi st ent w t h t he U. S . Depart ment of Energy' s

7. Present l anguaqes are l i kel y to change over t he t i me f r ame of

One can reasonabl y post ul ate t hat over a 10, 000- year t i me f r ame,

8. A

basi c know edge

o f

at omc physi cs i s l i kel y

t o

be possessed by

ol ogy as known t odayut ur e soci et i es. Al t hough nucl ear t echno

ogy and rad



12

may not be

used

by di st ant f ut ur e gener at i ons, t he know edge of

bas i c

atomc

physi cs

i s

unl i kel y t o be l ost

by a

soci et y t hat has t he t echnol ogi cal

capabi l i t y t o di sr upt a r eposi t ory. Basi c at om c physi cs (e.g., at om c

st r uct ur e, nucl ear i nt er act i ons w t h mat t er ) i s an essent i al par t of many

sci ences and t echnol ogi es ( communi cat i on, chem st r y, medi ci ne, el ect r oni cs,

etc.)

and

i s l i kel y t o r emai n a basi c bui l di ng bl ock f or technol ogi es f ar i nt o

t he f ut ure.

2.3

LOGI C FOR ANALYZI NG

HUMAN

I NTERFERENCE POTENTI AL

Wt h the gr ound r ul es

i n

m nd, t he anal yt i c l ogi c st r uct ur e can be

di scussed.

The

anal yti cal l ogi c shown

i n

Fi gur e

2-1,

whi ch

i s

di scussed

i n

det ai l t hr oughout t hi s document ,

i s t he

f r amework

o f

pr em ses, assumpt i ons,

and requi r ement s f or t he st udy of

human

i nt er f erence. Fi gur e

2 - 1

i ndi cat es

condi t i ons that woul d need to be met t o pr ovi de l ong- t er mpr ot ect i on agai nst

human i nt erf erence. The t wo most basi c el ement s

i n

t he l ogi c ar e t o pr ot ect

f ut ur e soci et i es

by

(1)

r educi ng t he l i kel i hood of human i nt erf erence, and

(2 )

r educi ng t he consequences of

human

i nt er f erence.

The

l i kel i hood can

be

r educed by consi der i ng human i nt er f er ence f act or s

i n si t i ng a r eposi t or y, by

ef f ecti vel y communi cat i ng warni ng messages t o f ut ure soci et i es, and by

des i gn i ng

r eposi t ory syst ems t o make physi cal

access possi bl e onl y w t h gr eat

di f f i cul ty.

can i ncorporat e nat ural and engi neered bar r i ers, i ncl udi ng t he wast e package,

engi neered reposi t or y backf i l l s

and

seal s, and nat ural i sol at i on f eat ur es

provi ded by t he surroundi ng geol ogi c envi r onment .

For

t he

most part , the

measures al r eady pl anned

and

document ed

i n

Ci vi l i an Radi oact i ve Wast e

Management ( CRWM) l i t erature t o m t i gate t he ef f ect s of nat ural phenomena

woul d be ef f ect i ve

i n

mt i gat i ng the consequences of phenomena i nduced by

human i nterf erence. Ampl e i nf ormat i on

i s

avai l abl e

i n t he

CRWM l i t er at ur e to

eval uat e

Box 7 i n

Fi gure

2-1:

i n m t i gat i ng

t he consequences of human i nt erf erence.

To reduce the consequences of

human

i nt er f er ence, t he reposi t or y system

t he

ef f i cacy of nat ural and engi neer ed bar r i er s

i ssues of r educi ng t he

ated consi der at i ons ( Box

4),

i ke1

he maj or part of Fi gure

2-1

addresses t he

hood of

human

i nt er f erence by 1) s i t e- re



13

.

L I

I

c

. I

A 9

f

FIGURE

2-1.

HUMAN INTERFERENCE LOGIC FLOW

? I

r t

r i

- 1

- 7

I

P- l

1

i .



15

( 2 )

ef f ecti ve communi cat i on ( Box

5) ,

and ( 3 ) i mpedi ng access ( Box 6). Si t i ng

and

l and

use

consi der at i ons

and

r eposi t or y

des i gn

f act or s t o r educe i ncent i ves

f or i nt er f erence and t o i mpede access are di scussed

i n

Sect i on

3 and

have been

document ed

i n

ot her CRWM l i terature.

Thi s

r epor t emphasi zes l ong- t er m

communi cat i on (as expanded i n Fi gur e

2-1)

as a pr i mary method t o reduce t he

pot ent i al f or human i nt er f erence.

Thi s r eport i ndi cates how t he communi cat i on el ement s i n t he l ogi c di agr am

( Fi gure

2-1)

can be achi eved by appl yi ng an under st andi ng of l i ngui st i cs, psy-

chol ogy, mat er i al s sci ences, ar chaeol ogy, and ot her appr opr i at e di sci pl i nes.

The opt i ons di scussed f or achi evi ng t he el ement s of t he l ogi c di agr ams ar e

used

as t he basi s f or one possi bl e r ef er ence communi cat i on syst em at a hypo-

t het i cal si t e ( Secti on

7)

t o i l l ust r at e one possi bl e combi nat i on. Some of t he

measures descr i bed are ext ensi ve and coul d, perhaps, be consi dered excessi ve.

Whether measures t o reduce t he l i kel i hood of human i nterf erence need

be

as

extensi ve as opt i ons descr i bed i n t hi s repor t al l ow,

i s a mat t er of r egul at or y

di scret i on, si t e- speci f i c condi t i ons, and f ur t her r esearch. I n pr act i ce, t he

communi cat i on syst em chosen woul d vary w t h si t e- speci f i c condi t i ons

and

r egul at ory r equi r ement s.

2.4 HUMAN

I NTERFERENCE TASK FORCE FI NDI NGS

On t he basi s of i t s st udi es, whi ch have been car r i ed on over a per i od of

approxi matel y t wo year s and whi ch have cul m nat ed

i n t hi s

report

and

several

r eport s prepared

by

consul t ant s t o the task f orce, t he task f orce makes t he

f ol l ow ng f i ndi ngs, cat egor i zed i nt o t he ar eas of

( 1 )

si t i ng,

( 2 )

r eposi t or y

desi gn,

( 3 )

communi cat i ons,

( 4 )

syst em ef f ect i veness, and

( 5 )

appl i cabi l i t y.

2.4.1

Si t i ng

Human i nter f erence shoul d be consi dered

i n

t he si t i ng of r eposi t or i es

f romt he per spect i ve of i ndi genous nat ural r esour ces, t he exi st ence of nat ural

f eat ur es whi ch coul d

be

used

i n

marki ng the r eposi t or y, t he pot ent i al f or

f ut ur e l and uses,

and

t he dept h and geohydr ol ogi cal r egi me whi ch char acteri ze

t he

reposi t ory.

Thi s

i s consi st ent w t h proposed DOE Si t i ng Gui del i nes ( DOE,

1983) and the NRC' s

hi gh- l evel wast e management r egul at i on,

10

CFR Part

60

( NRC,

1983).



16

Resources

A r eposi t ory shoul d be si t ed t o avoi d necessary and va uabl e r esour ces

t hat mght become at t r act i ve t ar get s f or f ut ur e expl or at i on or r ecovery.

to uncer t ai nt y r egar di ng t he econom cs of r ecover y and t he r esour ce r equi r e-

ment s of f ut ur e t echnol ogi es, total

r el i ance cannot be pl aced on t he avoi dance

of present l y i dent i f i ed r esour ces as a means of prevent i ng human i nt er f erence.

Si m l ar l y, t he exi st ence of margi nal l y r ecover abl e r esour ces or of r esour ces

t hat are w del y avai l abl e

i n

other l ocat i ons shoul d not be used t o decl are a

si t e unsui t abl e; ot her measur es descri bed i n t hi s repor t , i n par t i cul ar , t he

communi cat i on measur es, are bel i eved by t he task f orce t o prove more

i mpor t ant

to prot ect i ng agai nst human i nt er f erence t han w l l t he avoi dance of r esources.

Due

Natural Featur es

Based on i t s st udi es, t he t ask f orce pl aces very heavy emphasi s on the

use of l ong- t ermmar ker s t o communi cat e t he exi st ence of a reposi t ory. As

di scussed i n t he r epor t , mar ker s carved i nt o exi st i ng rock out cr oppi ngs or

cl i f f f aces have survi ved f or very l ong per i ods of t i me. Ot her t hi ngs bei ng

equal , a si t e of f er i ng sur f ace f eat ur es whi ch are amenabl e t o t r ansf or mat i on

i nto l ong- t ermmarkers shoul d be consi dered as

an

advantage.

Land Usage

Fut ure l and use shoul d be consi dered f r omt he perspect i ve of avoi di ng

areas t hat may l ead to i ndi rect i nt er f er ence act i vi t i es such as t he cr eat i on

of r eservoi r s t hat coul d adver sel y af f ect ground- wat er f l ow regi mes.

ver sel y, cer t ai n l and uses coul d

hel p pr omote t he cont i nued know edge of t he

reposi t ory and/ or prot ect i on of a r eposi t or y f r om i nt er f erence. For exampl e,

i f

t he reposi t ory were t o be subsequent l y i ncl uded w t hi n l ands under f ederal

prot ect i on f or other purposes (e. g. , nat i onal park l and*), advant ages m ght be

Con-

*The proposed DOE Si t i ng Gui del i nes (DOE, 1983) woul d consi der si t i ng adj acent

to an exi st i ng nat i onal park to be pot ent i al l y adverse.

reposi t ory i nt o a nat i onal park at some f uture dat e,

however , woul d not

vi ol at e t he gui del i nes.

Maki ng

an exi st i ng

n



17

r eal i zed r el at i ve to t he l ong- t ermpr ot ect i on of t he r eposi t or y f r om human

i nt er f erence.

Dept h and Geohydr ol ogi c Regi me

Prot ecti on f r om t he ef f ects

o f

war, sabat oge, and t er r ori sm ar e der i ved

l argel y by the di f f i cul ty

i n

obt ai ni ng access t o t he r eposi t or y, e.g., pro-

t ect i on by overburdens. Si m l ar l y, i nt er f erence scenar i os i nvol vi ng t ech-

ni cal l y i nf er i or soci et i es show t hat a m ni mum l evel of know edge i s r equi r ed

t o overcome the probl em of gai ni ng access t o t he reposi t ory hori zon when

mni ng through wat er - bear i ng st rat a. Ther ef ore, a dept h of sever al hundred

meters and a l ocati on under water- beari ng st rata are consi der ed advant ageous.

2.4.2

Reposi t ory Desi gn

The reposi t ory desi gn may be hi ghl y ef f ect i ve

i n

m t i gat i ng t he i mpacts

o f

human i nt er f er ence act i vi t i es.

i ncorporat ed t o prot ect agai nst nat ural pr ocesses and event s coul d be equal l y

ef f ecti ve agai nst human- i nduced event s.

For exampl e, mul t i pl e bar r i er syst ems

Reposi t ory syst ems shoul d be assessed

on a si t e- speci f i c bas i s

t o

det er m ne th e t ypes of i nt er f er ence acti vi t i es

t hat coul d

be

encount ered and to ascer t ai n t hat t he r eposi t ory desi gn i ncl udes

f eat ur es to prevent such scenar i os.

2.4.3

Communi cat i ons

The l i kel i hood of human i nt erf erence can be reduced by communi cat i ng

know edge of t he reposi t ory through

a

mul t i pl i ci t y of communi cat i on

mechani sms.

communi cat i on syst ems.

and

abl e

t o el i ci t t he desi r ed response.

The capabi l i t y exi st s to devel op and i mpl ement l ong- t erm

Messages must be durabl e, det ect abl e,

comprehensi ve,

Message Durabi 1 i ty

Message durabi l i t y depends on the ab

t t he message to w t hst and t he env

t ransm

l i t y of the mat er i al used t o

ronment i n whi ch

i t

i s pl aced and



18

t he mal i ci ous act s of humans.

( si ngl e pi ece) desi gns have been f ound t o

be

more dur abl e than j oi nt ed

const r uct i on markers due t o t hei r abi l i t y t o w t hstand t he ef f ects o f

weather i ng.

f or recycl i ng shoul d r educe econom c i ncent i ves l eadi ng t o human i nt erf erence

w t h t he marker system Si m l ar l y, very l ar ge mar ker s whi ch ar e di f f i cul t t o

r emove, def ace, or dest r oy are consi dered t o be advant ageous.

Wt h regard t o wr i t t en r ecor ds, l i nen, papyrus, cer am c mat er i al s,

met al l i c pl ates, and aci d- f r ee paper can be used t o record messages t oo

compl ex f or i ncl usi on on sur f ace markers.

but may requi r e a cont r ol l ed envi r onment t o ensure l ongevi t y.

For per manent onsi t e markers, monol i t hi c

Marker mater i al s havi ng l ow economc val ue and a poor pot ent i al

Such mater i al s may be l ong- l i ved

- Detectabi

1

i ty

Both onsi t e and offsite communi cat i on channel s ar e r ecommended

t o

i n-

crease t he l i kel i hood of

mes sage

s ur v i val .

t o be easi l y di st i ngui shabl e w t h di f f er ent desi gns used f or det ect i on f r om

l and or f rom an el evat ed posi t i on, by di r ect vi sual means or by i nst rument s.

Of f si t e recor ds shoul d be r et ai ned i n a var i et y of f orms and l ocat i ons to

promote thei r con

cal l y l ooki ng f or

Comprehensi on

Onsi t e mar ker s shoul d

be

desi gned

ued exi st ence and thei r detect i on by persons not speci f i -

I

Because the know edge l evel s, backgrounds, and pur poses of f ut ure r eaders

are unknown, r eposi t ory messages shoul d be desi gned to convey varyi ng l evel s

of meani ng,

f r om r udi ment ary to compl ex, and f r om gener al

to speci f i c.

Several l evel s of messages are r ecommended, r angi ng f r om symbol i c caut i on

messages t o reasonabl y det ai l ed descr i pt i ons o f what shoul d be avoi ded.

account f or changes i n l anguages over l ong per i ods of t i me, i dent i cal messages

To

Q

shoul d be repeat ed i n several w del y used l anguages as wel l as i n pi ct ogr aphi c

form

message, t he desi r ed response bei ng one

o f

t aki ng caut i on pr i or t o engagi ng i n

pot ent i al l y di srupt i ve act i vi t i es r at her t han f ear of t he r eposi t or y si te. Of

par t i cul ar use woul d be a message st r uct ur ed t o cause f uture generat i ons to

Consi derati on shoul d be

gi ven t o the r esponse

o f

t he reader t o the



19

(1) t ake i t upon t hemsel ves t o prot ect t he r eposi t ory, usi ng whatever means

are most appl i cabl e t o t hei r t i mes, and

(2)

t o r e- encode the message to

account f or f uture l anguage changes whenever necessary (e.g. , est abl i sh

a

message re1 ay system.

Mul t i pl i ci ty

A var i et y of channel s ( t echni ques) shoul d be used f or message t r ans-

mssi on

t o

prot ect agai nst dest r uct i on

and

t o pr omote det ect i on.

message channel s, opt i ons wor t h consi der i ng i ncl ude:

For onsi t e

0

0 Cent ral marker s

0

Eart hworks

0 Messages carved i nt o nat ural rock out croppi ngs.

0

Record archi ves

0

Li br ar i es

0

Per i pheral mar ker s spaced t o be w t hi n eyesi ght of one another

For of f si t e messages, opt i ons wor t h consi der i ng i ncl ude:

I ncl usi on i n r ef erence books

and

maps.

2.4.4 Syst em Ef f ect i veness

The ef f ect i veness of syst ems and measures t o protect agai nst f uture human

i nterf erence must be consi dered

on

a si t e- speci f i c basi s.

desi gned t o w t hst and a

var i et y

o f ant i ci pat ed

condi t i ons

and t o

r each a

var i et y of pot ent i al readers. Det erm nat i ons of syst em ef f ect i veness shoul d

be based on eval uat i ons of t he mul t i pl i ci t y of communi cat i on methods used and

of t he probabl e ef f ect i veness of each measure as

a

f unct i on of t i me.

t he use of st ochast i c ( probabi l i st i c) t echni ques t o eval uat e syst em ef f ec-

t i veness may ent ai l a number of di f f i cul t i es, such t echni ques woul d l i kel y

present a more comprehensi ve and r eal i st i c anal ysi s of syst em ef f ect i veness

t han coul d be obt ai ned on a st r i ctl y det er m ni st i c basi s. The use of f aul t

and

event

t r ees to descr i be t he occur rence of human i nt erf erence scenari os

encounteri ng a hi ghl y r edundant communi cat i on syst emwoul d show t he cont i nued

ef f ect i veness of such a system even t hough some el ement s may f ai l .

Syst ems must be

Al t hough



20

2.4.5

Appl i cabi l i t y

Al t hough t he st udi es by t he Human I nter f erence Task For ce wer e perf ormed

under t he auspi ces o f t he f or mer Nati onal Waste Ter m nal St orage pr ogr am

si gni f i cant i nf er ences can be dr awn rel at i ve t o ot her t ypes of wast e di sposal

act i vi t i es, both nucl ear and non- nucl ear .

most i mport ant i t em f or prot ect i ng agai nst f ut ur e uni nf or med human i nt er -

f er ence act i vi t i es w t h any t ype o f bur i ed bi ohazar dous wast e t o be the

t ransm t t al of an unambi guous, easi l y underst ood message st at i ng, CAUTI ON -

BI OHAZARDOUS WASTE BURI ED

HERE

( see Sect i on 5) .

r ecei ved and under st ood, f uture humans shoul d ( f or r easons o f sel f -

preservat i on) , be encour aged t o ei t her avoi d areas so mar ked or t ake st eps t o

l ear n suf f i ci ent addi t i onal i nf ormat i on about t he ar eas so t hat t hey may

saf el y engage i n whatever act i vi t i es t hey deem prudent .

Nucl ear wast e

i s

but a very smal l par t of t he bi ohazar dous wast es bur i ed

t hr oughout the wor l d.

deemed necessar y f or nucl ear waste are no great er , and perhaps l ess, t han t he

pr obl ems t hat need t o be consi der ed f or ot her more shal l ow y and r eadi l y

accessi bl e bur i ed wast es havi ng i nf i ni t e l i f et i mes and hi g h bi ol ogi cal r i sk

f actors.

The

gl obal adopt i on of a symbol uni quel y st ructured t o mean CAUTI ON -

arge number s of t i mes

ghest possi bl e assur ance

r egardl ess of changes i n

The t ask f or ce consi der s t he si ngl e

Wt h t hi s s i mpl e message,

The pr obl em i nvol ved

i n

communi cat i ng the

messages

BI OHAZARDOUS WASTE

BURI ED HERE

w l l , because of t he

and l ocat i ons t he symbol woul d be used, provi de t he h

t hat t hi s basi c caut i onary message w l l be r emember ed

l anguages, cust oms, and pol i t i cal boundar i es.

The channel s descri bed i n t hi s report f or t r ansm

t t i ng messages were

desi gned to be excessi vel y comprehensi ve due to the h i g h per cei ved ri sk

associ at ed w t h hi gh- l evel wast e di sposal . The i ncor por at i on of ext r emel y

l arge markers and monument s f or ot her bi ohazar dous wast e di sposal grounds i s

not recommended ( even though the actual r i sk at t r i but abl e t o those wast es may

f ar exceed the r i sk associ at ed w t h hi gh- l evel wast e di sposal ) due t o t he very

l ar ge econom c i mpact associ at ed w t h establ i shi ng such ext ensi ve warni ng

systems. The t ask f orce bel i eves t hat adequatel y dur abl e marker syst ems can

be devel oped to convey l ong- l ast i ng caut i onary messages w t hout unreasonabl e

econom c penal t i es. The syner gi st i c ef f ect of usi ng a uni ver sal caut i onar y



21

symbol for all biohazardous waste would provide the needed assurance that

future societies will be aware o f the existence

o f

such waste and adopt the

measures they deem necessary to protect themselves and their descendants from

harm.



22

t

3 SI TI NG, LAND USE, AND I NSTI TUTI ONAL

CONTROLS

I

f

Vari ous met hods are avai l abl e f or r educi ng t he l i kel i hood o f human

i nt er f erence w t h hi gh- l evel wast e reposi t or i es. f i gure 3- 1 i dent i f i es t hree

approaches t hat have t he pot ent i al f or prevent i ng such di sr upt i on over a l ong

per i od of t i me.

cont r ol s r egar di ng t hei r abi l i t y t o prevent human i nt er f er ence, and i dent i f i es

t he l i m t at i ons of t hese met hods.

Thi s sect i on exam nes si t i ng, l and use, and i nsti t ut i onal

Likel ihoo d can be reduced

by site related considera-

tions

t o

reduce incentives

Likel ihoo d can be reduced

by effective communic ation

over a long ti me period

Likeli hood can be reduced

by impeding access to the

repository

FIGURE

3-1.

R E D U C IN G T H E L I K E L I H O O D

OF

HUM A N INTERFERENCE

3.1 SI TI NG CONSI DERATI ONS

Var i ous si t i ng cr i t eri a have been proposed by f eder al agenci es and i nt er -

ested or gani zat i ons (U.S. Nucl ear Regul atory Comm ssi on ( N R C ] , 1983; U.S.

Envi ronment al

Protect i on Agency [ EPA] 1982a; U.S. Depart ment of Energy [ DOE]

1981; DOE,

1983)

t o assi st i n det er m ni ng accept abl e si t es f or a hi gh- l evel

wast e reposi t ory.

radi onucl i de m gr at i on, di sr upt i on by natural f or ces, and m ni m zat i on o f

human exposur e.

t he pr obabi l i t y

o f

human i nterf erence.

These cr i t er i a wer e devel oped t o meet t he pr obl ems of

Some of t he cri t er i a al so di r ect l y and i ndi r ectl y i nf l uence

.

.

. . -~ . -.

. .~



23

The US. Nucl ear Regul at ory Comm ssi on r ul e, 10 CFR

60

( NRC, 1983)

r equi r es that t he r eposi t or y be si t ed on l ands under t he j ur i sdi ct i on and

cont rol of t he Depart ment of Energy or on l ands per manent l y set asi de f or

r eposi t or y purposes. I n addi t i on, a cont rol zone sur r oundi ng t he geol ogi c

oper ati ons area

i s

t o be establ i shed. J ur i sdi ct i on and cont rol of sur f ace and

subsurf ace uses are t o be mai ntai ned to prevent adverse human act i ons.

rul es r equi r e i nst i t ut i onal cont r ol s, whi ch w l l be di scussed i n t hi s chapt er .

f r om areas t hat cont ai n val uabl e or uni que nat ural r esour ces, as the pr esence

of pot ent i al l y val uabl e or expl oi t abl e m ner al s, wat er , or energy resour ces

(e.g., geot hermal ) mght at t ract adver se human act i vi t i es, e.g. , extract i ng

resources or dr i l l i ng t hrough the reposi t or y to r each t he r esour ces

i n

a

manner t hat woul d af f ect t he i nt egr i t y of t he host rock f or mat i ons.

cri t er i a ar e di r ected at reduci ng i ncent i ves f or , and t her ef or e t he l i kel i hood

o f , human i nt er f erence.

human i nt er f erence appear s qui t e r easonabl e, t he f act or s' ef f ect i veness r el i es

on predi ct i ng r esour ce needs of soci et i es f ar i nt o t he f ut ure. Such predi c-

t i ons over l ong t i me per i ods are of doubt f ul val i di t y.

advances, t he economcs of r ecovery change, as do the natur e/ character i st i cs

of materi al s consi dered to be resources. For exampl e,

t he change i n t he

resource val ue of urani um j ust w t hi n t hi s cent ury cl ear l y i l l ust r at es that

the val ue of , and need f or , nat ural r esour ces depends upon econom c and

t echnol ogi cal condi t i ons (Mer r i t t , 1978). Due t o our l i mt ed abi l i t y t o

cor rect l y predi ct demand and need f or par t i cul ar r esour ces, r esour ce- r el ated

si t i ng cr i t er i a appear prudent but not suf f i ci ent t o adequat el y pr ot ect

agai nst i nt er f erence.

t o r eposi t ory si t i ng.

si gni f i cance

i n

prot ect i ng agai nst post - cl osur e human i nt er f erence.

These

Proposed cri t er i a ( EPA, 1982a) woul d r equi re si t i ng a r eposi t ory away

Such

Whi l e t he use of such si t e sel ect i on f actor s to r educe t he l i kel i hood of

As

t echnol ogy

Popul at i on densi t y cr i t eri a have been consi der ed by DOE and NRC r el at i ve

Such pot ent i al cr i t er i a do not appear t o have any

3.2

LAND USE

Af t er cl osure of t he reposi t or y, t he probl em of human i nt er f er ence

begi ns.

Two approaches are avai l abl e f or

ut i l i z i ng

t he s i t e to m ni m ze t hi s



24

probl em

di scour age di r ect and i ndi r ect i nter f erence.

promote the use of t he si t e f or ot her pur poses t hat woul d enhance t he

l i kel i hood of successf ul i sol at i on.

Fi r st , t he use of t he si t e and i t s vi ci ni t y can be devel oped t o

The second approach woul d

The f i r st approach coul d be i mpl ement ed by devel opi ng

a

new communi t y

( rat her t han si t i ng near an exi st i ng town).

to perpet uat e know edge of a r eposi t ory and pr event a l l but t he most m nor

di st ur bances t o t he l and. Vi ol at i ons under or near a ci t y woul d be mor e

subj ect t o recogni t i on and pr event i on t han t hose i n r emot e areas.

Such

consi derat i ons woul d need to be bal anced agai nst t he potent i al f or i ncreased

real or per cei ved r i sks due t o havi ng a r eposi t or y near

a

popul at i on cent er .

I f such r i sks ar e accept abl e, t he devel opment of a communi t y near t he si t e may

prove t o be a usef ul measure.

conduci ve

t o

l ong- t er mr ecor dkeepi ng but not det r i ment al t o t he r eposi t ory' s

f unct i on, a f avor abl e syner gi smcoul d

be

est abl i shed

as

suggest ed by t he

second approach. An exampl e woul d be to co- l ocate nucl ear r eposi t or i es w t h

ot her wast e mater i al st orage/ di sposal systems (e.g. si m l ar si t e but di st i nct

di sposal areas) t o pr ovi de addi t i onal i ncent i ves f or know edge ret ent i on.

Desi gnat i ng such areas as sour ces f or mater i al s f or whi ch t here i s no pr esent

need, but f or whi ch a f ut ur e need may ar i se, may r esul t i n t hei r vol unt ary

i ncl usi on on the f ut ure equi val ent of

U.S.

Geol ogi cal Servi ce or Bur eau of

Econom c Resources maps.

by

our progeny f rom t hei r ancest or s w l l i ncl ude the f act t hat cer t ai n ar eas

have been used f or purposes whi ch requi r e caref ul consi derat i on.

sal t domes are used f or a number of purposes such as sal t m ni ng, pet r ol eum

st or age,

and natural gas st orage ( Gr i swol d,

1981). Gi ven that a l arge number

o f

domes have been al ready expl oi t ed f or such pur poses, ent r epr eneur s

scr ut i ni ze exi st i ng recor ds t o deter m ne past commerci al uses of t he dome

pr i or t o i nvest i ng t he l arge amount s of capi t al requi red f or t he commerci al

use of a sal t dome. Prospect i ve users w l l cont i nue t hi s pr act i ce and w l l be

f orewarned i f t he area has been used as a reposi t ory. Thus, t he use of uni que

geol ogi c f or mat i ons whi ch have compet i ng commerci al uses may enhance the

l i kel i hood of an i nt er f erence- f ree reposi t or y.

