Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Manualuttarakannada.nic.in/docs/DisasterManagement/DDMP_Volume...District Disaster Management Plan – Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Manual

District Disaster Management Plan - 2018

Volume - II

Nuclear and Radiological

Emergency Manual

Prepared by the Uttara Kannada District Disaster Management Authority

for Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant

Shri S S Nakul IAS

Deputy Commissioner

Uttara Kannada District

&

Chairman

District Disaster Management Authority

UK District, Karwar

District Disaster Management Plan – Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Manual

A publication of:

District Disaster Management Authority

O/o the Deputy Commissioner,

M G Road,

Uttara Kannada district, Karwar - 581301

July 2018

The Nuclear and Radiological manual is formulated under the Chairmanship of Shri S S Nakul,

Deputy Commissioner, Uttara Kannada district, Karwar in consultation with various stakeholders

View of the Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant

Aerial view of the Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant

S S Nakul, IAS

Deputy Commissioner

& District Magistrate

Uttara Kannada, Karwar

FOREWORD

The ―Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Manual‖ assume great importance in our context, as

our country has extensive and varied programmes for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Even

while the NPCIL have enviable and impeccable record of safety and virtually fail-safe

arrangements in all the nuclear establishments, the possibility, however, remote it may be, of

human error, systems failure, sabotage, earthquake and terrorist attacks leading to the release of

radioactive material in the public domain, cannot be entirely ruled out. Through this manual, we

aim to further strengthen our existing emergency management framework and generate public

awareness, which will go a long way in allaying misapprehensions, if any, amongst the public.

In these Guidelines, emphasis has been laid on the management of nuclear and radiological

emergencies, along with a detailed consideration of all other elements of the disaster

management continuum.

In this context, the greatest concern to us can possibly arise as a result of possible malfunctioning

in the nuclear fuel cycle. Owing to the highly complex and specialized nature of nuclear and

radiological emergencies, the manual have been prepared and a consensus arrived on various

technical and operational issues after a series of consultations and discussions amongst experts.

For this meticulous work, I express my appreciation to the district level officers and the Kaiga

team in providing data. I am also thankful to the Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application

Centre (KSRSAC) for their significant contributions in the preparation of this document. Finally,

I express my gratitude for the sincere efforts of the members of the State Disaster Management

Authority in assisting the DDMA in the formulation of this manual.

I am certain that this manual, with its action plans when implemented by all the stakeholders at

various levels of administration, will help in managing nuclear or radiological accidents

efficiently and safely.

Place: Karwar S S Nakul IAS

Date:

Glossary

AERB Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

AGSS Aerial Gamma Spectrometry System

ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable

ATI Administrative Training Institute

BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

CBDM Community Based Disaster Management

CBO Community Based Organization

CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear

CME College of Military Engineering

CMG Crisis Management Group

CPMF Central Para Military Force

DAE Department of Atomic Energy

DBA Design Basis Accident

DDMA District Disaster Management Authority

DM Disaster Management

DMA Disaster Management Authority

DoS Department of Space

DRDE Defence Research and Development Establishment

DRDO Defence Research and Development Organization

DST Department of Science and Technology

ECC Emergency Command Centre

EMP Electro-Magnetic Pulse

EOC Emergency Operations Centre

ERC Emergency Response Centre

ERMNA Environmental Radiation Monitor with Navigational Aid

ERT Emergency Response Team

GIS Geographic Information System

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection

IERMON Indian Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network

IMD India Meteorological Department

IND Improvised Nuclear Device

IRODOS Indian Real-time On-line Decision Support System

MFR Medical First Responder

MGSS Mobile Gamma Spectrometry System

MoD Ministry of Defence

MHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development

MoH&FW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

NCC National Cadet Corps

NCMC National Crisis Management Committee

NDCN National Disaster Communication Network

NDMA National Disaster Management Authority

NDMG-NRE National Disaster Management Guidelines: Management of Nuclear and

Radiological Emergencies

NDRF National Disaster Response Force

NEC National Executive Committee

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NIDM National Institute of Disaster Management

NPCIL Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd.

NPP Nuclear Power Plant

NREMP National Radiation Emergency Management Plan

NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency

NSS National Service Scheme

NTRO National Technical Research Organization

NYKS Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan

OBE Operating Basis Earthquake

POL Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants

PPG Personal Protective Gear

PPRRE Planning Preparedness for Response to Radiological Emergencies

QRMT Quick Reaction Medical Team

QRT Quick Reaction Team

RAD Radiation Absorbed Dose

R&D Research and Development

RDD Radiological Dispersal Device

RED Radiation Exposure Device

REM Roentgen Equivalent Man

RITC Radiation Injuries Treatment Centre

RM Risk Management

RSO Radiological Safety Officer

SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

SDMA State Disaster Management Authority

SDRF State Disaster Response Force

SEC State Executive Committee

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

TOT Training of the Trainers

TREMCARD Transport Emergency Card

UT Union Territory

WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction

Glossary of Key Terms

Absorbed Dose

Absorbed dose, D, is defined as the mean energy imparted by ionising radiation to the matter in a

volume element divided by the mass of the matter in that element.

Absorbed dose, 𝐷 =𝑑𝐸

𝑑𝑚

Unit of absorbed dose is Rad. One Rad deposits an energy of 100 ergs in one gram of tissue. The

SI unit of absorbed dose is Gray (Gy) which is equivalent to deposition of 1 Joule per Kg (J/Kg)

of tissue.

Accident

An undesirable or unfortunate event that occurs unintentionally arising from carelessness,

unawareness, ignorance, system failure or a combination of these causes which usually leads to

harm, injury, loss of life, livelihood or property or damage to the environment.

Becquerel

One disintegration per second.

Breeder

A reactor which produces more fissile nuclides than it consumes.

Contamination

Radioactive substances (in the form of dust, dirt, liquid) deposited on surfaces (e.g., skin, walls,

etc.), or within solids, liquids or gases where their presence is normally neither expected nor

desirable.

Curie

3.7 X 1010 disintegrations per second.

Deterministic Effect

The effect of radiation on human health for which there is generally a threshold level of dose

above which the severity of the effect is greater for a higher dose. Such an effect is described as a

‗severe deterministic‘, if it is fatal or life threatening or results in a permanent injury that reduces

the quality of life.

Disaster

When the dimension of an emergency situation grows to such an extent that the impact of the

hazard is beyond the coping capability of the local community and/or the concerned local

authority.

Dose

Amount of energy delivered to a unit mass of material by the radiation travelling through it.

Dose Limit

The value of the effective or equivalent dose to individuals that shall not be exceeded from

planned exposure situations.

Effective Dose

The quantity E, defined as a summation of the tissue equivalent doses, each multiplied by the

appropriate tissue weighting factor:

𝐸 = 𝑤𝑇𝑇

.𝐻𝑇

where HT is the equivalent dose in tissue T and wT is the tissue weighting factor for tissue T.

From the definition of equivalent dose, it follows that:

𝐸 = 𝑤𝑇𝑇

. 𝑤𝑅𝑅

.𝐷𝑇 ,𝑅

where wR is the radiation weighting factor for radiation R and DT,R average absorbed dose in the

organ or tissue T. The unit of effective dose is J . kg-1

, termed the Sievert (Sv).

Emergency

An abnormal situation or event that necessitates prompt action, primarily to mitigate the impact

of a hazard or adverse consequences on human health and safety, quality of life, property or the

environment.

This includes nuclear and radiological emergencies and conventional emergencies such as fire,

releases of hazardous chemicals, storms or earthquakes. It includes situations for which prompt

action is warranted to mitigate the effects of a perceived hazard. Normally, in such an

emergency, the impact of the hazard is within the coping capability of the administrative

authority of the affected area.

Emergency Preparedness

To develop the capability during normal conditions to take action for utilizing all

available/mobilized resources that will effectively mitigate the consequences of an emergency

and ensure safety and health of the people, quality of life, property and the environment.

Emergency Response

Actions under conditions of stress created by an emergency, to mitigate the consequences of the

emergency on the safety and health of the people, their quality of life, property and the

environment. It may also provide a basis for the resumption of normal social and economic

activities.

Equivalent Dose

The quantity HT,R, for a given type of radiation R, is defined as:

HT,R = DT,R . wR

where DT,R is the absorbed dose delivered by radiation type R averaged over a tissue or organ T

and wR is the radiation weighting factor for radiation type R.

When the radiation field is composed of different radiation types with different values of wR, the

equivalent dose is:

𝐻𝑇 = 𝑤𝑅𝑅

.𝐷𝑇,𝑅

The unit of equivalent dose is J . kg-1

, termed the Sievert (Sv).

Exposure

The act or condition of being subjected to irradiation. Exposure can be either external (due to a

source outside the body) or internal (due to source within the body).

First Responder

The member of an emergency service to arrive first at the scene of an emergency to provide

rescue and relief operations.

Fission

The process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two small intermediate mass nuclei with release

of energy and one or more neutrons. A neutron is normally utilized to induce this process.

Spontaneous fission refers to the process in which the fission occurs spontaneously without the

need to induce it by any external agency.

Fuel Reprocessing

The physical and chemical processes carried out to separate the useful fissile material (e.g.,

plutonium) from the unutilized fertile material present in the spent fuel emanating from the

nuclear reactor.

Fusion

An atomic reaction process where a heavier nucleus is formed from fusion of two smaller nuclei

accompanied with the release of large amount of energy.

Gray (Gy)

The special name for the SI unit of absorbed dose: 1 Gy = 1 J · Kg-1

Half-Life

The time taken by a sample of radioactive material to decay down to half the number of its

original atoms.

Incident

An occurrence or event of minor importance.

Intervention

Any action intended to reduce or avert exposure or the likelihood of exposure to sources which

are not part of a controlled practice or which are out of control as a consequence of an accident.

Intervention Level

The level of avertable dose at which a specific protective action or remedial action is taken in an

emergency exposure situation or a chronic exposure situation.

Moderator

A substance that reduces the energy of fast neutrons through the process of collisions (without

any significant capture or absorption) with its atoms/molecules.

Nuclear Power Reactor

A reactor where heat energy is released in the nuclear fuel placed inside the reactor by the

process of nuclear fission to produce steam for the generation of electric power.

