Nuclear material characterization: CEA/DAM Ile de France … · 2015-11-05 · Nuclear material characterization: CEA/DAM Ile de France capacities. Focus on SIMS analysis Anne-Laure

1 OCTOBRE 2015 | PAGE 1CEA | 10 AVRIL 2012

Nuclear material characterization: CEA/DAM

Ile de France capacities.Focus on SIMS analysis

Anne-Laure FAURÉ, Fabien POINTURIER, Olivier MARIE , Amélie HUBERT, Anne-

Claire POTTIN, Maxime BRIDOUX

CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France

NKS-B Seminar on Nuclear Forensics in Nordic Countries 5th – 6th October 2015

Table of contents

Overview of CEA/DAM Ile de France capacitiesBulk analysisOrganic compound characterizationParticle analysis

Focus on SIMS (Secondary Ion mass Spectrometry) Description of the instrumentDescription of sample treatmentDescription of the SIMS particle analysis processAdvantages and drawbacks

Some applications of SIMS in the field of nuclear m aterial characterization :Presentation of the results obtained for the CMX-4 exercice organized by NF-ITWGMeasurement of fluorine in micrometric uranium particlesGeolocation of uranium via oxygen measurement in micrometric uranium particles?

Links between CEA and nordic countries

Conclusion

| PAGE 1/38NKS-B Seminar on Nuclear Forensics in Nordic Countries | 5th – 6th October 2015

Table of contents


Focus on SIMS analysis (Secondary Ion mass Spectrom etry) Description of the instrumentDescription of sample treatmentDescription of the SIMS particle analysis processAdvantages and drawbacks



Conclusion


Some history about CEA/DAM Ile de France


Environment Survey of

Nuclear test Sites

1996

2001

2010Environment

Monitoring of French CEA military division

centers

IAEA NWAL for environment samples for bulk and particle

Analysis of higher amounts of NM

( > 100 mg)

Specificity of the laboratories: capability to perform tra ce analysis inenvironmental samples → adaptation of this expertise in the nuclearmaterial characterization when low amounts of material is av ailable.

Mururoa

Bulk analysis : precise isotopic ratios and quantif ication of U and Pu at trace level


Uranium and Plutonium measurements by MC-ICP-MS (Neptune Plus, Thermo):

High sensitivity: >1.2 V/ppbMeasurement of 236U/38U isotopic ratio

below 10-7 for a 1ppb solution,Detection limit for Pu below 0.5 fg

(1fg=10-15g).

Chemical treatment: Total dissolution of the sample by acid digestion,Addition of tracers (233U and 244Pu) for isotopic

dilution,Separation, concentration and purification of U

and Pu by ion exchange chromatography.Great care to protect samples from

contaminations (cross contamination, atmosphere,glassware…)

6

226Ra1599 y

206Pbstable

Decay chain of the 238U

Uranium extraction and refining The clock is set to zero

From Bourdon et al. (2003) Introduction to U-series Geochemistry – Reviews in mineralogy & geochemistry Vol 52

238U4,5x109 y

234U2,45x105 y

234Th24,1 d

230Th7,5x104 y

Starting of the chronometer

During chemical purification, daughter isotopes are discarded

Micro-colonne

(100 µL of resin bed)

Results of REIMEP 22 interlaboratory comparison on the age determination of a young uranium material (below 2 years)

Bulk analysis : age dating


Pointurier et al, Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry, 2013, 296, 593-598

Varga et al, Applied radiation and Isotopes, 2015, 102, 81-86


Bulk analysis : REE pattern

Each uranium ore type gets aspecific REE pattern (dependingon the geological origin). The REEpatterns remain unaltered fromuranium ores to uranium oreconcentrates (UOC).

Chemical treatments onchromatography resins1) to remove uranium2) to concentrate REE

REE measurements on a quadrupole ICP-MS (“X Series”, T hermo)Need for an internal spike to obtain precise concentrations (no need if only REE pattern is requested)

LD < ppb (1 ng/g U)

100 mg UOCdissolution in PFApre-cleaned vials

From Varga et al, Radioachimica Acta, 2010, 98, 771-778

| PAGE 7/38

ChargePolymerbinders

Oils / wax-likecompounds

Additives (plasticizers)

Uranium processing may include solvent extraction using a variety of organic solvants.Uranium can also be associated with explosive materials (nuclear weapon), fiberreinforced materials.The identification of these products provides useful informat ion about the productionprocess and/or origin of the nuclear material.