Adj acent communi t i es woul d t end

I f t he reposi t ory si t e coul d be co- l ocat ed w t h act i vi t i es whi ch ar e

\

A

f i nal poi nt t o be made rel at i ve t o l and use i s t hat t he l essons l earned

F o r

exampl e,



25

3 . 3 I NSTI TUTI ONAL CONTROLS

The t hi rd f act or t hat of f er s an al t er nat i ve met hod f or r educi ng t he

l i kel i hood of human i nt er f er ence i s gener i cal l y r ef er r ed t o as i nst i t ut i onal

cont rol s .

I n

t hi s r epor t , i nst i t ut i onal cont r ol s r ef er s t o acti ve and

pass i ve measures under t aken by or gani zat i ons and gr oups that are di r ect ed

t oward prot ect i ng or i nf ormng ot her peopl e about t he wast e and r eposi t or y.

t hat r el y on di f f er ent

one i nst i t ut i onal met hod

i nst i t ut i on. The dynam c

nst i t ut i on may change i t s

Thi s method i s composed of

a

var i et y of t echni ques

i nst i t ut i ons f or i mpl ement at i on. The exi st ence of

does not precl ude cont rol bei ng exer t ed

by

another

qual i t y of t hi s met hod i s al so evi dent

i n

t hat an

met hod of aut hor i t y over t i me.

Act i ve i nst i t ut i onal measures are government a act i ons pr i mari l y ai med at

prevent i ng o r i mpedi ng access and unaut hor i zed act i vi t i es at t he r eposi t or y

si t e and sur roundi ng areas. These measures are of t en associ ated w t h t he

operat i on and decommssi oni ng of t he si t e when access t o the si t e must be

rest r i cted f or heal th and saf et y reasons. Act i ve cont r ol s ar e consi der ed t o

be cost l y and a di f f i cul t method t o cont i nue over l ong peri ods of t i me. The

US. Envi r onment al Protect i on Agency at one t i me suggest ed t hat a 100- year

per i od be est abl i shed as t he maxi mum t i me per i od af t er cl osure upon whi ch

act i ve i nst i t ut i onal cont r ol s may be rel i ed

( EPA,

1982a) . Under t hose

proposed f ederal gui del i nes,

DOE

woul d be the government al agency responsi bl e

f or guar di ng and prot ect i ng the si t e dur i ng the devel opment , operat i on,

and

t he f i r s t

100

or more year s af t er cl osure.

Act i ve cont rol s coul d i nc l ude f ences, guar ds, survei l l ance t echni ques and

l i censes to cont rol act i vi t i es at t he si te. These i nsti t ut i onal measur es w l l

change over t i me as previ ousl y suggest ed;

e.g., j ur i sdi ct i on over t he si t e may

f al l under t he aut hor i t y of anot her f ederal agency [ for i nst ance, t he U.S.

Depar t ment of I nt er i or , whi ch i s cur rent l y t he l ead agency f or publ i c l ands),

st at e agency, or pr i vat e cor por at i on af t er cl osur e of t he r eposi t or y.

Passi ve i nst i t ut i onal measur es, i.e., i nst i t ut i onal measures whi ch ar e a

by- product of ot her act i vi t i es t aki ng pl ace, w l l al so be ef f ect i ve i n pr o-

t ect i ng t he reposi t ory f r omhuman i nt er f erence. Such cont r ol s coul d be

gover nment al , soci et al ( oral t radi t i on) , or or gani zat i onal ( uni ver si t y or

f r at ernal groups). For exampl e, t he f ederal government w l l f or some per i od



26

of t i me cont rol t he sur f ace and subsur f ace l and r i ght s ( NRC, 1983). Recor di ng

of t he f ederal owner shi p w l l occur at t he f eder al , st at e, and l oca l evel s.

The count y cour t houses w l l pr obabl y pr ovi de t he most accessi bl e and compl et e

l and recor ds of t he si t e. The deeds of t he si t e w l l not i f y subsequent

property owner s

o f

adj oi ni ng l ands about t he r eposi t or y and i nf or m f ut ur e

devel opers of subsurf ace m neral s about t he l ocat i on of t he waste.

The

r et ent i on of such r ecor ds w l l occur i ndependent of t he r eposi t or y; however,

t he reposi t ory w l l be pr ot ect ed as a secondar y benef i t of such records.

Addi t i onal exampl es of passi ve i nst i t ut i onal measur es i ncl ude:

0 Feder al , st at e, l ocal , and pr i vat e company maps w l l i dent i f y t he

0 The nat ur e of t he reposi t ory w l l r esul t i n t he sci ent i f i c

l ocat i on of t he reposi t or y.

communi t y conduct i ng r esearch and publ i shi ng i t s resul t s.

Such r ecor ds ar e l i kel y t o i nvoke a mor e passi ve t ype of i nst i t ut i onal cont rol

based

on

each succeedi ng gener at i on' s sel f - i nt er est s.

The ef f ect i veness of i nsti t ut i onal measur es depends upon t he t ype of

i nsti t ut i onal cont r ol , t he i ncent i ves f or usi ng t he cont r ol s, and t he dur a-

bi l i ty of t he i nsti tuti ons.

ment agency t hat i s f unded t o i mpl ement t he cont rol s.

i nterested i n cont i nui ng t hese cont r ol s dur i ng t he near t erm because of t he

presence of hi gher l evel s of r adi oacti vi t y.

assert ed i n

a

dr af t r egul at i on ( EPA, 1982a) t hat t he maxi mumt i me peri od that

acti ve i nst i t ut i onal cont r ol s can be rel i ed upon to i sol at e wast es f r om

pot ent i al human act i ons i s 100 years, t her e seems to be l i t t l e evi dence t o

l i mt t he i nf l uence of act i ve i nsti t ut i onal measur es t o one cent ury. As l ong

as t he wast e

i s

consi der ed to have t he potent i al

o f

bei ng har m ul , t he l i ke-

l i hood exi st s that st at e and f ederal agenci es w l l pr ovi de act i ve i nst i t u-

t i onal cont r ol s t o pr ot ect t he publ i c heal t h and saf et y. Many l aws, r ul es,

and cour t deci si ons pl ace a heavy burden upon government agenci es to saf eguar d

t he publ i c wel f are.

I nst i t ut i ons are l i kel y to appl y passi ve measur es as

l ong as t hey do not

conf l i ct w th thei r pr i mary goal s, and as l ong as t he secondary goal s of

protect i ng t he waste and educat i ng peopl e about t he reposi t ory are consi dered

to be i mport ant . An exampl e of t hi s si t uat i on i s that t he r ecor di ng of deeds

w l l cont i nue f or t he l ong term si nce our econom c syst em i s cl osel y t i ed t o

Act i ve i nst i t ut i onal measur es requi r e a gover n-

The government w l l be

Al t hough t he €PA at one t i me

n



27

l and ownershi p.

records w l l exi st f or

as

l ong as t hi s

i nf or mat i on i s consi der ed r el evant t o

t he buyi ng and s el l i ng o f l and.

percei ved need f or t hem and t he exi st ence of a gover nment or organi zat i on.

Successi ve gener at i ons w l l i nst i t ut e appr opr i at e cont r ol s i f t went i et h

cent ur y concer ns r el at i ve t o r adi at i on persi st.

quest i on t hen cent er s around t he sur vi vabi l i t y of i nst i t ut i ons.

cont i nuous hi st ory

o f

ci vi l i zat i ons ,

i ncl udi ng t hei r i nst i t ut i ons and gover n-

ment s.

2,600

years) , and t he Near East 5,200years) , whi l e t he Gr eek and Roman

hi st or i es cover over

2,000

year s. Cont empor ar y r el i gi ons of f er ot her exampl es

of i nsti t ut i ons that have exi sted f or thousands of years. Thus, i nst i t ut i ons,

i ncl udi ng government s, have t he pot ent i al f or survi vi ng l ong per i ods of t i me.

The st r uct ur e f or act i ve and passi ve measur es w l l

be avai l abl e i f soci et y

det erm nes that t hey are needed t o protect t he wast e and

t o educat e peopl e

about t he reposi t ory.

Acknow edgi ng t he pr esence of a r eposi t ory i n the l and

I n summar y, t he cont i nuat i on of i nst i t ut i onal cont r ol s depends upon t he

Assumng t he need exi st s, t he

Hi st or i ans (Durant ,

1954)

have tr aced over 5,000 years of mor e or l ess

The ol dest i ncl ude Egypt

5, 500

year s) , I ndi a

3,000

years) , J apan



28

4

COMMUNI CATI ON AS

A MEANS

OF REDUCI NG THE

LI KELI HOOD OF

HUMAN

I NTERFERENCE

Communi cat i ng i nf or mat i on about t he r eposi t ory and i t s cont ent s i s t he

pr i mary means of r educi ng t he l i kel i hood of human i nt erf erence.

i n devel opi ng the i nf ormat i on communi cat i on syst em

i s

mai nt ai ni ng i t s ef f ec-

t i veness f or up t o 10,000 years.

w l l

be

mai ntai ned over such a l ong t i me per i od ( one- t hi rd l onger t han t he

span of our 7, 000- year recor ded past ) i s

t he pr i mary r equi r ement

i n

desi gni ng

a

communi cat i on syst emand i n det er m ni ng f actors i mpor t ant f or i t s ef f ec-

t i veness.

10, 000- year peri od by usi ng

a

var i ety of medi a and met hods t o convey the same

message at di f f erent l evel s

o f

sophi st i cat i on and i n di f f er ent f or ms.

Thi s

chapt er di scusses basi c message el ement s

and

t he r equi r ement s

( Fi gur e 4-1) necessar y f or ef f ect i ve l ong- t er mcommuni cat i on.

A maj or

i s sue

Ensuri ng

t hat r eposi t or y rel at ed i nf or mat i on

The obj ect i ve i s t o pr ovi de cont i nuous communi cat i on t hroughout t he

Likeli hood can be reduced

by effective communication

over a long time period

L

.t

5

4

Communication must

cont inue over long Communic ation system

time periods

must b e easily detected

(durability)

Effective communication The communication system

requ ires message

compr ehension the desired response

must be designed to elicit

1

8

9 10

11

FIGURE 4 1.

ELEMENTS OF E FFECT IVE LONG-TERM COMMUNICATIONS

4.1

BASI C ELEMENTS OF MESSAGE COMMUNI CATI ON

The basi c communi cat i on el ement s, shown i n Fi gur e 4- 2, consi st o f a

source ( message sender) , a channel ( t he medi um t hrough whi ch

a

message i s



29

t ransmt ted) , and

a

dest i nat i on ( message recei ver) .

f ormul ates and encodes t he message and t hen t r ansm t s t he message t o a

r ecei ver who decodes and i nterpr ets the message. Sur r oundi ng t hi s message

t ransact i on i s t he cont ext i n whi ch t he t r ansact i on occur s. Cont ext i s

of t en cruci al t o i nt erpret i ng and resol vi ng the si gni f i cance of a message,

even t o the ext ent of det er m ni ng whet her t he recei ver ( dest i nat i on) w l l

bel i eve a message ( Sebeok, 1984).

Fi gure

4- 2

i ndi cat es t he i nt er rel at i onshi p and i nt er act i on t hat occur s

bet ween t he communi cat i ons el ement s.

messages and

i n sel ect i ng channel s t hrough whi ch t o t r ansm t such messages,

t hese r el at i onshi ps must

be

consi dered

and

at t ent i on be gi ven t o det er m ni ng

t he r equi r ement s necessary f or t he r ecei ver t o act ual l y recei ve, under st and,

The message sender *

I n f or mul at i ng r eposi t or y- r el at ed

CONTEXT

--------------

\

\

OURCE CHANNEL DESTINA TION

Formulates \

\

MESSAGE

Interprets /

I

\-

/

ncodes--

2 ODE

-

/

-- ---

--

/

\

FIGURE

4 2.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICA TION

(Adapted from Sebeok, 1984)

* I n

t he case of hi gh- l evel

wast e di sposal , t he

U .S .


(DOE) ,

as

the sender or sour ce

o f the mess age,

i s r esponsi bl e f or f or mul at i ng

and encodi ng t he message

and

t r ansm t t i ng t hat message t o unknown recei ver s

( dest i nat i ons)

i n t he i mmedi ate

and

t he di st ant f ut ure.



30

and f avorabl y act on the message.

i ncl ude:

These r equi r ement s shown i n F i gur e 4- 1

1.

The message must cont i nue t o exi st (Box 10); t hat i s , i t must be on

or of dur abl e mater i al .

2.

The

message must

be

observed (Box 11); t hat i s, i t must be

3 .

accessi bl e and detectabl e by t he r ecei ver .

The message must be comprehensi bl e t o t he r ecei ver (Box 8); t hat i s,

t he r ecei ver must know and underst and t he Code* used t o t r ansm t t he

message.

The message must el i ci t f r om t he r ecei ver an appr opr i ate r esponse

(Box 9).

warni ng message and avoi di ng any di sr upt i on of t he reposi t ory.

4.

I n t hi s case, t he r ecei ver shoul d respond by heedi ng t he

4.2

MESSAGE DURABI LI TY

AND

DETECTABI LI TY

The most i mpor t ant r equi r ement s

i n

t ransmt t i ng

i nf or mat i on over l ong

per i ods o f t i me ar e ensuri ng t hat t he messages (1) cont i nue t o exi st i n

accessi bl e l ocat i ons and

(2)

are detectabl e by

peopl e

w t h t he pot ent i al or

oppor t uni t y t o i nt er f er e w t h t he wast e reposi t ory.

4.2.1 Durabi l i t y

Dur abi l i t y i s the physi cal abi l i t y of t he message medi um or mat er i al t o

l ast over ti me. For t hi s st udy, i t

i s

def i ned as t he abi l i t y t o w t hst and or

be prot ected f rom nat ural or engi neer ed pr ocesses f or up t o 10,000 years.

Fi gure

4-3 ,

a part o f t he l ogi c di agr am of Fi gur e 1- 1, shows t he el ement s i n

t erms of t he materi al s used to car r y messages

(Box 17) and t he met hods by

whi ch messages ar e t ransm t t ed (Box 19). Message r edundancy ( Box

18),

as i t

r el at es t o the ef f ect i veness of t he ent i re communi cat i on syst em i s di scussed

i n

Sect i on 4.5.

*The term code

r ef er s t o the l anguage or symbol s used t o communi cat e t he

meani ng of

the

message.



I

edundancy in ind ividual

techniques must be used

I

Long-lasting techniques

must be used

17

3 1

A

variety

of

transmission


*

19

~

1 8

FIGU R E 4-3. MESSAGE D U R A B I L I T Y

The dur abi l i t y of materi al s has been exam ned thr ough r evi ews of archae-

ol ogi cal and hi stor i cal dat a ( Kapl an, 1982a) and through cont r ol l ed deter i ora-

t i on t est s on a number of mat er i al s ( Berr y,

1983).

Bot h per spect i ves cl ear l y

demonst r ate t hat dur abi l i t y depends on t he envi r onment al weather i ng t o whi ch

materi al s are exposed

and

on t hei r potent i al to be removed by peopl e f or

r ecycl i ng or di r ect use.

The envi ronment al f actors consi dered to be i mport ant t o the weat her i ng

process ar e cl i mat e, ai r qual i t y, soil t ype, and t he degr ee of pr otect i on f r om

exposure. Moi st ure appear s

to be

t he most cr i t i cal el ement i n t he degr adat i on

process ( Ber r y,

1983).

message

may

be exposed, i t i s necessary to consi der pot ent i al cl i mat i c changes

over t he per i od of i nterest . Accordi ng to cer t ai n t heor i es, f or exampl e, t he

cl i mat e i n t he next 10,000 years may shi f t f rom i nt ergl aci al t o gl aci al , w t h

i ncreases

i n

f l oods, f l ash f l oods, sl ope er osi on, and l andsl i des; t he accumu-

l at i on of w nd- bl own l oess and sand; and i ncreased areas subj ect t o f r eezi ng

and t haw ng ( Kukl a, 1977, 1981). Hence, possi bl e l ong- t er mcl i mat i c changes

I n

det er m ni ng

the

envi ronment al condi t i ons t o whi ch t he reposi t ory



32

and t hei r ef f ect s must be consi dered i n sel ect i ng message medi a, desi gns, and

mat er i al s.

The const r uct i on of message medi a can af f ect t hei r abi l i t y t o w t hst and

unf avorabl e envi r onment al condi t i ons. Si ngl e- pi ece ( mono1

t h i

c) const r uct i on

i s

more dur abl e t han j oi nt ed const r uct i on, si nce j oi ned sur f aces ar e more

af f ect ed by f r eeze- t haw cycl es.

The econom c resour ce val ue and t he pot ent i al f or r ecycl i ng of mat er i al s

used f or message t r ansm ssi on al so af f ect durabi l i t y.

Among t he mat er i al s

t hat are l i kel y t o sur vi ve 10,000 years of surf ace or subsurf ace exposur e are

pr eci ous met al s ( such as gol d and si l ver) . However , t hei r h i g h econom c val ue

gi ves t hem a l ow ef f ect i ve durabi l i t y because t hese mat er i al s are l i kel y t o be

sought and removed ( Ber r y,

1983;

Kapl an,

1982a).

Hi st or i cal l y, even non-

preci ous metal s ( such as copper and bronze [ Muhl y, 19801) and st one bui l di ng

mat er i al s ( such as l i mestone)

have been removed because t hey coul d be reused

( Thompson, 1981).

Mono l i t h i c

and megal i t hi c mar ker s and engraved messages

have been more dur abl e (Kapl an,

1982a)

because they are di f f i cul t t o remove

and ar e r esi st ant t o t amper i ng.

Cer am c mater i al s, met ai s, and synt het i c stone have al so been i nvest i -

gat ed f or durabi l i t y.

B.C. , r espect i vel y ( Kapl an,

1980)

are more suscept i bl e t o weat her i ng. Li ke

met al l i c obj ect s, many of t he anci ent gl ass and pot t ery obj ect s t hat have

survi ved

di d

so

because of f avor abl e envi r onment al condi t i ons ( Berr y,

1983).

Because oxi des are al r eady t he end product o f met al det er i orat i on, they gen-

eral l y cannot deter i orat e any f ur t her . Si nt ered st abl e oxi des have been onl y

r ecent l y devel oped, and no weat her i ng dat a are avai l abl e; however , some accel -

er at ed t est s i ndi cat e good per f or mance f or t hese mat er i al s.

r ocks that ar e st ructural anal ogs of Synr oc (a synt het i c r ock)

have been known

t o sur vi ve 20, 000 t o 2 m l l i on year s i n a var i et y of geochem cal

envi r onment s

( Ber r y, 1983) .

Concr etes and pl ast i cs can al so w t hst and weat her i ng.

concr et e, however , depends on i t s composi t i on and pr eparat i on, and t he pl as-

t i cs t hat have survi ved weat her i ng have been used i n r el ati vel y undemandi ng

ci r cumst ances ( Ber r y,

1983;

Ri ngwood, et al ,

1979).

sur vi ve a m l l enni um under r easonabl e condi t i ons ( Fi sher Sci ent i f i c,

1964).

Gl ass and pott er y, whi l e dat i ng t o

1,500

B.C. and

6,000

I n f act, natural

The per f ormance of

St udi es o f l i brary mat er i al s i nd cat e t hat cer t ai n aci d- f r ee papers may



33

Paper f r om cot t on or l i nen f i ber s has l asted up t o 1,000year s, whi l e papyrus

has survi ved f r omEgypt i an t i mes.

has been under f avorabl e envi ronment al condi t i ons ( Berr y,

1983 ,

mat er i al s

sui t abl e f or det ai l ed wr i t t en messages woul d probabl y r equi r e st orage

i n

protected envi ronment s.

Consi der i ng t hat such l ong- t er m sur vi val

4.2.2 Det ect abi l i t y

Message det ectabi l i t y r ef l ect s t he ease w t h whi ch r eposi t ory i nf or mat i on

can be percei ved, sensed, observed, and/ or obt ai ned. Fi gur e

4- 4

shows t he

l ogi c el ement s necessary t o ensure that messages ar e detected

by

r eader s over

very l ong t i me peri ods. Both t he l ocat i on of messages and t he method by whi ch

t hey ar e t r ansmt t ed af f ect t hei r accessi bi l i t y and det ectabi l i t y.

must be l ocat ed where pot ent i al r eposi t ory i nt erf erence act i ons are most

l i kel y t o occur , and wher e messages are most l i kel y t o be encount ered dur i ng a

survey pr ocess t hat may precede an i nterf erence act i on.

si t e message l ocat i ons ar e desi r abl e i n or der t o r each si t e vi si t ors and to

pr omote general regi onal know edge of t he exi st ence of t he si te.

Messages

Bot h onsi t e and of f -

Communication system

must be easily detected

Messages must be perceived

by several sensory techniques

(human/instrument)

20

Remote and

lacal

perception must

be

possible

22

Redundancy in techniques

to enhance observation/

21

FIGURE 4-4. MESSAGE DETECTION



34

To

i ncrease t he probabi l i t y of det ecti on,

mes sages shoul d

be

si mul t an-

eousl y t r ansm t t ed by

a

var i ety of medi a, some capabl e

o f

bei ng detected

by

human senses and some by i nst rument sensors.

an exampl e of t he f ormer; a magnet i c or t hermal si gn i s an exampl e of t he

l att er. Wi t t en mar ker s ar e easi l y

detected by a casual

survey; magnet i c and t hermal si gns can be

made

t o be

hi ghl y i mmune t o surf ace condi t i ons.

durabi l i t y and det ectabi l i t y o f t he overal l communi cat i on syst em and enhance

the

quant i t y and the

qual i t y o f

i nf or mat i on t ransf er red ( see al so Sect i on

4.5).

A systemof sur f ace ( vi si bl e and i nst r ument al l y sensed) and subsurf ace

( i nst rument al l y sensed) markers on and near t he si t e coul d, f or exampl e,

i ndi cat e t he exi st ence

and

nature o f a r eposi t or y si t e, def i ne t he boundar i es

of

t he

r eposi t or y, and pr ovi de det ai l ed i nf or mat i on about t he r eposi t or y.

A

wr i t t en message on a mar ker

i s

Both types of medi a have advant ages.

A mul t i t ude of caref ul l y chosen l ocat i ons

and

medi a woul d

i ncrease the

4.3 M E S S A G E C O M P R E H E N S I B I L I T Y

The message must be presented i n

such a

way t hat i t can be underst ood f or

up to 10,000year s.

comprehensi on (see Fi gure 4-5) .

t i on occur s bet ween any two part i es.

Thi s sect i on di scusses t h e el ement s needed f or message

I n

general , t he f ol l ow ng sequence of event s t akes pl ace when communi ca-

Effective communication

requ ires message

comprehension

8

Messages must be inter-

pretable over lon g time

periods

Messages must be wit hi n

the reader’s level of

understanding

12 13

FIGURE 4-5. EFF ECT IVE MESSAGE COMPREHENSION

n



35

1.

2.

3.

The message sender f ormul at es

a

message and encodes i t f or

t r ansm ssi on (e. g. , put s an i dea i nt o words, t he words bei ng the

code;

al t er nat i vel y, a per son coul d concei ve of a gest ur e or act i on

t o convey t he message) .

The message sender t r ansm t s t he message (e. g. , speaks t he words or

makes t he gesture) .

The message recei ver r ecei ves and decodes t he messaqe

(e.g. , hear s or

sees t he message and uses know edge of t he code t o i nt erpr et t he

meani ng of t he message).

The comprehensi on of such messages t hus depends on t he extent t o whi ch

Thi s soci et y cannot predi ct what cul t ur es or soci et i es w l l exi st

t he sender and t he recei ver shar e

a

common code, such

as

an al phabet and

a

l anguage.

several hundred or several t housand year s f r om now, t he l evel

o f

know edge or

t echnol ogy t hose soci et i es may possess, or t he speci f i c codes t hat t hey w l l

use. Ther ef or e, t he i nf ormat i on syst emmust possess the f ol l ow ng

char acter i sti cs ( Fi gure

4-5):

0

The message must

be

i nt er pr et abl e over l ong t i me per i ods; t hat

i s, i t must , t o t he ext ent pr act i cal , be cr osscul t ur al and

amenabl e t o a var i et y of decodi ng devi ces.

i t must address r ecei ver s w t h t he m ni mum l evel of know edge or

t echnol ogy needed f or di sr upt i ve acti vi t i es.

0

The message must be w t hi n t he recei ver ' s l evel of under st andi ng;

Messages

can be t r ansmt t ed as i coni c, i ndexi cal , symbol i c si gns ( Sebeok,

1984 , or combi nat i ons thereof . An i coni c s i g n r esembl es some segment of t he

real worl d to whi ch i t r ef ers. Dr aw ngs and photogr aphs are commonl y used

i cons i n our cul t ur e; t here i s a cor r espondence i n f orm ( i somor phi sm bet ween

t he pi ctor i al r epr esent at i on and t he t hi ng represent ed*. An i ndexi cal si gn

poi nt s t o an obj ect or i s a sampl e of i t. A verbal exampl e i s t he word

I ,

whi ch ref ers t o t he person sayi ng i t.

A

symbol i c si gn i s one whose r el at i on-

shi p t o t he i t em i t r epr esent s i s l argel y ar bi t r ar y, but whose message

*Care must be exerci sed

i n

choosi ng i cons t o st r i ve f or cr osscul t ur al

underst andi ng

as , i n

some cases,

an ass umed i somor phi sm

may

be

onl y f u

grasped by t hose al r eady i nf ormed of t he code or convent i on bei ng used

( Sebeok, 1984).

S

1Y



36

underst andabl e because soc i al convent i ons assi gn a speci f i c meani ng t o the

symbol . For exampl e, t he skul l and cr ossbones i s a commonl y used symbol i n

t he Uni t ed Stat es t o war n of poi sonous subst ances.

ni zed as r epresent i ng pi rat es. Hi ghl y f ormal i zed vi sual symbol s are t ermed

embl ems .

St at es.

Vogel herd cave, and t he Spani sh Levant i ne pi ct ogr aphs of hunt i ng scenes, have

been deci phered.

soci al , pol i t i cal , and agr i cul t ur al acti vi t i es i n pi ctographi c sequences i s

under st ood ( Gi vens, 1981; Sm t h, 1965; Hal l o and Si mpson, 1971). The key t o

accur at e deci pher i ng appear s t o be vi sual r eal i sm as wel l as t he absence of

detai l s unnecessary f or compr ehensi on.