Nuclear or Radiological Disaster

When the impact of a nuclear or radiological emergency, caused by a nuclear attack (as

happened at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan) or large-scale release of radioactivity from

nuclear/radiological facilities (like that at Chernobyl in Ukraine) is very high, it assumes the

dimension of a nuclear disaster leading to mass casualties and destruction of large areas and

property. Unlike a nuclear emergency, the impact of a nuclear disaster is beyond the coping

capability of local authorities and such a scenario calls for handling at the national level, with

assistance from international agencies, if required.

Nuclear or Radiological Emergency

An emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to: (a) the radiation energy

resulting from a nuclear chain reaction or from the decay of the products of a chain reaction; or

(b) radiation exposure. Such emergencies are usually well within the coping capability of the

plant/facility authority along with the neighboring administrative agencies, if required.

Nuclear Wastes

Radioactive wastes resulting from the various activities in the nuclear fuel cycle or any other

facilities handling radioactive materials/radioisotopes.

Off-Site

Outside the site area of the nuclear/radiological source.

On-Site

Within the site area of the nuclear/radiological source.

Radiation

Energy emitted from a radioactive atom/source is known as radiation. The three main types of

radiations emitted by radioactive substances are alpha (α), beta (β) rays and photons (x-ray and

gamma (γ) rays).

There is yet another type of radiation, known as neutron radiation, which is emitted during a

nuclear fission process. The radioactive substances are both natural as well as man-made. The

magnitude of this radiation decays with time. Exposure to radiation can be reduced by applying

the principles of Time, Distance and Shielding.

Radiation Weighting Factor

The radiation weighting factor is an ICRP multiplier used to modify the absorbed dose (Gy) to

obtain a quantity called the equivalent dose (Sv). It is used because some types of radiation, such

as alpha particles, are more biologically damaging internally than other types such as the beta

particles. For example, radiation weighting factor of beta particles is 1 while that of alpha

particles is 20.

Radiation weighting factors are dimensionless multiplicative factors used to convert physical

dose (Gy) to equivalent dose (Sv); i.e., to place biological effects from exposure to different

types of radiation on a common scale.

Radioactivity

Spontaneous emission of invisible radiation by certain unstable species of nuclei (man-made or

naturally occurring) unaffected by chemical reactions, temperature or other physical factors.

Regulatory Body

An authority, or authorities, designated by the government of a state or country having legal

authority for conducting the regulatory process, including issuing authorizations, and thereby

regulating nuclear radiation, radioactive wastes and transportation safety.

Research Reactor

Reactors designed to produce a large flux of neutrons within the reactor volume needed for the

purpose of research in various branches of nuclear science, basic science, material science,

nuclear engineering and/or for the production of radioisotopes.

Response Organization

An organization designated or otherwise recognized by a state as being responsible for managing

or implementing any aspect of an emergency response.

Roentgen

Before the SI system was adopted, the unit of X-ray exposure was called the Roentgen and was

symbolized by R. It is different from the absorbed dose. Roentgen is defined as that quantity of

X or gamma radiation that produces ions carrying one stat coulomb (one electrostatic unit) of

charge of either sign per cubic centimeter of air at 00 C and 760 mm Hg.

Sievert (Sv)

The new SI unit for equivalent dose is Sievert (Sv).

1 Sievert = 1 J · Kg-1

Stochastic Effects

Effects resulting in the damage of the cells of living bodies leading to cancer and hereditary

defects. The frequency of the event, but not its severity, increases with an increase in the dose.

For protection purposes, it is assumed that there is no threshold dose (unlike deterministic effect)

for stochastic effect. Protective actions in terms of rescue and relief operations to minimise the

stochastic effect in case of a nuclear/radiological emergency are not always advisable, especially

when doses are of a very low level.

Tissue Weighting Factor

The tissue weighting factor is an ICRP multiplier used to determine the effective dose from the

equivalent dose in one or more organs or tissues. The factor takes account of the different

sensitivities of different organs and tissues for induction of stochastic effects from exposure to

ionizing radiation (principally, for induction of cancer). For example, tissue weighting factor of

lungs is 0.12 while that of liver is 0.05.

Tissue weighting factors for the entire body as whole is 1, meaning, thereby, that the weighting

factor is unity when the body is irradiated uniformly

Triage

A rapid method utilizing simple procedures to sort affected persons into groups, based on the

severity of their injury and/or disease, for the purpose of expediting clinical care to maximize the

use of available clinical services and facilities.

Yield

The energy released in a nuclear weapon explosion is called ‗yield‘, which is usually measured

in kilotons or megatons of TNT equivalent. One ton of TNT releases 4.2 billion joules of energy

on detonation.

Source:

National Disaster Management Guidelines-Management of Nuclear and Radiological

Emergencies, 2009.

A publication of the National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India.

ISBN 978-81-906483-7-0, February 2009, New Delhi.

Table of Contents

Chapter No Contents Pg No

1 Introduction 01

1.1 Indian Nuclear Power Programme 01

1.2 Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in Uttara Kannada district, Kaiga 01

1.3 National Safety and Regulatory framework 03

1.4 Resources available around the site 03

2 Hazards and Safety issues 04

2.1 Classification of Emergencies 04

2.1.1 Emergency Alert 04

2.1.2 Plant Emergency 04

2.1.3 Site Emergency 04

2.1.4 Offsite Emergency 05

2.2 Emergency Response Organization 05

2.2.1 Offsite Emergency Organization 05

2.3 Grades of Offsite Emergency 06

2.3.1 Offsite Emergency Plan - 1 07



2.4 Agencies and Task groups under Offsite Emergency Director

(OED)

09

3 Zoning 13

3.1 Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs) 13

4 Demographic data 31

4.1 Demographic characteristics 31

4.2 Livestock 39

4.2.1 Handling 39

4.2.2 Evacuation 39

4.2.3 Availability of veterinary doctors 39

4.2.4 Fodder and water requirements 39

5 Evacuation 40

5.1 General 40

5.2 Resource Mapping and Action plan for evacuation 49

5.3 Post evacuation security 51

6 Medical facilities 53

6.1 General 53

6.2 Handling the surge in patients 57

7 Availability of Stable Iodine for thyroid blocking 59

7.1 General 59

7.1.1 Risk, difficulties and cost 59

8 Facilities at shelters 69

8.1 Role of Food and Civil supplies 69

8.2 Role of health officer 69

8.3 Minimum standards of relief 71

9 Resource data 73

9.1 NDRF 73

9.2 Incident Response System 73

9.2.1 Unity of Command and Chain of Command 75

9.3 India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) 75

9.4 Karnataka Civil Defence 75

10 Conducting Offsite exercise 77

11 Communications 78

11.1 Line of communication 79

12 Command and Control 82

12.1 Kaiga Off-Site Emergency Committee (KOEC) 84

12.2 Locations of Emergency Control Centers 86

13 Special Requirements 87

13.1 Handling fishermen at sea 87

13.2 Reaching the population in remote (isolated) areas 87

13.3 Alternatives in case of affected supply of food, milk, water etc 87

13.4 Personal Protective Equipments and methods for responders 87

14 Managing post-accident situation 90

14.1 Stocking/handling of contaminated food, supply items in the

affected area

90

14.2 Planning for the operational response 91

14.3 Decontamination 92

14.3.1 Decontamination of affected persons 92

14.3.2 Decontamination of affected area 93

14.4 Risk, difficulties, and cost 93

14.5 Sampling, monitoring and exposure management by DAE 94

14.6 Waste management 94

14.7 Waste management in India 95

15 Capacity Building 96

15.1 General 96

15.2 Student community and administrative personnel 96

15.3 Community education 96

15.4 Enhancing public awareness 97

15.5 Community participation 97

15.6 Participation of electronic and print media 97

16 Reference 98

List of figures

Figure No Description Page No

1.1 The site area map 02

3.1 Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs) 13

3.2 Classification of EPZs 14

3.3.a Map of Sector A 15

3.3.b Map of Sector B 16

3.3.c Map of Sector C 17

3.3.d Map of Sector D 18

3.3.e Map of Sector E 19

3.3.f Map of Sector F 20

3.3.g Map of Sector G 21

3.3.h Map of Sector H 22

3.3.i Map of Sector I 23

3.3.j Map of Sector J 24

3.3.k Map of Sector K 25

3.3.l Map of Sector L 26

3.3.m Map of Sector M 27

3.3.n Map of Sector N 28

3.3.o Map of Sector O 29

3.3.p Map of Sector P 30

9.1 IRS organization 74

9.2 IRT framework 75

12.1 Emergency Organization for Industrial disaster 83

List of tables

No Description Page No

2.1 Offsite Emergency Classification 06

2.2 Kaiga Off-site Emergency Committee (KOEC) 09

2.3 Constitution of District Service Group 11

4.1.1 List of rallying post 31

4.1.a Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector A 32

4.1.b Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector B 32

4.1.c Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector C 32

4.1.d Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector D 33

4.1.e Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector E 33

4.1.f Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector F 34

4.1.g Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector G 34

4.1.h Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector H 35

4.1.i Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector I 35

4.1.j Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector J 36

4.1.k Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector K 36

4.1.l Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector L 36

4.1.m Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector M 37

4.1.n Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector N 37

4.1.o Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector O 38

4.1.p Demographic data and rallying posts of Sector P 38

5.1 Village Evacuation road routes to rallying posts 40

5.1. a Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector A 41

5.1. b Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector B 41

5.1. c Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector C 41

5.1. d Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector D 42

5.1. e Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector E 42

5.1. f Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector F 43

5.1. g Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector G 43

5.1. h Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector H 44

5.1. i Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector I 45

5.1. j Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector J 45

5.1. k Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector K 45

5.1. l Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector L 46

5.1. m Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector M 46

5.1. n Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector N 47

5.1. o Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector O 47

5.1. p Transport requirement and evacuation routes of Sector P 48

5.2.1 Contact details for transport during evacuation 49

5.2.2 Contact details of KSRTC 50

6.1 Details of Doctors and Government Health Centers around the NPP 54

7.1.a Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector A 61

7.1. b Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector B 61

7.1. c Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector C 61

7.1. d Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector D 62

7.1. e Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector E 62

7.1. f Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector F 63

7.1. g Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector G 63

7.1. h Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector H 64

7.1. i Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector I 65

7.1. j Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector J 65

7.1. k Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector K 65

7.1. l Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector L 66

7.1. m Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector M 66

7.1. n Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector N 67

7.1. o Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector O 67

7.1. p Medical team and Stable Iodine requirement of Sector P 68

8.1 Contact details of Food and Civil supplies 69

8.2 Contact details of the health officer 70

8.3 Contact details of the Taluk Health Officers 70

9.1 Contact details of NDRF 73

11.1 Communication links 78

11.2 The details of the members of District Crisis Management Group 81

12.1 The constitution of KOEC 84

13.1 List of equipments / instruments to be procured for self-protection 87

District Disaster Management Plan – 2018; Volume - II

1 Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Manual – For Kaiga NPP

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1: Indian Nuclear Power Programme

Homi Bhabha conceived of the three-stage nuclear programme as a way to develop nuclear

energy by working around India's limited uranium resources. Thorium itself is not

a fissile material, and thus cannot undergo fission to produce energy. Instead, it must

be transmuted to Uranium-233 in a reactor fueled by other fissile materials. The first two stages,

natural uranium-fueled heavy water reactors and plutonium-fueled fast breeder reactors, are

intended to generate sufficient fissile material from India's limited uranium resources, so that all

its vast thorium reserves can be fully utilised in the third stage of thermal breeder reactors.