Organic compound analysis : detection of trace polymerresidues, solvents or explosives

Direct analysis by Orbitrap

Extraction by TwisterTM

followed by Gas Chromatography

Bridoux et al, Analytica Chimica Acta, 2015, 869, 1-10

NKS-B Seminar on Nuclear Forensics in Nordic Countries | 5th – 6th October 2015

Fundamentals on Particle Analysis

Need of sensitive techniques 1) to detect uranium particles and 2) to measure isotopic ratios on individual uranium particles.

| PAGE 8/38

A way to detect proliferation without having access to the nuclear material

Particle emitted by declared activity

Particle emitted by undeclared activity

Non declared workshop on a

declared facility

Particle sampling(swipe samples)

Safeguards Laboratory of IAEA : coding, sending to NWALs

Map of the NWALs

Micrometric particles coming from a nuclear facility have an uranium isotopic composition characteristic of the industrial process .


1 OCTOBRE 2015

Detection of Uranium bearing particle among thousan ds of other particles, mainly dust particless

| PAGE 9/38

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) : Use of anautomated particle detection sofware, “Gun Shot Residue” toidentify U particles thanks to EDX analysis. No information onthe U isotopic composition.

U

Fission Track (FT) : Irradiation of samples under wellthermalized neutron flux to induce U/Pu fission. Information onthe size of the particle or 235U abundance.


1 OCTOBRE 2015

Detection of Uranium bearing particle among thousan ds of other particles, mainly dust particless

| PAGE 10/38

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) : Use of an automated particledetection software, Automated Particle Measurement. Estimation of the 235Uabundance. (See after)

CAMECA IMS 7F (Gennevilliers, France)


Precise isotopic composition measurement

| PAGE 11/38

Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS)

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

Thermo Triton (Bremen, Germany)

TIMS filament

0,000001

0,00001

0,0001

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10

234 U

/238 U

235U/238U

Natural Natural

Low Enriched

UraniumNatural Natural

Uranium

Low Enriched

Uranium

High Enriched

Uranium


1 OCTOBRE 2015

| PAGE 12/38

500 1000 1500

Raman sh ift / cm-1

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Co

un

ts

185 cm-1

351 cm-1 412 cm-1

487 cm-1 810 cm-1

Peaks due to the carbon support

a)

500 1000 1500

Raman shift / cm-1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Co

un

ts

823 cm-1 867 cm-1b)

500 1000 1500

Raman shift / cm-1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

Co

unt

s

c)845 cm-1 1052 cm-1

500 1000 1500

Raman shift / cm-1

5000

10000

15000

Co

unts

867 cm-1

184 cm-1

259 cm-1

d)

150 cm-1

500 1000 1500

Raman shift / cm-1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Co

unt

s

815 cm-1e)

500 1000 1500

Raman shift / cm-1

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Cou

nts

f) 712 cm-1 810 cm-1

U3O8 UO4 UO3

UO2F2 UF4 ADU

Identification of U chemical phases

Raman Renishaw

“In Via” spectrometer

Raman spectrometer

associatedwith SEM

Uranium Ores

Uranium Ore concentrates

UO3, UF4UF6, UO2F2

U, UO2

U3O8

Main uranium compounds encountered during the different steps of the fuel cycle

Other U particle characterization : µ-Raman spectrometry

Measurement on individualparticle with µ-Raman afterSEM localization

Possible coupling with a SEMfor micrometric particlesanalysis (≥ 2 µm).


Pointurier and Marie, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2013, 44, 12, 1753-1759

Table of contents






1 OCTOBRE 2015

Principle and Instrumentation

| PAGE 14/38

Magnetic Sector

DetectionSample

Secondary Ions to be analysed

PrimaryIons

Electrostatic SectorSource

Principle : Bombardment of a sample surface with pri mary ions followed by mass spectrometry measurement of the emitted second ary ions.