I t i s al so a symbol r ecog-

An exampl e of an embl em i s the seal of t he Pr esi dent of t he Uni t ed

Hi st or i cal l y, i coni c r epr esent at i ons l i ke t he carved ani mal s i n Ger many' s

Even the more compl ex Egypt i an f uner ary ar t t hat det ai l s

Each message t ype, i coni c, i ndexi cal , symbol i c, has advant ages and d i s -

advant ages f or l ong- t erm communi cat i on. One pot ent i al l y i mpor t ant f actor i n

cor r ect message i nt erpr etati on i s t he cont ext i n whi ch the message i s si t uat ed

and percei ved. For exampl e, a hand- drawn map of an i sl and, r ecogni zabl e by

shape, w t h an

X

at t he base of a r ecogni zabl e nat ural

f eat ure, woul d be de-

coded as a possi bl e bur i ed- t r easure map i f f ound among some r ecent l y di scov-

ered possessi ons of a l ong-deceased pi rat e. Conver sel y, t he map woul d

probabl y be meani ngl ess i f f ound on a st r eet corner i n a di st ant par t of t he

wor l d wher e i t s meani ng woul d not be ai ded by the cont ext of i t s sur roundi ngs.

To i ncrease t he l i kel i hood of accurate decodi ng by t he recei ver , messages

coul d consi st of al l t hr ee t ypes t o t he extent possi bl e. I n t he exampl e

gi ven, had t he map i ncl uded the name of t he pi r ate, a pi ct ure o f preci ous gems

and met al s, words

t o

t he ef f ect t hat i t was a t r easure map, and been wr i t t en

on an obvi ousl y anci ent parchment , i t woul d be l i kel y t o at t r act suf f i ci ent

at t ent i on

so

t hat t he f i nder woul d seek f ur t her i nf or mat i on, even i f t he

condi t i ons sur r oundi ng i t s di scover y

di d

not make i t s pur pose obvi ous. For

r eposi t or y communi cat i ons, t hi s di scussi on woul d suggest usi ng a combi nat i on

of message types ar ranged i n a manner t hat woul d r eadi l y suggest a rel at i on-

shi p between the message and what l i es bel ow t he reposi t or ; l and surf ace.

An i mport ant consi derat i on i n l ong- t ermcommuni cat i ons i s t he ef f ect of

l anguage changes. The abi l i t y t o i nt er pret exti nct l anguages i s di rect l y

rel at ed t o the degr ee

o f

r el at i onshi p bet ween the l anguage to be recovered and



compar abl e known

r ead O d and

Mi dd

anguages ( Gel b,

e Engl i sh, scho

37

1973).

Thus, al t hough many

ars have l i t t l e di f f i cul t y

peopl e cannot

n t r ans1 at ng

t hem because of t he cl ose r el at i onshi p t o Modern Engl i sh. Communi cat i on w t h

f uture gener at i ons was probabl y not t he pur pose of t he Egypt i ans who

made

t he

Roset t a St one*, but t he t abl et was, never t hel ess, t he

key

t o deci pher i ng

anci ent hi er ogl yphi cs ( Budge,

1929).

Because t he Greek versi on was

i mme-

di at el y tr ansl at abl e, i t was used as a code br eaker f or t he Egypt i an

hi erogl yphs. The senders, t he Egypt i ans, had no way of know ng t hat Gr eek

woul d survi ve l onger than t hei r own l anguage. The i mport ant l esson i s t hat

t he r epet i t i on of t he message cont ent i n several l anguages al l owed t he message

t o be under st ood t housands of year s l ater . Ther ef or e, t he abi l i t y t o deci pher

wr i t t en r ecor ds shoul d

be

enhanced ( see Sect i on

4.5) by

r epeat i ng t he message

i n several l anguages, some of whi ch may per si st f or

a

l ong ti me.

There i s

a

quest i on of whi ch l anguages, i f any, w l l per si st over t he

t i me f r ame of i nt erest .

and t he numbers of books and recor ds

i n

cer t ai n l anguages i ncrease t he l i kel i -

hood t hat w del y used l anguages w l l

be t r ansl at abl e

by

f ut ur e generat i ons.

Hi st ory i ndi cates t hat even though present l anguages ar e l i kel y to undergo

maj or changes over t he t i me f r ame of i nt erest , most of t he l i t erat ur e and

i mpor t ant r ecor ds w l l

be

r eencoded t o f aci l i t at e f ut ur e use. **

The Hebrew Torah, f or exampl e, i s r ead and underst ood i n t he or i gi nal Hebrew

The

sacred

wri t i ngs of

Hi ndui sm

cont i nue to

be

r ead by schol ar s and devout

Hi ndus

i n

t he or i gi nal Sanskr i t , a l anguage that has not been spoken f or

hundreds of year s.

I n

t he west ern wor l d, si m l ar exampl es can be seen i n

anci ent Greek and Lat i n. The use of t he l at t er

by

t he Roman Cathol i c Chur ch

i s par t i cul ar l y i nt erest i ng because peopl e

o f

many r aces, cul t ur es, and

The si ze of t he popul at i ons usi ng cer t ai n l anguages

Furt her more, some anci ent l anguages remai n w del y read and underst ood.

*Al t hough many markers have survi ved f r omour di st ant ancest ors, t hey do not

appear

t o

be

det ermned at t empt s to send messages to peopl e i n t he di st ant

f ut ur e, but r at her , ar e i nt ended f or dest i nat i ons or r ecei ver s i n t he t i me

of t he encodi ng popul at i on. Thus, anci ent r ecor di ngs, chr oni cl i ng devi ces,

and commemorat i ons, such as t he l ate- Pal eol i t hi c cave pai nt i ngs

(28,000

BC) Sumeri an cunei f orm r ecords

3,000

BC),

and St onehenge 2, 500

B.C.)

were probabl y desi gned f or t hei r cont empor ary audi ences ( Gi vens,

1981) .

**Hi stor i cal exampl es ar e anci ent Greek l i t er at ur e, O d Engl i sh Li t er at ur e,

t he Bi bl e, and numerous ot her anci ent works.



38

count r i es used i t

as

a l i turgi cal code , al t hough they

di d

not speak or

under st and i t . The use of several w del y

used

l anguages, pi ct ogr aphs, and

w del y used

symbol s shoul d pr ovi de a number of r easonabl y r el i abl e avenues f or

cor r ect l y r eadi ng and i nt erpr et i ng t he meani ng of r eposi t or y messages.

Because t he know edge

l evel s ,

backgrounds, and pur poses of f uture readers

are unknown, r eposi t ory messages shoul d al so be desi gned t o convey var yi ng

l evel s of meani ng, f r omr udi ment ary t o compl ex and

f r omgeneral t o speci f i c,

i n order t o best expl oi t avai l abl e channel s and encour age readi ng. One

approach woul d be t o pr ovi de al l possi bl e i nf or mat i on about t he reposi t ory.

However, t hi s i s not al ways physi cal l y possi bl e because of space l i m t at i ons

i n a gi ven channel , nor i s i t necessary; al l r eader s must r ecei ve an i nf orma-

i ve message, but not al l w l l be abl e t o underst and a t echni cal message.

To

accommodat e varyi ng i nf ormat i on needs and message channel propert i es, a system

t hat can pr ovi de messages w t h di f f er ent t echni cal i nf or mat i on l evel s and

varyi ng det ai l s o f i nf or mat i on i s pref er red. Messages t hat t r ansm t several

l evel s of meani ng can enhance f uture underst andi ng by t echnol ogy

-

f rom

l es s

sophi st i cat ed know edge and t echnol ogy ( r udi ment ar y, general i nf ormat i on) t o

super i or know edge and t echnol ogy ( compl ex, speci f i c i nf ormat i on) .

4.4

R E S P O N S E

TO

M E S S A G E

The f i nal r equi r ement f or ef f ect i ve communi cat i on i s r el at ed to the

ef f ect of t he message on decoder s.

not i ced, and cor r ect l y i nt er pr et ed, i t must t hen el i ci t a speci f i c r esponse -

t hat of heedi ng t he message by avoi di ng act i vi t i es that woul d compr om se t he

i nt egr i t y of t he r eposi t ory.

Fi gure 4- 6 pr esent s t he par t of t he l ogi c di a-

gr amt hat i l l ust r at es t he el ement s necessar y t o el i ci t t he desi r ed r esponse,

that

o f

heedi ng t he message. The message must i ncl ude suf f i ci ent i nf ormat i on

t o pr oduce the desi r ed resul t (Box 1 5 ) , be rel evant to the reci pi ent and

appear t o have a f act ual basi s ( Box

1 4 ) ,

and convey t he pot ent i al consequences

of i nt er f er ence act i ons ( Box

16).

Once the message has sur vi ved,

been

4.4.1 Message I nf ormat i on

I n sel ect i ng t he i nf ormati on t o be i ncl uded i n t he messages, i mpor t ant

consi der at i ons are the cl ari t y of the message and t he know edge necessar y t o



n

Messages must appear

relevant to the reader

The commun ication system

must be designed t o induce

the desired response

The messagemust contain

sufficient info rmation to

produce the desired result

The c ommunic ation system

must warn o f t he conse-

quences of interf erence

activities

I

I

9

L I L

I I

I

14

15 16

FIGURE

4-6.

RESPONSE

TO

MESSAGES

under st and t he message.

ant i thet i cal :

suggest s a system of messages w t h varyi ng l evel s of i nf ormati on and

compl exi t y.

t he presence o f t he waste. Hi gher - l evel ,

more compl ex messages woul d al so

t r ansm t i ncreasi ng amount s of per t i nent i nf or mat i on.

o f

messages

i s

di scussed i n more det a i l i n Sect i on

5.

As i n a l l communi cat i on, t he t wo requi r ement s may be

Thi s t r ade- of f

si mpl e message may be cl ear but l ack detai l .

Each l evel woul d denot e a m ni mum message of warni ng and connot e

The concept of l evel s

4.4.2

Message Rel evance

A per sonl s i ncl i nat i on t o heed a message i s i nf l uenced by t he appar ent

r el evance of t he message, t hat i s, t he r eader ' s per cept i on of a cause- and-

ef f ect r el at i onshi p between t he message and the reader . Experi ence i ndi cat es

t hat peopl e warned of dangers general l y avoi d them There ar e except i ons,

because cer t ai n i ndi vi dual s are at t r acted to danger ( Tannenbaum 1984) , par -

t i cul ar l y danger associ at ed w t h chal l enge. Such except i ons, however, do not

r el ate to reposi t or i es because of t he dept h, desi gn, and t he type of hazard

associ at ed w t h reposi t or i es. Ther efore, a warni ng of danger coul d pr ovi de

t he r el evance requi r ed. A consi derat i on of danger messages present s t wo

i mport ant quest i ons:



40

1.

Shoul d t he message express ext r eme danger or merel y mark t he exi s -

t ence of a r eposi t or y?

Shoul d t he message be di rected t oward onl y t hose w t h t he pot ent i al

to dr i l l , mne,

or excavat e t o t he dept h of t he reposi t or y ( approxi -

matel y

500

t o

1,000

meters) ?

2.

An extr eme- danger message w l l l i kel y el i ci t a st r onger response f r om

However , as t i me goes on and t he pr esence ofhe reci pi ent because of f ear .

t he reposi t ory becomes an hi st or i cal f act , peopl e may r eal i ze t hat t her e i s no

danger t o a person on or near t he si t e at t he sur f ace, and t he message may

l ose i t s si gni f i cance. Fur t her mor e, marki ng t he r eposi t or y w t h danger

messages may i nst i l l i n t he present generati on a f ear of r eposi t or i es when,

i n

f act , t here

i s

no r eason t o f ear them Peopl e may be bew l dered to l earn t hat

a r eposi t or y,

f ound by t he government t o be saf e, i s marked w t h danger

warni ngs.

t her e i s a r eposi t or y at t hi s si t e . A message l i ke thi s, one t hat car r i es

no connot at i on of hazard but merel y conveys i nf ormat i on, woul d be l ess ef f ec-

t i ve,

and possi bl y not ef f ect i ve at al l , i f f ut ur e gener at i ons percei ved no

r el evance and di smant l ed al l sur f ace marki ngs.

A prudent m ddl e ground between these ext r emes appear s t o be a warni ng

message system t hat advocates caut i on and i ndi cat es t he possi bl e consequences

o f

di srupt i ve act i ons. Such a message coul d at t r act t he at t ent i on of peopl e

encount er i ng the marker s w t hout conveyi ng a f al se not i on of i mm nent danger .

Si nce t he danger w l l exi st onl y i f i nt er f erence act i ons di sr upt t he r eposi -

t ory, warni ng messages shoul d al so denot e the nature of t he hazard and t he

t ypes of act i vi t i es t hat shoul d be avoi ded.

The second quest i on i s whet her t he message shoul d be di r ect ed t oward onl y

t hose who are capabl e of i nt er f er i ng w t h t he reposi t ory. Here the quest i on

deal s not w t h t he l evel of know edge possessed by a soci ety (ground rul e 4,

Sect i on 2) but w t h the capabi l i t y of peopl e recei vi ng t he i nf ormat i on.

Shoul d the message,

f or exampl e, be keyed to an engi neer or a sci ent i st con-

duct i ng a si t e survey?

i ng

to t he average adul t

( and

i nscri bed on durabl e mat er i al ) are more l i kel y

t o succeed over l ong peri ods because of t he pot ent i al f or broader di ssemna-

t i on of message i nf ormat i on.

At t he other end o f t he spect rum

i s

t he si mpl e i nf ormat i onal message t h a t

--

Messages t hat are under st andabl e and perhaps i nterest -

I f more peopl e know and underst and t he message,



4 1

t he message i s more l i kel y t o r each t hose capabl e of i nt er f er ence and t hose

capabl e of pr event i ng i nt er f erence; f ur t hermore, t he message

i s

mor e

l i kel y

t o

be perpet uated. *

4 . 4 . 3

Factual Basi s

Because the cont ext of a message i nf l uences t he i nt erpr etat i on and t he

r esponse to t hat message, messages marki ng t he r eposi t ory shoul d appear t o

have a f actual basi s and be i mpor t ant , qual i t i es essent i al t o maki ng t he

messages bel i evabl e (Sebeok, 1984). The message w l l i ndeed have a f actual

bas i s t o t he best of

t hi s

soci et y' s know edge.

i ng t he message i n such a way t hat t he f uture r eci pi ent

i s

i mmedi atel y con-

vi nced of t he f actual basi s or i s prompt ed t o ver i f y i t by checki ng.

To

accompl i sh t hi s obj ect i ve, t he message shoul d be

such

t hat t he pot ent i al

r eci pi ent percei ves t hat t he sender was know edgeabl e and consi dered t he

message suf f i cent l y i mpor t ant t o t ake st eps to ensur e i t s survi val .

The probl em

l i e s

i n str uctur-

4.5

MESSAGE

REDUNDANCY

I nf or mat i on tends t o degenerate over t i me

i n

durabi l i t y, det ect abi l i t y,

compr ehensi bi l i t y, and i mpact. I f

a

message i s r epeat ed i n a var i et y of

medi a, f orms, and l evel s of sophi st i cat i on, i t i s mor e l i kel y t o per si st , be

not i ced, and

be

percei ved and i nt erpret ed cor rect l y. A si ngl e message i s

of t en percei ved

by

t he r ecei ver w t h

some di st ort i on because t he sender and

t he r ecei ver i nt er pret al l or par t of

a

message

i n

di f f er ent ways. However, a

message repeated

i n

many f or ms, t hrough many medi a, and at many l ocat i ons

i s

l i kel y to

be

event ual l y under st ood w t h m ni mum di st or t i on.

cussed i n Sect i ons

4.2, 4 . 3 ,

and

4.4.

The dur abi l i t y and det ect abi l i t y r e-

qui r ement s woul d be met by usi ng a var i ety of

medi a

f or message t r ansm ssi on

(e.g.,

st one, preserved ar chi val mater i al s) ; by di st r i but i ng messages i n a

Redundancy shoul d be i ntroduced i nto each communi cat i on r equi r ement di s-

*Each succ eedi ng

generat i on shoul d be encouraged to i nst i t ut e

i t s

own cont r ol s

over wast e si tes. Pr ot ect i on agai nst human i nt er f erence woul d t hen be pro-

vi ded by el i ci t i ng a r enewed r esponse f r omeach succeedi ng gener at i on, each

st r i vi ng t o prot ect i t s own wel f ar e f r om t hi s and ot her pot ent i al r i sks.



number of l ocat i ons, both at the s i te ( above and bel ow t he sur f ace) and el se-

wher e;

and

by usi ng a var i et y of methods t o t r ansm t messages (e.g. , marker s,

wr i t t en recor ds, ar chi ves, oral communi cat i on) . Redundancy di r ect ed at com

prehensi bi l i t y coul d

be

achi eved by usi ng

a

di ver si t y of message t ypes and a

di ver si t y of message codes.

Messages st ructured at several l evel s of det ai l , as di scussed i n

Sect i on 4 . 3 , resul t

i n

r edundancy. Shoul d any part i cul ar channel convey an

i ncor rect i mpr essi on, t he cor r ect cont ent of the message coul d

be

percei ved

when the reci pi ent encount er s t he mes sage i n anot her f or m or hear s about i t

f r om ot her r eci pi ent s.

Anot her approach t o provi di ng redundancy woul d be

a

r el ay syst em f or

i nf or mat i on t r ansmssi on i n whi ch a message woul d be per i odi cal l y r eencoded as

necessary t o account f or l anguage changes. *

r el ay concept coul d consi der

the

10, 000- year t i me t o

be a

s er i es of t i me uni t s

each of perhaps a f ew hundred years.

be desi gned t o t r ansm t messages at l east t hrough the f i r st t i me uni t .

caut i on message woul d be suppl emented by

a

second met a- message .

message woul d provi de i nst r uct i ons f or r enew ng and updat i ng t he message

by

met hods most ef f i ci ent

and

ef f ecti ve at t he t i me of r ecei pt , f or t r ansm ssi on

t o the next t i me uni t .

The reencoded message woul d i ncl ude si m l ar i nst r uc-

t i ons f or r enew ng the message f or t he next uni t , and so on t hrough t he 10, 000

years and beyond. Such a r el ay syst em of f er s the possi bi l i t y f or cont i nuousl y

updat i ng reposi t ory- rel at ed i nf or mat i on t hrough t he best avai l abl e know edge

and t echnol ogy i f succeedi ng generat i ons share our concern about r adi oact i ve

wast e. The i mpor t ant f act or i s

t h a t t h i s

met a- message woul d be added to t he

message system rather than repl aci ng t he exi st i ng one. Thus, as t he codes

of f ut ure generat i ons change, t he i nf ormati on systemwoul d

expand

t o i ncl ude

new codes, i f i nst ruct i ons to do so are f ol l owed (Sebeok, 1984).

I n

t he case of r eposi t or i es,

t he

Some onsi t e and of f si t e channel s woul d

The

The second

*For exampl e, r el i gi ous t e x t s l i ke t he

Bi bl e or t he Hebrew Torah and Tal mud

have been t r ansl ated many t i mes over i nto contemporary l anguages. Our

generat i on' s underst andi ng of t hese cont emporar y t exts i s i mmedi at e.

However, i f t here i s some quest i on as t o the exact or or i gi nal

meani ng of a

phr ase, ol d ver si ons of t he t exts are avai l abl e f or schol ar s t o revi ew.



43

M e s sa g es m u s t b e i n t e r -

p r e t a bl e o ve r l o n g t i m e

p e r i o d s

5

MESSAGE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT

M e ss a ge s m u s t b e w i t h i n

t h e r e a d e r' s l e v e l of

u n d e r s t a n d i n g

A s

di scussed

i n

Chapter 4,

t he abi l i t y t o communi cate t o peopl e i s

di r ect l y rel ated t o message comprehensi on.

Successf ul communi cat i on of r epos-

i t ory r el at ed messages f ar i nt o t he f ut ure requi r es t hat t he messages be

i nt er pr et abl e by peopl e f rommany cul t ur es and be w t hi n t he l evel of under-

st andi ng of peopl e

i n

soci et i es

havi ng

t he capabi l i t y t o i nt er f er e w t h t he

reposi t ory.

of t i me usi ng r edundant message syst ems.

Fi gure 5- 1 f ocuses on ef f ect i ve communi cat i ons over

a

l ong per i od

L i k e l i h o o d c a n b e r e du c e d

by

e f f ec t iv e c o m m u n i c a t i o n

o v er a l o n g t i m e p e r i o d

5

A

E f f e c t iv e c o m m u n i c a t i o n

r e q u i r e s m e s s a ge

c o m p r e h e n s i o n

-

M u l t i p l e l a ng u ag e s

i n c r ea s e t h e l i k e l i h o o d

of

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

1 2 a

A

m u l t i p l i c i t y of m e ssa g e s

v a r y i n g in d e t a i l a n d

t e c h n i c a l s o p h i s t i c a t i o n

w o u l d r e a c h a ra n ge o f

p o t e n t i a l r e ad e rs

~

1 3 a

A

r e l a y s y st e m c o u l d

b e u s e d t o u p d a t e

m e s s a ge t r a n s l a t i o n s

a s l a n g u a g e ch a n g e s

o c c u r r e d

12b

T h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m

m u s t b e d e si g ne d t o e l i c i t

t h e d e s i r e d r e s po n s e

M e s s a ge s ' f a c t u a l b a s is

must b e a p p a r e n t

1 4 a

9

T h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m

m u s t w a r n of t h e c o n s e -

q u e n c e s o f i n t e r f e r e n c e

a c t i v i t i e s

16

M e s sa g es m u s t c o n t a i n

s u f fi c ie n t i n f o r m a t i o n t o

p r o d u c e t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t

15

FIGURE

5-1.

COMPREHENSION A N D RESPONSE



44

Requi rement s f or comprehensi on ( Fi gur e 5- 1) must be met w t hi n t he s t r u c -

t ur e and cont ent l i m t at i ons of t he message channel . Al t hough

i t

may

be

con-

si dered i deal t o physi cal l y pr ovi de t he maxi mum amount of i nf or mat i on t o

f ut ur e readers about t he r eposi t ory, i t may not

be

possi bl e (e.g.,

space

1

i m t at i ons on markers) .

hi erarchy of message l evel s can communi cat e r udi ment ary t o compl ex i nf ormat i on

by var i ous methods.

and are more amenabl e t o hi ghl y st abl e t r ansm ssi on methods. Compl ex messages

of f er more def i ni t i ve expl anat i ons and may r esul t i n more know edgeabl e

act i ons. Compl ex messages ar e more di f f i cul t t o accur atel y convey, however,

and are more l i mt ed rel at i ve t o l ong- l ast i ng mat er i al s of conveyance. A

combi nat i on of messages, varyi ng f romsi mpl e t o compl ex and det ai l ed, coul d

address

a

r ange of pot ent i al f ut ur e message reci pi ent s.

marker but no message, t he most

basi c

( rudi ment ary) concl usi ons r eached by

f uture vi si tors t o i t ,

i n t he absence of any st ruct ured at t empt at

l ong- t er m

communi cat i on, woul d be t hat somethi ng made by humans i s here .

f ut ur e obser ver ,

some meani ng or pur pose mght be conveyed

by

t he obj ect , but

what the meani ng of t he mar ker woul d be i nt erpr et ed t o be i s not cl ear.

message of t hi s si mpl i ci t y i s not l i kel y t o pr oduce t he desi r ed response.

f act , i t mght pr ovoke i nqui si t i ve i nterf erence. *

t he rudi ment ary l evel t hat may be used w t h geol ogi c reposi t ori es t o achi eve

r easonabl y accur ate, l ong- t erm compr ehensi on of t he message

and

to ef f ect t he

desi red r esponse t o the message.

t i onal i nf or mat i on r el at i ve t o precedi ng l evel s about t he r eposi t ory. The

A message can convey varyi ng l evel s of meani ng

and

i nf ormat i on.

A

Si mpl e

messages

are more easi l y conveyed and underst ood,

If t he

on l y

act i on t aken to mark a ' reposi t ory si t e wer e to pr ovi de a

To

t he

A

I n

The f ol l ow ng sect i ons i dent i f y f our possi bl e l evel s of messages above

Each successi ve l evel woul d cont ai n addi -

message channel s

( Sect i on

7)

ar e st ructured to make i t very l i kel y t hat a

meani ng beyond the most r udi ment ary l evel w l l

be i n evi dence over t he per i od

of concern.

*Consequent l y, ' permanence of t he message i s const rued as bei ng o f equal

i mport ance t o permanance of t he marker i f each marker i s t aken as an i sol ated

case. Were messages t o sur vi ve on some marker s, but not on al l , at t he same

si t e, t he bare markers coul d ser ve an addi t i onal

pur pose rel at i ve t o boundary

i denti f i cati on.



45

5.1 CAUTI ON MESSAGE ( FI RST LEVEL)

The si mpl est message to be conveyed i s CAUTI ON

-

BI OHAZARDOUS WASTE

BURI ED

HERE .

f ur t her i nvesti gat i on.

several message t ypes to f aci l i t at e compr ehensi bi l i t y: i coni c, symbol i c, and

l i ngui st i c.

met hods as space and i nherent channel pr oper t i es al l ow

Thi s s i mpl e message shoul d di scour age i nterf erence bef ore

The basi c warni ng message coul d be t r ansm t t ed usi ng

For each channel ,

the

message coul d be conveyed by as many

5.1.1

I coni c Message

Cer t ai n i coni c si gns can be

so

di rect l y rel at ed t o an i mage or at t r i but e

t hat t hei r r ef erent i al meani ng i s appar ent ;

consequent l y they may not have to

be l earned

and

woul d theref ore r equi re a m ni mum of processi ng f or compr e-

hensi bi l i t y ( Tannenbaum

1984).

I coni c f orms can convey a message w t hout

rel i ance on a l anguage;

an ar r angement of such si gns ( a pi ct ograph) coul d be

used t o convey a rel at i vel y compl ex sequence of

i deas . Thus, a pi ct ogr aph

depi ct i ng a ser i es of sequent i al

event s or act i ons coul d be used to convey

cer t ai n el ement s of t he message w t hout dependence on exi st i ng or f ut ur e

l anguages. Pi ctor i al r epresent at i ons can be desi gned to use t he smal l est

number of uni t s needed t o convey the great est amount of i nf ormat i on

by

st r i ctl y adheri ng t o vi sual r eal i sm and, si mul t aneousl y, excl udi ng det ai l s

unnecessary f or compl et e under st andi ng ( Gi vens,

1981).

One suggest ed met hod

o f

presenting a pictograph repository warning message via iconic representa-

t i ons on the r eposi t or y mar ker system i s shown i n Appendi x A.

5.1.2 Symbol i c Message

Devel opment of a r ecogni zed symbol t o t r ansm t t he basi c warni ng message

coul d enhance l ong- t ermcomprehensi on. Si gns t hat are common w t hi n a cul t ure

become compr ehensi bl e due to cont i nued exposur e and f aml i ari t y w t hout t he

need f or f ormal l earni ng. Si gns t hat are i mport ant t o human heal t h and saf ety

(e.g. , t r af f i c si gns) are most

l i kel y t o be perpet uat ed by speci al t r ai ni ng

beyond si mpl e know edge gai ned t hrough exposure t o t he si gns (e.g. , dr i ver

t r ai ni ng or l i cense examnat i ons).

I n

any case,

for a symbol t o ga i n meani ng



46

and usage i n ordi nary communi cat i on, i t must be commonl y used and group sanc-

ti oned ( Tannenbaum 1984

.

Ther e are l i kel y t o be onl y two t o f i ve hi gh- l evel wast e r eposi t or i es i n

the Uni ted States, not a suf f i ci ent number f or common usage l earni ng. I f

t he caut i on symbol i s used f or other r adi oact i ve wastes as wel l

( l ow- l evel

wast es, urani um m l l tai l i ngs) , t he number of si t es di spl ayi ng i t coul d

i ncrease t o, perhaps, hundr eds, st i l l not l arge enough t o ensur e f am l i ar i t y.