Bhabha summarised the rationale for the three-stage approach as follows:

The total reserves of thorium in India amount to over 500,000 tons in the readily extractable

form, while the known reserves of uranium are less than a tenth of this. The aim of long range

atomic power programme in India must therefore be to base the nuclear power generation as

soon as possible on thorium rather than uranium… The first generation of atomic power stations

based on natural uranium can only be used to start off an atomic power programme… The

plutonium produced by the first generation power stations can be used in a second generation of

power stations designed to produce electric power and convert thorium into U-233, or depleted

uranium into more plutonium with breeding gain… The second generation of power stations may

be regarded as an intermediate step for the breeder power stations of the third generation all of

which would produce more U-233 than they burn in the course of producing power.

In November 1954, Bhabha presented the three-stage plan for national development, at the

conference on "Development of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes" which was also attended

by India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Four years later in 1958, the Indian government

formally adopted the three-stage plan. Indian energy resource base was estimated to be capable

of yielding a total electric power output of the order shown in the table below. Indian

government recognized that thorium was a source that could provide power to the Indian people

for the long term. [1]

1.2: Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in Uttara Kannada district, Kaiga

The Kaiga –DAE centre is setup covering a land area of 120 hectares. Water for the purpose of

condenser cooling is drawn from upstream of Kadra Dam built on the river Kali. KAIGA DAE

Center is situated in the Uttara Kannada district of the state of Karnataka about 56 km east of

beach town Karwar. The nearest railway station is Karwar on the Konkan Railway. National

highway -17 connecting Cochin (Kerala state) and Mumbai (Maharastra state) passes through

Karwar. The nearest airport is Dabolim airport at Goa about 150 kilometers from the Kaiga DAE

centre. A naval base (Project- SEABIRD) is set up at Karwar about 60 Km from Kaiga DAE

centre.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru



Figure 1.1: The site area map



The KAIGA - DAE comprises of four nuclear units, which are designated as Kaiga Generating

Station-1, 2, 3 & 4, each of 220 MWe. All the four units are operating safely and reliably

supplying electricity to the southern grid. Government of India has accorded approval for setting

up of two more units of 700 MWe at Kaiga. The operating island area of each unit is referred as

‗Plant‘ and the area within the Exclusion Zones of all the units is known as ‗Site.‘ All the units at

Kaiga site are designed, constructed & operated with stringent regulatory & safety requirements.

The probability of an incident involving release of radioactivity is extremely low. Yet as a

measure of abundant precaution, it is quite essential that a site emergency preparedness and

response plan is meticulously drawn up and the concerned personnel are trained and plan is

tested adequately to ensure that the organization is always prepared to meet the exigencies. The

radiological impact due to the emergencies can be mitigated through timely implementation of

emergency preparedness & response action. Such emergency situations may arise due to an

accident in any of the nuclear reactors of Kaiga site resulting in release of radioactive materials.

1.3: National Safety and Regulatory framework

The Government of India has established the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) as a

regulatory body empowered to enforce safety standards and regulate the functioning of Nuclear

Power Plants (NPPs). AERB is functionally independent from the Government and the facilities

it regulates and has adequate powers with respect to its mandate of enforcing

Safety regulation of nuclear and radiation facilities in the country.

The Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS) mission conducted by International Atomic

Energy Agency (IAEA) in March 2015 has acknowledged that

AERB has functional independence as the regulator.

In order to give statutory strength to our national nuclear regulator - Atomic Energy Regulatory

Board (AERB) and to convert its functional independence into de jure independence, the

proposal for setting up a Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority has been under consideration.

Accordingly, Government had introduced the Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011

(NSRA) in the Lok Sabha in September 2011. The Bill could not be taken up for consideration

before the dissolution of 15th Lok Sabha and expired. A fresh Bill is under examination and

processing. [2]

1.4: Resources available around the site

The information about the resources are detailed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 9



Chapter 2: Hazards and Safety issues

2.1: Classification of Emergencies

With reference to this manual Emergency means a radiation incident, which is an event

involving excessive possible human exposure or release of radioactive material having a

potential for serious human injury or extensive damage to property. Emergency could also mean

any injury to individual and damage to plant property by natural or manmade causes.

Emergencies are classified based on the nature and severity of the incident. These are classified

into Emergency alert, Plant Emergency, Site Emergency and Off-site Emergency. The Plant

Emergency situation is confined to plant and affects areas within the plant boundary. The Site

Emergency situation would affect the areas within the site boundary. Each class initiates

distinctly different level of response as indicated below:

Emergency Alert Plant Emergency Site Emergency Off-site Emergency

Immediate actions to analyze the plant condition and mitigate the consequences

Immediate actions to protect those on-site

Prepare to take off-site protective action

Immediate protective actions in public domain

2.1.1: Emergency alert

Emergency Alert is defined as declared abnormal condition with the possibility of leading

to Plant/Site/Offsite emergency if timely preventive actions are not taken. During this

situation predefined plant personnel are placed in a state of alert for implementing the

emergency response procedure. The emergency alert should be intimated to the

regulatory body within 24 hrs.

2.1.2: Plant emergency

When radiological consequences of an abnormal situation are expected to remain

confined to the plant, it is described as plant emergency. This situation may arise during

operation or shutdown of the reactor. The plant emergency should be intimated to the

regulatory body immediately. During Plant emergency condition at KGS-1&2, both the

units of KGS-1&2 shall be shut down. Similarly, during Plant emergency condition at

KGS-3&4, both the units of KGS-3&4 shall be shut down. There-start operation shall be

only after obtaining clearance from the regulatory body.

2.1.3: Site emergency

The accidental condition/emergency situation in the plant



a. Involving radioactivity transgressing into the plant boundary but confined to the

site, or

b. Involving release of hazardous chemicals or explosion, whose effects are confined

to the site, with negligible off-site consequences.

The site emergency with relevant details should be immediately reported to the regulatory

body.

The important plant parameters and site radiological condition including radiation

exposure status of the radiation/emergency workers is be intimated to the regulatory body

in regular intervals. If the site emergency is declared at Kaiga site, all the units at Kaiga

site shall be shutdown. The site emergency is terminated under intimation to the

regulatory body. The facility resumes / re-starts operation only after obtaining clearance

from the regulatory body.

2.1.4: Off-site emergency

An off-site emergency situation exists when the release of radioactive materials or other

toxic substances from the plant is of a magnitude necessitating protective action to be

taken for the members of the public in the neighborhood of the plant.

2.2: Emergency Response Organization

The Emergency Response Organization for handling plant and site emergency conditions are

outlined in the Kaiga site specific emergency preparedness and response manuals.

2.2.1: Off - site Emergency Organization

The Government of India has identified DAE as the nodal agency for providing the

necessary technical inputs to the national or local authorities for responding to any

nuclear or radiological emergency in the public domain. The Ministry of Home Affairs

(MHA) is the nodal ministry in such emergencies. For this purpose, a Crisis Management

Group (CMG) has been functioning since 1987 at DAE. This Group is chaired by the

Additional Secretary, DAE, and has on board expert members from different units of

DAE and AERB. Each member has an alternate member and CMG is backed by resource

agencies of various units of DAE. These resource agencies are expected to provide advice

and assistance in the areas of radiation protection and measurement, medical assistance to

persons exposed to high radiation doses, communication support, seismological inputs

and help in the dissemination of information to the public. In the event of any nuclear /

radiological emergency in the public domain, CMG is immediately activated and it

coordinates with the local authority in the affected area and all the concerning authorities

at the centre (NCMC/NEC/NDMA) to ensure that the necessary technical inputs are

available to respond to the nuclear / radiological emergency.



Government of India, backed by the unanimous support of all the political parties in

Parliament, took a path breaking decision by promulgating a new Disaster Management

Act in December 2005 that has provided Disaster Management activities in India a

statutory backing. This Disaster Management Act ushers in a paradigm shift in the

Disaster Management framework in the country by adopting a holistic approach where

prevention, mitigation and preparedness activities are to be addressed to as multi-

disciplinary tasks spanning all sectors of development along with further improvement of

response systems through well-trained, fully rehearsed and better equipped responders.

Broadly, the enactment of the Disaster Management Act has stressed on the following:

a. Mainstreaming the disaster concerns into the development planning process.

b. Promoting a culture of prevention and preparedness by centre staging Disaster

Management as an overriding priority at all levels of development activity.

c. Ensuring mitigation measures based on state-of-the-art technologies that are also

environment friendly.

d. Ensuring prompt and efficient rescue and relief operations through a caring approach

towards the needs of the vulnerable sections of the society.

e. Undertaking all reconstruction activities as opportunities to build back better which

will go a long way in establishing disaster resilience in the society.

2.3: Grades of Offsite Emergency

The response action for an off-site level emergency includes identification of the gravity of the

situation, declaration of an off-site emergency by the off-site emergency director (district

collector) when conditions so require and communication to the emergency control centre at the

corporate office, state government and the CMG, DAE. Immediate, further actions include the

deployment of various emergency response teams in the affected sector(s); initiation of

countermeasures (such as sheltering and prophylaxis) of different grades based on the reports of

the emergency monitoring teams from off-site areas, specifically from the affected sector (more

sectors may be affected due to change in wind direction during the release); evacuation of the

public from the rallying post to predetermined areas, if evacuation is planned, etc.