Some information on basics and instrumentation can be found on the following links: SIMS Theory Tutorial from Evan Analytical Group(www.eag.com)SIMS Tutorials from the School of Geosciences, University of Edimburgh(www.geos.ed.ac.uk)

High vacuum : 10 -8-10-10 mbarNKS-B Seminar on Nuclear Forensics in Nordic Countries | 5th – 6th October 2015

1 OCTOBRE 2015

SIMS Cameca 7F

| PAGE 15/38

Principle and Instrumentation

Cesium source : light elements (C,

N, O, F…)

Duoplasmatron source : U, Th, Pu

Electron gun: analysis of insulated sample

Detection block: Electron multiplier, Faraday cup,

channelplate

CAMECA IMS 7F (Gennevilliers, France)

Chamber


Magnetic sector

1 OCTOBRE 2015

Sample treatment for particle analysis

Swipe sample containing

particles

Particle extraction by sucking up (Vacuum impactor)

Particle extraction is

performed inside a

laminar flow box (in a

disposable glove bag

when using the vacuum

impactor technique)

Carbon disk

Swipe sampleParticle extraction Carbon

planchet

SIMS Cameca 7F

| PAGE 16/38

Powder

Particle extraction by means of a plastic tip

1 cm

Suspension in a

solvent (ethanol,

heptane)

Sampling of particle s

with a plastic tip

Loading on

carbon planchet

Carbon planchet


1 OCTOBRE 2015

Is@238 per pixel (cps)

1 Particle localization using APM

software (duration ~ 12h)

Is@238 per field (cps)

Principle: acquisition of ionic images of 235U and 238U

Data treatment to set the particle

boundaries

Achievement of

the coordinates of

the particles and

the distribution of

the 235U

abundances

Selection of particles of interest

for precise microbeam

measurements

SIMS particle analysis process

| PAGE 17/38

2


Focus on particle selection from APM result

What are the aims of APM ? 2 cases: 1) The sample contains just a few uranium particles : APM helps to find these particles and to get their coordinates2) In some samples, thousands of uranium particles can be detected. APM helps to select particles among the main isotopic composition and the extrema.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 3 0 3 2 3 4 102042

113

282

503

690

816

718

524

308

186

118

675432212715 7 10 5 2 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0.0

-0.1

0.2

-0.3

0.4

-0.5

0.6

-0.7

0.8

-0.9

1.0

-1.1

1.2

-1.3

1.4

-1.5

1.6

-1.7

1.8

-1.9

2.0

-2.1

2.2

-2.3

2.4

-2.5

2.6

-2.7

2.8

-2.9

3.0

-3.1

3.2

-3.3

3.4

-3.5

3.6

-3.7

3.8

-3.9

4.0

-4.1

4.2

-4.3

4.4

-4.5

4.6

-4.7

4.8

-4.9N

um

be

ro

f p

art

icle

s

235U abundance (at.%)

Characterization of these

particles to determine

precisely the 235U minimum

abundance

Characterization of these

particles to determine

precisely the 235U maximum

abundance

Characterization of some of

these particles to determine

precisely the 235U main

abundance

NKS-B Seminar on Nuclear Forensics in Nordic Countries | 5th – 6th October 2015 | PAGE 18/38

1 OCTOBRE 2015

3 Microbeam measurementSelection of particles of interest for

precise microbeam

measurements

SIMS particle analysis process

| PAGE 19/38

2

235U 1H 236U +

238U 1H

238U

235U

234U

100 200 300 400Time, s

1e2

1e3

1e4

1e5

Inte

ns, c

/s

IMS701 - CEA 09/21/2015, 09:35Sample: NBS 100 Depth ProfileData file: D:\Cameca IMS Data\Analyses\Standard\NBS U100 N2\2015\21-09-2015\NBS100-21092015#1.dpRecipe: No_name_2.rdpDuo+ Ie: 10000eV Ip: 2.39e-01/2.30e-01nA Raster: 0um DT: Off Gate: 100%P: 3.3e-10mbar SpleHV: +5000V MR: 400 FA: 1800um CD: 400um DeltaE: 75eVComments:

234U

235U

235U 1H

238U

238U 1H

0,000001

0,00001

0,0001

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10

234 U

/238 U

235U/238U

Natural Natural

Low Enriched

UraniumNatural Natural

Uranium

Low Enriched

Uranium

High Enriched

Uranium

Achievement of all precise isotopic

compositions of U particles


SIMS particle analysis : advantages and drawbakcs

Advantages Drawbacks

Space resolution of a few µm , down to 50 nm (NanoSIMS)