There are pot ent i al l y many t housands of si t es f or al l bi ohazardous wast e

di sposal i n t hi s count ry ( Pi shdadazar and Moghi ssi , 1980 . A symbol used f or

al l bi ohazardous wast e di sposal si t es* i n t hi s country woul d be qui t e common.

Two addi t i onal benef i t s woul d accrue. Fi r st , t he symbol woul d be hi ghl y

unl i kel y to be f or got t en because of i t s w despread cont i nuous use; t her e ar e

t oo many perpet ual l y bi ohazardous wast e di sposal si t es di st r i but ed t hroughout

t he count ry. Second,

a

symbol woul d provi de usef ul protect i on t o t he publ i c

f rom al l bi ohazardous di sposal si t es, many of whi ch,

by

vi rt ue o f t hei r pr ox-

i mt y t o popul at ed areas and the accessi bl e envi r onment , w l l cont i nue t o pose

a more i mmedi at e hazard than radi oact i ve waste reposi t or i es. The devel opment

of an i nt ernat i onal l y accept ed symbol t hat coul d be used f or al l

bi ohazardous

wast es woul d f ur t her i ncrease i t s usage and f or t i f y i t s r ecogni t i on as a

warni ng message.

coul d al so be perpet uated t hrough educati on.

Because of i t s rel evance t o heal t h and saf ety, t he symbol

I n devel opi ng t he symbol , t he pr i mary concerns are:

I t shoul d be noncont r over si al , so as to be easi l y accept ed

( adopt i on of a present l y accept ed i nt ernat i onal symbol shoul d

resol ve t hi s concern) .

0 I t

shoul d be ar t i st i cal l y si mpl e t o avoi d t endenci es t o st yl i ze

0 I t shoul d be i coni c, t o t he ext ent pract i cal , t o assi st i n com

0

or si mpl i f y

i t

w t h t i me and usage.

prehensi on.

I t shoul d be uni quel y appl i ed to bi ohazardous mater i al s di sposed

of by bur i al .

0

*Thi s suggest i on rel at es onl y t o t he use of an i nt ernat i onal symbol t o

hel p of f set l anguage changes.

t hi s r epor t i s not i nt ended t o be uni versal l y appl i ed t o al l bi ohazar dous

wast e di sposal si tes.

The total communi cat i on syst emdi scussed

i n



47

0 I t shoul d at t r act at t ent i on.

0

I t shoul d be l egi bl e.

Such f actor s

as

si ze, col or, shape, cont r ast , and spat i al r el at i onshi ps

af f ect l egi bi l i t y. For purposes of at t ent i on, a bol d, di st i nct i ve symbol

shoul d be used i n a var i et y of si t uat i ons, pref erabl y w t h some degr ee of var -

i at i on i n f or mand w t h t he abi l i t y t o st and out f r om i t s sur r oundi ngs as much

as

possi bl e.

( Tannenbaum 1984) .

A

proposed warni ng symbol f or bi ohazardous wast e bur i al i s shown i n

Fi gur e 5- 2. The symbol consi st s of a t r i angl e around a l arge ar r ow poi nt i ng

downward; t he arr ow cont ai ns t h e i nt ernat i onal bi ohazard symbol . * The

t r i angl e i s cur r ent l y used i nt er nat i onal l y i n a var i et y of si gns to denot e

caut i on.

Cer t ai n shapes and col or s al so cl ai mmore at t ent i on t han ot her s

Al t hough

a

di rect i onal arrow i s normal l y used t o encourage movement

i n t hat di r ect i on, pl aci ng t he hazard symbol w t hi n t he ar row count ermands

t hat i mpl i cat i on. The caut i on message can be rei nf or ced by usi ng col or s.

Yel l ow, of t en used t o i ndi cat e caut i on, coul d provi de the background f or t he

symbol .

arr ow

( Tannenbaum

1984) .

can be pl aced on marker s and monuments, const ructed as a l arge eart hwork, be

out l i ned i n materi al s sui t abl e f or det ect i on by survey i nst r ument s, and be

used on documents. The si ze

o f

t he symbol w l l be governed by t he abi l i ty of

t he

vi ewer

t

compr ehend

it.

F o r exampl e, a very l arge symbol coul d be used

f or det ect i on by ai r r econnai ssance.

The bl ack bi ohazard symbol woul d st and out f r omt he background of t he

Yel l ow and bl ack are pref er red col or s f or enhanci ng vi si bi l i t y

A symbol can be used w t h a number

o f

channel s. For i nst ance, t he symbol

. .

5.1.3 Verbal Message

I nf or mat i on t r ansmt t ed at t he f i r st l evel al so announces the need f or

caut i on

i n

verbal f orm The message cont ent at t hi s l evel , CAUTI ON

-

BI OHAZAROOUS WASTE BURI ED HERE , i s i dent i cal w t h the desi r ed connot at i on of

*The basi c symbol i c message coul d be suppl ement ed w t h ot her symbol s commonl y

used f or spec f i c types of hazardous mat er i al s, such as t he t ref oi l f or

r adi at i on, t o provi de more speci f i c i nf ormat i on regardi ng t he t ype of wast e

mat eri al s bur

ed.



48



49

t he symbol . Thi s cont ent , whi l e st i l l provi di ng onl y mni mal i nf or mat i on,

t r ansm t s. a war ni ng and i ndi cat es t he r eason f or caut i on.

message

coul d be

transmtted i n several l anguages t o pr ovi de redundancy, as

di scussed i n Sect i on 4.

Thi s basi c caut i on

5.2 WARNI NG MESSAGE (SECOND LEVEL)

The pr evi ous l evel

i s

di rected sol el y toward communi cat i ng caut i on about t he

presence of bi ohazardous waste bur i ed by peopl e, whi l e t he second l evel

message woul d convey both a warni ng t hat t he wast e i s r adi oact i ve and t he

l ocati on wher e t he waste i s bur i ed at t he si te.

and t he wast e woul d be di rected t oward peopl e at t he si te.

Bot h messages about t he si t e

The amount of dat a woul d be l i mt ed t o t he space avai l abl e i n t he message

channel . The f ol l ow ng f actual i nf ormat i on woul d be presented:

0 Warni ng message

0

Type of wast e

0 Dept h o f wast e

0 Reposi t ory boundar i es.

Thi s amount o f dat a need not al l be t r ansmt t ed ei t her symbol i cal l y,

i coni cal l y,

or ver bal l y; t he message coul d rel y on

a

combi nat i on of t hese

methods. I n addi t i on t o t he warni ng symbol and t he verbal caut i on st at ement ,

t he message shoul d stat e t hat t he wast e i s radi oact i ve. Data about t he depth

of wast e,

s i ze

of r eposi t ory, and how t he reposi t ory i s marked coul d be com

muni cat ed by words and draw ngs. A map of si t e markers and a draw ng of t h e

wast e bel ow- t he surf ace coul d be provi ded t o l i mt t he need f or words.

message woul d al so di r ect t he reader t o a l ocat i on wher e f ur t her i nf ormat i on

can be f ound.

words such

as

these:

The

I n summar y, t he second l evel message woul d i ncl ude the warni ng symbol and

CAUTI ON

- BI OHAZARDOUS

WASTE

BURI ED HERE.

meters

Radi oact i ve wast es ar e bur i ed

bel ow t he sur f ace w t hi n

a

ect are

area bounded by arkers.

i nf ormat i on l ocated

Further

al ong w t h a map of t he marker areas and, perhaps, a cross- sect i ona

of t he wast e bur i ed bel ow t he sur f ace.

dr aw ng



50

To ensur ehhat

the

mes sage can be i nt er pr et ed, t he wr i t t en i nf or mat i on

shoul d be gi ven i n a mul t i pl i ci t y of l anguages, such as t he si x l anguages

o f f i c i a l l y used

i n

t he Uni t ed Nat i ons. *

5.3

DETAI LED MESSAGE ( THI RD

LEVEL)

The

previ ous t wo l evel s of meani ng at t empt t o convey nont echni cal i nf orm

at i on about t he si t e and t he wast e. The thi rd l evel woul d pr ovi de addi t i onal

det ai l about t he t ype and the amount of wast e and the charact er i st i cs of t he

i nf or mat i on:

number of packages

si te.

The message woul d pr ovi de at l east t he f ol l ow ng

0 Reposi t ory di mensi ons

and

depth

0 The contents of each wast e package and t he

0 Char acter i st i cs of t he waste

0 Type and st r uct ur e of engi neered bar r i er s

0 Act i ons t o be avoi ded

t o

ensur e saf ety.

The wr i t t en versi on of t hi s i nf or mati on woul d be equi va

t ex t .

ent t o

a

f ew pages of

One of t he l i m t i ng f actor s regardi ng t hi s l evel i s the uncer t ai nt y con-

cer ni ng techni cal know edge of

the

audi ence r ecei vi ng t he message. Because

t he purpose

o f

t hi s l evel i s t o t ransmt dat a f or publ i c i nf or mat i on,

t he

message must be compr ehensi bl e t o adul t s w th l i t t l e or no know edge o f t he

si te

and

t he wast e and no speci al background

i n

physi cs and chemst r y. The

i nf or mat i on must be at l east t echni cal

enough to convey the nat ure of t he

potent i al wast e hazard yet si mpl e enough to be underst ood by an aver age adul t .

An exampl e of such

a

message i s present ed

i n

Fi gur e 5-3.

i n Fi gur e 5-3 i l l ustr ates

an

exampl e of the r el ay message di scussed i n

Sect i on

4.

second l evel messages, woul d al so be par t of t he thi rd l evel message.

addi t i on, pi ct ographs and di agr ams of t he r eposi t ory l ayout , wast e package

desi gn, r adi oact i ve decay chai ns, and ot her mat t er sui t abl e f or pi ct ogr aphi c

or di agr ammat i c present at i on coul d be used t o enhance comprehensi on of t he

message.

The l ast paragr aph

I coni c r epr esent at i ons, whi ch were used i n t ransmt t i ng f i r st and

I n

*The deci si on on l anguages woul d be made at t he t i me of r eposi t ory

decomm ssi oni ng.



51

The Uni t ed

St

t es of Ameri ca,

i n

t he year bur i ed met r i c t ons of

r adi oact i ve wast e bel ow t hi s area.

bur i ed mater i al coul d be danger ous i f

i t

were i mproperl y moved or i f t he

r eposi t ory i s damaged.

The bur i ed r adi oact i ve wast e was produced by t he f i ssi on of urani um t o gener-

at e el ect r i ci t y. The wast e i ncl udes radi oact i ve el ement s, such as pl ut oni um

ur ani um and cesi um

t hat has been packaged

i n

met al cani st er s.

The sur f ace of t he

l and

i s saf e, but the

The r adi oact i ve wast e was st abi l i zed

i n

a gl ass mat er i al

There are wast e cani st ers, bur i ed meters bel ow t he surf ace. These

cani st ers have been empl aced

i n

a

( t of

r ock f ormat i on i n r ows meters

apar t

cani st er sar e l ocat ed over an area- met er s l ong and eters w de.

The r adi oact i ve wast e has been bur i ed at t hi s l ocat i on and

i n

t hi s manner t o

ensur e that t he wast e does not become di ssol ved i n ci r cul at i ng gr ound wat er .

I f

ground water cont amnated by t he wast e were t o r each t he out si de envi r on-

ment and ent er a f ood chai n, i t coul d possi bl y harm l i vi ng creat ures.

pot ent i al f or harm decreases si gni f i cant l y over t he f i r st

500

year s, but the

wast e shoul d cont i nue t o be l ef t undi st urbed i f possi bl e. Proper i nst ruct i ons

f or movi ng t he wast e or usi ng t he l and above i t w t hout af f ect i ng t hese wast es

can be f ound,

l i br ar i es and archi ves.

cani st ers per r ow, and

w m

dj oi ni ng cani st er s. The

The

More detai l ed i nf ormati on has been pl aced at ot her maj or

These messages shoul d be tr ansl ated i nto l anguages common to your t i me.

t ur e r eaders w l l be bet t er abl e to under st and and f ol l ow t hese messages i f

t hey are changed t o the cur r ent l anguage.

Fu-

FIGURE 5 3 . E X A M P L E O F THIRD LE VEL MESSAGE



52

5.4

DETAI LED TECHNI CAL I NFORMATI ON ( FOURTH LEVEL)

The f our t h l evel message woul d be a wr i t t en, comprehensi ve di scuss i on

about t he r eposi t ory t hat woul d

be

w del y di ssemnat ed.

wr i t t en i nf or mat i on, mat hemat i cal dat a, t abl es, f i gur es,

maps , and

di agr ams

woul d provi de cur r ent l y known i mpor t ant i nf ormat i on about t he r eposi t ory and

t he waste. Thi s l evel of i nf ormat i on woul d al so i ncl ude a r epr oduct i on of t he

si gns or symbol s di spl ayed on t he si t e markers and monument . Compl et e r el ay

and cross- r ef er enci ng i nst ruct i ons and t he pr eci se geographi cal l ocat i ons of

t he r eposi t or i es woul d be i ncl uded.

that i n t he pr evi ous l evel s, shoul d be di ssemnat ed w del y to i ncrease t he

l i kel i hood o f survi val . Repet i t i on o f t he det ai l ed t echni cal i nf or mat i on i n

many l anguages and l ocat i ons t hroughout t he worl d woul d promot e survi val and

comprehensi on of t he

message.

Two versions

o f

the fourth level information are envisioned: complete

and compr ehensi ve di scussi on i n Engl i sh, * cont ai ned i n t echni cal l y or i ent ed

document s of approxi matel y

500

t o

1,500

pages, and a more condensed ver si on

( about 200 pages)

avai l abl e

i n mul t i pl e l anguages.

Besi des

det ai l ed

Such i nf ormat i on, bei ng l ess dur abl e t han

SUMMARY

A

summary t abl e of t he message l evel s di scussed

ded

i n

Tabl e 5- 1. The l i kel i hood of ef f ect i ve

i n t hi s chapt er i s

ong- t erm comnuni cat i on

woul d be enhanced by usi ng a mul t i pl i ci t y of both communi cat i on codes ( wr i t t en

l anguages, pi ct ogr aphs, and a symbol ) , and message cont ents keyed t o t he

r eader and the channel of communi cat i on,

and

by encouragi ng a r et r ansl at i on

re1 ay syst em

*Engl i sh i s the predomnant wr i t t en

and

spoken l anguage of t he i nt er nat i onal

nucl ear communi t y.



53

Tabl e

5-1. Summar y of Message Level s

Message Level Descr i pt i on

Rudi ment ary

Si mpl e connot at i on t hat somethi ng made

by

humans

i s at t he si t e.

1

2

Caut i on message:

BURI ED HERE.

CAUTI ON - BI OHAZARDOUS WASTES

Si mpl e wr i t t en message:

WASTES

BURI ED HERE.

Radi oact i ve wast es are bur i ed

ar ea bounded

by

arkers.

l ocat ed - ( I .

CAUTI ON

-

BI OHAZARDOUS

hect ar e

Fur t her i nf or mat i on

et er s bel ow t he sur f ace w t hi n

a

Det ai l ed message: nat ure, l ocat i on, and empl ace-

ment t i me of wast es al ong w t h i nf ormat i on r egard-

i ng why act i ons are t o be avoi ded ( Fi gure

5-3).

Det ai l ed t echni cal i nf ormat i on: appr oxi matel y

500

t o 1, 500- page t echni cal descr i pt i on of t he r eposi -

t or y and t he r i sk of pot ent i al human i nt er f erence.



54

6

MESSAGE TRANSM SSI ON

For successf ul t r ansm ssi on of messages over very l ong t i me per i ods, t he

message channel s must be dur abl e and det ect abl e by f ut ure soci eti es.

bi l i t y requi r es a caref ul mat chi ng of mat er i al s and desi gns t o envi r onment al

and usage condi t i ons. Det ect abi l i t y r equi r es desi gns and l ocat i ons t hat w l l

be observed by peopl e who coul d i nf l uence t he l i kel i hood of human i nter -

f erence.

Dura-

Det ectabi l i t y and dur abi l i t y ar e cl osel y rel at ed. The opt i ons avai l abl e

f or creat i ng det ect abl e syst ems are l i mt ed to t hose t hat have t he r equi r ed

durabi l i t y. Si m l ar l y, t he desi gns and l ocat i ons chosen f or det ect abi l i t y

est abl i sh

the

envi ronment al and usage condi t i ons consi dered i n desi gni ng f or

durabi l i ty.

det ect abi l i t y.

channel s i s t o i nvest i gat e several anci ent monument s. Thi s sect i on

begi ns w t h a descr i pt i on of var i ous marker s t hat have l ast ed at l east one

t housand year s.

i mpor t ant t o, and t he pot ent i al opt i ons avai l abl e f or , desi gni ng dur abl e and

det ectabl e message channel s t hat were l earned f r omt hese marker s and ot her

ar chaeol ogi cal si t es, as wel l as f r om cur r ent r esearch. The di scussi on i s

keyed to two general message-channel t ypes; marker syst ems desi gned t o t r ans-

mt f i r st , second, and t hi rd l evel messages ( Tabl e 5- 1) and wr i t t en messages,

whi ch coul d convey any l evel of message but woul d be of par t i cul ar i mpor t ance

t o four t h l evel messages.

The

f ormer were consi dered the most l i kel y to

be

used at t he si t e, * wher eas the l at t er coul d be used at or away f r omt he si t e.

I n

addi t i on, t he oral t r ansm ssi on of i nf ormat i on i s di scussed.

Fi gure

6-1

shows the l ogi c f l ow f or ensuri ng dur abi l i t y and

One met hod f or det er m ni ng t he durabi l i t y and det ect abi l i t y o f message

The r emai nder of t hi s sect i on di scusses t he consi der at i ons

*The f i r st t hrough thi rd l evel

messages f or whi ch t he marker s woul d be

desi gned woul d al l i ndi cat e . . . waste bur i ed her e , t hus i mpl yi ng onsi t e

marker l ocat i ons.

- - - - - . . ~ ....

~

.

-



Communicati on must

continu e over long

?

Redundancy i n techniques

to enhance observation/

perc eptio n must be used

Long-lasting techniques

must be used

17

A variety o f transmission

I

echniques must be

used

19

edundancy in individual


18

I

ommuni cation system

must be easily detected

I

t

11

A 4

FIGURE 6-1. D U R A B I L I T Y A N D D E T E CT A B I L I TY



56

6.1

ARCHAEOLOGI CAL I NFORMATI ON

6.1.1

Anci ent Monuments

The abi l i t y t o communi cat e i deas' t o fi t ure peopl e i s a

SI

i l l

not l i mt ed

t o cont empor ary peopl e.

t empt i ng to send messages i nt o t he f uture, exampl es of t hei r work t o desi gnate

si t es, pr ot ect t hemsel ves, or pray t o thei r gods have l asted f or t housands o f

years and car r i ed messages t o us about t hei r i deas, bel i ef s, and val ues.

These monument s provi de exi st i ng exampl es of how t o tr ansm t messages t hat are

dur abl e and det ectabl e over l ong peri ods of t i me. Sel ected marker s, chosen t o

r epr esent a var i et y of cul t ur es and cl i mat es, ar e descr i bed t o pr ovi de i nf or -

mat i on and background t hat can be used i n desi gni ng a r eposi t ory communi cat i on

system

Whi l e earl i er ci vi l i zat i ons may not have been at-

The Pyr amds, Egypt

The

t hr ee very l ar ge pyramds at Gi za near Cai r o are t ombs f or

the

t hr ee

r ul er s of t he Four t h Dynast y of Egypt ( appr oxi mat el y

2,600-2,500

BC).

They

stand f r om

450

f eet t al l and

750

f eet on a si de t o

218

f eet t al l and

356

feet

on a si de. These pyramds were made of a l ocal l i mestone core and f i ni shed

w t h a whi t e l i mest one or gr ani t e l ayer ( Fakhr y,

1969;

Br at t on,

1968).

Whi l e the content s of t he t ombs have been l oot ed

i n

ant i qui t y ( Sm t h,

1965)

and near l y al l t he casi ng of f i ner st ones and par t of t he cores have

been quarr i ed, t hese act i ons have onl y had a m nor ef f ect on thei r i mmense

bul k ( Kapl an,

1982a).

Know edge about t he pyram ds was t r ansm t t ed t hrough

Greek and Roman wr i t ers ( Br at t on,

1968)

and Arab hi st or i ans (Hassan,

1953).

St onehenge, Engl and

The general consensus

i s

t hat t he Br onze

Age

Br i t ons were t he peopl e who

bui l t St onehenge, a monument of l arge st andi ng st ones ar ranged i n a r i ng of

upr i ght st ones w t h l i nt el s, an i nner r i ng w t hout l i n t e l s , and t wo hor sehoes

of upr i ght st ones ( Kapl an, 1982a).

purpose of t he si t e i s st i l l bei ng debat ed, i ncl udi ng such suggest i ons as i t s

Due t o the absence of wr i t t en r ecor ds, t he



57

FIGURE

6-2.

STONEHENGE



58

havi ng some ast ronom cal f unct i on or bei ng a r i t ual encl osure

for

meeti ngs

( Bur l , 1976).

used t o be al l owed t o chi p of f mement os ( Hawki ns, 1965). Two- t hi r ds of t he

upr i ght st ones survi ve and remai n i n posi t i on ( Fi gure

6- 2) ;

sever al of t he

st ones have car ved f i gur es f r om t he Br onze Age on them

St onehenge has w t hst ood i nvasi ons i nt o Br i t ai n, war s, and vi si t or s who

Nazca Li nes, Peru

The Nazca Li nes ar e a col l ect i on of l i nes, geomet r i c f or ms, and sem -

nat ural i st i c f i gures cr eat ed

by

humans, and made poss i bl e by a par t i cul ar set

of geol ogi c ci r cumst ances, i ncl udi ng t he decomposi t i on of r ocks and the

deposi t i on of oxi des on t hei r sur f aces. The l i nes were creat ed on a l arge

scal e ( w t h one f i gure measur i ng

50C

f eet i n l engt h and a si ngl e l i ne

extendi ng more t han

6.5

ml es) by t ur ni ng

cer t ai n

pebbl es over t o t ake

advant age of t he col or cont r ast bet ween t he oxi di zed and the nonoxi di zed si des

( Hawki ns, 1969).

Compari son

o f

f i gures on pot t ery t o the f i gur es on t he desert

f l oor and

carbon dat i ng have est abl i shed t he or i gi n of t he l i nes at

200

B. C. t o

600

A.D

( I sbel l , 1978; Br oecker , et

a l ,

1956; Ral ph, et al , 1973). The pur pose of

t hese l i nes i s unknown al t hough t her e have been some suggest i ons t hat t hey

coul d be ast ronom cal si ght i ng l i nes, pi ct ures to be vi ewed

by

t he gods,

r el i gi ous or cer emoni al pat hways, or mechani sms t o bal ance t he r esources and

popul at i on.

Ser pent Mound, Ohi o

The Ser pent Mound, an embankment of eart h

i n

t he f or mof a snake i n t he

act of uncoi l i ng, consi st s of t wo par t s, t he ser pent and an oval wal l ( f i gur e

6-3) .

The serpent i s 1, 254 f eet l ong, f i t t i ng w t hi n an arc

o f

737 f eet , w t h

a hei ght of about

4

to 5 f eet , t aper i ng to 1

f oot hi gh at t he t erm nat i on of

t he t ai l . The oval wal l has di amet er s o f 125 and 60 f eet , r i s i ng 4 f eet hi gh

( Gr eenman, 1970).

The f orm o f t he ser pent and

o v a l

are cl ear but t he i nt er pr et at i on o f t he

si t e i s st i l l uncer t ai n. Al t hough no ar t i f act s were f ound at t he monument ,

art i f act s at

a

bur i al mound w t hi n 400 f eet of t he serpent bel ong t o the Adena



59

FIGURE

6 3.

SERPENT M OUN D



60

I ndi ans who l i ved i n Ohi o between 1,000 B C and 700

A .D . The

bur i al mound

and t he Serpent Mound ar e consi der ed t o be bui l t by t he same peopl e ( Gr eenman,

1970;

Put nam

1890).

The Gr eat Wal l , Chi na

Begun i n

221

BC, t he Gr eat Wal l or i gi nal l y spanned a di st ance of about

1,850

m l es, but l at er addi t i ons, l oops, and i nner wal l s have near l y doubl ed

i t s l ength.

m l es of wal l s pr evi ousl y bui l t.

accor di ng t o t he l ocal bui l di ng mat er i al s (e. g. , dry t amped ear t h, st one,

bri cks) ( Gei l ,

1909;

Si l ver ber g,

1965;

Fryer ,

1975).

The Gr eat Wal l has been

mai nt ai ned and r ebui l t over t he cent ur i es. Par t s ar e i n excel l ent condi t i on,

whi l e other secti ons have det er i or at ed as a r esul t of t he const r uct i on t ech-

ni ques used ( Kapl an, 1982a). I n addi t i on t o t he wr i t t en hi stor y

o f

t he Wal l ,

a vast l i t er at ure has devel oped about t he Wal l , i ncl udi ng poems about i t s

beaut y and st ori es of t he har dshi ps of t he peopl e who bui l t

i t .

Wal l

i s

an i ntegral

part of Chi nese m l i t ar y and cul t ur al hi story ( Si l ver ber g,

1965;

Fryer ,

1975; L um 1960).

The Wal l was compl eted i n

210

B.C. , i ncor porat i ng about

1,300

The mat eri al s used f or t he const r uct i on vary

The Gr eat

6.2

MESSAGE

DURABI LI TY

6.2.1 Onsi t e Markers

The dur abi l i t y of onsi t e mar kers w l l depend mai nl y on resi st ance to

nat ural f orces ( weat her i ng, sei sm c ground mot i on) , r esi st ance t o t amperi ng

and vandal i sm and t he l ack of i ncent i ves f or removal . The marker must t here-

f or e be bui l t of very har d, st abl e mat er i al s t hat ar e r esi st ant t o cor r osi on,

oxi dat i on, and erosi on.

remove and have l i t t l e r ecycl i ng val ue.

The marker must al so be di f f i cul t t o di smant l e and

A

number of materi al and desi gn opt i ons wer e st udi ed f r om t he per spect i ve

o f hi st or i cal precedent and moder n mater i al s sci ence ( Kapl an,

1982a; Ber r y,

1983).

and have been f ound i n ar chaeol ogi cal excavat i ons ( Tyl ecot e,

1976).

Some have

survi ved i n excel l ent condi t i on i n f avorabl e envi r onment s such as dry t ombs or

The ear l i est copper ar t i f acts, f or exampl e, wer e made

7,000

years ago

n



61

caves; e. g. ,

a

col l ect i on of copper vessel s and a tabl e were f ound

i n

a 4,000-

year - ol d Egypt i an t omb ( Al dred, 1965).

A s

not ed i n Sect i on

4,

however , most

metal s have hi st or i cal l y been regarded as usef ul commodi t i es and t he

hi st or i cal t rend to r emove t hem f rommar ker s r esul t s

i n

an overal l l ow

ef f ect i ve durabi l i t y f or exposed metal s.

Gl ass and cer am c mat eri al s were al so i nvest i gat ed. Gl ass and pot t ery,

whi l e dat i ng to

1,500

B.C. and 6,000B.C., r espect i vel y, can sust ai n si gni f i -

cant damage f r omweatheri ng ( Kapl an, 1982b) and physi cal shock.