Table 2.1: Offsite Emergency is further classified into three grades

Sl No Sub-classification Description

1 Plan – I Access control, Traffic Diversion, Dissemination of warning and

advice (Sheltering)

2 Plan – II Administration of Prophylaxis (Stable Iodine)

3 Plan – III Evacuation



2.3.1: Offsite Emergency Plan – I

Access control and Traffic diversion is to restrict the public inadvertently entering

contaminated or emergency affected area and to prevent spreading of contamination from

the affected areas. Installing monitored barriers at strategic location and controlling

entry/exit can achieve this. Dissemination of warning and advice (Sheltering) is expected

to be applicable within a radius of 16.0 km to give protection against exposure to

radioactive plume. The members of public are requested to remain inside their houses or

near by buildings closing the windows and keeping wet handkerchiefs over their nose.

On receipt of the information about the emergency from the Deputy Commissioner (DC),

Uttar Kannada District, Karwar, the Superintendent of Police, Uttar Kannada District,

Karwar shall take the following action depending on the level of District Action Plan

(DAP) indicated in the Deputy Commissioner's message.

1. Alert the Additional Superintendent of Police / Deputy Superintendent of

Police, Uttar Kannada Dist, Karwar, Circle Inspectors and Sub-Inspectors of

Police Circles to fix responsible for control of traffic proceeding towards

affected sectors to enable them to mobilise the needed personnel.

2. Alert the Police Sub-Inspector Karwar Town, Rural, Chittakula, Mallapur,

Kadra, Ankola, Yellapur, Joida for providing warning and advice in the affected

sectors to enable them to mobilise the affected persons and equipment.

3. Request for extra vehicles from outside Police Department through DC Karwar.

Instruct the Reserve Police Inspector (District Armed Services), Karwar for

arranging for vehicles and equip them with a portable battery operated public

address system to be readiness for deployment in the affected sectors. The RPI

(DAR) shall ensure the public address systems are kept in operational condition

at all the times.

4. Alert the concerned officers at Karwar, Yellapur, Ankola, Joida to mobilise

police constables trained in Heavy Vehicle driving for emergency duty. List of

such Police Constable/Head constables is to be prepared.

5. Ensure that the police personnel are posted at all the road junctions outside EPZ

leading to the affected sectors.

6. Direct the Additional Superintendent of Police, Karwar to commence the

announcement in the affected sectors by deploying vehicles equipped with

portable battery operated public address system and VHF sets.

The additional Superintendent of Police, Uttar Kannada District, Karwar shall ensure

that:

a. These mobiles are activated at once with a crew of two constables each for

making the announcement.



b. The proper written message as per instructions of State is given to the crew in

each mobile and is announced correctly.

c. Each mobile covers the affected areas that lie within the jurisdiction of the sector

allotted to him.

d. The vehicles and all accessories fitted in each vehicle are always maintained in

good working condition.

e. Issue instructions to the Circle Inspector of Police to proceed with the

announcements in those affected sectors where reinforcements are required for

the warning operations.

2.3.2: Offsite Emergency Plan – II

Administration of Prophylaxis (KIO3 tablets) is done to suppress the uptake of radioactive Iodine

by thyroid. This should be administered as quickly as possible (within 6 hours to be effective).

Its effectiveness reduces to 80% at 2 hours and to 50% at 6 hours and no effect if administered

after 12 hours of the uptake. Iodine will be supplied from Primary Health Center to the members

of public.

To minimize the intake of radioactive iodine, it is necessary to take doses of stable iodine by the

individuals. The oral administration of Potassium Iodate (KIO3) is done to reduce uptake of

radioactive iodine in thyroid glands. The radiation dose is about three times more in case of

children than in adults. To reduce the iodine doses it is advisable to consume the KIO3 tablet as

soon as possible. Its effectiveness reduces to 80% at 2 hours and to 50% at 6 hours and no effect

if administered after 12 hours of the uptake. The Potassium Iodate (KIO3) tablets are available at

Offsite Emergency Control Centre (OECC), Kaiga Hospital at township and also at plant

emergency equipment centre at Administration Building.

District Health and Family Welfare Officer, Karwar, shall make necessary arrangements for

distribution of KIO3 tablets for prophylactic purpose in all the villages in the affected sectors and

ensure its proper administration. During the emergency, as per the instruction of the Deputy

Commissioner, KIO3 tablets will be given to the population in the affected Sectors. The KIO3

tablets will be stored in the Community Health Centers (CHCs) / PHCs / Hospitals. The Medical

Officer-in-charge of the respective institution will procure and stock the supplies and ensure their

periodic renewal. These officers shall also organize the distribution of supplies of KIO3 tablets to

the various villages for use in emergency. The Mandal Pradhan /village accountant shall

accompany the medical team and shall ensure that all the villagers are given KIO3 tablets. A

team of staff from the CHCs/PHCs/Hospitals with the Medical Officer as the leader shall

administer

stable Iodine.

For distribution of medicines and relief measures, vehicles of the Community Health Centres and

Primary Health Centres in Karwar, Joida and Yellapur shall be utilised. These vehicles will be

put into service within 2 hours of the Notification of Emergency by OED.



2.3.3: Offsite Emergency Plan – III

Evacuation is carried out in rare cases to keep the exposure to public within prescribed limits.

This is achieved by transporting members of public as per prearranged plans to temporary shelter

places which is termed here as Rallying Post. Evacuation is the urgent moving of people from

their normal housing for a limited period of time. Its use should be based on the dose that can be

avoided by evacuation and would not be avoided

by sheltering.

The Depot Manger, Karwar and Divisional Controller, KSRTC, Sirsi shall arrange for dispatch

of vehicles with fuel at full tank and to reach the parking yards of Karwar, Yellapur, and Dandeli

(as required) immediately on receipt of information from the Deputy Commissioner about the

decision to evacuate the affected sectors. They shall send vehicles immediately as per directive

of Deputy Commissioner who will authenticate the requirement of number of vehicles. The

Tahsildar who is in charge of the Parking yard will sign the required requisition forms for the

vehicles.

As per the requirement of Depot Manager, NWKRTC, Karwar and Divisional Controller,

NWKRTC, Sirsi, the Officer-in charge, I.O.C Karwar will ensure adequate supplies of petroleum

products (like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, etc.).

2.4: Agencies and Task groups under Offsite Emergency Director (OED)

Kaiga Off-Site Emergency Committee (KOEC)

A District Level Committee, under the direct control of Deputy Commissioner, Uttara Kannada

district (U.K.) with several state departments to assist him, will be responsible for handling Off-

Site Emergency. The constitution of the committee is as follows.

Table 2.2: Constitution of KOEC

Sl

No

INDIVIDUAL POSITION

MAIN ALTERNATE

1 Deputy Commissioner U.K. District

Karwar.

Officiating Deputy Commissioner U.K.

District Karwar.

Off-Site

Emergency

Director

2 Site Director Kaiga Site Officiating Site Director Kaiga Site Member

3 Chief Executive Officer, Zilla

Panchayat, Karwar

Secretary (Administration), Zp, Karwar. Member

4 Superintendent Of Police, U.K. Additional Superintendent Of Police, Member



Sl

No

INDIVIDUAL POSITION

MAIN ALTERNATE

District Karwar. U.K. District Karwar.

5 Additional Deputy Commissioner

U.K. District Karwar.

Assistant Commissioner Karwar Member

6 Station Directorkgs-1&2 Officiating Station Director Kgs-1&2 Member

7 Station DirectorKGS-3&4 Officiating Station Director KGS-3&4 Member

8 Assistant. Commissioner, Karwar Assistant. Commissioner, Kumta Member

9 District Health And Family Welfare

Officer, U.K. District Karwar.

In Charge District Health And Family

Welfare Officer, U.K. District Karwar.

Member

10 Staff Officer (NBCD) Project Sea

Bird Karwar

Officiating Staff Officer (NBCD)

Project Sea Bird Karwar

Member

11 Divisional Controller, NWKRTC,

Sirsi

Depot Manager, NWKRTC, Karwar

Depot

Member

12 TSS KGS-1&2 Officiating TSS KGS-1&2 Member


14 Radiological Safety Officer KGS-

1&2

Alternate RSO KGS-1&2 Member

15 Radiological Safety Officer KGS-

3&4

Alternate RSO KGS-3&4 Member

16 District Information Officer, U.K.

District Karwar.

Officiating District Information Officer,


Member

17 Officer-In-Charge CISF, Kaiga Officiating Officer-In-Charge, CISF,

Kaiga

Member

18 Medical Superintendent, KGS

Hospital

Offg. Medical Superintendent Member

19 Officer-In-Charge Environmental

Survey Laboratory Kaiga

Officiating Officer-In-Charge

Environmental Survey Laboratory

Kaiga Generating Station.

Member

20 Chief Engineer (Civil-Kali-Ii)

KPCL, Kadra

Officiating Chief Engineer (Civil-Kali-

Ii) KPCL

Member

21 Training Superintendent Kaiga Head (Hr) Member



Kaiga Off-Site Emergency Committee (KOEC) will be responsible for the following Off-site

Emergency functions

1. Sheltering

2. Alerting the villagers in the area and directing them to safer areas.

3. Distribution of stable iodine as a prophylactic.

4. Evacuation

5. Rehabilitation

6. Enforcement of access control to affected areas.

7. Ensuring blockage of contaminated articles like crops, vegetables, milk, fishes and

other farm and marine products if required.

8. Arranging for the security and safety of the public and their property in the

contaminated areas during the period of their absence following evacuation.

9. Liaison with agencies such as Military, Civil Defence Police, Home Guards, Public

Health, Media press and Agriculturists etc. for necessary assistance in coping with

emergency situation.

Emergency Response Group

Deputy Commissioner Uttara Kannada district (off-site emergency director) will be assisted by a

Service Group which consists of the following members for the implementation of the

protective measures. This group will be activated by Off-site emergency director on receipt of the

information about the emergency situation.

TABLE 2.3: Constitution of Emergency Response Group

SL.No INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY

1 Additional Superintendent Of Police,

Uttar Kannada Dist. Karwar.

Warning and advice to public and security measures

for evacuation

2 District Information Officer, Uttar

Kannada Dist. Karwar.

Liaison with AIR, Doordarshan, and media for

broadcasting public announcement

3 Assistant Director, Air, Karwar. Arranging broadcast of public announcements

4 Depot Manager, NWKRTC, Karwar Providing of transport facilities.

5 Assistant Director, Doordarshan, Karwar Arranging telecast of public announcements.

6 Executive Engineer, Hubli Electricity

Supply Company (HESCOM) Karwar.