Isobaric interferences

Low detection limits down to ppblevel (1µg/kg)

Matrix effect

In situ analysis Low roughness ( < a few microns)

Very low sample consumption (maybe less than 1 µm3)

Planeity

Large panel of analysis : Isotopicand elemental measurements, ion images, depth profiling

Samples must be compatible withhigh vacuum

IMS 1280 IMS 7FIMS 1280NKS-B Seminar on Nuclear Forensics in Nordic Countries | 5th – 6th October 2015 | PAGE 20/38

SIMS particle analysis : new generation of instrume nts

IMS 1280

IMS 1280

Size × 5

The LG-SIMS (or IMS 1280) : new generation of SIMS instrument enablingSimultaneous detection of all uranium isotopes (ion multi-collection)Removal of most of the isobaric interferences (high mass resolution)


IMS 7FThe NanoSIMS : state of the art of ionic images with a lateral reso lutionof 50 nm.

Left SEM images of UO2 particles. Right nanoSIMS ion image of 16O in UO2 particles. From Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA

1µm

NanoSIMS

The place of SIMS in the analytical procedure of n uclear material

Need of very low amount of material: sampling can be performed at the beginning of the c haracterization- For bulk material, particle sampling by wipping the surface or loading of some

fragments of the material. - For powder material, sampling with a plastic tip.

SIMS can be used as a “screening technique”

Be careful with the tools used for sampling because it can lead to interferences for further analysis

Metallic tools can leave metallic particles that can be detected for instance by SEM or by ICP-MS after chemical treatment.Plastic tools can leave organic particles than can be detected for instance by organicmass spectrometric techniques.

More generally, it is recommended to use very high qual ity reactants and inertrecipients (like PTFE vials) to minimize the risk of con tamination and to have a quite well-established analytical procedure before any sa mple manipulation.


Table of contents






Presentation of the CMX-4 exercice

Fourth exercice organized by the Nuclear Forensics Interna tional Technical WorkingGroup (NF-ITWG)

Objective of ITWG: ITWG is a working group of experts including scientists, lawenforcement officiers, first reponders and nuclear regulators. Their aims are toprovide assistance and technical solutions on the field of nuclear forensics to nationalor international authorities.4th Comparative Material Exercice (CMX-4) : 3 uranium samples were provided toparticipating laboratories. The 16 labs were asked to provide information related tothe 3 samples based on an exercice scenario.

| PAGE 24/38

ES1 ES2 ES3


Description of the samples: two pellets and one powder sampl e

Particles were extracted by means of a tip (ES1) or by wiping the surface of the pellets with a cotton cloth (ES2 and ES3). Particles were loaded onto carbon planchet with the vacuum impactor technique.

First results: Distribution of the 235U abundances given by APM

| PAGE 25/38

Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C

First results : Distribution of the 235U abundances

What information does APM brings?“Bell-shape” distributions which centers are in good agreement with the analysis of macroscopic amounts of materials (“bulk” measurements carried out by ICP-MS).

Possibility to compare the main 235U abundances : Average 235U abundances ofES1 and ES3 are very close and largely different from the average 235U abundance ofES2.

What more? Detection of depleted uranium in two samples, detection of low enriched uranium up to 4% 235U in all samples. APM analysis is a mean to detect a large range of isotopic composition at particle level.

APM results: ES1 ES2 ES3

Maximal 235U abundance (%) 4.73 ± 0.29 3.77 ± 0.41 4.26 ± 0.25

Minimal 235U abundance (%) 0.89 ± 0.09 0.41 ± 0.13 0.49 ± 0.08

Average 235U abundance (atomic %) 2.70 ± 0.30 1.83 ± 0.35 2.55 ± 0.35

Number of particles 4 596 910 915


Second results: precise isotopic abundances of part icles coming directly from the samples (about 40 particles per sample)

What additionnal information do we obtain with minor isotope measurements (234U, 236U) ?

From 234U/238U vs 235U/238U : alignment of all ratios, forming « enrichment lines » .