The

anci ent

ar t i f act s t hat have survi ved di d

so

under f avor abl e envi ronment al condi t i ons

( Berr y, 1983).

and cer t ai n ceramcs woul d need to be prot ected f r omdi r ect exposur e t o t he

el ement s; t hus, t hey shoul d not be used on the ext eri or sur f aces of marker s.

Ot her ceramc materi al s, such as al umnum oxi de compounds, can be f ormul ated

t o have pr oper t i es that woul d r esi st external weat her i ng over t he t i me per i od

of i nt er est ( Ber ry, 1983).

Concrete and steel const r uct i on of f er s

hi gh

st r engt h and desi gn f l exi -

bi l i t y. Cer t ai n concret es can l ast m l l enni a ( Mal i nowski , 1979). Concr et e

r ei nf or ced w t h st ai nl ess st eel coul d, t her ef or e, be consi der ed f or mar ker

const ructi on.

some ot her mat er i al s, however , and woul d not be expected to survi ve 10, 000

years of exposure.

Ther e are many exampl es

o f

anci ent st one markers and monument s t hat have

survi ved to varyi ng degr ees w th l egi bl e messages.

r eveal s t hat hard cr yst al l i ne r ocks, such as grani t e and basal t , proved

s u i t -

abl e f or r esi st i ng both peopl e and the el ement s.

damaged by erosi on, abr asi on, or i nt ent i onal di sf i gur ement t o make desi r abl e

markers. Marbl e and l i mest one were commonl y used and l asted r easonabl y wel l ,

but t hey have recent l y shown severe det er i or at i on f rom i ndust r i al pol l ut i on,

especi al l y sul f ur i c aci d

i n

t he atmosphere ( Bouras, 1979). Markers m ght ,

t her ef or e, be creat ed f r omquar r i ed gr ani t e or basal t scul pt ured i nt o t he

desi r ed shape.

synt het i c rock f ormed i nt o t he desi red shape and si ze. One such mater i al t hat

has recei ved consi der abl e at t ent i on

as

a pot ent i al waste f ormmatr i x, and

To be of val ue as message- channel mat er i al s, t her ef or e, gl ass

Concret e sur f aces are l ess r esi st ant t o di r ect weat heri ng t han

A r evi ew of archaeol ogy

Sof t er st ones are

t o o

easi l y

The dur abl e proper t i es of nat ural r ocks coul d be al so obt ai ned f r om



62

mght

al so be

sui t abl e f o r

mar ker s, i s Synroc. *

The

advantage of

a

mat er i al

l i ke

Synroc

i s

t hat i t combi nes t he desi gn

and

f abr i cat i on f l exi bi l i ty

o f

engi neered mat er i al s w t h t he pr oven l ong- t er m dur abi l i t y

o f

nat ural

mat er i al s.

vi val .

of t he smal l er st ones have been r emoved, t he l arger st ones remai n ( At ki nson,

1956). some of t he smal l er f aci ng st ones

have been removed whi l e most

of

t he l arger ones have been undi st urbed.

t he number of st ones

i s

so l arge t hat an at t empt t o di smant l e one of t he

pyramds was hal t ed

due

t o t he expense ( Fakhr y,

1969).

str uct i on.

t ages when compared t o

a

monol i t h.

agent bet ween t he component s set s up a mater i al s i nt er f ace t hat

i s

more sus-

cept i bl e t o det er i or at i on i n f r eeze- t haw cycl es.

Gr eat Wal l

o f

Chi na, mai nt enance i s r equi r ed f or l ong- t erm exi st ence. Second,

mar ker s bui l t of separ abl e par t s ar e easi er to t ear down and r euse.

bl ocks f r om anci ent bui l di ngs and mar ker s were removed f or bui l di ng new st r uc-

t ures ( Kapl an, 1982a).

One possi bl e cour se of act i on woul d be to f orm a hard,

dur abl e shel l of

nat ural or synthet i c r ock t o car r y the message and r esi st sur f ace damage, and

t o pour w t hi n t he

s hel l

a st r uct ur al l y sound rei nf or ced- concrete** cor e f or

mechani cal st r engt h and st abi l i t y. Long- l ast i ng quasi - monol i t hi c st r uct ur es

coul d be

created

t hrough pr esent des i gn

and

mater i al s*** t echni ques, by

i nt er l ocki ng shel l components t o each ot her and t o t he core. Compl ex j oi nts

(e.g.,

t ongue

and

groove) seal ed w t h durabl e bondi ng mater i al s coul d be

used

t o excl ude moi st ure.

bondi ng the shel l and t he cent ral cor e are shown i n Fi gur e 6- 4.

Si ze and t he t ype of const r uct i on appear t o be maj or f act ors f or sur -

The

st ones

used

i n St onehenge wei gh

4 t o 50

t ons each.

The same

i s

t r ue of t he pyramds:

Al t hough some

Al so,

Survi val al so appears to be enhanced by si ngl e- pi ece ( monol i t hi c) con-

A marker bui l t of component par t s appear s t o have t wo di sadvan-

Fi r st , t he use of

a

mort ar or

a

bi ndi ng

Theref or e, as seen at t he

Many

A

schemat i c di agr amof t wo possi bl e arr angement s f or

*Synroc

i s

a synt het i c r ock devel oped t o si mul ate t he l ong- t erm wear prop-

er t i es of cer t ai n nat ural r ocks. I t consi st s of a number of oxi des

( i ncl udi ng hol l andi t e, per ovski t e, and zi r conol i t e) f ormed

i n

a hot -

si nt er i ng process at appr oxi matel y

1,300

C

( Ber ry, 1983; .

l i f et i mes of t housands of year s. Common steel r ei nf or ci ng mater i al s woul d

cause det er i orat i on.

f abr i cat i ng t he shel l component s f r om Synroc.

* *A chem cal l y compat i bl e r ei nf orci ng mat er i al woul d be requi r ed f or marker

***Further work woul d be r equi red t o demonst r ate t he appar ent f easi bi l i t y of



?

HOVSNS

3

E



64

I f condi t i ons p e r m t , markers coul d al so be created f r omnat ural f eat ur es

at t he si t e, such

as

rock out croppi ngs or cl i f f f aces. Several ar chaeol ogi cal

exampl es - among t hem t he Egypt i an Sphi nx and t he Behi st un I nscr i pt i on of

Dar i us - demonst r at e t he dur abi l i t y of t hi s t echni que.

t ured f r om rock out croppi ngs remai ni ng af t er quar ryi ng had r emoved surr oundi ng

r ocks more sui t abl e f or bui l di ng t he pyramds.

I n

spi t e of bei ng cut f r om a

rel at i vel y sof t st one i t has survi ved several t housand years w t h onl y occa-

si onal mai nt enance ( Fakhry,

1969).

t he si de of a cl i f f

i n

appr oxi matel y

500 B.C.

f or Ki ng Dar i us of Per si a.

i nscr i pt i ons have remai ned l egi bl e f or 2, 500 years ( Ol mst ead,

1951).

The

f easi bi l i t y of usi ng i ndi genous marker s f or r eposi t ory purposes woul d depend,

of cour se, on t he exi stence of sui t abl e si t e f eat ures. The pot ent i al advan-

t age of such marker s i s that , bei ng creat ed f r om nat ural f eat ur es, t hey coul d

be of

a

l arge

s i ze and

perhaps

have a

soci et al val ue t hat woul d pr otect t hem

f rom human acti vi t i es.

The Sphi nx was

s c ul p-

The Marker of Dari us was const r uct ed on

I t s

Marker s coul d al so be creat ed f r omexcess mat er i al s m ned dur i ng r eposi -

t ory const ruct i on* ( ear t hworks) or by i mpregnat i ng t he si t e w t h mater i al s

t hat , bei ng anomal ous at t he si t e, coul d be det ected vi sual l y or by i nst r u-

ment s dur i ng t he cour se of

a

survey.

for a l ong t i me.

have exi st ed several t housand years ( Renf r ew,

1973).

Ohi o

i s

approxi matel y

1,500

year s of age ( Gr eenman,

1970).

reposi t ory excavat i ons coul d be used to cr eat e very si zabl e ear t hworks

i n t he

shape of a f i r st l evel

symbol . St abi l i zat i on coul d be enhanced by est abl i sh-

i ng

a veget at i ve cover

on

t he ear t hwork surf ace

o r

by coveri ng t he eart hwork

w t h hi ghl y durabl e and st abl e asphal t compounds ( Asphal t I nst i t ut e,

1977).

The

l arge si zes possi bl e ( several hundred meter s on

a

si de) and the natur e of

the

message** woul d al l ow consi derabl e weat heri ng to be tol erated w t hout

i mpai r i ng mes sage

t r ansmssi on. Al so, t he rel at i vel y grand nat ur e of such an

There are many archaeol ogi cal exampl es of ear t hworks t hat have survi ved

The

ear t hwor ks at St onehenge ( banks and chal k- f i l l ed pi t s)

Excess rock f r om

The Serpent Mound

i n

*

Excess mat er i al s are mned rock remai ni ng af t er reposi t ory backf i l l i ng.

Onl y about

50

to

60

percent of t he rock removed can be used f or backf i l l

because of packi ng- densi t y l i mt at i ons.

**The message woul d be tr ansm t t ed by t he general shape of t he ear t hwork, not

by i nscr i pt i ons on t he ear t hwork.



65

ear t hwor k woul d pr obabl y gi ve t consi der abl e aest het i c appeal , whi ch m ght

enhance sur vi vabi l i t y by creat ng a vi si t or at t r act i on t hat m ght be suf f i -

ci ent l y val ued by f uture generat i ons t o become a prot ect ed area.

The second met hod of t r ansm t t i ng f i r st l evel messages i s t o cr eat e

anomal ous s i t e condi t i ons i n t he shape

o f

t he bi ohazardous wast e symbol whi ch

woul d be detect abl e by i nst r ument at i on. Anomal i es coul d i ncl ude sur f ace mate-

r i al s w t h di f f er ent heat absor pt i on pr oper t i es t han t hose of t he i ndi genous

gr ound cover and soi l , i n or der t o creat e i nf r ared i mages det ect abl e by

aer i al / sat el l i t e surveys. Al so, t he ground coul d be i mpregnat ed w t h i r on or e

or magnet i t e i n t he shape of t he symbol to provi de a magnet i c anomal y. The

l at t er met hod coul d be used bel ow t he sur f ace t o af f ord pr ot ect i on f r om weath-

er i ng and t o enhance l ong- t ermdurabi l i t y.

An addi t i onal r equi r ement f or mar ker s usi ng i nscr i pt i ons t o convey

messages i s l ong- t er m i nscri pt i on durabi l i t y. The pl anar sur f aces

o f

marker s

woul d be sui t abl e t o carr y messages i n symbol i c and/ or wr i t t en f orm Messages

shoul d not be af f i xed t o t he marker (e.g. , pl aques) because t hey woul d be t oo

easi l y r emoved, nor shoul d t hey be appl i ed t o t he marker (e.g. , pai nt) because

a

surf ace coat i ng can be too easi l y scraped of f , pai nt ed over , or weat her ed

away.

message ( Kapl an, 1982a). A poi nt t o consi der here i s whet her t he l ett eri ng or

symbol s shoul d be rai sed f r om or cut i nt o, the surf ace of t he mar ker . Most

anci ent i nscr i pt i ons were cut i nt o t he st one or met al . Rai sed f i gur es wer e

gener al l y reser ved f or ar t i st i c works. Cut t i ng t he message i nt o t he st one

creat ed crevi ces subj ect t o weat her i ng ef f ects. Conver sel y, r ai sed l et t er s

were more suscept i bl e t o vandal i sm

-

i t was easi er t o chi sel

o f f

an i nscr i p-

t i on t han t o hack i t out because l ess st one had to be removed. I n gener al ,

engraved rat her t han rai sed l et t er s ar e consi der ed mor e sui t abl e f or l ong- t er m

durabi l i t y, t he human f act or bei ng mor e di f f i cul t t o over come t han l ong- t er m

weat her i ng.

i nt o t he sur f ace

by

usi ng l et t er s of anot her mat er i al . For exampl e, l et t er s

of a dur abl e mat er i al , l i ke a si nt ered al um num oxi de cornpcund several cent i -

met er s t hi ck, coul d be cast i nt o a concret e sur f ace or hot - pressed i nt o Syvroc

dur i ng f ormat i on.

marker.

A pref er abl e opt i on woul d be to engr ave t he mar ker i t sel f w t h t he

I f synt het i c materi al s are used f or markers, t he message coul d be cast

Ei t her method woul d produce a message as dur abl e as t he



Resi st ance t o movement by nat ural or human f orces i s i mport ant t o

dur a-

The marker s can be

made

suf f i ci ent l y l arge

and

suf f i ci ent l y wel l

i l i t y.

anchored t o make removal di f f i cul t . A r easonabl e f r act i on of t he marker woul d

need t o be bel ow t he surf ace, possi bl y anchored t o bedrock.

At

a m ni mum a

rel at i vel y deep poured concrete f oot i ng woul d

be

r equi r ed t o prot ect agai nst

sett l i ng and to di scour age removal .

removal or dest ruct i on. Cont emporary soci ety, i n gener al , does not f ol l ow

past practi ces of removi ng or dest royi ng anci ent marker s even t hough i t

i s

w t hi n i t s power.

abi l i t y t o damage si t e marker s, but t hey may cont i nue cur rent pract i ces of

preservati on i f t hey consi der t he si t e monument s t o possess posi t i ve

aesthet i c, cul t ur al , or hi stori cal qual i t i es.

Desi gni ng mar ker s t o pr ovi de aest het i c appeal woul d f ur t her di scourage

Fut ure t echni cal

soci et i es are ant i ci pat ed t o have t he same

6.2.2 Wi t t en Records

The precedi ng sect i on was concerned w t h t he dur abi l i t y of messages on

l arge monol i t hi c marker s l ocat ed at the r eposi t ory si te. Pract i cal space l i m

i t at i ons on markers woul d r ender t hem unsui t abl e f or f our t h l evel messages.

Such messages woul d need to be t r ansmt t ed

i n

a wr i t t en f ormon a medi um

sui t ed f or several hundred pages of i nf ormat i on.

si t e must be wr i t t en t o expl ai n the purpose of t he si te.

of wr i t t en records about St onehenge, i t s purpose i s obscur e, par t i cul ar l y t he

ast ronomcal t heor i es associ at ed w t h i t ( Bur l ,

1976). I n

cont r ast , the hi s-

t or i cal r ecords about t he pyramds expl ai ned t hei r purpose ( Br att on,

1968).

Such messages coul d be l ocat ed

on

or off

t he

si te.

I f l ocat ed on the si t e,

t he messages must be accessi bl e when needed but r emoved f r omunnecessary expo-

sure to potent i al l y damagi ng natural or human f orces.

th e message woul d be r equi red f r omt i me to t i me, hermet i cal l y seal ed t i me-

capsul es* woul d not

be

sui t abl e f or prot ect i on.

(e.g. , magnet i c t apes) and m crof i l ms do not appear t o provi de suf f i ci ent

Al so, messages about t he

Due t o the absence

Because r ef erence t o

Al so, r ecorded messages

*Ti me capsul es are essent i al l y si ngl e use channel s. Once opened, a new o r

r edundant capsul e woul d be r equi r ed f or subsequent r eader s.



67

l ongevi t y ( Ber r y, 1983). Ar chaeol ogy i ndi cat es t hat l i nens, papyrus, cl ay

t abl ets, and met al pl at es have survi ved f or t housands of years, nor mal l y

because of f or t ui t ousl y f avor abl e envi r onment s t hat prot ected t hem f r om chem

i cal and mechani cal f or ces ( Berr y, 1983; Kapl an, 1982a) . Messages engraved

o r

made part of ceram c pl at es may l ast t housands of year s i f prot ected f r om

di rect exposure t o weat her i ng and mal i ci ous m schi ef ; exampl es ar e cunei f orm

t abl et s ( Gel b, 1973). Met al l i c pl at es coul d of f er l ongevi t y w t h more r esi s-

t ance t o breakage t han ceram c t abl et s, but t hey must be prot ect ed f r om r e-

cycl i ng. Modern aci d- f r ee paper s may al so be chem cal l y st abl e f or t housands

of year s i n prot ected envi r onment s ( Fi sher Sci ent i f i c, 1964). For exampl e, i f

sui t abl y seal ed i nt o t r anspar ent dur abl e pr ot ect i ve cases t hr ough whi ch t hey

coul d be r ead, and i f prot ected f r omdi r ect human cont act , aci d- f r ee paper s

coul d concei vabl y exi st f or t housands of year s.

The key t o the survi val of onsi t e wr i t t en recor ds woul d appear t o be:

0

Transcr i bi ng t he message ont o a r easonabl y dur abl e mat er i al t hat

woul d be chem cal l y and physi cal l y st abl e f or t housands of year s.

Protect i ng t he dur abl e message medi um f r omdi r ect envi r onment al

exposur e to the ext ent f easi bl e.

Al l ow ng human access t o t he message when necessary, but onl y

w t h si gni f i cant di f f i cul ty*

so

as t o avoi d whi msi cal or

mal i ci ous damage.

e

0

For of f si t e wr i t t en r ecords, t he above medi a may agai n be sui t abl e. I n

addi t i on, m cr of i l m tape

(e.g.,

comput er , vi deo), or ot her el ect r oni c i nf or -

mat i on st orage met hods may be

of

si gni f i cant val ue

i f

l ocat ed i n record

archi ves and mai nt ai ned or r epl aced per i odi cal l y. Al t hough t he l i kel i hood of

any gi ven document , t ape, or f i l m survi vi ng woul d be l ow, gi ven a very w de

di st r i but i on of document s and a w de var i et y of f orms

i n

whi ch the mater i al

was documented, ** a st at i st i cal l y si gni f i cant number of r ef er ences t o t he

reposi t ory may survi ve. One i mpor t ant f act or

o f

document survi val i s the

i mpor t ance post er i t y pl aces on prot ect i ng t he publ i c f r ombi ohazardous wast es.

*Vandal i sm or t hef t cannot be pr event ed, but pr udent desi gn ( Sect i on

7)

may

r educe i t s l i kel i hood.

reposi t ory ar e exampl es.

**Maps, t exts, and r ef erence works i ncl udi ng rel evant i nf ormat i on about t he



68

6 . 3 MESSAGE

DETECTABI LI TY

Message channel s need t o be desi gned t o att r act att ent i on and t o be

accessi bl e t o readers. Onsi t e channel s woul d most

l i kel y ei t her be mar ker s

or be associ at ed w t h markers. Of f si t e channel s woul d most l i kel y be asso-

ci at ed w t h archi vesb l i br ar i es, or ot her wr i t t en- record r eposi t or i es. Two

maj or l i m t at i ons must be consi dered i n desi gni ng f or det ectabi l i t y:

l i m t at i ons i mposed by the durabi l i t y requi rement i n t he choi ce of mat er i al s,

methods of const r uct i on, or envi r onment s; and (2) space r equi r ement s f or mes-

1)

sage encodi ng i nto t he channel . Thi s sect i on di scusses

a

number

of pot ent i al

opt i ons f or onsi t e and of f si t e message channel s f or al l message l evel s.

l i st of opt i ons i s not compl et e, but i t i s i ndi cat i ve of t he measures that

coul d be brought t o bear . Each opt i on coul d

be

i mpl emented

i n

a

number of

ways. Sect i on

7

suggest s one way t hat t he opt i ons consi dered i n t hi s secti on

coul d be devel oped f or a par t i cul ar si te.

The

6 . 3 . 1 Per i pheral Marker s

For some di st ance around the area where wast es are act ual l y empl aced,

there w l l

be an annul ar cont rol zone where dr i l l i ng or deep excavat i ons

shoul d be prohi bi t ed because of t he pot ent i al f or di r ect i nt rusi on. The

r adi us

o f

t he cont rol zone w l l be speci f i c to t he si t e, dependi ng on

(1)

r esi dual uncer t ai nt i es r el at ed

to

geol ogi c char acter i st i cs;

(2)

t he l ocal

gr ound- wat er r egi me and i t s r eact i ons w t h t he host r ock (e.g. , di ssol ut i on) ;

3 )

the pot ent i al f or angul ar dr i l l i ng (whi pstocki ng) t o pi er ce t he r eposi -

t ory; and

(4) th e

nature

and

l ocat i on of pot ent i al r esources.

One reasonabl e met hod of del i neat i ng t he extent of t he cont rol zone woul d

be to pl ace markers around

i t s

per i met er , t aki ng car e that :

0

The di sposal area

i s

def i ned w t h reasonabl e accuracy.

0 The

spaci ng of markers al l ows a person at one marker t o see t he

next marker on ei t her si de.

0 A suf f i ci ent number of marker s are used

so

that

the

pl acement

pat t ern can

be

i dent i f i ed even i f some markers are dest royed.

The actual

pl acement

o f

t he mar ker s w l l

be

det ermned by t he t err ai n and

i ndi genous vegetati on at t he si t e because each marker must be vi si bl e f r om

anot her .



69

The opt i on of si mpl y usi ng f our marker s t o mark t he cardi nal poi nt s of

t he area may not be accept abl e f or several r easons. For exampl e, t he di st ance

bEt ween markers woul d probabl y be t oo l arge t o permt ot her marker s t o be

seen, and peopl e woul d, t her ef ore have di f f i cul t y

i n

vi sual i zi ng or r ecog-

ni zi ng t he pat t ern. Fur t her more, the l oss of any one marker woul d dest r oy t he

pat t er n, pl aci ng a por t i on of t he reposi t ory at r i sk. For exampl e, t he Sar sen

ci r cl e at Stonehenge had 30 st and

ng

st ones ( Fi gure 6-2).

i ent number of marker s t o r econst r uct t he pat t ern, * even though some of t he

st ones were dest royed or car r i ed of f t o museums ( At ki nson, 1956; Hawki ns,

1965).

That was a suf f i c-

The marker s must be suf f i ci ent l y l arge t o carr y the requi red message and

be cl ear l y vi si bl e and di st i ngui shabl e on or near t he si te. Cl ear l y, t he si ze

woul d be t ai l ored t o t he si t e, but

i n

gener al , markers woul d be

3

t o

10

met ers

hi gh and provi de a surf ace area of approxi matel y 5 t o

10

square met ers on each

si de f or t he message. The marker shoul d contr ast w t h t he background, and t he

message shoul d cl ear l y cont r ast w t h t he marker sur f ace (by col or or rel i ef ) .

The shape of t he marker shoul d al so provi de contr ast , but t ake aest het i c

val ues i nt o account w t hi n reason, t he pr i me mssi on bei ng vi si bi l i t y.

6.3.2 Central Monument

Per i pheral marker s are most l i kel y l i mted to conveyi ng f i r st and second

l evel messages because of space l i mt at i ons. Det ai l ed i nscr i pt i ons on sur -

f aces exposed t o weat her i ng woul d be mor e prone t o damage than

t he

l arge

coar se l et t er i ng used f or si mpl e messages. For thi rd and f our t h l evel mes-

sages a cent ral monument woul d provi de a reasonabl e channel .

woul d need to be l arge enough t o convey thi rd l evel messages on i t s sur f ace

and have provi si ons f or contai ni ng f our t h l evel messages i n a prot ect ed

por t i on of t he monument .

t hi rd l evel messages on ei t her ext ernal or i nt ernal sur f aces. The l at t er

opt i on, whi ch i mpl i es a st r uctur e t hat woul d be ent ered or l ooked i nt o

by

r eader s, woul d prot ect t he message f r omweat her i ng.

The monument

The monument coul d be const ruct ed t o accommodat e

*The pl an of Stonehenge can be reconst ructed, even t hough more t han a thi rd of

t he st ones have di sappeared over t he l ast 5,000 years.



70

The

monument woul d

need

t o

be

r eadi l y vi s i bl e fromanywhere on t he s i t e .

I t coul d al so provi de a f i r s t

l evel

symbol i c message by vi r t ue of i t s gener al

shape from

an

aer i al or di st ant vi ew, t hereby at t r acti ng at t ent i on and i nvi t -

i ng i nvest i gat i on.

t hen t hose

wal l s

coul d

be

above or bel ow grade. Bel ow gr ade wal l s have more

stabi l i ty and r esi st ance t o f r eeze- t haw ef f ect s, but are more subj ect t o water

damage.

t i cal wal l s and pi l l ar s; i t coul d be of a shape chosen f or dur abi l i t y,

such

as

a dome or a pyramd; or i t coul d be

a

bunker .

abl e

i n

a rol l i ng t er r ai n si nce i t woul d bl end i nt o t he l andscape and sacr i -

f i ce vi si bi l i ty.

abl y be

a

st rong consi derat i on.

occur r i ng geol ogi c shape t hat endures f or l ong per i ods of t i me ( el - Baz, 1981).

f or several hundred pages of i nf ormat i on, woul d

need

t o be prot ected w t hi n or

by t he monument .

t hus provi di ng

a

number of di scr et e message t r ansm ssi on possi bi l i t i es ( one

per capsul e) . There woul d be a hi gh r i sk, however , t hat al l or many of t he

capsul es woul d be opened by one or a f ew r eader s t o cr oss- check cont ent s.

There i s al so some r at i onal e t o maki ng access t o t he f our t h l evel message

reasonabl y di f f i cul t by usi ng

a

reversi bl e* pr ocess

so

t hat access coul d be

gai ned w t h di f f i cul t y, t he message read, and the encl osur e hol di ng t he

message reseal ed to preserve the message f or t he next reader.

i n ei t her case woul d be vandal i sm or thef t .

I f t he monument wer e t o have

a

t hi rd

l evel

message on i nt er i or wal l s,

The

monument coul d

be a

convent i onal r ectangul ar st r uctur e w t h ver -

The

l at t er woul d be l ess sui t -

The durabi l i t y advant ages of domes and pyr amds woul d prob-

The pyramds are si m l ar t o

a

nat ural l y

The f our t h l evel message, t ranscr i bed ont o some dur abl e medi um sui t abl e

Numerous t i me capsul es coul d be used t o carr y the message,

A pri me concer n

For cent ral monument s, t he opt i ons f or redundancy are l i mt ed. I t woul d

be unr easonabl e, f or exampl e, t o provi de more t han one l arge monument per

si te. Redundancy coul d be provi ded by mul t i pl e message l ocat i ons w t hi n

o r

on

t he monument (e. g. , i dent i cal messages on several wal l s or f r ee-st andi ng sur - .

f aces or by i ncl udi ng several seal ed encl osur es f or f our t h

l evel

messages) .

*For exampl e, seal i ng t he message w t hi n a vaul t by means of an ext remel y

heavy

l i d

t hat coul d be removed and repl aced onl y w t h heavy machi nery.



7 1

Cont i nued awareness of t he reposi t ory coul d be enhanced i f t he monument

wer e desi gned f or a ut i l i t ar i an purpose.

Nat i onal Geodet i c Sur vey mar ker or f or mount i ng surveyor t ransi t s.

monument i s reserved f or si m l ar purposes, i nt ernat i onal cont rol and mai nt e-

nance may cont i nue even i f

publ i c

concer n f or t he wast e i s mni mal . Anot her

devi ce f or encour agi ng use and awareness

i s

t o make t he si t e and t he monument

aest het i cal l y and/ or educat i onal l y at t r acti ve.

devel opi ng monument s w t h secondary ut i l i t ar i an purposes may det r act f r omt he

si gni f i cance

o f

t he warni ng message.