To ensure availability of power in district particularly

in the parking yards & rallying posts.

7 Officer In Charge, I.O.C Karwar. To ensure adequate supplies of petrol, diesel and

other petroleum products.

8 Municipal Commissioner, Karwar. To assist / arrange rescue operations.

9 Deputy Director Of Fisheries, Karwar. To provide assistance in monitoring of marine

products and advice on fishing.



SL.No INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY

10 District Surgeon, Civil Hospital, Uttar

Kannada Dist. Karwar.

To keep the civil hospital in readiness.

11 Deputy Director (Food And Civil

Supplies), UK. Dist Karwar

To provide provisions needed to prepare food for the

evacuees. (Rice, wheat etc.).

12 Dist. Commandant, Home Guards, UK

Dist: Karwar

To assist superintendent of police, karwar, in

carrying out rescue operations.

13 Deputy Conservator Of Forests,

Karwar Division, Karwar.

To provide assistance in monitoring of soil

contamination.

14 Deputy Director (Agriculture) Karwar. To provide assistance in monitoring standing crops

and advice.

15 Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry, UK

Dist: Karwar

To provide assistance in monitoring, rescuing of

cattle and poultry.

16 GM Telecom BSNL, Karwar To provide assistance in communication.



Chapter 3: Zoning

3.1: Emergency Planning Zones

The EPZ has been divided into 16 sectors radially (designated by letter codes À‘ to `P' marked

clockwise), each sector covering 22.5 degrees, Sector À' is drawn from KGS site Stack or

Reactor Building as center and subtends 11.25 degrees on either side of North Major axis. The

Centerlines of Sector A, E, I and `M' coincide with the North, East, South & West directions

respectively.

Depending on the prevailing wind direction at the time of the emergency and the assessed

extent of radioactive release, the protective measures will be implemented first in the sector

down wind and then in the adjacent sectors on either side, up to a preset distance viz. 1.2 km, 5.0

km zone, 16.0 km zone, or 30 km zone. Based on subsequent changes in the extent and degree of

release and in wind direction, protective measures will be introduced in the zones further

downwind in the above sectors or in additional sectors as the case may be.

Figure 3.1: Emergency planning zones



Figure 3.2: Classification of Emergency Planning Zones



Figure 3.3.a: Map of sector A



Figure 3.3.b: Map of sector B



Figure 3.3.c: Map of sector C



Figure 3.3.d: Map of sector D



Figure 3.3.e: Map of sector E



Figure 3.3.f: Map of sector F



Figure 3.3.g: Map of sector G



Figure 3.3.h: Map of sector H



Figure 3.3.i: Map of sector I



Figure 3.3.j: Map of sector J



Figure 3.3.k: Map of sector K



Figure 3.3.l: Map of sector L



Figure 3.3.m: Map of sector M



Figure 3.3.n: Map of sector N



Figure 3.3.o: Map of sector O



Figure 3.3.p: Map of sector P



Chapter 4: Demographic data

4.1: Demographic characteristics

The EPZ has been divided into 16 sectors radially (designated by letter codes ‗A‘ to ‗P‘ marked

clockwise), each sector covering 22.5 degrees, Sector À' is drawn from KGS site Stack or

Reactor Building as center and subtends 11.25 degrees on either side of North Major axis. The

Centerlines of Sector A, E, I and M coincide with the North, East, South & West directions

respectively.

Depending on the prevailing wind direction at the time of the emergency and the assessed extent

of radioactive release, the protective measures will be implemented first in the sector down wind

and then in the adjacent sectors on either side, up to a preset distance viz. 5.0 km zone, 8.0 km

zone, or 16.0 km zone. Based on subsequent changes in the extent and degree of release and in

wind direction, protective measures will be introduced in the zones further downwind in the

above sectors or in additional sectors as the case may be.

Table 4.1.1: List of rallying post

Sl No Rallying post

1 Kumbarwada (Joida)

2 Yellapur

3 Idagundi

4 Dehali

5 Hilur

6 Agasur

7 Hattikeri

8 Kerwadi

9 Siddar

10 Karwar town

11 Chittakula

12 Arabail

Population Distribution of all the sectors is given below.



Table 4.1.a: Sector – A

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and

distance Shelter Medical officer

Male Female

Precautionary Action Zone (PAZ) – 5km

1 Balemane Kadra Karwar 78 72 150 Chittakula (43km) Chittakula Primary

School

M O Kadra

Urgent Protective Zone (UPZ) – 16km

2 Bidoli Ulavi Joida 150 146 296 Kumbarwada

(22km)

Kumbarwa-da HPS M O

Kumbarwada

Total population of Sector A is 446

Table 4.1.b: Sector – B

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Tulasgeri Ulavi Joida 4 5 9 Kumbarwada

(25km)

Kumbarwada

Primary School

M O Ulavi

Total population of Sector B is 9

Table 4.1.c: Sector – C

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Birkhol Ulavi Joida 131 113 244 Chittakula (56km) Chittakula Junior

College, Karwar

M O

Kumbarwada


2 Kodthalli Ulavi Joida 37 41 78 Kumbarwada

(29km)

Kumbarwada HPS M O Ulavi

Total population of Sector C is 322



Table 4.1.d: Sector – D

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Devakar Mallapur Karwar 203 194 397 Idgundi (28km) Primary school and

panchayat sheds

M O Kalache


2 Kalache Vajralli Yellapur 536 539 1075 Yellapur (28km) Idgundi HPS M O Kalache


3 Targar Vajralli Yellapur 82 89 171 Yellapur (22km) Yellapur Junior

college

M O Vajralli


4 Beegar Vajralli Yellapur 103 89 192 Yellapur (22km) Yellapur primary

school

M O Vajralli

Total population of Sector D is 1835

Table 4.1.e: Sector – E

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Kanur Mavinmane Yellapur 51 44 95 Yellapur (30km) Yellapur high school M O Mavinmane


2 Mavinamane

(1)

Mavinmane Yellapur 893 855 1748 Yellapur (28km) Yellapur high school M O Mavinmane


3 Vajralli Vajralli Yellapur 355 364 719 Yellapur (20km) Yellapur high school M O Vajralli


4 Honnagadde Vajralli Yellapur 113 109 222 Yellapur (23km) Yellapur high school M O Ramanaguli


5 Jogalepal Vajralli Yellapur 23 19 42 Yellapur (25km) Yellapur high school M O Vajralli




6 Ambagaon Vajralli Yellapur 112 105 217 Yellapur (26km) Yellapur high school M O Vajralli


7 Kodlagadde Sunkasal Ankola 464 479 943 Arbail (7km) Ankola Primary

School

M O Ramanaguli

Total population of Sector E is 3986

Table 4.1.f: Sector – F

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Bare Mavinmane Yellapur 440 437 877 Yellapur (34km) Yellapur Primary

school

M O Devalmakki


2 Mavinamane

(2)

Mavinmane Yellapur 893 855 1748 Yellapur (28km) Yellapur high school M O Mavinmane

Total population of Sector F is 2625

Table 4.1.g: Sector – G

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Kaiga

(Harur)

Mallapur Karwar 1526 1556 3082 Yellapur (36km) Yellapur Arts and

Commerce college

M O Devalmakki


2 Bare (South) Mavinmane Yellapur 440 437 877 Yellapur (34km) Yellapur Arts and

Commerce College

M O Mavinmane


3 Benadaguli Mavinmane Yellapur 120 118 238 Yellapur (39km) Yellapur Arts and

Commerce college

M O Mavinmane




4 Mavinmane

(3)

Mavinmane Yellapur 893 855 1748 Yellapur (33km) Yellapur Arts and

Commerce college

M O Mavinmane


5 Sunksal Sunkasal Ankola 501 429 930 Hillur (11km) Arbail higher primary

school

M O Sunksal

Total population of Sector G is 6875

Table 4.1.h: Sector – H

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Kaiga

(Jenguli and

other hamlets)

Mallapur Karwar 1526 1556 3082 Yellapur (36km) Yellapur Primary

School - 3

M O Ramanguli


2 Marahalli Mavinmane Yellapur 133 135 268 Agasur (23km) Agsur Higher

Primary School

M O Mavinmane


3 Kattinahakkal Sunkasal Ankola 159 157 316 Agasur (18km) Agsur Higher

Primary School

M O Ramanguli

Total population of Sector H is 3666

Table 4.1.i: Sector – I

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Marugadde Agsur Ankola 96 82 178 Agasur (14km) Agasur Higher

Primary School

M O Ramanguli

Total population of Sector I is 178



Table 4.1.j: Sector – J

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Sheveguli Hattikeri Ankola 31 31 62 Idgundi (19km) Hattikeri Higher

Primary School

M O Hattikeri


2 Mallani Hattikeri Ankola 13 13 26 Hattikeri (16km) Hattikeri Higher

Primary School

M O Hattikeri

Total population of Sector J is 88

Table 4.1.k: Sector – K

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Shikliturli Hattikeri Ankola 6 5 11 Hattikeri (19km) Hattikeri PWD IB M O Hattikeri


2 Heggarnikote

bavi

Hattikeri Ankola 23 17 40 Hattikeri (10km) Hattikeri PWD IB M O Hattikeri

Total population of Sector K is 51

Table 4.1.l: Sector – L

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female

Precautionary Action Zone (UPZ) – 16km

1 Hartuga Mallapur Karwar 169 135 304 Siddar (37km) Siddar High School M O Devalmakki


2 Gule Hattikeri Ankola 64 63 127 Hattikeri (12km) Hattikeri Forest IB M O Hattikeri

Total population of Sector L is 431



Table 4.1.m: Sector – M

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Kuchegar Mallapur Karwar 75 80 155 Kerwadi (21km) Kerwadi High School

and Junior college

M O Ramanaguli


2 Shirve Hattikeri Karwar 201 201 402 Kerwadi (10km) Kerwadi High School

and Junior college

M O Devalmakki

Total population of Sector M is 557

Table 4.1.n: Sector – N

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Virje Mallapur Karwar 3638 3420 7058 Karwar (46km) Chittakula High

School

M O Kadra


2 Kadra Kadra Karwar 1648 1602 3250 Karwar (37km) Karwar commerce

college

M O Kadra


3 Mallapur Mallapur Karwar 1084 1108 2192 Karwar (40km) Karwar polytechnic

college

M O Kadra


4 Gotegali Gotegali Karwar 549 551 1100 Chittakula (4km) Karwar Hindu high

school

M O Kadra

Total population of Sector N is 13600



Table 4.1.o: Sector – O

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Anshi (Barpalli

and digali

hamlets)

Mallapur Supa 395 367 762 Kumbarwada

(23km)

Kumbarwada PWD

IB

M O

Kumbarwada

Total population of Sector O is 762

Table 4.1.p: Sector – P

Sl

No Village GP Taluk

Population Total

Rallying post and


Male Female


1 Anshi Mallapur Supa 395 367 762 Kumbarwada

(23km)

Kumbarwada PWD

IB

M O

Kumbarwada

Total population of Sector P is 762



4.2: Livestock

4.2.1: Handling

This action plan sets out the programme of evacuation of livestock from the affected villages to

safer areas in the Rallying Posts. The detailed consideration of the various possibilities indicates

that the safe and sure method of transport of livestock out of the EPZ would be to walk them out

to the Rallying Posts. The livestock can be expected to cover a distance about 5-6 km in one

hour. Most of the Rallying points are within 10 Hours from the village concerned.