This lines depend on the « feed » : NU, DU, RU

Detection of 236U in some particles means that uranium was irradiated.


Last results: analysis of particles coming from the outside of the ultimate bag of the nuclear material samples

Description of the sample packaging:

Particles coming from the outside of the ultimate bag were extracted by wiping thesurface of the bag with a cotton cloth. Particles were loaded onto a carbon disk with thevacuum impactor technique.

++

Ultimate bag

Inner container

ES1 ES2 ES3


Last results: Comparison of the isotopic compositio n of the particles coming from the samples and the outside o f the ultimate bag

What does SIMS analysis reveal?General agreement between the isotopic composition of particles coming from the samples and the ultimate bags: The isotopiccomposition of the threesamples can be estimatedwithout opening the ultimatebag.

Only one particle coming from the ultimate bag of ES2 has an isotopic composition which is not consistent with the ones of the three materials. Samples werepacked in another facility? In case of « real » material seized, these analyses can help to identify the places where the material was stored or handled, from its origin to the place where it was seized.

| PAGE 29/38

235U: 7.0 ± 0.1 %

Detection of fluorine in micrometric uranium partic les : a way to detect a conversion activity

Detection of fluorine → signature of a conversion and/or enrichment activity

Uranium isotopic measurement + fluorine detection → discrimination between natural uranium (ore or yellow cake), conve rted uranium and enriched uranium

Fauré et al, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2014, 29, 145-161 1 OCTOBRE 2015

| PAGE 30/38

Initial steps of nuclear fuel cycle with natural uranium

0

56

0,7

% 235U F/U (atomic ratio)

Civil purposes

Military purposes

Ore

Yello

wca

keC

onve

rsio

n

Enr

ichm

ent

Nuc

lear

Fue

l P

ower

Pla

nt

4UF4

UF6

0

56

0,7


Civil purposes

Military purposes

Ore

Yello

wca

keC

onve

rsio

n

Enr

ichm

ent

Nuc

lear

Fue

l P

ower

Pla

nt

0

56

0,7


Civil purposes

Military purposes

Ore

Yello

wca

keC

onve

rsio

n

Enr

ichm

ent

Nuc

lear

Fue

l P

ower

Pla

nt

4UF4

UF6


1 OCTOBRE 2015

Ion images of UF4 particles

Development of a database by measuring the relative amount of fluorine in particles from Uranium Ore Concentrate materials (CETAMA, France), conversion plant workshop, UF4 material (CRM 17B, NBL, USA)

Detection of fluorine in micrometric uranium partic les : a way to detect a conversion activity

Fluorine is easily detectable at the mass correspon ding to 238U19F with the DUO source.Advantage of detecting fluorine at 238U19F mass instead of 19F mass : 1) more confidence that fluorine is chemically linked to uranium, 2) UF+ sensitivity is better thanF+


Use of the database to compare the relative amount of fluorine measured in real-lifeparticles coming from inspected nuclear facilities.

When a natural uranium composition is measured, the relativ e fluorine amountmeasurement provides additionnal information on the indus trial origin of thenuclear material.

1E-03 1E-02 1E-01 1E+00

UF/U ion intensity ratio

CP 1

CP 2

swipe sample

UOC UF4

What can beconcluded? Uraniumwas converted at onepoint before thesampling but was notenriched.

Some applications (1/2) : « real-life » swipe sample in the Safeguards field

Fluorine measurements are routinely done for IAEA samples since 2014.


1 OCTOBRE 2015

Environmental samples coming from outside of the conversion plant buildings (CP1 and CP2) :

What can be concluded? High level of fluorine was detected in particles collectedoutside of the building of the conversion facility even if 4 years elapsed betweenthe sampling date and the analysis.

1E-04

1E-03

1E-02

1E-01

1E+00U

F/U

ion

inte

nsity

ratio

Am

éthy

ste

CR

M U

F4

Gre

nat

Cal

cédo

ine

Mor

ille

Cha

nter

elle

Bol

et

CP

1

CP

2

CP

Pur

if.

CP

Flu

or.

UOC

Conversion facility

UF4

Some applications (2/2) : persistence of fluorine m arking in environmental samples


Geolocation of uranium via oxygen measurement in micrometric uranium particles?