The monument coul d be used as a U.S.

I f t he

There i s some r i sk t hat

6 . 3 . 3 Ear t hworks and Anomal i es

As

ment i oned pr evi ousl y, ear t hworks and anomal ous materi al s arranged i n

geometr i c patt er ns coul d pr ovi de

a

dur abl e

and

hi ghl y

det ectabl e means f or

t r ansmt t i ng f i r st l evel messages.

shape of t he symbol gi ven i n Fi gur e 5-2.

f ace, aer i al , or sat el l i t e- r econnai ssance

-

ear t hworks vi sual l y and anomal i es

by i nst rument r eadi ngs.

t hei r det ect abi l i t y by of f si t e measur ement s,

t he ear t hworks shoul d al so

be

di scer ni bl e by si t e vi si t ors.

ai r , are di f f i cul t t o t r ack on t he ground because of t hei r si ze.

The Serpent Mound

i n

Ohi o, t he ear t hworks sur r oundi ng Stonehenge, and t he

Nazca Li nes i n Peru ar e al l exampl es

o f

ear t hworks t hat f orm pat t erns and have

survi ved more t han 1, 500 year s ( Gr eenman, 1970; At ki nson, 1956; I sbel l , 1978).

The anomal i es have no archaeol ogi cal anal ogs ( t he i nst rument s f o r det ect i ng

such anomal i es are modern i nvent i ons) ; however , anomal i es appear to be a

r easonabl e ext r apol at i on f rom t he ear t hwork concept .

Ei t her coul d be ar ranged

i n the general

Both woul d be r ecogni zabl e by sur-

Whi l e

l arge st r uct ures may be desi r abl e to i ncrease

The Nazca Li nes, whi l e cl ear l y vi si bl e f r om t he

6. 3. 4

Of f si t e W i t t en Messaqe

Reposi t ory messages and i nformat i on coul d be st ored o f f t he si t e

i n

a

var i et y

of

nat i onal and i nt ernat i onal ar chi ves, l i br ar i es, and muni ci pal

r ecord r eposi t or i es (e. g. , t own hal l s, st at e and federal record ar chi ves) , and

i ncorporat ed i nt o mappi ng systems. Materi al s f or scch records woul d be



72

pr i nt ed on convent i onal mat er i al s* and on speci al l ong- l i ved mat er i al s

l i ke

aci d- f r ee paper.

r ef erence t o t hei r exact l ocat i on woul d

be

necessary.

such r ecords woul d be t o reach persons researchi ng an area f or some per sonal

or busi ness reason (e.g. , hi st or i ans, r esource ent r epr eneur s, and l and

devel opers) . Wder publ i c di ssem nat i on woul d be possi bl e near the t i me of

reposi t ory cl osur e but woul d not

be

sustai ned over very l ong t i me per i ods.

Nonethel ess, know edge

o f

the r eposi t or y coul d be perpet uat ed

by

r ef er ences i n

caref ul l y chosen r ecords or t exts associ at ed w t h the geographi c area wher e

t he reposi t ory was l ocated.

Such ref erences woul d be desi gned t o l ead t he r esear cher t o t he f our t h

l evel message.

Large numbers of l i brar i es and ar chi ves have been

establ i shed

i n t he

Uni t ed St ates and abroad f or t h e use and preservat i on of document s, and

t h e

mai nt enance of t he accumul at ed know edge of ci vi l i zat i on r ecei ves consi derabl e

at t ent i on.

t ant i nf ormat i on provi des assurance t hat know edge of t he reposi t or i es can

survi ve f or a very l ong t i me.

t ai ni ng and addi ng t o exi st i ng col l ecti ons i s substant i al

and has been a maj or

They woul d be st ored i n cont rol l ed envi r onment s.

Because t hese wr i t t en mat eri al s woul d not be at t he si t e,

an

unambi guous

The pr i mary purpose of

The r edundancy i nherent both

i n

di st r i but i ng and ar chi vi ng i mpor -

The ef f ort and care t hat i s expended on mai n-

soci et al acti vi t y, cert ai nl y f or t he past

500

year s.

By str i vi ng f or i nt ernat i onal di st r i but i on, pot ent i al per i odi c l osses of

reposi t ory i nf ormat i on w t hi n cer t ai n pol i t i cal boundar i es coul d be of f set by

t he i nformat i on bei ng preserved and reentered

i nt o t he r ecor ds of t he af f ected

regi on f r om an unaf f ected pol i t i cal regi on.

dest r uct i on

o f

r ecords by acts of war , ci vi l vi ol ence, or nat ural cat as-

t rophes.

w despread i nt ernat i onal di st r i but i on and purposef ul

i ncor por at i on i nt o

recor ds/ t exts t hat have a

hi gh

l i kel i hood of cont i nual r epr oduct i on

and

t ransl at i on.

The same l ogi c woul d hol d f or

The “det ect abi l i t y” of of f si t e messages can be made ext remel y

hi gh

by

I ncorporat i ng t he l ocat i on o f a reposi t ory on w del y di st r i but ed maps i s

a met hod of t r ansm t t i ng messages f or of f si t e percept i on.

The cr eat i on and

*Convent i onal paper woul d be sui t abl e f o r r ecords that are per i odi cal l y

updated or mai nt ai ned.



73

use of maps has a l ong, document ed hi st ory i n human soci et i es and has, w t h

modern technol ogy and communi cat i on methods, become very w despread and

commonpl ace.

uni que means of conveyi ng t he reposi t ory l ocat i ons t o many peopl e, bot h i n t he

present and i n t he f ut ur e.

f aci l i t ate any reposi t ory mappi ng program t hat may be chosen.

char t i ng, geodesy, and sur veyi ng act i vi t i es

i n

t he Uni t ed St at es t oday, bot h

publ i c and pr i vat e,

r epr esent a very l arge comm t ment of peopl e and f i nanci al

r esources.

Combi ni ng the publ i c and pr i vat e annual map product i on w t h a con-

servat i ve est i mat e f or t he f r act i on ret ai ned woul d yi el d a number on t he order

of 100

bi l l i on f or t he quant i t y of maps i n exi st ence

i n

t he Uni t ed St ates at a

gi ven t i me ( Wei t zber g, 1 9 8 2 ) . The physi cal l i f et i mes of t he maps woul d r ange

up

t o several hundred year s,

dependi ng on thei r use and t he care af f orded

them

Maps are

used

by l arge por t i ons of soci et y and repr esent

a

Pr i vat e or gani zat i ons and publ i c i nst i t ut i ons can

The mappi ng,

I n addi t i on t o devel opi ng geol ogi c and car t ogr aphi c dat a and pr oduci ng

maps and char t s, t he

U . S .

Geol ogi cal Survey has est abl i shed t he Nat i onal

Cart ogr aphi c I nf ormat i on Cent er t o col l ect and di ssem nate i nf ormat i on about

maps and t he dat a and materi al s used to compi l e them* Map i nf ormat i on f r om

180 di f f er ent sour ces, i ncl udi ng f eder al , st at e, and l ocal gover nment agenci es

and pr i vat e compani es, i s accessed, i ndexed, and st ored

i n

comput eri zed data

bases.

pr i nt map products. Mor eover , t her e i s al so a l arge di st r i but i on of pr i vat e

maps t hrough aut omobi l e cl ubs, oi l compani es, and ot her channel s. Speci al

The Cent er al so provi des

i nf ormat i on about many cur rent and out - of -

maps, such as

i nf rared

Eart h Resources Techno

t ory l ocat i on. Fol l ow

maps of t he reposi t ory

r esponsi bl e f or mai nt a

or

ot her

col or- enhanced

composi t es

produced f r om

t he

ogy Sat el l i t e pr ogr am coul d uni quel y show t he reposi -

ng reposi t ory cl osur e, det ai l ed sur f ace and underground

woul d

be appropr i at el y sent t o t he f ederal r eposi t or y

ni ng maps of abandoned mnes ( Edger t on, 1 9 7 4 ) .

*The U S. Geol ogi cal Survey has al so establ i shed t he EROS

( Ear t h Resour ces

Observat i on Sat el l i t es) Data Cent er near Si oux Fal l s, Sout h Dakota, t o

r ecei ve, process, and f i l e t he l arge amount s of dat a generat ed by sat el l i t e

m ssi ons over t he Uni t ed St at es. Thi s provi des anot her i ndependent l arge

dat a base

i n whi ch

d i g i t a l and vi sual

r ecords of r eposi t or y l ocat i ons coul d

be recorded.

Onl y a

smal l

percent age of sat el l i t e data may ul t i matel y be

conver t ed i nto maps, but photomosai cs, or t hophot omaps, and di gi t al dat a t apes

w l l

add

anot her di mensi on to t he di ver si t y of r eposi t ory l ocat ors.



74

I n addi t i on' t o t he convent i onal st or age o f document s i n archi ves and

l i brar i es, t he rel at i vel y r ecent devel opment of comput ers has l ed t o a prol i f -

er at i on of machi ne- r eadabl e data bases, many of whi ch cont ai n i nf ormat i on t hat

coul d ai d i n preservi ng know edge about waste reposi t or i es.

of

1979,

t he

USGS

mai nt ai ned over

200

separ ate dat a bases ( USGS,

1980) ,

cover -

i ng a var i et y of subj ect s r el at ed t o resources.

exchanges such as t he f i t i onal Water Dat a EJ change ( NAWDEX) ( Edwards, 1979),

whi ch compi l es dat a on sur f ace and ground water and wat er qual i t y f or more

t han 600 or gani zat i ons nat i onal l y. I t s f i l es cont ai n i nf ormat i on on mor e t han

600,000wel l s, w th hundreds of m l l i ons of dai l y obser vat i ons of st r eamf l ow,

wat er qual i t y, and ground- wat er l evel . Ther e ar e al so si m l ar dat a f i l es

mai ntai ned by t he U.S . Envi ronment al Protect i on Agency, t he U.S. Nat i onal

Oceani c and At mospher i c Adm ni st r at i on, and st ate and l ocal agenci es. These

i ndependent i nf ormat i on f i l es, whether or not comput eri zed,

coul d

provi de many

addi t i onal channel s f or pr eservat i on of i nf or mat i on about wast e reposi t or i es.

For exampl e,

as

There ar e i nf ormat i on

6.3.5

Oral Tr ansm ssi on

Oral t r ansm ssi on may be consi der ed a potent i al r eposi t ory message

channel . There i s cont rover sy among hi st or i ans and f ol kl ori st s over t he

ef f i cacy of oral t r ansm ssi on as a method f or accur atel y conveyi ng i nf ormat i on

over l ong t i me per i ods ( Mont el l ,

1970).

as Hi stori cal Fal l acy t o Fol k Tr adi t i on as Hi stor i cal Fact , but even t hose

who di sput e the accur acy of f ol k t r adi t i on usual l y agr ee t hat f ol kl ore does

have some basi s i n f act , al t hough

i t

must

be

r egarded and used w t h care.

Exampl es, ci t ed by Mont el l ,

o f

t he many i nst ances where hi stor i cal i nf ormat i on

was preserved or al l y f or many hundreds o f years i ncl ude:

Opi ni ons range f r om Fol k Tr adi t i on

1.

The Sout hern Pai ut e I ndi ans of Utah r et ai ned know edge of hi st ory

consi st ent w t h archaeol ogi cal evi dence 800 year s ol d.

Nat i ve t r adi t i ons f rom

1,400 A.D

r egar di ng habi t abi l i t y i n t he ar ea

at Yakut at , Al aska, were conf i rmed by r adi ocar bon dat i ng.

3.

Archaeol ogi cal f i ndi ngs

i n

the west of Engl and conf i rmed l ocal

t radi t i ons t hat a nearby cave had been occupi ed by Sai nt Ni ni as

14 cent ur i es earl i er.

2.

4.

The r el i abi l i t y

o f

I cel andi c f aml y sagas dat i ng t o 930 A.D. was

conf i rmed.



75

Oral t r ansm ssi on may, t hr ough a syner gi st i c r el at i onshi p w t h per manent

I t can

be

expected t hat

message bear i ng markers and r ecor ds i n archi ves, of f er an addi t i onal

channel

f or di ssem nat i on of reposi t ory- rel at ed i nf ormat i on.

st or i es, poems, and l egends w l l devel op about t he si t e i n t he same manner

t hat oral t r adi t i on and hi story i s associ at ed w t h t he Gr eat Wal l .

6.4

SUMMARY

Ther e are a number

o f

opt i ons f or creat i ng durabl e and detectabl e

channel s, both on and of f t he si te.

var y, but t he r edundancy and synergi smr esul t i ng f rom usi ng a mul t i t ude of

The success

of

any gi ven channel may

i hood of successf ul communi cat i on.

hanne

s

shoul d cr eat e a hi g h l i ke



7 COMMUNICATION SYSTE MS COMPONENTS AND

THEIR APPLICATIONS

Fact or s essent i al t o t he successf ul communi cat i on of r eposi t or y- r el at ed

i nf ormat i on

-

i ncl udi ng dur abi l i t y, accessi bi l i t y, det ectabi l i t y, compr ehensi -

bi l i t y, message cont ent , cont ext and r el evance,

and

message r edundancy -

have

been di scussed i n precedi ng sect i ons. The di f f erent

l evel s of messages devel -

oped i n Sect i on

5

and the possi bl e methods of t hei r t r ansm ssi on di scussed i n

Sect i on

6,

were devi sed speci f i cal l y t o meet

as

many of t hese r equi r ement s as

possi bl e, of t en i n several di f f er ent and redundant ways.

cri bes a r ef erence communi cat i on syst emf or a hi gh- l evel wast e r eposi t ory.

The descr i pt i on cont ai ns suf f i ci ent det ai l t o establ i sh t he pr el i m nar y

f easi bi l i t y of t he concept ual desi gn of t he systemand to assess i t s ef f ec-

t i veness.

t he messages sent by t he communi cat i on system are observed by t hei r ul t i mate

reci pi ent s.

For

a

si t e- speci f i c appl i cat i on, any chosen communi cat i on syst emwoul d be

t horoughl y t est ed pr i or t o and duri ng i t s ear l y phases of i mpl ement at i on.

Symbol s, messages, and pi ct ographs woul d be t ested f or t hei r compr ehensi bi l i t y

cont ent and r el evance;

t he

f easi bi l i t y of marker and monument const r uct i on

w l l be demonst r at ed; and t he overal l awareness o f t he l ocal popul at i on of t he

corr ect l ocat i on and hazards associ at ed w t h t he bur i ed wast e waul d be

Thi s sect i on des-

The di scussi on speci f i cal l y addr esses the quest i on of ensur i ng that

examned.

For t hi s st udy the reposi t ory si t e was assumed t o be i n a r emot e,

non-

gl aci al * r egi on of t he Uni t ed St at es.

of maj or si gni f i cance or known val ue.

nat ural l andmarks

( i .e. ,

rock out croppi ngs and/ or cl i f f f aces that coul d be

used to t r anscr i be messages are not assumed to be present ) .

To maxi m ze the ef f ect i veness of any communi cat i on syst em and i ncrease

The i mmedi at e vi ci ni t y cont ai ns nothi ng

The l and i s f l at , w t h no domnant

of communi cat i on met hods

pt ors, and

(2)

i nf ormat i on

i ts l ong- t er m

coul d be

ut i 1

di ssem nat i on

sur vi vabi l i t y, two maj or cl asses

zed:

(1 )

si t e l ocat or s

and

descr

and r et ent i on of f t he si t e.

*No gl aci ers woul d

be

expected w t hi n a 10, 000- year per i od.

Areas subj ect ed

t o si gni f i cant gl aci at i on pose a uni que probl em w t h regard to sur f ace mar ker

l ongevi t y.



77

The f ol l ow ng sect i ons descr i be how t hese two methods can be used t o

communi cat e t he f our l evel s of message present ed i n Sect i on 5.

t hi s di scussi on' i t must be remembered t hat par t i al l oss of t he hi gher l evel

message woul d st i l l l eave resi dual messages of l ower l evel s of cont ent .

Thr oughout

7.1

SITE

LOCATORS

AND

DESCRI PTORS

7.1.1 Per i pheral Marker s

One maj or communi cat i on syst emcomponent coul d be permanent markers

i nstal l ed at t he per i phery of t he reposi t ory.

r eposi t ory coul d be as

hi gh

as 7 met er s* and woul d be spaced r egul ar l y w t hi n

vi ew of each ot her (a maxi mum separati on

o f

about 1, 000 meters) .

bi l i t y as wel l as symbol i sm t hey woul d be shaped as t r i angul ar pyram ds and

woul d be const ructed

o f

grani t e.

One pot ent i al marker l ayout , desi gn, and

const r uct i on scheme

i s

shown

i n

Fi gure 7- 1.

each marker woul d be secured t o a pi l i ng anchored

i n

bedrock.

was not w t hi n

30

met ers of t he sur f ace, f r i cti on pi l i ngs of

30

meters coul d

be used. The base o f each marker woul d have a bored hol e, whi ch woul d f i t

cl osel y over t he t op o f t he

pi l i ng.

Per i pheral marker s woul d cont ai n f i r st and second l evel messages as

descr i bed i n Sect i on 5. Thr ee f aces on each of about 10 marker s woul d provi de

30 r edundant message l ocat i ons.

symbol f or bi ohazardous bur i ed waste ( Fi gure 5 - Z ) , and a di agram of t he

reposi t ory si t e show ng marker l ocat i ons and t he l ocat i on of t hat speci f i c

marker ( i ndi cat ed by an arrow). Each marker f ace shoul d al so have a message

i nscr i bed i n Engl i sh, anot her of f i ci al Uni ted Nat i on' s l anguage, or a pi ct o-

graphi c message.

Markers f or a nucl ear wast e

For st a-

To avoi d set t l i ng and t o i ncrease t he di f f i cul t y of r emoval or t oppl i ng,

I f bedrock

Each marker f ace woul d show t he uni ver sal

The messages woul d be engraved i nto t he sur f ace of t he

*Based on l i mt at i ons

i n

quar ryi ng cont i nuous ( monol i t hi c) rock sl abs

and

assumng approxi mat el y one- t hi rd o f t he marker l engt h t o be bel ow grade f or

stabi l i ty.



Typical f Ten

78

TOP

VIEW

Level

Messages

Each Face

1 2

~

S I D E

VIEW

Below Grade

Base

~

ro7

SITE

FIGURE 7-1.

PERIPHERAL MA RKERS

9



79

markers. An exampl e of

messages i s depi ct ed i n

7.1.2 Central Monument

A cent ral monument

t he reposi t or y si t e cou

a per i pheral marker w t h f i r st and second l evel

Fi gur e 7-2. *

composed of a groupi ng of l arge marker s cent ered on

d

be used to car r y more extensi ve messages descr i bi ng

t he use of t he si t e as a r adi oact i ve wast e reposi t or y. The arr angement shown

i n

Fi gure 7- 3 woul d consi st of t hree l ar ger marker s and

t hr ee document vaul t s

pl aced to f or ma t r i angl e. Pr esent i nt ernat i onal symbol i sm uses t r i angl es as

warni ng symbol s ( Dr eyf us, 1972).

W t hi n t he l i mt at i ons** i mposed

by

t he geol ogy of gr ani t e, t he si ze

o f

t he cent r al mar ker s has been sel ected f or l ongevi t y (i . e. , di f f i cul t t o move

or destr oy) , vi si bi l i t y, and abi l i t y to car r y t hi rd l evel messages.

A

rei n-

f or ced concr ete base mat , 50 meters on each s i de and 5 meter s t hi ck, woul d

be

i ncl uded f or st abi l i t y and t o enhance vi si bi l i t y f r om above. The shape of t he

base mat , as shown i n Fi gure 7- 3, i s si m l ar t o t he out l i ne

o f

t he bi ohaz-

ardous wast e symbol .

2 x 4

meters i n cr oss sect i on. They woul d ext end 7 met ers above gr ade and

3

meters bel ow

gr ani t e bl ocks havi ng

1.5 x 1.5

x

4

meter s out si de di mensi ons w t h

30

cm t hi ck

bot t om and si des and a r ectangul ar

l i d

al so

30

cm t hi ck. The t ops

o f

t he si de

wal l s woul d be ri dged

t o

f i t i nto

a

groove

i n

t he

l i d ,

and t hese woul d be

seal ed w t h asphal t or anot her l ong- l ast i ng seal ant . The l i d woul d wei gh

about

5

metr i c t ons and t hus woul d precl ude easy l i f t i ng and removal .

per i pheral marker s. Pi l i ngs woul d be dri ven t o bedrock or , i f bedr ock was

The l arge marker s woul d be sl i ght l y tapered rectangul ar pr i sms r oughl y

The document vaul t s ( as shown

i n

Fi gure 7- 4) woul d be hol l ow

The const r uct i on of t he cent ral mar ker s woul d be si m l ar t o that of t he

* I n

addi t i on t o t he second l evel message descr i bi ng t he wast e reposi t ory and

t he pot ent i al hazar ds, t he marker s t hemsel ves, by vi r t ue of t hei r t r i angul ar

shape, woul d convey a caut i onary message.

St at es measure approxi matel y

2 x 2 x

10

met ers and wei gh about 100

met r i c

t ons. Long hor i zont al f r act ur es or j oi nt s 2 met er s apar t w t h l ess f r equent

vert i cal f r actur es are l i mt i ng f actors

i n

quar ryi ng l arge monol i t hi c

gr ani t e bl ocks.

be produced but t hese woul d be di f f i cul t t o t ranspor t .

**The l argest monol i t hi c grani t e bl ocks now bei ng quar r i ed i n

t he Uni t ed

Monol i t hs

up

t o

2 x 4 x

10

meters

(200

met r i c t ons) coul d



80

CAUTION-BIOHAZARDOUS

WASTE BURIED HERE

REPEATED IN

UNITED NATIONS LANGUAGES

AND PICTOGRAPHS ON OTHER

RADIOACTIVE WASTES ARE BURIED 700 METERS

BELOW THE SURFACE

IN

GRANITE WITHIN AN 800

HECTARE AREA BOUNDED BY 10 STONE MARKERS.

FURTHER INFORMATION I S AT THE CENTRAL

MONUMENT.

MESSAGE REPEATED

IN

OTHER

UNITED NATIONS LANGUAGES

AND IN PICTOGRAPHIC FORM

I

FIGURE 7 2. PERIPHERAL MA RK ER MESSAGE

.-.



\

u

n



FIGURE 7 4 . V A U L T D E T A I L



83

not w t hi n 30 met er s of t he sur f ace, f r i ct i on pi l i ngs of 30 meters woul d be

used. The st ai nl ess st eel r ei nf or ci ng bar f or t he base mat woul d be t i ed i nt o

t he t op caps of t he pi l i ngs and the markers woul d have t wo bored hol es i n

t hei r bases, t o f i t over t he pi l i ngs.

si ngl e monol i t h.

served a usef ul soci et al purpose

i n

addi t i on

t o

i t s wast e annuni cat i on

f unct i on. Accor di ngl y, a gr ani t e cube has al so been i ncl uded t o pr ovi de a

l ocat i on f or a

U.S.

Nati onal Geodet i c Survey (NGS) marker as wel l as a base

pl ane f or mount i ng surveyor t r ansi t s or t heodol i t es

i n

usi ng t he marker .

NGS mar ker woul d be a sol i d grani t e cube,

2 meters on

a

si de, al so pl aced on a

pi l i ng.

The cent ral

monument group woul d contai n messages at several l evel s of

meani ng. The sur f aces of t he marker s woul d have f i r st , second, and t hi rd

l evel messages ( Sect i on 5. 1, Fi gur es 5- 2, and 3) engr aved

i n

mul t i pl e

l anguages.

purpose.

coul d col l ect . The vaul t cont ent s, t he f our t h l evel message, woul d be i n

pr i nt ed f orm doubl y seal ed t o pr ot ect agai nst at mospher i c ef f ects.

as shown i n Fi gures 7- 5 and 7- 6 coul d be const ruct ed of r ei nf orced concr ete

cl ad w t h Synroc. The i nt er i or wal l s woul d provi de ampl e space f or Level

2

and 3 messages

and

Level 4 messages coul d

be

pl aced i n t he t hree document

vaul t s.

The l arger

si ze

woul d

i ncr ease t he v i s i b i l i t y o f t he monument , but

w t hout f ur t her research i t s l ongevi t y

i s

l ess cer t ai n t han t hat of t he

grani t e monol i t hs. Ul t i matel y t he choi ce must be made based on t he cost of

t he al t er nat i ves and t he desi r ed perf ormance.

The base mat woul d be poured as a

As di scussed i n Sect i on

6 ,

l ongevi t y mght be enhanced i f t he monument

The

The si des of t he document vaul t s woul d be marked t o i dent i f y thei r

The vaul t l i ds woul d be unmarked to el i m nat e pl aces wher e wat er

Were a l arger cent ral monument deemed more appropr i ate, a st ruct ure such

7.1.3 Ot her Si t e Markers

To enhance t he pr ospects of f ut ur e i dent i f i cat i on of t he si t e, sever al

addi t i onal measures coul d be taken

to

t r ansm t f i r st l evel messages. For

exampl e, subst ant i al ear t hworks coul d be const r uct ed, and anomal i es det ectabl e

by

r emot e- sensi ng t echni ques coul d be cr eat ed

i n

t he shape of t he warni ng

symbol .



Reinforced

Concrete Base Mat

Slope of 1 cm Per Meter

Light Shafts

(9)

FIGURE

7-5.

A L T E R N A T E C E N T R A L M O N U M E N T



85

2 M

Outer

Sheath

A a

FIGURE

7-6.

A L T E R N A T E C E N T R A L M O N U M E N T D E T A I L



86

Ear t hworks

The si t e l ayout woul d i ncl ude subst ant i al ar eas f or t he st or age of mned

rock. These ar eas, i ni t i al l y del i neat ed by di kes, woul d be used to st or e t he

overbur den and mned rock dur i ng r eposi t ory operat i on. Dur i ng backf i l l i ng and

r eposi t or y cl osur e, about hal f of t hi s mat er i al woul d be returned t o t he

r eposi t or y, l eavi ng about

4

m l l i on met r i c t ons ( about 2.5

x l o 5

cubi c met er s)

f or di sposal .

t he si t e t o prevent damage t o t he envi r onment . For ot her medi a, however, sub-

st ant i aJ amount s

o f

mat er i al may be avai l abl e f or use as a permanent ear t hwork

t o mark t he si te.

For a t ypi cal communi cat i on syst em t he st orage di ki ng coul d be shaped t o

si mul ate t he arr ow f ormof t he bi ohazar dous wast e symbol desi gned ( approxi -

matel y 100 meters across) t o l eave a l evel pl aza several meters h i gh af t er t he

r eposi t ory has been backf i l l ed and

seal ed. Sur r oundi ng t he arr ow shaped pl aza

at a di st ance of several hundred

met er s

coul d

be a

segment ed ear t hen

ber m

al so several met er s i n hei ght , f or m ng t he out l i ne of an equi l at eral t r i angl e.

