Nuclear power yes please?! Questions on current EU energy and

research policy at the 60th anniversary of the EURATOM treaty

Radostina Primova

Linz, 25 April 2017

Euratom historic overview

1957

Treaties ofRome

Euratom as a pillar of theEC

1965

Merger Treaty establishing a joint Commissionand Council of theEuropean Communities

1986 Single

European Act

1992

Maastricht Treaty

Euratom remainsa separate legal personality

1997 Amsterdam

Treaty

2002-2003

Proposals toreformEuratom: Penelope Paper, PraesidiumProposal, Nagy et al. Proposal

2007

Lisbon Treaty

AbolishesEuratom as a pillar of the EU

Euratom historic overview

2007

Launch ofITER

project

2011-2012

stress tests andrisk assessmentsafter Fukushima accident 2011

2011

Council Directive2011/70/Euratomframework for theresponsible and

safe managementof spent fuel andradioactive waste

2013

Council Directive2013/59/Euratom

safety standards forprotection against thedangers arising fromexposure to ionising

radiation

2013

Regulation on the Research and Training Programme of Euratom

(2014-2018)

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

2014

Council Directive2014/87/Euratom

amending Directive2009/71/Euratom

framework for thenuclear safety for

nuclear installations

Legislative framework

• Radiation protection

• Transport of radioactive substances and waste

• Waste management

• Safeguarding nuclear materials

• Safety of nuclear installations

• Nuclear research and training activities

The lack of demoratic legitimacy

• No co-decision procedure for the operational functions of EURATOM

• No scrutiny by the EP and national parliaments

• Limited public participation and low transparency

• The Common interest not always taken into account in its legislative acts

World Nuclear Forum (2017): Nuclear Power in the European Union, URL: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-

profiles/others/european-union.aspx

Countries with NPPs preparing nuclear

phase-out

• Belgium(by 2025)

• Germany (by 2022)

Countries withoutNPPs and without

plans for new builds

• Austria

• Cyprus

• Denmark

• Estonia

• Greece

• Ireland

• Italy

• Latvia

• Luxemburg

• Malta

• Portugal

Countries withoutNPPs, but planning

new builds

• Lithuania

• Poland

Countries with NPPs, but without plans for

new builds

• Slovenia

• Spain

Countries with NPPs and planning new

builds

• Bulgaria

• Czech Republic

• Finland

• Hungary

• Netherlands

• Romania

• Slovakia

• Sweden

• United Kingdom(leavingEuratom)

France preparing to cut down

nuclear energy to 50% by 2025

(Energy Transition for Green Growth

Bill) Decision to close old plant

postponed to after the French

presidential elections 2017)

Divergent nuclear energy policies in EU Member States

The 7th Euratom Framework Programme for research and education

purposes (2007-2013)

2012-2013

2007-2011 2012-2013

Fusion energy research 1.947.000.000 Euro 2.208.809.000 Euro

- including support for

ITER

1.047.000.000 Euro 1.300.000.000 Euro

Nuclear fission and

radiation protection

287.000.000 Euro 118.245.000 Euro

Nuclear research and

operations for ensuring

the nuclear technical

security of the GFS

517.000.000 Euro 233.216.000 Euro

Source: Deutscher Bundestag/Wissenschaftliche Dienste (2016): Sachbestand: Einzelfragen zur finanziellen Förderung der Kernenergie durch die

Europäische Atomgemeinschaft bzw. die Europäische Union, WD 4 - 3000 - 101/16, 1. September 2016.

The 2014-2018 Euratom Programme (Horizon 2020)

Fusion research 728.232.000 Euro

Nuclear fission and radiation

protection

315.535.000 Euro

Nuclear research and operations

for ensuring the nuclear technical

security of the GFS

559.562.000 Euro

Source: Deutscher Bundestag/Wissenschaftliche Dienste (2016): Sachbestand: Einzelfragen zur finanziellen Förderung der Kernenergie durch die Europäische

Atomgemeinschaft bzw. die Europäische Union, WD 4 - 3000 - 101/16, 1. September 2016.

2014 2015 2016

Administrative Expenditure

in Euratom’s research and

innovation programmes

15.707.146 13.482.000 13.448.882

Administrative Expenditure

in the Euratom Programme

– direct measures of the

GFS

9.409.510 9.541.097 12.400.000

Euratom Fusion Energy 97.841.846 146.941.084 132.233.979

Euratom nuclear fission

and radiation protection

417.357 30.875.121 59.135.715

Completion of previous

Euratom programmes

58.499.975 40.191.089 16.581.759

The budgetary implementation 2014-2016 of the Euratom Framework Programme

2014-2018 (amounts in Euro):

Source: Deutscher Bundestag/Wissenschaftliche Dienste (2016): Sachbestand: Einzelfragen zur finanziellen Förderung der Kernenergie durch die Europäische

Atomgemeinschaft bzw. die Europäische Union, WD 4 - 3000 - 101/16, 1. September 2016.