4.2.2: Evacuation

The operation for evacuation of livestock is proposed to be initiated after the transportation of

the human population out of the affected sectors is completed. The services of all personnel of

the Animal Husbandry Department of the affected areas will be utilised for the Emergency

operations. Four persons would be required for each hundred heads of livestock and additional

two persons for every additional hundred cattle. The Veterinary Dispensaries and Sub-Centres in

the Panchayat Unit shall be available for required services.

4.2.3: Availability of veterinary doctors

The services of the Assistant Director, Animal Husbandry, Livestock Inspectors and Animal

Husbandry Assistants from Veterinary Dispensaries and Sub-Centres in the Panchayat Unit

would be available. Additional staff provided with prior briefing and training.

Sl No Contact person Contact details

1 Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services 08382-226467

08382-222121

+91-9448530633

4.2.4: Fodder and water requirements

The paddy-straw requirements are three to four kg of paddy straw per day per animal is assumed.

Available grazing area and forest land in the Rallying Posts are also to be thrown open for use by

the livestock. 1000 liters of water will be required for cattle of each sector.

Assistant Director for Animal Husbandry also has the responsibility for organizing, in

coordination with the Officer in charge, Environmental & Radiological laboratory, Kaiga

Generating Station, for periodical analysis of the milk, meat, fish and poultry products from

within the EPZ and to regulate / ban the consumption of these products depending upon the

results of the assay.



Chapter 5: Evacuation

5.1: General

Evacuation is carried out in rare cases to keep the exposure to public within prescribed limits.

This is achieved by transporting members of public as per prearranged plans to temporary shelter

places which is termed here as Rallying Post. Evacuation is the urgent moving of people from

their normal housing for a limited period of time. Its use should be based on the dose that can be

avoided by evacuation and would not be avoided by sheltering.

Table 5.1: Village Evacuation road routes to rallying posts

Sl No Route Description Code No

1 Goa-Karwar-Ankola-Kumta NH17 1

2 Baleguli-Arbail-Yellapur NH63 2

3 Sadashivgad-Kadra-Anshi-Dandeli SH/MDR 3

4 Karwar-Mallapur-Kaiga SH 4

5 Kaiga-Bare-Idgundi SH 5

6 Kadra-Sulgeri MDR 6

7 Anshi-Ulvi Village Road 7

8 Kumbarwada-Ulvi MDR 8

9 Ulvi-Nandigadde (Gund) MDR 9

10 Devalmakki-Shirve Village Road 10

11 Malvalli Cross-Mavalli ODR / Village road 11

12 Kalche Cross-Kalche ODR 12

13 Vajralli-Ambagaon Village Road 13

14 Vajralli-Bigar Village Road 14

15 Yellapur-Dehalli-Barballi ODR/Village Road 15

16 Hattikeri-Gule Village Road 16

17 Hattikeri-Mallani Village Road 17

18 Mastikatte-Marugadde Village Road 18

19 Hebbul-Hillur MDR 19

Note:

NH – National Highway

SH – State Highway

MDR – Major District Road

ODR – Other District Road




Sl

No Village Population Rallying post and

distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Balemane 150 Chittakula (43km) 6 + 3 01:05 4 Karwar - 49 Chittakula

Primary School


2 Bidoli 296 Kumbarwada (22km) 7 + 8 00:40 7 Kumbarwada - 22 Kumbarwada

HPS


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Tulasgeri 9 Kumbarwada (25km) 8 00:45 1 (Jeep) Dandeli (58) Kumbarwada

Primary School


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Birkhol 244 Chittakula (56km) 6 + 3 01:35 6 Karwar (62) Chittakula Junior

College, Karwar


2 Kodthalli 78 Kumbarwada (29km) 8 00:50 2 Dandeli (62) Kumbarwada

HPS




Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Devakar 397 Idgundi (28km) 12 + 5 01:00 7 Yellapur (37) Primary school and

panchayat sheds


2 Kalache 1075 Yellapur (28km) 12 + 4 + 2 01:00 21 Yellapur (28) Idgundi HPS


3 Targar 171 Yellapur (22km) 15 + 4 + 2 00:45 4 Yellapur (22) Yellapur Junior

college


4 Beegar 192 Yellapur (22km) 15 + 4 + 2 00:45 4 Yellapur (22) Yellapur primary

school


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Kanur 95 Yellapur (30km) 5 + 2 01:00 2 Yellapur (30) Yellapur high

school


2 Mavinamane

(1) 1748 Yellapur (28km) 5 + 2 01:00 35 Yellapur (28)

Yellapur high

school


3 Vajralli 719 Yellapur (20km) 5 + 2 00:40 14 Yellapur (20) Yellapur high

school


4 Honnagadde 222 Yellapur (23km) 13 + 5 + 2 00:50 5 Yellapur (23) Yellapur high



school


5 Jogalepal 42 Yellapur (25km) 13 + 5 + 2 01:00 1 Yellapur (25) Yellapur high

school


6 Ambagaon 217 Yellapur (26km) 13 + 5 + 2 01:00 4 Yellapur (26) Yellapur high

school


7 Kodlagadde 943 Arbail (7km) 2 00:10 19 Karwar (73) Ankola Primary

School


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Bare 877 Yellapur (34km) 5 + 2 01:10 17 Yellapur (34) Yellapur

Primary school


2 Mavinamane

(2) 1748 Yellapur (28km) 11 + 5 + 2 01:00 35 Yellapur (28)

Yellapur high

school


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Kaiga

(Harur) 3082 Yellapur (36km) 5 + 2 01:15 60 Yellapur (36)

Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

college




2 Bare (South) 877 Yellapur (34km) 5 + 2 01:10 17 Yellapur (34)

Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

College


3 Benadaguli 238 Yellapur (39km) 11 + 5 + 2 01:20 4 Yellapur (39)

Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

college


4 Mavinmane

(3) 1748 Yellapur (33km) 11 + 5 + 2 01:05 35 Yellapur (33)

Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

college


5 Sunksal 930 Hillur (11km) 2 + 10 00:20 19 Karwar (57) Arbail higher

primary school


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1

Kaiga

(Jenguli and

other hamlets)

3082 Yellapur (36km) 5 + 2 01:15 61 Yellapur (36)

Yellapur

Primary School

- 3


2 Marahalli 268 Agasur (23km) 2 00:45 5 Karwar (62) Agsur Higher

Primary School


3 Kattinahakkal 316 Agasur (18km) 2 00:30 6 Karwar (57) Agsur Higher

Primary School




Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Marugadde 178 Agasur (14km) 18 + 2 00:35 4 Karwar (53) Agasur Higher

Primary School


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Sheveguli 62 Idgundi (19km) 17 01:15 1 Karwar (53) Hattikeri Higher

Primary School


2 Mallani 26 Hattikeri (16km) 17 01:00 1 Karwar (41) Hattikeri Higher

Primary School


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Shikliturli 11 Hattikeri (19km) 17 01:15 2 (Jeeps) Karwar (44) Hattikeri PWD

IB


2 Heggarnikot 40 Hattikeri (10km) 17 00:40 1 Karwar (35) Hattikeri PWD



ebavi IB


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Hartuga 304 Siddar (37km) 4 01:15 6 Karwar (55) Siddar High

School


2 Gule 127 Hattikeri (12km) 16 00:50 3 Karwar (37) Hattikeri Forest

IB


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Kuchegar 155 Kerwadi (21km) 4 00:40 3 Karwar (50)

Kerwadi High

School and

Junior college


2 Shirve 402 Kerwadi (10km) 10 + 4 00:25 8 Karwar (30)

Kerwadi High

School and

Junior college




Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Virje 7058 Karwar (46km) 4 01:30 142 Karwar (46) Chittakula High

School


2 Kadra 3250 Karwar (37km) 3 + 1 01:15 65 Karwar (37)

Karwar

commerce

college


3 Mallapur 2192 Karwar (40km) 4 01:20 44 Karwar (40)

Karwar

polytechnic

college


4 Gotegali 1100 Chittakula (4km) 3 00:50 22 Karwar (30) Karwar Hindu

high school


Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1

Anshi (Barpalli

and digali

hamlets)

762 Kumbarwada

(23km) 3 00:40 15 Dandeli (56)

Kumbarwada

PWD IB




Sl


distance

Village to rallying

post road route

number

Running

time

(HH:MM)

No. of

buses

needed

Parking yard &

distance of parking

yard from village

Shelter


1 Anshi 762 Kumbarwada

(23km) 3 00:30 15 Dandeli (52)

Kumbarwada

PWD IB



5.2: Resource Mapping and Action plan for evacuation

Regional Transport Officer (RTO) would be responsible for making arrangement for vehicles

required by the district administration during any emergency. The vehicles may be required for

mass evacuation of affected people to safer area or for movement of men and relief materials to

affected area. The vehicles could be mobilized both from the public transport companies and

from private parties.

5.2.1: Contact details for transport during evacuation

Sl. No. Designation Contact

1. Regional Transport Officer, Karwar +91-8382-226364

+91-8382-228989

+91-9449864030 2. Regional Transport Officer, Sirsi +91-8384-233090

+91-9449864031

3. ARTO, Honnavar +91-8387-236530

+91-9449864047

4. ARTO, Dandeli +91-8284-230916

Action Plan: Mobilization of additional transport for Emergency Operation.