I f t he geol ogi c medi um i s sal t , much of i t m ght be moved of f

The cent ral monument and base mat descr i bed previ ousl y woul d be cent ered

on t he rai sed pl aza, as shown

i n Fi gur e 7- 7, whi ch woul d be f i r st est abl i shed

and compact ed.

arr ow and t r i angul ar berm as vi ewed above, woul d f orm t he bi ohazar dous wast e

symbol ( Fi gure

5-2).

seal ed w t h a 15- t o 30- cent i met er l ayer of aggr egat e asphal t m xtur e, si m l ar

t o t hat used f or hi ghway pavi ng.

ant i qui t y ( Asphal t I nst i t ut e, 1977) w t h resi dual evi dence r emai ni ng to t hi s

day ( Rosenf i el d, 1965; Hodges, 1971; Marschner and W i ght , 1978). The asphal t

mxture woul d be subj ect onl y t o sur f ace oxi dat i on and weat her i ng ef f ect s; i t

woul d t her ef ore be expect ed t o r emai n l argel y

i n

pl ace f or several t housands

of years w t hout mai nt enance.

f ai l ed,

subst ant i al amounts of asphal t and aggregat e woul d r emai n t o mark t he

sur f ace of t he pl aza and woul d

a l s o

hi nder the growt h of veget at i on f or a l ong

t i me.

Fi gur e 7- 7 shows t hat t he concrete base mat pl us t he ear t hen

To add to t he durabi l i t y

o f

t he pl aza and berm t hei r sur f aces coul d be

Nat ural asphal t s have been used si nce

Even i f t he seal i ng of t he ear t hwor k surf ace



I

Periphery

i s

Stabi l ized

W

FIGURE 7 7. T Y P IC A L C E N T R A L M O N U M E N T P L A Z A



Anomal i es

88

The si ze of t he cent r al monument and ear t hwork pl aza woul d hel p ensure

t hei r vi si bi l i t y even t o r emot e sensor s car r i ed by satel l i tes.

t echnol ogy ( Fost er and Hal

1 ,

1981;

Watki ns,

1981)

of f er s resol ut i ons rangi ng

from 10 t o 30 met er s, whi ch i s more t han adequate to di scern t he monument and

t he surr oundi ng eart hwor ks.

const ructed of mat er i al s w t h di f f er ent sur f ace t extures and hence di f f er ent

absorpt i on and em ssi vi t y char acter i st i cs, t hey woul d be apparent t o vi si bl e,

near - i nf ared (I R), t her mal I R , and cer t ai n t ypes of r adar det ectors.

I n

addi t i on, t he di f f er ence i n t hermal absor pt i on bet ween t he aggregate asphal t

sur f ace of t he pl aza and t he sur roundi ng nat ural vegetati on shoul d r esul t i n

subst ant i al l y di f f er ent r adi ant t emper at ur es, di scer ni bl e by pr esent r emot e-

measurement t echni ques.

t o announce t he pr esence of t he waste reposi t ory, coul d al so add anomal i es

r ecogni zabl e by several r emote- sensi ng t echni ques.

f ur t her enhanced dur i ng t he f i nal desi gn of t he st ructur es.

Cur r ent

Because t he monument , base mat , pl aza, and per i pher al ear t hworks woul d be

Thus, t he cent ral monument , t he pl aza, and t he eart hworks al r eady pl anned

These anomal i es coul d be

7.2 I NFORMATI ON AND RECORDS DI SSEM NATI ON AND RETENTI ON OFF THE SI TE

I n

addi t i on t o the physi cal

mar ker s and messages at t he r eposi t ory si t e,

i nf ormat i on about r eposi t or i es coul d al so be w del y di ssem nat ed and pl aced i n

ar chi ves of f t he si t e. Mechani sms pr esent l y i n exi st ence f or produci ng and

di st r i but i ng r eport s, document s, and maps woul d aut omati cal l y cause thei r

ret ent i on

i n

ar chi ves i n many l ocat i ons. Si m l ar mechani sms w l l be avai l abl e

and coul d be used at t he t i me of r eposi t ory operat i on and decomm ssi oni ng.

Ot her met hods t hat coul d be used i ncl ude publ i c rel at i ons act i vi t i es and t he

i ncl usi on of wast e- management know edge i n educati onal programs.

know edge of bi ohazar dous wast e si t es and marki ng symbol s coul d become

Thus, t he

establ i shed.

Any

communi cat i on syst em as now env

t he el ement s of l and survey and l and use

hazardous and l ow- l evel wast e si t es (U.S

si oned woul d, at t he l east , cont ai n

r ecor ds not i f i cat i on as pr acti ced f or

9

nvi r onment al Protect i on Agency



89

[ EPA] , 1982b).

al so ai d i n preci sel y mappi ng t he wast e l ocat i ons f or t he survey pl at s. Such

measur es woul d t end to perpet uat e know edge about the r eposi t ory.

The sect i ons that f ol l ow present

a

number of pot ent i al channel s f or

of f si t e r ecord di ssem nat i on and retent i on.

r eposi t or y- r el at ed i nf or mat i on w t hout any addi t i onal pl anned act i vi t i es,

because of publ i c needs and i nt er est , educat i on, and custom The i nt ent of

t he di scussi on t hat f ol l ows

i s not t o i ndi cat e how a del uge of propaganda

coul d be creat ed, but r at her t o acknow edge t hat systems al r eady exi st f or

ot her pur poses t hat woul d assi st i n t he di ssemnat i on, r et ent i on, and

cont i nued t ransmt t al of r eposi t or y- r el at ed know edge.

The use of t he cent ral monument as an NGS benchmark woul d

Such channel s coul d convey

7.2.1 I dent i f i cat i on of Reposi t ory Locat i ons on Maps and Char t s

Pr ovi si ons coul d be made dur i ng t he devel opment of t he r eposi t or i es t o

accur atel y l ocat e t hem on t he base 7. 5- mnut e- quadrangl e t opographi cal maps of

t he US. Geol ogi cal Sur vey (USGS).

2,000

f eet per i nch) woul d permt t he i dent i f i cat i on of maj or si t e f eat ur es

and bui l di ngs as t hey are changed dur i ng t he phases of r eposi t ory operat i on

and decommssi oni ng.

woul d al so pr ovi de a separ at e record of si t e act i vi t i es.

decomm ssi oni ng and t he const r uct i on of t he per i pheral mar ker s, cent ral

monument , pl aza, and sur roundi ng eart hworks, t he area woul d be r ephot ogr aphed

and the maps updat ed t o r ef l ect t he f i nal

r eposi t or y conf i gurat i on.

t i me t he hor i zont al l ocat i on and ver t i cal el evat i on of t he cent ral monument

woul d be preci sel y det ermned accordi ng t o t he st andards of t he U S. Nat i onal

Geodet i c Survey ( NGS) ; t he monument woul d t hen be est abl i shed as an NGS

benchmark and i ncorporated i nto t he Sur vey' s maps and data bases.

r econnai ssance sat el l i t es w t h thei r var i ed r emot e sensi ng capabi l i t i es woul d

i ndependent l y record the wast e r eposi t ory l ocat i ons and act i vi t i es many t i mes

over , w t hout any speci al act i on bei ng needed.

next sect i on, t he exi st ence o f USGS maps, NGS char t s

and

r ecor ds, as wel l as

t he aer i al phot ogr aphs and remote sensi ng dat a records woul d provi de t he

oppor t uni t y f or much w der i nf ormat i on di ssemnat i on

and

ret ent i on.

The scal e of t he maps (1:24,000, or about

The aer i al phot ographs used to generate t hese USGS maps

Af t er r eposi t or y

At that

Concur r ent l y w t h t hese mappi ng act i vi t i es, t he cont i nui ng use of earh

As w l l be di scussed i n t he

I n



90

addi t i on, t he use. of t he bi ohazar dous wast e symbol t o i dent i f y t he r eposi t ory

l ocat i on and maps w l l a l s o ai d i n promot i ng i t s recogni t i on.

7.2.2

Di str i but i on and Archi vi ng of Document s and Maps

Present l y est abl i shed organi zat i ons i n t he

U.S.

annual l y produce and di s-

t r i but e many m l l i ons of maps ( Wei t zberg, 1982). Because most of t hese can be

t raced back t o the base t opographi c maps produced by t he USGS, t he l ocat i ons

of wast e reposi t or i es coul d be readi l y i ncorporat ed i nt o many ot her map prod-

ucts. The di st r i but i on of r eposi t ory- r el at ed i nf ormat i on

i n

thi s manner coul d

t hus be rei nf or ced dur i ng the years i mmedi at el y af t er r eposi t ory cl osur e, when

know edge o f

the

r eposi t or y

i s

w despread.

t i on, part i cul arl y f ourt h l evel t echni cal i nf ormat i on, woul d be rout i nel y di s -

t r i but ed b y exi st i ng nat i onal and i nt ernat i onal agreement s. The cust omary

di st r i but i on t o t he

1,200

government and pr i vat e l i b r a r i e s , as wel l s to

f orei gn l i brari es through exi st i ng exchange agreement s, coul d

be

augment ed by

di st r i but i on t o l i brar i es, school syst ems, uni ver si t i es,

and

government al

ent i t i es i n t he st at es near t he wast e r eposi t or i es. Such l ocal di st r i but i on

coul d rei nf or ce t he publ i c educat i on ef f or t descri bed i n the next sect i on.

For exampl e, t he same si t e pl at and descr i pt i on coul d be kept

i n t he county

cour t house as a l and use r ecord, and

be

stored

i n

t he ar chi ves of t he

U.S.

Federal Bureau of Land Management.

I mport ant maps and documents ar e now st ored f or permanent use i n many

l ocat i ons.

Speci al r equest s coul d

be

made to a l l maj or l i brar i es and ar chi ves

to access t he i mpor t ant r eposi t or y- rel at ed i nf ormat i on f or permanent r etent i on

and to ensure t hat t he bi bl i ographi c i nf ormat i on i s pl aced

i n

al l maj or

l i brary i nf or mat i on net works, such as t he OCLC. *

t he wr i t t en mat er i al ,

speci al edi t i ons of t he maps and publ i cat i ons f or

st or i ng woul d be pr i nt ed on aci d- f r ee paper t hat can l ast very l ong per i ods of

Report s and publ i cat i ons about r eposi t ory l ocat i ons, desi gn, and oper a-

To ai d i n the dur abi l i t y of

*The OCLC Onl i ne Comput er Li brary Cent er, I nc. l ocated

i n

Col umbus,

Ohio, i s

I t s comput er dat a base cont ai ns

perhaps t he l argest of t he

U.S.

l i brary i nf or mat i on net works, cur r ent l y ser -

vi ci ng over

2,600

part i ci pat i ng l i brari es.

mor e t han 7 m l l i on recor ds and adds about

25,000

r ecords weekl y (OCLC,

1981).



91

t i me. I n addi t i on, request s coul d be made t o i nput i mpor t ant r eposi t or y-

r el at ed i nf ormat i on i nt o many di f f erent comput er dat a bases, par t i cul ar l y

t hose deal i ng w t h wat er and mneral r esour ces, l and use, and hazardous

wast es.

7.2.3

Educat i onal and I nst i t ut i onal Act i vi t i es

Publ i c Rel at i ons and Educat i on

The di ssem nat i on of r eposi t or y know edge i nt o the publ i c sect or t hr ough

t he maps and documents descr i bed above,

w t h var i ed l evel s of i nf or mat i on pre-

sent ed t o di f f erent segment s of t he popul at i on, woul d occur dur i ng and

i mme-

di at el y af t er r eposi t or y cl osure. Ef f or t s coul d be concent rat ed on st at es

near r eposi t or y si t es, but coul d i ncl ude t o a l esser degr ee a nat i onal pro-

gram pref erabl y coupl ed w t h educat i on programs rel at ed to al l bi ohazardous

wast e si t es. Concept ual l y, i nf or mat i on coul d be di st r i but ed t o school syst ems

and uni ver si t i es, w t h r equest s f or i ncl usi on i nt o appr opr i at e sci ence cur -

r i cul a. I nf or mat i on coul d al so be di ssem nat ed t hrough w del y ci r cul at ed

publ i cat i ons and t he news medi a. The present and l i kel y f ut ur e concer n over

envi r onment al protect i on and t he heal t h and saf et y i mpact s of hazar dous sub-

st ances shoul d ser ve t o encour age t hi s t ype of publ i c educat i on. The i dent i -

f i cat i on of wast e si t es on general pur pose maps and on road maps coul d al so

serve to r ei nf or ce t he awar eness of actual r eposi t or y l ocat i ons as coul d t he

pl acement

of

i nf or mat i on

si gns

on

hi ghways

near

t he r eposi t or i es.

I n a dd i -

t i on, t he accur acy of t he l ocal

popul at i on' s percept i on of t he r eposi t or y as

t ransm t t ed by oral and wr i t t en means can be test ed and, i f needed, t he

educat i onal

act i vi t i es coul d be modi f i ed accordi ngl y.

Cal l Bef ore

Di g

I nst i t ut i ons

I n t he Uni t ed St ates, t her e ar e now more t han 100 pr i vat e ut i l i t y or gani -

zat i ons f or prot ect i ng underground i nst al l at i ons f r om i nadver t ent damage

by

t he publ i c. These one- cal l syst ems. ar e avai l abl e

i n

about

25

st ates and

ser vi ce more t han

1,300

par t i ci pat i ng ut i l i t y compani es ( Moor e, 1978; Amer i can

Publ i c Works Associ at i on, 1980; Ri f ki n, 1980). These and si m l ar syst ems



92

t hat l ocat e under gr ound i nst al l at i ons bef ore any excavat i ng act i vi t i es

are

under t aken coul d be used i n t wo ways t o prot ect wast e r eposi t or y si t es.

di rect pr ot ecti on, f eder al , st at e, and l ocal agenci es w t h r esponsi bi l i t es i n

t he ar eas adj acent t o t he si t es coul d j oi n exi st i ng one- cal l systems or

encour age t hei r f ormat i on i f none exi st . Pet r ol eum

o r

gas- t r ansm ssi on pi pe-

l i nes, as wel l as cross- count r y communi cat i ons i n t he gener al vi ci ni t y of

r eposi t or i es, woul d benef i t f r om t he one- cal l approach. Local or st at ew de

or di nances coul d be amended to requi re t hat ,

before any undergr ound const r uc-

t i on i s st ar t ed, t he per m t

i s s ui ng

pr ocess woul d check w t h t he one- cal l

system to see whet her any under gr ound i nst al l at i ons woul d be t hr eat ened,

i ncl udi ng the wast e reposi t or i es.

before

di g

t r adi t i on becomes more general l y accept ed.

The si gni f i cant sav-

i ngs

to the ut i l i t i es, i n money

and

l abor requi r ed to r epai r damaged i nst al -

l at i ons¶ and t he r educt i on o f r i sk and

i nconveni ence

t o

t he publ i c at l ar ge,

shoul d perpetuate the use

o f

one- cal l syst ems, i ndependent l y of any

r eposi t or y- r el at ed benef i t s.

i n many areas by appr opr i at e l egi sl at i on ( Cour t ney, et al ,

1977) , i s st eadi l y

bui l di ng

the t radi t i on t hat , i n gener al , some r i sk i s associ at ed w t h any

di ggi ng

oper at i on, and t hat i t

i s

pr udent t o check w t h ot her s bef ore pro-

ceedi ng. Whi l e

t he

r i sk i n urban ar eas i s appar ent , t he use of i nt er con-

t i nent al t r ansm ssi on pi pel i nes has extended that r i sk even t o appar ent l y

t rackl ess deser t s. By support i ng t he cal l bef ore di g concept i n regard to

bi ohazardous wast e si t es, t he t r adi t i on can be rei nf orced.

Si nce i t i s l i kel y that under gr ound f aci l i t i es and waste si t es w l l

grow

For

I ndi rect pr ot ecti on of waste r eposi t or i es w l l

be devel oped as t he cal l

The gr ow ng use of one- cal l syst ems, suppor t ed

i n number w th t he passage of t i me, i t i s l i kel y t h a t f uture soci et i es w l l

per pet uat e act i vi t i es and t r adi t i ons that w l l r educe t h e associ at ed r i sks.

7.3 SUMM RY DI SCUSSI ON

7.3.1 Fi r st Level Channel s

The f i r st

l evel

messages ( see Sect i on 5. 1) woul d be t r ansm t t ed both by

durabl e si t e marker s, monument s, and eart hworks, and by much l ess durabl e oral

Q

ommuni cat i on, maps, and records. However , t he cont i nued exi st ence of dur abl e



93

si t e f eat ures w l l gr eat l y enhance t he

l i kel i hood of per pet uat i ng and mai n-

t ai ni ng t he oral t r ansm ssi on and t he records. When t he ef f ect s of

a l l

of t he

met hods are eval uat ed t ogether , t he syner gi st i c ef f ect s make each channel more

ef f ect i ve t han when consi dered i ndi vi dual l y. For exampl e, possi bl e ambi gu-

i t i es about si t e l ocat i on are reduced by onsi t e marker s cont ai ni ng t he same

symbol s and messages as t he of f si t e o r oral messages, and t he oral t r ansm s-

si on i s r ei nf orced by havi ng a physi cal pl ace i dent i f i ed as t he ar ea of

concern.

Oral Transm ssi on

Acti ve publ i c r el at i ons and educat i ona ef f or t s made whi l e t he r eposi t or y

i s act i vel y operat i ng, and i mmedi at el y t hereaf t er , coul d pr omot e a general

awareness and pr omote oral communi cat i on r egardi ng t he r eposi t ory si t e and t he

associ at ed hazards. The presence of l ong- l ast i ng physi cal si t e mar ker s

great l y i ncreases t he l i kel i hood t hat l ong- t er moral communi cat i on woul d be

perpet uat ed i f i t i s i ndeed est abl i shed. Fol l ow ng hi stor i cal t r ends, t her e

w l l

probabl y be per i odi c r esur gences of general publ i c know edge and oral

communi cat i on about t he r eposi t ory, f ol l owed

by

peri ods of l i tt l e oral

communi cati on. *

Al t hough ther e ar e hi stor i cal exampl es of oral t r ansm ssi ons l ast i ng con-

si derabl y l onger t han

500

year s ( Mont el l ,

1970),

t he need f or cont i nui t y of

t r ansmssi on i s the week poi nt of t he oral communi cat i on f or l ong- t er mr el i -

ance. Al so, t he t r ansm ssi on woul d not be appar ent t o any vi si t or s to t he

si t e, unl ess t hey were i nf ormed of t hem by t he i ndi genous popul at i on.

Oral t r anm ssi on of t he f i r st l evel i nf ormat i on** coul d take pl ace by t wo

pr i mary means: know edgeabl e i ndi vi dual s coul d i nf orm t he general popul at i on

or t he popul at i on coul d spread t he i nf ormat i on by word of mouth.

under st ood, t he message coul d be expected t o event ual l y cont ai n i naccuraci es.

Al t hough

*Thi s premse i s based on t he assumpt i on t hat t he causes t hat woul d promot e

oral

communi cat i on regardi ng t he r eposi t ory woul d vary, both r i si ng and

f al l i ng

i n

soci et al i mpor t ance.

**I n addi t i on t o t he caut i on message,

t hi s coul d al so i ncl ude per pet uat i on of

know edge about a speci al pl ace.



94

These may

be m ni m zed

by t he r ei nf or ci ng ef f ect s of t he per manent

si te

marker s and messages.

t hough the speci f i c r easons f or t he caut i on may not be cl ear , si nce an

i ndi vi dual ' s general awareness woul d be i ncr eased when warned. Oral t r ans-

m ssi on, i n and of i t sel f , may have l i t t l e mer i t but i t s ef f ect i veness woul d

be substant i al l y enhanced by t he posi t i ve r ei nf or ci ng ef f ect s

o f

t he si t e

markers and ot her message channel s.

I ncl usi on of a caut i on message

i s

i mpor t ant , even

Maps

As descr i bed previ ousl y, mechani sms are avai l abl e f or pl aci ng i mport ant

geographi cal i nf or mat i on, i ncl udi ng such data as waste r eposi t ory l ocat i ons

and hazar ds, on many map pr oduct s and di st r i but i ng t hemw del y. Si nce sur -

veyi ng and mapmaki ng go back many t housands of year s ( I ngram

1911;

Ri cheson, 1966 , si ml ar act i vi t i es w l l probabl y cont i nue f ar i nt o t he

f ut ure. Mapmaki ng, i n general ,

i s

l i kel y t o be a cont i nui ng endeavor , w th

i nf ormati on t r ansm t t ed and updat ed f r omone generat i on t o another . *

I ndi vi dual l y, maps are l ess det ect abl e and accessi bl e t han si t e mar ker s,

but

col l ect i vel y t hey woul d provi de an ef f ect i ve message- t r ansm ssi on channel .

Furt her more, t he synergi sm between t he maps and t he use of t he cent r al

monument

as

a U.S. Nati onal Geodet i c Survey benchmark woul d ai d i n

perpet uati ng know edge

of

t he r eposi t ory, r ei nf or ced whenever any accur ate

sur veyi ng i s per f or med i n t he area.

l anguage, and al t hough easi l y underst ood, t he si mpl e message woul d r esul t i n

some uncert ai nty because of t he absence o f det ai l s and expl anat i ons.

ef f ect i veness

o f

w del y di st r i but ed maps l i es i n t hei r l arge numbers spr eadi ng

t he general communi cat i on t hat cert ai n i dent i f i ed geogr aphi cal

areas cont ai n

bur i ed waste. The t echni cal i nf ormat i on cont ent of t he maps woul d be

negl i gi bl e.

The i nf ormat i on pl aced on maps woul d be very

s i mpl e

and onl y i n one

The

*There i s an i mpl i ci t assumpt i on of i nf ormat i on rel ay. However, t here i s a

reasonabl e l i kel i hood that some maps produced on modern aci d- f r ee paper coul d

survi ve f or t housands of year s w t hout t he rel ay.



95

Of f si t e Ar chi ves

The pl aci ng of documents and maps

i n ar chi ves was descr i bed i n Sec-

The l arge number of archi ves, t he care present l y and previ ousl y shown

t i on 7.2.2, w t h more det ai l ed i nf ormat i on cont ai ned el sewher e ( Wei t zber g,

1982).*

f or val uabl e document s, and t he hi st or i cal precedent s of document s al r eady

survi vi ng more than

1,000

years st r ongl y suggest t he l ong- t ermendur ance of

ar chi ves f or a l l l evel s o f message. There i s al so no l i kel y scenari o by whi ch

i ndi vi dual document s i mpor t ant t o soci et y, pr i nt ed on l ong- l ast i ng mat er i al s

and pl aced i n hundreds of archi ves t hroughout t he worl d, can

be

post ul at ed t o

be al l dest royed.

However , t he mechani sm of di sper si ng t he i nf or mat i on, whi l e ensur i ng i t s

cont i nued exi st ence, al so reduces i t s det ectabi l i t y to per sons t o whom t he

i nf ormat i on woul d be rel evant .

Ear t hworks and Anomal i es

The cent ral pl aza and eart hworks, as shown i n Fi gure

7- 7

and descr i bed i n

Sect i on 7. 1. 3, woul d be massi ve, cont ai ni ng several hundred t housand cubi c

meters of ear t h and rock. Thei r si ze al one, whi ch i s l arger t han anal ogous

anci ent eart hwor ks

l i ke

t he Serpent Mound ( Kapl an, 1982a) , woul d suggest t hei r

survi val f or thousands of year s. Sur f ace st abi l i zat i on w t h aggregat e asphal t

woul d provi de f ur t her r esi st ance t o weat her i ng.

f o r

t he obl i t erati on o f t he ear t hworks w t hi n t he t i me f r ame o f i nt er est woul d

be a massi ve pl anned human

i nt er f erence or t he ef f ects

o f

gl aci at i on. Si nce

most

o f

t he cont i guous Uni t ed St at es w l l

not exper i ence gl aci er s dur i ng the

next

10,000

year s ( Kukl a, et al , 1981), t he dur abi l i t y of t he ear t hwor ks,

t oget her w t h any anomal i es, i s rat ed hi gh.

The det ectabi l i t y of t he ear t h-

works i s al so rated hi gh because t hei r arrangement and si ze woul d make them

The onl y possi bl e mechani sms

*A di st i nct i on i s drawn here between l and use recor ds, whi ch woul d be st ored

and mai ntai ned

by

t he l ocal l and aut hor i t y, and r ecor ds i n ar chi ves mai n-

t ai ned as par t of a l ar ger , mul t i purpose

i nf or mat i on st orage system For

exampl e, t he same si t e pl at and descr i pt i on woul d be consi der ed a l and use

record when kept

i n

t he county cour t house and an archi ve record when st ored

by t he U.S. Bureau o f Land Management .



96

readi l y

vi s i bl e

f r omt he reposi t ory si t e and f r om t he ai r.

woul d be detectabl e by t hermal , i nf r ared, and radar sensors.

symbol w t hout any accompanyi ng text. Al t hough t he symbol

coul d

be

percei ved

by several means,

i t s

message cont ent and r el evance woul d

be

l ow si nce

i t s

f orm i s l i kel y t o

be

percei ved onl y f r oma di st ance and i t s appar ent r el a-

t i onshi p t o the vi ewer woul d be t enuous at best .

know edge of t he symbol has been w del y di ssemnat ed i n other ways, i t shoul d

be recogni zabl e.

I n addi t i on, t hey

The ear t hworks and anomal i es pr esent onl y t he bi ohazardous bur i ed wast e

However, consi der i ng that

Per i pheral Marker s

The

per i pheral markers, descr i bed i n Sect on 7.1.1 are grani t e mono-

l i t hs, 7 meters

hi gh.

Natural gr ani t e f ormat i ons have survi ved up to t wo

ml l i on year s i n a w de r ange

o f

envi r onment s (Ber ry,

1983 ,

i ndi cat i ng a hi gh

dur abi l i t y f or t he markers.

t ons, maki ng i t s movement unl i kel y.

i nt egr i t y agai nst anyt hi ng shor t of pl anned demol i t i on.

t ance of t he mar ker s, t oget her w th t hei r number and t he di f f i cul t y of t he

demol i t i on, woul d make thei r t otal dest r uct i on unl i kel y. *

Mul t i pl e markers pl aced at t he per i phery of t he r eposi t ory woul d be

hi ghl y accessi bl e t o any person appr oachi ng t he si t e, r egardl ess

o f

di rect i on.

The hei ght and spaci ng o f t he mar ker s woul d ensur e t hei r vi si bi l i t y f r om t he

ground and woul d al so permt detect i on by cert ai n r emote aer i al or satel l i t e

reconnai ssance t echni ques ( Fost er and Hal l , 1981; Wat ki ns, 1981). Thus t he

per i pheral markers ar e al so hi ghl y det ect abl e.

symbol and t he wr i t t en message i n several l anguages and pi ctographs. Thi s

mul t i pl i ci t y of message type, coupl ed w t h i t s

l ocat i on at t he si t e, shoul d

make the markers hi ghl y ef f ect i ve.

Each

mar ker woul d wei gh i n excess

of 25

met r i c

I t s monol i t hi c st r uct ur e woul d ensur e i t s

The obvi ous i mpor -

The f i r st l evel messages i ncl uded on t he per i pher al markers i ncl ude t he

*Some soci et al protect i on agai nst such demol i t i on woul d be af f orded were

biohazardous/radioactive

waste sti l l a mat t er of publ i c concern.

n



97

Cent r a

Monument

The cent ral monument marker s and t he base mat , as descr i bed i n

Sect i on 7. 1. 2, woul d be monol i t hi c i n const r uct i on.

about

200

metr i c t ons and the

NGS

mar ker about

20

met r i c t ons.

of t hese markers woul d be f urt her enhanced

by

anchor i ng each one t o a pi l i ng.