1 OCTOBRE 2015


Process waterRain water Groundwater Uranium oxide?

Natural isotopic fractionning

(GNIP AIEA/WMO 2006)

(http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research)

Need for high precision methods to distinguish clos e geographic areas

Oxygen isotopic ratio is easily measurable by SIMS using Cs primary ions with an external precision of ~ 0,1 %. So in theory, SIMS is suitable for these analysis but…

| PAGE 34/38


1 OCTOBRE 2015| PAGE 35/38NKS-B Seminar on Nuclear Forensics in Nordic Countries | 5th – 6th October 2015

Crushing, chemical purification, liquid extraction, washing, precipitation, drying…

Source of oxygen: Water, Air, Acid….

Agaric

(UOC)

Grinding

Granulometry

Roasting

Acid impregnation

Drying

Calcination

Homogenization

Morille

Morille (UOC CRM, Cetama) production process

Best way to answer the first question: sampling an industrial process at every step.

While waiting for such samples, measurement of the oxygen composition of UOC sample after different treatments inspired by the production of one CRM sample called Morille from CETAMA.

Before any geolocation attempt, the first question to answer is “ where does the oxygen in uranium oxyde come from?”

Particle sampling aftereach treatment

Uranium Ore Concentrate


1 OCTOBRE 2015


Preliminary results : Each treatment affects the isotopic ratios, mainly thermal treatment at high temperatures.

1,92E-03

1,94E-03

1,96E-03

1,98E-03

2,00E-03

2,02E-03

2,04E-03

2,06E-03

2,08E-03

Agaric After roasting After acidimpregnation

After drying Aftercalcination

18O

/16 O

Conclusion of Jonathan Plaue, University of Nevada, in his thesis “Forensics signatures of chemical process history in uranium oxyde: “[…] Oxygen isotope ratios in the real‐world samples neither directly correlate with the oxygen isotope ratios of local meteoric water nor support a consistent alternative fractionation. […] the real‐world variability in particle sizes and time at temperature profiles is sufficien t to complicate interpretation oxygenisotope ratios in U3O8 samples as a reliable geolocation signature. […]”

Post conversion U compounds may be more suitable fo r geolocation via oxygen isotopic composition.

| PAGE 36/38

Links between CEA/DAM Ile de France and Nordic coun tries regarding nuclear material and environmental samp le analyses

| PAGE 37/38

2015 : Following the CMX-4 exercise, redaction of a paper on the use of µ-Raman spectrometry and DRX for the chemical phase identif ication.

Participation of CEA/DAM Ile de France and CEA Vald uc, the Swedish DefenceResearch Agency (FOI), the Australian Nuclear Scie nce and Technology Organization (ANSTO) and the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NESCA)

2012 : Collaboration on the characterization of PuO 2 particles produced by VTT in the framework of an IAEA support action for Safeguards purposes.

Participation of CEA/DAM Ile de France and the VTT Technical Research Center of Finland

2012 : Training of a young scientist from VTT, Finla nd on ICP-MS


Conclusions

| PAGE 38/38

CEA/DAM Ile de France developed /is developing a large panel of methodologies tocharacterize nuclear material:

From milligrams amounts down to the micrometric particle scaleBoth qualitative (U chemical form, …) and quantitative (Pu amounts, …)

SIMS is a technique that is particularly suited for to the characterization of nuclear material :Possibility to measure almost of all the elements of the periodic tableHigh sensitivity : analysis of individual micrometric particlesVery low sample consumption : almost non destructiveCapability to characterize particles of nuclear material c ollected on the packagingCapability to characterize irradiated nuclear material in shielded instrument (CEACadarache)

To conclude on SIMS , it has its place in the analytical techniques to implement in a labthat needs to characterize nuclear material.

To further increase the knowledge on nuclear material chara cterization :Collaborations between countries, institutes, round robin exercices are essential forscientific exchanges.Development of reference material is also required to develop and validate newmethodologies. In 2015, a new UOC CRM “Feldspath” (CETAMA, France) has beenqualified (REE, impurities).


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Nuclear material characterization: CEA/DAM Ile de France … · 2015-11-05 · Nuclear material characterization: CEA/DAM Ile de France capacities. Focus on SIMS analysis Anne-Laure