Upon receipt of the message from the Deputy Commissioner, the Regional Transport Officer

shall take the following actions as per the message.

1. Remain alerted and ready to mobilise private vehicles and drivers for emergency duty.

2. If request is received from the OED, requisition private vehicles for emergency duty viz.:

providing warning and advice to the population within the EPZ.

3. Remain in touch with the OED and wait for further instructions.

4. If request is received from the Off-Site Emergency Director, mobilise additional private

vehicles for transporting people out of EPZ.

5. Similarly if request is received from the Food Assistant to Deputy Commissioner,

mobilise private vehicles for transportation of provisions needed to Rallying Posts.

6. Mobilize private vehicles for transportation of water to meet the needs of other cattle at

Rallying Posts.

7. All vehicles mobilized must follow protocols of decontamination



The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) would be the main source of

vehicles for movement of public during or immediately after any emergency in the district. There

should be good communication between the KSRTC authorities and the district administration

during any emergency to ensure prompt mobilization of vehicles to ensure quick evacuation of

the general public who are affected or likely to get affected during any emergency.

Table 5.2.2: Contact details of KSRTC

Sl. No. Location Contact

1. Karwar +91-8382-226315

+91-7760973437 2. Kumta +91-7760991730

3. Sirsi (New Bus Station) +91-8384-229952

Sirsi (Old Bus Station) +91-8384-226380

In addition to KSRTC, the buses may also be mobilized from private bus operators.

Action Plan:

The Depot Manager, Karwar and Divisional Controller, KSRTC, Sirsi shall arrange for dispatch

of vehicles with fuel at full tank and to reach the parking yards of Karwar, Yellapur, and Dandeli

(as required) immediately on receipt of information from the Deputy Commissioner about the

decision to evacuate the affected sectors. They shall send vehicles immediately as per directive

of OED who will intimate the requirement of number of vehicles. The Tahsildar who is in charge

of the Parking yard will sign the required requisition forms for the vehicles.

As per the requirement of Depot Manager, NWKRTC, Karwar and Divisional Controller,

NWKRTC, Sirsi. The Officer-in charge, I.O.C Karwar will ensure adequate supplies of

petroleum products (like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, etc.).

The number of buses operated by the State Transport Corporation from Depots in the vicinity of

Sirsi Division has limited route length from the base depots. In an emergency they can be

withdrawn from these depots and sent to the identified parking yard within six hours from the

time of receipt of the message.

It must be noted that S.T. vehicles (State Transport) pass through Karwar round the clock in

either direction. If the situation warrants, it is considered feasible in an emergency, to transfer

passengers in buses operating on shorter distance routes to other buses operating on longer

distance routes so that the former vehicles can also be brought in service.

Upon receipt of the information about the emergency, the Divisional Controller, KSRTC shall

take the following action.



1. Divisional Controller, NWKRTC, Sirsi shall contact all the Depot Managers for

mobilization of the buses and taking stock of the situation regarding the availability of

buses at the depots.

2. Alert the Depot Managers at Karwar, Kumta, Bhatkal, Haliyal and Sirsi to be ready to

mobilize the buses in service if the situation demands and to get buses ready at the depots

undergoing maintenance.

3. Since the co-ordination between depots is required, Divisional Controller, NWKRTC will

spare one Divisional Traffic Superintendent to co-ordinate and conduct the operations

smoothly.

4. Alert the Divisional Officer-in-charge, Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Karwar to ensure

adequate supply of fuel for the buses.

5. Mobilize the buses returning to the terminus & direct them to report at respective parking

yard with full fuel tank.

6. Keep in touch with the OED

7. Arrange to mobilize additional buses if the situation demands.

Divisional Traffic Superintendent in co-ordination with Tahsildar, Karwar shall form a convoy

team for evacuation of the personnel from the villages in the affected sector(s) as per the given

route.

5.3: Post evacuation security

All police personnel who have been assigned security duty at the Rallying Posts are at their

positions presuming that not more than two Rallying Posts are activated. The officers on duty

shall also guard the property and the Rallying Posts and regulate the crowds there. Anti-social

elements, criminals and rowdy elements who attempt to exploit the situation shall be dealt with

firmly.

In each affected sector, Police Sub-Inspector takes charge of the security during and after

evacuation. The Sub-Inspector shall ensure that law and order is maintained at any cost during

the emergency. They shall make adequate arrangements for security at the villages in the

affected sectors and at the shelter places when evacuation is ordered. They shall assist in orderly

and quick evacuation of the public, arrange for patrolling to prevent crimes at the bus stops

during evacuation and guard the affected areas round the clock by intensive patrolling and

posting of pickets.

Police personnel who are going for patrolling in the evacuated villages are provided with

prophylaxis before they proceed for the duty in the evacuated villages.



Police personnel are changed once in every 8 hours and nobody is allowed to get radiation

exposure in excess of the limits.

All protocol for decontamination to be followed strictly.



Chapter 6: Medical facilities

6.1: General

Medical preparedness is an essential component of nuclear disaster/radiological emergency

/disaster preparedness. Though emergency/disaster management encompasses all hazards, a

multi-disciplinary approach to nuclear emergency/disaster requires additional focus on

protection, detection, decontamination, de-corporation and restitution of the immune system.

Medical facilities such as specialized ambulances, specialized CBRN hospitals and radiation

injury treatment centers also need to be augmented to take care of mass casualties due to

radiation burns and injuries.

The basic principles of first aid and medical treatment where radiation exposure is involved are

generally based on the same methods used for handling other accidents modified by

considerations of radiation exposure or contamination

First aid for members of the public should be performed by personnel of emergency services

organizations, for example Red Cross, police, Civil Defense, hospitals or other personnel who

have been adequately trained. Medical advice with respect to radiation exposure or injury should

be given by physicians of the public health services or others with appropriate knowledge or

experience.

Medical care of persons exposed to radiation does not usually pose additional risks to other

persons. Radiologically contaminated persons do pose a risk to others and hence

decontamination becomes important to reduce or eliminate this risk. Difficulties may rise from a

lack of proper training of the personnel available to provide first aid and medical care.



Table 6.1: Details of Doctors and Government Health Centers around the NPP

Taluk Institution Name Drs. Name Office No. Mobile No. Email ID

Karwar

PHC Angadi, TQ: Karwar, Dr. Rashmi Kudtalkar

(Ayush)

08382-285101 8277506114 [email protected]

PHC chittakula Karwar, Dr. Supriya nayak 08382 266893 8277506125 [email protected]

PHC Devbag, TQ: Karwar, Dr. Sudhita Pednekar - 8277506117 [email protected]

PHC Hankon TQ: Karwar, Dr. Mahesh Patagar (Cont.

MBBS)

08382 288112 8277506119 [email protected]

PHC Halga TQ: Karwar, Dr. Roshan R. Naik 08382 257128 8277506118 [email protected]

PHC Ulga TQ: Karwar, Dr. Rajeshwari Gaonkar

(Ayush)

- 8277506124 [email protected]

PHC Kadra TQ: Karwar, Dr. Namit kumar (Ayush) - 8277506120 [email protected]

PHC Devalamakki TQ:

Karwar, Dr. Rahul P. (Cont. MBBS)

08382 241154 8277506116 [email protected]

PHC Siddar TQ: Karwar, Dr. Harsha (Cont. MBBS) 08382-289031 8277506122 [email protected]

PHC chendiyaTQ: Karwar, Dr. Deepak Mahale (Ayush) 08382 263187 8277506115 [email protected]

PHC Todur TQ: KarwaR, Dr. Priyanka (Cont. MBBS) - 8277506123 [email protected]

PHC Mudga TQ: Karwar, Dr. Sudhir Pednekar - 8277506121 [email protected]

PHC Amdalli Dr. Nitin Hosmelkar 08382-262134 8277506113 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]
















Ankola

Taluka Hospital, Ankola Dr. S.T. Bant 08388-230249 8095554241 [email protected]

PHC Harwada TQ: Ankola Dr. Manoj kumar Navage

(Cont. MBBS)

08388-248236 8277506088

[email protected]

PHC Hattikeri TQ: Ankola Dr. Sandhya Nayak 08388-282209 8277506089 [email protected]

PHC Belase TQ: Ankola Dr. Archana Suresh Nayak 08388-253607 8277506087 [email protected]

PHC Hilluru TQ: Ankola Dr. Mahendra P. Nayak 08388-276090 8277506090 [email protected]

PHC Ramanaguli TQ: Ankola Dr. Soumya T.S. (Ayush) 08419-242394 8277506091 [email protected]

STD Clinic Ankola Dr. Anupama Nayak 08388- 232326 8861059490 -


Yellapur

Taluka Hospital Yallapur Dr. Rama Hegde 08419-261103 8277506078 [email protected]

PHC Nandolli TQ: Yallapur Dr. Prasanna Phayade

(Ayush)

08419-237599 9481053890 [email protected]

PHC Vajralli TQ: Yallapur Dr. Suresh Hanjagi (Ayush) 08419-261103 9980240683 [email protected]

PHCKirwatti TQ: Yallapur Dr. Santoshkumar Irapur

(Ayush)

08419-255577 9620844822 [email protected]

PHC Manchikeri TQ:

Yallapur Dr. Mustaq ahamed

Deginaal(Ayush)

08419-238331 9742902479 [email protected]

PHC Kundargi TQ: Yallapur Dr. Chandrashekhar B.