The cent ral monument s woul d be hi ghl y detectabl e because of t hei r si ze and

pr om nent l ocat i on at t he cent er of t he ear t hwor ks and cent r al pl aza. Al so,

as on t he peri pheral markers, t he message woul d be wr i t t en both pi ct ogr aph-

i cal l y and i n sever al l anguages. Even i f l ar ge part s of t he hi gher l evel

messages wer e dest r oyed, t he r esi dual f i r st l evel message, because of t he

pr esence of t he ot her messages and marker s and t he pr omnent onsi t e l ocat i on,

shoul d be comprehensi bl e. The pr esence of t hree markers woul d add redundancy

t o t he overal l system

The mar ker s woul d wei gh

The dur abi l i t y

Cent ral Monument Vaul t s

Al t hough the cent ral monument markers woul d be hi ghl y durabl e, t he

dur abi l i t y of t he thr ee smal l er document vaul t s ( see Fi gur e 7- 7) woul d be

somewhat l ess.

The vaul t s woul d wei gh appr oxi matel y

17

met r i c t ons (w t hout

t he l i ds), suf f i ci ent t o det er casual vandal i sm or removal . The si des of t he

vaul t s woul d contai n t he bi ohazardous wast e symbol and

a

f i r st l evel message

engraved i n t he gr ani t e both pi ct ogr aphi cal l y and i n several l anguages.

t he vaul t s ( w t hout consi der i ng t hei r cont ent s) t oget her w t h the cent r al

mar ker s shoul d ef f ect i vel y convey the f i - r st evel message.

Thus,

/

/

7. 3.2

Second Level Channel s

The second l evel message, shown i n Fi gur e

5- 2

and di scussed i n

Sect i on

5. 2,

warns of bi ohazar dous wast e and br i ef l y descr i bes t he ext ent

o f

t he r eposi t or y as wel l as the l ocat i on of t he wast e.

t ransm t t ed by peri pher al markers, t he cent r al monument , l and use r ecords, and

of f si t e archi ves. The di scussi on of t he ef f ect i veness

o f

al l but t he l and use

records i s i dent i cal w t h t hat gi ven i n t he pr ecedi ng secti on f or t he f i r st

l evel message channel s, and t heref ore i s not r epeat ed here.

Thi s message woul d

be



Land Use

Records

98

The i ncor por at i on of r eposi t or y- r el at ed i nf or mat i on i nt o l and use

records, as descr i bed i n Sect i on 7.2, i s speci f i ed by t he U.S . Envi ronment al

Pr ot ect i on Agency as a postcl osur e requi r ement f or t he di sposal of both

hazardous wast e and l ow- l evel r adi oact i ve wast e. Many hi stori cal r ecor ds of

l and use

and

ownershi p, and some r ecor ds of m ni ng,

go back many hundr eds of

year s ( Kroker ,

1977); however , w t hout del i ber at e act i on

by

soci et y t o

mai n-

t ai n and updat e t he

l and

r ecor ds, deeds, and si t e

pl ans ,

l ocal records w l l

not be durabl e f or more

t han

several hundr eds of years.

Never t hel ess, whi l e t hey exi st , t hese recor ds w l l

be conveyed to each

i ndi vi dual who at t empt s t o

take

t i t l e t o, or make l egal use of , the r eposi t or y

si te. The second l evel message i ncorporated i n l and use r ecor ds has t he

advant age of bei ng di st i nct l y coupl ed w t h the ownershi p and descr i pt i on of

the reposi t ory si t e, but t her e i s some uncer t ai nt y r el at ed to si t e i dent i f i -

cat i on i f t he r ecor ds are stored f ar f r om t he r eposi t or y or i f t he t er r ai n of

the

si te

i s

subst ant i al l y al t ered over t he per i od of i nt erest . Ther e i s al so

a di sti nct possi bi l i t y t h a t

the

warni ngs cont ai ned i n l and use r ecor ds may be

ret ransl at ed over t he cent ur i es; t her e i s, however ,

no

assur ance t hat t hi s

w l l be done.

The dur abi l i t y of t he si t e mar ker s i ncreases t he l i kel i hood that t he si t e

w l l appear on f ut ur e maps ( f i r st l evel message) , and the maps

i n

tu rn w l l

spread t he know edge of t he si t e. The second l evel caut i on message and br i ef

reposi t ory descr i pt i on woul d probabl y be successf ul l y t r ansm t t ed t o f ut ur e

generat i ons f or 10,000 years.

sour ces of i nf ormati on, as wel l as t he r equest t o t r ansl ate and update the

messages when appr opr i ate, w l l al so i ncr ease t he ef f ect i veness of al l t he

The i ncl usi on of r ef er ences t o addi t i onal

messages.

7 . 3 . 3 Thi rd Level Channel s

The t hi rd l evel message ( see Fi gur e

)

woul d be t ransm t t ed on

Y by

engravi ng i nto t he sur f aces of t he cent ral si t e monument ( markers and vaul t s)

and

at of f si t e archi ves. Si nce t he monument was rat ed hi gh

i n dur abi l i t y and

det ectabi l i t y, pr i mar i l y because of i t s si ze and monol i t hi c const r uct i on,

t hese same r at i ngs are assi gned to the thi rd l evel messages.



99

1eve

Al t hough a l i mt ed number of medi a and f or ms woul d

messages, t he message woul d be r epeat ed on severa

exi st i n many of f si t e archi ves. I t woul d be wr i t t en i n

be used f or t he t hi rd

sur f aces and woul d

several l anguages and

present ed pi ct ogr aphi cal l y, and woul d contai n di agr ams show ng t he ext ent and

l ocat i on of t he waste. Thus, t he t hi rd l evel message shoul d be comprehen-

si bl e, and i ts rel at i vel y hi g h i nf or mat i on cont ent war r ant s a hi g h r at i ng f or

i t s abi l i t y t o el i ci t t he desi red response.

i nf ormat i on stored away f r om t he si t e w l l suppor t t he ef f ect i veness of t he

f our t h l evel messages, and t he r equest

t o

t r ansl at e and ret r ansm t t he

The r ef erences to more det ai l ed

messages w l l ai d

i n

perpet uat i ng the i nf ormat i on.

substant i al l y enhances t he l i kel i hood t hat , even if t hi rd l evel i nf or mat i on i s

par t i al l y dest r oyed, t he resi dual t hi rd l evel messages w l l sur vi ve and be

underst ood f or t he 10, 000- year per i od of i nt erest .

The

l arge number of of f si t e ar chi ves cont ai ni ng f our t h l evel i nf or mat i on

7.3.4

Four t h Level Channel s

The

f our t h l evel messages of det ai l ed techni cal i nf or mat i on ( see

Sect i on

5.4)

woul d be t ransm t t ed i n t wo ways.

200 pages woul d be pl aced i n t he t hree cent ral monument vaul t s, and t he

compl ete ver si on of about

1,500

pages woul d be st ored i n many of f si t e

archi ves. The l engt h and det ai l

o f

t hese messages, as wel l as t he mul t i pl e

l anguages and symbol s used, woul d ensure a very h i g h degree o f comprehensi -

bility and ability

to

elicit the desired response.

The f our t h l evel messages woul d be conveyed

by

bot h onsi t e and of f si t e

A br i ef er ver si on of about

means, each havi ng a l i f e expect ancy of

l es s

t han several t housand years.

However, consi derabl e r edundancy i s provi ded by t he many of f si t e archi ve

l ocat i ons and t he r ef er ences t o t hem i n t he t hi rd l evel messages. For t hi s

r eason t he of f si t e l evel channel s shoul d be of medi um dur abi l i t y w t h t he

l i kel i hood t hat t hey woul d endur e and be underst ood f or

2,000

t o

10,000

year s.

The onsi t e cent ral monument vaul t s are rated somewhat l ower t han t he

of f si t e archi ves. The pot ent i al weak poi nt of t he vaul t s i s t hat

t he

i nf or -

mati on cont ai ned

i nsi de of t hemcan be per manent l y removed f r omt hem and be

dest royed. Met hods are not avai l abl e t o ensure t hat t he vaul t cont ent s w l l

r emai n i nt act f or t he f ul l

10,000

year s. Conver sel y, havi ng t hr ee i dent i cal



100

vaul t s w th i dent i cal cont ent s woul d i ncrease t he l i kel i hood t hat at l east one

message woul d r emai n i ntact.

Al so t he apparent i mpor t ance of t he monument and

t he vaul t s and thei r cont ai ned i nf or mat i on suggest s t hat t he r equest f or a

rel ay system ( t hi rd and f our t h l evel messages) t o perpetuate t he messages may

be heeded. Thus, t here i s a r easonabl e pr obabi l i t y that t he messages i n at

l east one of t he vaul t s woul d survi ve more t han

2,000

year s.

Because the t hree cent r al monument vaul t s have massi ve covers t o pr event

e

asual

i nspect i on, t he cont ai ned l evel 4 i nf or mat i on i s not easi l y accessi b

to i ndi vi dual s vi si t i ng the si t e. However , because t he t hi r d l evel message

woul d announce the exi st ence of t he message i t woul d be moderatel y det ect ab

e.

7.4 OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNI CATI ON METHODS

The previ ous eval uat i ons, t hough onl y qual i t at i ve,

i l l ustrate the ef f ec-

t i veness and the r edundancy that can

be

bui l t i nt o a communi cat i on syst em

Addi t i onal r edundancy i s pr ovi ded by t he use of f our di f f erent

l evel s of

message and t he way many of t he message channel s r ei nf or ce and support each

other .

Fur t her mor e, l i t t l e credi t has been taken f or t he reasonabl y l i kel y

prospect t hat f ut ur e gener at i ons w l l deem t he i dent i f i cat i on of bi ohazar dous

waste si t es t o be i n soci ety' s best i nt er est and w l l act accor di ngl y to

per pet uate the know edge thr ough a r el ay system

A

l ong- t ermcommuni cat i on

syst emwoul d ul t i matel y r el y most heavi l y on per manent markers and monuments

w t h the messages t i ed i nt egr al l y t o t he st r uctur e. These passi ve measures

shoul d requi r e no mai nt enance t o t r ansm t t hei r messages

up

t o 10,000years

i nto t he f ut ure.

l i kel i hood of per pet uat i ng know l edge about r eposi t or i es t hr ough ot her means as

wel l .

t echnol ogi cal

l evel o f t he responsi bl e soci et y must appr oxi mate t hat of our

own. The i nst i t ut i ons accompanyi ng such t echnol ogi es, f or exampl e, educat i on,

gover nment , communi cat i on, and l arge- scal e energy generat i on and t r ansm ssi on,

shoul d not be total l y i gnored i n assessi ng t he l i kel i hood of per pet ut i on of

i nf ormat i on. Al t hough speci f i c i nst i t ut i ons r eadi l y change, many basi c i nst i -

t ut i onal f unct i ons t ranscend r eor gani zat i on and cont i nue. Thi s r ei nf orces t he

expect ati on t hat know edge

o f

t he r eposi t or i es w l l be mai nt ai ned, and t hat

The presence of t hese mar ker s and monument s enhances t he

For si gni f i cant human i nt er f er ence w t h wast e reposi t or i es t o occur , t he



101

t he passi ve

measur es

di scussed

soci et y' s at t ent i on on t he need

n

t hi s report w l l per i odi cal l y f ocus

f or mor e act i ve measur es l i ke survei l l ance,

mai nt enance, message rel ayi ng, and educati on.

t echni cal and or gani zat i onal capabi l i t i es f or i nt erf er i ng w t h wast e r eposi -

t or i es but devoi d of t he know edge and t he soci et al i nst i t ut i ons t hat ar e most

l i kel y t o prevent harmul i nt er f erence. The r easonabl y h i g h pr obabi l i t y t hat

The l east l i kel y prospect f or t he f ut ur e i s a soci ety armed w t h t he

i hood ofhe permanent mar ker s and monuments w l l endure makes t he l i ke

si gni f i cant i nadver t ent i nt er f er ence r el at i vel y r emot e i ndeed.



Th

102

8 AREAS

REQUI RI NG FUTURE WORK

use of a comprehensi ve communi cat i on syst em i ncl udi ng t hose compo-

nent s descr i bed i n Sect i on 7, i s expected t o pr ovi de ef f ect i ve measures t o

r educe t he l i kel i hood of uni nf ormed human i nt er f er ence act i vi t i es. However,

f ut ur e acti vi t y, i ncl udi ng testi ng

and

anal ysi s , i s

needed

t o i ncrease

conf i dence i n component and syst emef f ect i veness.

where f ur t her st udy coul d be par t i cul ar l y benef i ci al .

The f ol l ow ng ar e ar eas

8.1 EFFECTI VENESS OF MESSAGE

To det er m ne the ef f ect i veness of t he var i ous

l evel s of messages,

cont rol l ed behavor i al t est i ng coul d

be

conducted. For exampl e, t he i ni t i al

r eact i ons

o f

sampl e popul at i ons t o the proposed bi ohazar dous wast e symbol

coul d be st udi ed,

t o

determ ne i t s pr obabl e accept ance and recogni t i on af t er

common use. Test s usi ng var i at i ons i n symbol shapes,

as

wel l as col ors,

coul d

be

per f ormed to assess possi bl e changes t o t he proposed symbol . Fi r st l evel

messages can i ncl ude ear t hworks

and

r emotel y sensed warni ng desi gns of

anoma-

l ous i nf rared r ef l ect i ve pr oper t i es. The si ze o f t hese symbol i c desi gns

shoul d be anal yzed w t h ref er ence to exi st i ng and l i kel y near - t er m sat el l i t e

det ect i on technol ogi es.

The

i nt erpretat i on of t hese messages shoul d al so

be

t ested.

The i coni c message desi gn coul d be devel oped f urt her , and

several pi cto-

graphi c messages coul d al so be t ested among sampl e popul at i ons.

r esponse of t he sampl e popul at i on to the f i r st l evel message shoul d be

determ ned t o ensure t hat t he pr i mary r esponse i s one of caut i on.

Care must

be

exerci sed to ensure that t he messages used do not become att r act i ons t hat

pr oduce responses opposi t e f r om t hose desi red.

The basi c

8.2

MATERI AL AND MESSAGE

DURABI LI TY

Fur t her i nvest i gat i on i s necessar y t o det er m ne t h e expect ed l ongevi t y of

message channel s i ncl udi ng ear t hworks, monument s, vaul t s, and wr i t t en recor ds.

The l ongevi t y of l and use r ecords as a method o f t ransmt t i ng reposi t ory-

rel at ed messages al so r equi r es f ur t her i nvest i gat i on.

I nf or mat i on i s needed



103

on t he avai l abi l i t y and maxi mum si zes of nat ural mat er i al s f or mar ker s, as

wel l as on t he var i ous methods of i ncorpor at i ng messages on mar ker s. I t i s

desi r abl e t o maxi m ze t he dur abi l i t y of , and m ni m ze weat her i ng ef f ect s on,

speci f i c mat er i al s t hat m ght be used i n message t ransm ssi on. Fur t her

i nvest i gat i on and anal ysi s

o f

synt het i c rock ( Synroc) and composi t e st r uct ur es

(e.g. , r ei nf orced concr ete cl ad w t h Synr oc) i s al so necessary, i ncl udi ng

t est i ng f or i mpr oved perf or mance, and abi l i t y t o const ruct .

Bot h the nat ur al and engi neer ed mater i al s shoul d be tested to determ ne

t hei r r esi st ance t o weat heri ng i n cur r ent and predi cted f ut ur e at mospher es.

The ef f ect i veness of possi bl e communi cat i on syst emcomponent s i s a necessary

ar ea of st udy to determ ne t he r el i ance t hat coul d be pl aced on several of t he

sof t er message channel s, e.g. , l and use r ecor ds, archi ves, and publ i c i nf or -

mati on.

i nst i t ut i ons and t he cont r i but i on t hey coul d make t o perpet uat i ng r eposi t or y-

rel ated messages.

The f ut ur e sur vi vabi l i t y of l anguages i s

anot her i mpor t ant ar ea of st udy,

i n par t i cul ar , i dent i f yi ng t hose l anguage el ement s t hat seem t o sur vi ve over

l ong per i ods of t i me. The r ate of changes i n l anguages i s al so of i nt erest as

i s t he ef f ect of worl dw de communi cat i on and t he di st r i but i on of pr i nted docu-

ments.

used t o t r ansm t t he f our l evel s of message.

Fur t her wor k i s needed t o det er m ne t he sur vi vabi l i t y o f var i ous

The r esul t s of such r esear ch coul d af f ect t he sel ect i on of l anguages

8.3 MESSAGE TRANSM SSI ON

The ef f ect i veness of oral t r ansm ssi on of r eposi t or y- r el at ed messages i s

anot her ar ea f or f ur t her study. I nf ormat i on on t he per si st ence, accur acy, and

compr ehensi bi l i t y of oral messages over t i me w l l ai d i n pl anni ng f or more

ef f ect i ve communi cat i on r egardi ng wast e reposi t ory l ocat i ons and hazards.

Publ i c i nf ormat i on mechani sms, i ncl udi ng f ormal and i nf ormal educat i on

progr ams,

coul d be st udi ed to det er m ne t hei r vi abi l i t y as a met hod t o accu-

r at el y t r ansm t messages and i nf ormat i on. A speci f i c publ i c i nf or mat i on and

educat i on progr am coul d t hen be devel oped and t ested pr i or t o wast e di sposal .



8.4 SITE-SPECIFIC

A number of

s

muni cat i ons syst em

STUDY

t e- speci f i c stud

ef f ect i veness as

104

es woul d be necessary to opt i m ze com

i t r el at es t o pot ent i al r eposi t ory

l ocat i ons.

syst emdevel oped that woul d be most ef f ect i ve f or t he si te.

ef f ect i veness t hat must be examned.

weat her i ng, based on i nher ent s i t e character i st i cs i ncl udi ng pot ent i al l ong-

term cl i mat i c changes;

(2)

t he ef f ect s of damage or obl i t er at i on by veget at i ve

growt h; and

3 )

t he ef f ect s of sei smc acti vi t i es, f l oodi ng, severe er osi on,

or deposi t i on.

consi der at i on of pr eci pi t at i on, wi nd, f l oodi ng, and si l t deposi t i on at

pot ent i al si t e l ocat i ons.

l arge monol i t hi c bl ocks coul d

be

eval uat ed and/ or t ested f or erosi on i n the

si t e- speci f i c weat her envi r onment s.

di f f erent si t es i n or der t o maxi m ze durabi l i t y.

Pot ent i al r eposi t ory si t es coul d be examned and a communi cat i on

Ther e are r el at i onshi ps bet ween si t e condi t i ons and mar ker l ongevi t y and

These i ncl ude (1) t he ef f ects of

Local l y excavat ed or i mpor t ed const ruct i on mat er i al coul d be eval uat ed i n

Si m l arl y, speci f i c gr ani t e t ypes avai l abl e i n

Di f f er ent mat er i al s may be pref er red at



105

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113

A P P E N D I X A



n

115

APPENDI X

A

PI CTOGRAPHI C PRESENTATI ON

OF

BI OHAZARDOUS CAUTI ON MESSAGE

The pi ct ograph t hat f ol l ows was devel oped usi ng t he concept s and gui de-

l i nes di scussed by Gi vens (1981).

The obj ect i ve i s t o convey t o the reader

t he sense that

i f

t he area bel ow t he markers i s di st ur bed, t oxi c subst ances

w l l ent er t he gr ound water and l ead

t o

sever e consequences.

r el i es on several vi sual i mages act i ng i n concer t t o r el ay t he message.

The pi ct ogr aph

e

The gr ound sur f ace exhi bi t s per i pheral mar ker s and

a

cent ral

monument t o denot e r el evance t o the si t e where t hose marker s and

monument exi st .

0

The ground- water syst em i s i ndi cated by water - drop shapes and by

t he chem cal symbol f or wat er ( t he onl y depar t ur e f r omi cons,

used

as

a r edundant measure) .

a

A r eposi t or y f ar bel ow t he sur f ace i s depi cted w t h t he

bi ohazardous symbol . The f act t hat t he obj ect por t rayed bel ow

t he sur f ace

i s a r eposi t ory may not be at al l evi dent t o a f ut ur e

r eader f r omt he f i r st f r ame; however, t he movement o f t he dark

mat er i al f r omt he r eposi t or y t hr ough t he aqui f er and i nt o t he

veget abl es i n t he thi rd f r ame, coupl ed w t h t he movement of t he

bi ohazardous symbol , shoul d i mpl y the bur i al of bi ohazardous

mat er i al s bel ow t he sur f ace.

o The

pi ctogr aphi c sequence exaggerat es r eal i t y w t h regard t o t he

r api di t y of cont am nant t ranspor t and upt ake,

and w t h r egar d t o

t he severi t y of t he consequences. However, exaggerat i on i s

necessary because both the cl ar i t y and the rel evance of t he

message may suf f er i f . t he pi ctograph at t empt s to i ndi cat e con-

t am nant t r anspor t t i me

o f

t housands of year s. Si m l ar l y, t he

consequence port r ayed, a pai nf ul deat h, over- exaggerat es the

cause- ef f ect rel at i onshi p and the rat e of t he i ndi vi dual ' s dem se

( one out of t hr ee suf f er deat h i n the pi ct ogr aph, whereas a

to chance woul d be more represent at i ve) .



116

The pi ct ogr aphi c sequence i s read top- t o-bot t omwhi ch i s appr opr i at e on a

pancul tural basi s, i

.e.

var i ous cul t ur es r ead r i ght - t o- l ef t and l ef t - t o-

r i ght , but al l read t op- t o- bot t om ( Gi vens, 1981).

can be del i vered usi ng t hi s techni que.

reach agreement on t he message(s) t o be del i vered and t he most appr opr i ate

i cons to be used.

pi ct ograph woul d appear on t he markers at t he si te.

woul d recogni ze the pi ctogr aphi c set t i ng as t he one i n whi ch they are l ocated

whi l e st udyi ng the pi ctograph.

i ndi cat e t he st eps l eadi ng t o t he present f i r st f r ame, i .e., m ni ng the

The pi ct ograph

i s

i ntended t o

be

i ndi cat i ve of t he t ype of message t hat

Addi t i onal work woul d be r equi r ed t o

I n r evi ew ng the sequence, r eaders o f t hi s r epor t are r em nded t hat t he

Ther ef or e, f ut ur e reader s

The ser i es coul d easi l y be expanded t o

r eposi t ory, empl aci ng the waste, and seal i ng t he reposi t or y.

n



*

.

.

4

n

5

. E

D

-

. .

e

I

e e e e

e e e e e

\

_ . . -

L A

. .

- .



119

A P P E N D I X B



121

APPENDI X

B

The Human

I nt er f erence Task For ce was composed of t he f ol l ow ng

i ndi vi dual s :

W l l i am M Hew t t ( Chai r per son)

Manager , Syst ems Depar t ment

Of f i ce of Nucl ear Wast e I sol at i on

Bat t el l e Memor i al I nst i t ut e

Speci al t y: Nucl ear Wast e Management

D

A. Brodni ck

Soci oeconomc Gr oup Leader , Nucl ear Af f ai r s

Fl or i da Power and Li ght Company

Speci al t i es: Law and Soci ol ogy

Nei l Norman

Proj ect Manager , Envi r onment al Ser vi ces Depart ment

Bechtel Gr oup, I ncorporat ed

Speci al t y: Engi neer i ng

J anet Owen

Seni or Sci ent i st , Envi r onment al Ser vi ces Depart ment

Becht el Gr oup, I ncorporat ed

Speci al t y: Envi r onment al Sci ences

Li nda

U1 l and

Seni or Sci ent i st , Envi r onment al Ser vi ces Depar t ment

Becht el Gr oup, I ncorporat ed

Speci al t i es: Pol i t i cal Sci ences and Publ i c Par t i ci pat i on

Abraham Wei t zberg

Seni or Execut i ve Consul t ant , Energy Syst ems Di vi si on

NUS

Corporat i on

Speci al t y: Nucl ear Physi cs

The f ol l ow ng peopl e ar e consul t ant s

to

t he Task Force:

Warren Berry

Manager , Cor rosi on Sect i on

Bat t el l e Col umbus Laborator i es

Speci al t y: Mat er i al s Sci ence

Paul Ekman

Prof essor

o f

Psychol ogy

Uni versi t y of Cal i f or ni a, San Franci sco

Speci al t y: Nonverbal Communi cat i on

Davi d

B.

Gi vens

Depart ment

o f

Ant hropol ogy

Uni versi t y o f Washi ngton

Speci al t i es: Anthropol ogy and Nonverbal Communi cat i on



122

Maureen Kapl an

The Analytic Sciences Corporation

Specialty: Archaeology

George Kukla

Senior Research Associate

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Specialty: Climatology

Thomas Sebeok

Chairman Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies

Indiana University

Specialties: Linguistics and Semiotics

Percy

H.

Tannenbaum

Director Survey Research Center

University

o f

California Berkeley

Specialties: Behavioral Psychology and Public Policy



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I R T C O R P

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KANSAS STATE GEO LOG ICA L SURVEY

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MIN NES OTA STATE SENATE

MISSISSIPPI ATTORNEY GENERALS OFFICE

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MISSISSIPPI CIT IZENS AGAIN ST NU CLEA R

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MISSISSIPPI M INE RA L RESOURCES INSTITUTE

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t I I L L M A N T L R O h l t F R A l l L R



126

MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVER SITY

T R O Y J. LASWELL

V I C T O R L. ZITTA

M I T R E C O R P

LESTER A. ETTLINCER

M l T S U B l S H l M E T A L C O R P

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J A M E S T M C F A R L A N D

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NEW YORK STATE ATTORNEY GENERALS

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NE W YORK STATE GEOLO GICA L SURVEY

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127

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

I A M E S WU

URCE SYSTEMS INSTITUTE

I R K R S M I T H

RHO DE I S L A ND G O V E RNO RS E NERG Y OF F ICE

RHO D E I S L A ND G O V E RNO RS O FF I CE

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H A R R Y W SMEDES

L A WRE NCE A WHI T E

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R P C I N C

J A M E S V A N C E

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L O G A N A S SO C IA TE S I N C

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SALT LAKE CITY TRIBUNE

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SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERS ITY SCHOOL O F

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L Y N N D TYLER

S A N D I A N A T I O N A L L A B OR A T O R I ES

IPP CEN TRAL FILES

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L A WRE NCE L H O L I S H

S A V A N N A H R IV ER L A B O R A T O R Y

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C A R O L I A N T ZE N

W I L L I A M R M C D O N E L L

D O N A L D O R T H

S C A N D P O W E R I N C

SCIAKY BROTHERS

SCIENCE APPLICATIONS IN C

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J O H N C JASPER

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M I C H A E L E SPAETH

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SENATE RESEARCH SERVICE

D A V I D W H I T EH E A D

SENECA COU NT Y DEPT

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P L A N N I N G

SERIOUS TEXANS AGAINST NU CLEAR

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DIS POS AL (S.1.A.N.D)

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UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI

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UNI VE RS IT Y O F P I T T S B URG H

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UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN

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UTIL ITY DATA INSTITUTE

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