Nuclear Safety and Decommissioning Programmes in the EU

Programme Time frame Amount

Decommissioning of nuclear plants in Lithuania, Bulgaria and

Slovakia (EBRD)

1999-2013 € 2.85 billion

Decommissioning of nuclear plants in Lithuania, Bulgaria and

Slovakia (EBRD)

2014-2020 € 860 million

Programme on nuclear safety in countries to join the EU/

neighbouring EU countries

2014 - 20 €631 million

European Investment Bank (EIB) funding for Euratom

(nuclear safety projects in Eastern Europe)

long-term loan

facility

$1.4 billion

Nuclear Decommissioning Assistance Programmes (NDAP) 1999 -2020 total financial

support given

predicted to be €3.8

billion

Source: European Commission 2017

Front end of fuel cycle

Uranium resources and mining activities

Functioning internal market for nuclear fuels

Modernizing conversion and enrichmentcapabilities

no estimates available

New nuclear power plants

To replace existing nuclear power capacityupon closure of old plants

estimates: EUR 350-450 billion by 2050

Safety upgrades and long-term operationof existing nuclear power plants

estimates: EUR 45-50 billion by 2050

Back end of the fuel cycle

Spent fuel and radioactive wastemangement

Estimates: EUR 130 billion by 2050

Decommissioning

Estimates: EUR 123 billion by 2050

Investment requirements

in nuclear fuel cycle

Total estimate 2015-2050: EUR 650-760 billion

Source: European Commission (2016): Nuclear Illustrative Programme presented under Article 40 of the Euratom Treaty for the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee {SWD(2016) 102 final}COM(2016) 177 final, 4.4.16 Brussels

Nuclear safety and financial needs (PINC 2016)

Source: European Commission (2016): Nuclear Illustrative Programme presented under Article 40 of the Euratom Treaty for the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee {SWD(2016) 102 final}COM(2016) 177 final, 4.4.16 Brussels

The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016

•Nuclear power generation in the world increased by 1,3%, entirely due to a 31% increase in China

•Early Closure, phase outs and constructions delays due to unfavorable economic environment

•With the exception of UAE and Belarus, all potential newcomer countries delayed construction decisions

•Nuclear giants in crisis – renewables take over

Possible scenarios for the future of EURATOM

• Unilateral exit from the treaty

• Abolishing the EURATOM treaty and transferringcompetencies on nuclear safety to the TFEU

• Reform of the EURATOM treaty

EU climate and energy targets

2030 Climate and Energy Framework

Reduce greenhouse

gas emissions by

at least

40%

Renewable energy share

of at least

27%

Energy savings of at

least 27% (upgrading

to 30%)

Energy Union

Energy security

Internal energy market

Decarboni-sation

Energy efficiency

Research and innovation

Winter energy package proposals 2016 (Nov)

Market Design Directive

Renewable Energy Directive

Energy Efficiency Directive

Governance addressed in Renewable Energy Directive

EU ESD: Targets for MS including LULU

• Targets not in line with the Paris commitments and the Energy Union objectivesto be Nr. 1 in renewables

• New capacity mechanisms – possibility for subsidizing the building of newnuclear power plants at national level

• Removing priority grid access and dispatch for renewables

• To conduct research via research programmes and institutions, support

dissemination of new technologies and facilitate innovation through the

establishment of pilot projects

• To contribute to creation of a European electricity grid

• To establish joint undertakings

• To facilitate and promote investment in renewable energy through a common

support scheme for electricity trade from renewable energy

• To further co-operation with other states in the area of renewable energy.

European Community for Renewable Energy (ERENE) –

major objectives

Suggestions for funding of ERENE

• to be financed by the participating Member States using revenue from ETS

• principle of “geographical return”

value of projects, investments and electricity-supply agreements distributed

according to financial contributions of member states

Thank you for your attention

Sources• Dehousse, F. (2004): THE NUCLEAR SAFETY FRAMEWORK IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AFTER FUKUSHIMA, Egmont Paper 73, December 2004.

• Deutscher Bundestag/Wissenschaftliche Dienste (2016): Sachbestand: Einzelfragen zur finanziellen Förderung der Kernenergie durch die Europäische

Atomgemeinschaft bzw. die Europäische Union, WD 4 - 3000 - 101/16, 1. September 2016.

• ENSREG (2017): Nuclear energy in the EU, URL: http://www.ensreg.eu/members-glance/nuclear-eu

• Euratom Supply Agency (2016): ESA Annual Report 2015.

• European Commission (2016): DECISION on the adoption of the work programme for 2017 in the field of nuclear energy, C(2016) 7119 final, Brussels,

10.11.2016, URL: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/c_2016_7119_f1_commission_decision_p1_865607_en.pdf

• European Commission (2017): Energy - Funding, URL: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/funding-and-contracts

• European Commission (2017): Energy – Decommissioning of nuclear facilities, URL: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/nuclear-

energy/decommissioning-nuclear-facilities

• European Parliament (2016): Kurzdarstellungen zur Europäischen Union – Kernenergie, URL:

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/de/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_5.7.5.html

• Marignac, Y.; Besnard, M. (2016): A reality check of the 2016 Nuclear Illustrative Programme prepared by the European Commission to be presented

under Article 40 of the Euratom Treaty, Report commissioned by Rebecca Harms, co-president of the Greens/EFA group and Claude Turmes, energy

spokesperson of the Greens/EFA group, URL: http://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/pinc-2016/

• Schreyer, M.; Mez, L. (2008): ERENE – EUROPEAN COMMUNITY FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Publication Series on

Europe, Volume 3.

• Schneider, M. /Froggatt, A.(2016): The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2016: http://www.worldnuclearreport.org/IMG/pdf/20160713MSC-

WNISR2016V2-HR.pdf

• World Nuclear Forum (2017): Country Profiles, URL: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles.aspx

• World Nuclear Forum (2017): Nuclear Power in the European Union, URL: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-

profiles/others/european-union.aspx