(Ayush)

08419-254530 8277570684 [email protected]

PHC Mavinmane TQ:

Yallapur Dr. Chandru Allur (Ayush)

08419-238030 9449121015

[email protected]

PHC Dehalli TQ: Yallapur Dr. Prakash Gunjal (Ayush) 08419-242566 7829170340 [email protected]

PHC Chavatti TQ: Yallapur Dr. Ravi Nissimgoudar

(Ayush)

08419-255642 8495068887 [email protected]

PHC KalacheTQ: Yallapur Dr. Ashokkumar 08419-238810 9972137544 [email protected]



















Joida

Taluka Hospital Joida Dr. Sangappa gabi 08383-282703 8277506085 [email protected]

Mobile Unit, Joida Dr. Deepa (Ayush) 8277506041

PHC Kumbarwada Dr. Sushishtha Ganachari

(Cont. MBBS) 08383-250063 8277506154 [email protected]

PHC Castlerock Dr. Anil Patil (Ayush) 08383-251508 8277506152 [email protected]

PHC Gund Dr. Rajesh Prasad 08383-252698 8277506153 [email protected]

PHC Diggi

Dr. Shivanand Sangolli

(Ayush)

- 8277506156

PHC Ulavi Dr. Sanjeev Reddy (Ayush) - 8277506155 [email protected]

PHC Jagalpet Dr. Shivayogi Malleshappa - - [email protected]

19 Beded Hospital Ramnagar

Dr. Ramesh Konenavar

(Ayush)

08383-248179

[email protected]

20 Beded Hospital Ramnagar Dr. Sujata Ukkali 08383-248180 8277506156 [email protected]











6.2: Handling surge in number of patients:

Surge capacity is the ability of a health service to expand beyond normal capacity to meet

increased demand for clinical care. Every hospital shall calculate their surge capacity early in the

planning process such that the disaster response structure can be established, expanded, and

contracted depending on the type and size of the incident. The objective of planning for surge

capacity shall be to undertake the following activities during a disaster event:

1. Conduct a situation assessment

2. Collect, evaluate disseminate, and use information of the event/incident

3. Develop information with regard to the hospital‘s current status with respect to the

event/incident, to assist in the development of contingency plans (including status of

response efforts and resources)

The Hospital Capacity Analysis tool shall be used to calculate a hospital‘s surge capacity by

determining:

a. Hospital Treatment Capacity (HTC): defined as the number of casualties that can be

treated in the hospital in an hour and is usually calculated as 3% of the total number of

beds.

b. Hospital Surgical Capacity (HSC): the number of seriously injured patients that can be

operated upon within a 12-hour period. It is usually calculated as.

𝐻𝑆𝐶 =𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑠 × 7 × 0.25

12𝐻𝑟𝑠

Note: The above standards are for a 1000 bedded tertiary hospital. Modifications shall be made

based on the bed strength and staff strength for individual hospitals. Hospitals shall device and

calculate their own treatment capacity based on their previous experiences.

To ensure that the estimated surge capacity is applicable in real-time scenarios, every

hospital/healthcare facility shall:

i. Estimate the expected increase in demand for hospital services and calculate the

maximum capacity required for the same

ii. Identify methods of expanding hospital inpatient/outpatient capacity

iii. Outsource care or shift non-critical patients to appropriate alternative sites to increase the

hospital‘s capacity

iv. Designate care areas for patient overflow

v. Verify availability of vehicles and resources for patient transportation

vi. Establish mechanisms for inter-facility patient transfer

vii. Identify potential gaps in the provision of critical medical care and address the same

while coordinating with neighboring and network hospitals

viii. Identify sites that may be converted into additional patient care units



ix. Prioritize/cancel non-essential services when necessary

x. Adapt hospital admission and discharge criteria and prioritization of clinical interventions

according to the available treatment capacity and demand

xi. Designate a specific area that may be used as a temporary morgue and formulate a

contingency plan for ensuring required post mortem procedures

xii. Establish protocols for maintenance of a special disaster store/stock pile

xiii. Designate an official for information and communication with attending family members

Additionally, the following resources shall be assessed and maintained to ensure effective surge

capacity management:

1. Manpower

2. Stores and equipment

3. Mortuary

4. Procedure for discharge/transfer of patients

5. Emergency blood bank

6. Dietary services

7. Mutual aid agreements for transfers and accommodation with network hospitals



Chapter 7: Availability of Stable Iodine for thyroid blocking

7.1: General

Radio protective prophylaxis means the intake of specific stable chemical compounds which

have a reducing or blocking effect upon the uptake of certain radioactive isotopes.

Examples of such blocking substances are stable iodine compounds for example potassium

iodide or potassium iodate. These compounds are effective in reducing the uptake in the thyroid

gland of 1—131 and other iodine radioisotopes which are expected to be present in a fission

product release. However, these drugs will not protect other possibly more important body

organs.

The uptake of iodine in the thyroid gland is age-dependent and for metabolic reasons is greater in

young children and progressively decreases with age in older children until they have the same

uptake as adults. The radiation-dose to the thyroid gland after inhalation of 1-131 and other

isotopes of iodine will be large in newborns. Tue average dose for all children over a range of

ages is about 3 times the dose to adults.

After an intake of 1-131, the quantity in the thyroid reaches a maximum in 1-2 days, and about

half of this value is reached in about 6 hours. Consequently it is imperative that the prophylactic

use of stable iodine compounds should be implemented before exposure to inhalation of

radioactive iodine or as soon as practicable thereafter.

If such compounds are administered six hours after intake of radioactive iodine, a reduction in

dose to the thyroid of approximately 50% is anticipated. Little reduction in dose is achieved if

they are administered more than 12 hours later. Their administration after 24 hours is ineffective.

In principle, the intake of stable iodine compounds may also be applied to protection against the

uptake of I-13I and other radioiodines from contaminated milk, foodstuffs and drinking water.

However, since the uptake of radioiodines from such substances is more of a problem during

later phases of the accident, it seems reasonable to assume that diversion of food and water

supplies may be more effective as a protective measure during these late phases.

Experience has shown that both potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) are effective

prophylactics. However, the latter may be stored for longer periods without deterioration and is

now the recommended chemical form if manufactured into tablets. However, tablets may be

unsuitable for administration to small children and infants and procedures should be provided for

administering to that critical group.

7.1.1: Risk, difficulties and cost

Risk caused by administration of a radio protective prophylactic drug should be lower

than the potential risks caused by exposure to the radiation. Undesirable side effects may



occur in a limited number of the population. It is therefore considered that no major risks

are associated with the use of this protective measure.

An important point to keep in mind is that intake of stable iodine compound tablets

specifically protects against irradiation of the thyroid gland only. This protective measure

must therefore be looked upon as a supplement to other protective measures and will not

necessarily replace them in any given situation.

The implementation of this protective measure would be more effective if the stable

iodine compounds were distributed before an accident has occurred. However, difficult

problems with pre-distribution are encountered and this practice is not recommended.

The effectiveness of the distribution and administration of these compounds after the

accident has occurred will depend on the timeliness of distribution. To obtain the best

results, it is essential that an efficient organization exists for the rapid distribution of the

drug which of course must be on hand in suitable locations.

The overall cost of the manufacture, distribution and use of a radio protective

prophylactic compound is not too expensive and cost considerations should not preclude

its use as a protective measure.




Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff

Medical officer team

for shifting Shelter


1 Balemane 150 Chittakula (43km) DMO Karwar M O Kadra M O Kadra Chittakula

Primary School


2 Bidoli 296 Kumbarwada (22km) M O Kumbarwada M O Kumbarwada M O Kumbarwada Kumbarwada

HPS


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Tulasgeri 9 Kumbarwada (25km) M O Kumbarwada M O Ulavi M O Ulavi Kumbarwada

Primary School


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Birkhol 244 Chittakula (56km) D M O Karwar M O Kumbarwada M O Kumbarwada Chittakula Junior

College, Karwar


2 Kodthalli 78 Kumbarwada (29km) M O Kumbarwada M O Ulavi M O Ulavi Kumbarwada

HPS




Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3 tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Devakar 397 Idgundi (28km) M O Yellapur M O Kalche M O Kalche Primary school and

panchayat sheds


2 Kalache 1075 Yellapur (28km) M O Yellapur M O Kalche M O Kalche Idgundi HPS


3 Targar 171 Yellapur (22km) M O Yellapur M O Vajralli M O Vajralli Yellapur Junior

college


4 Beegar 192 Yellapur (22km) M O Yellapur M O Vajralli M O Vajralli Yellapur primary

school


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Kanur 95 Yellapur (30km) M O Yellapur M O Mavinamane M O Mavinamane Yellapur high

school


2 Mavinamane

(1) 1748 Yellapur (28km) M O Yellapur M O Mavinamane M O Mavinamane

Yellapur high

school


3 Vajralli 719 Yellapur (20km) M O Yellapur M O Vajralli M O Vajralli Yellapur high

school


4 Honnagadde 222 Yellapur (23km) M O Yellapur M O Ramanguli M O Ramanguli Yellapur high

school




5 Jogalepal 42 Yellapur (25km) M O Yellapur M O Vajralli M O Vajralli Yellapur high

school


6 Ambagaon 217 Yellapur (26km) M O Yellapur M O Vajralli M O Vajralli Yellapur high

school


7 Kodlagadde 943 Arbail (7km) M O Yellapur M O Ramanguli M O Ramanguli Ankola Primary

School


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Bare 877 Yellapur (34km) M O Yellapur M O Devalmakki M O Devalmakki Yellapur

Primary school


2 Mavinamane


Yellapur high

school


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Kaiga

(Harur) 3082 Yellapur (36km) M O Yellapur M O Devalmakki M O Devalmakki

Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

college




2 Bare (South) 877 Yellapur (34km) M O Yellapur M O Mavinamane M O Mavinamane

Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

College


3 Benadaguli 238 Yellapur (39km) M O Yellapur M O Mavinamane M O Mavinamane

Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

college


4 Mavinmane


Yellapur Arts

and Commerce

college


5 Sunksal 930 Hillur (11km) D M O Karwar M O Sunksal M O Sunksal Arbail higher

primary school


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff

Medical officer

team for shifting Shelter


1

Kaiga

(Jenguli and

other hamlets)

3082 Yellapur (36km) M O Yellapur M O Ramanguli M O Ramanguli

Yellapur Primary

School - 3


2 Marahalli 268 Agasur (23km) M O Ankola M O Mavinamane M O Mavinamane Agsur Higher

Primary School


3 Kattinahakkal 316 Agasur (18km) M O Ankola M O Ramanguli M O Ramanguli Agsur Higher

Primary School




Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Marugadde 178 Agasur (14km) M O Ankola M O Ramanguli M O Ramanguli Agasur Higher

Primary School


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Sheveguli 62 Idgundi (19km) M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri Hattikeri Higher

Primary School


2 Mallani 26 Hattikeri (16km) M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri Hattikeri Higher

Primary School


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3 tablets

Rallying post

and distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Shikliturli 11 Hattikeri

(19km) M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri

Hattikeri PWD

IB


2 Heggarnikote

bavi 40

Hattikeri

(10km) M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri

Hattikeri PWD

IB




Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Hartuga 304 Siddar (37km) D M O Karwar M O Devalmakki M O Devalmakki Siddar High

School


2 Gule 127 Hattikeri (12km) M O Ankola M O Hattikeri M O Hattikeri Hattikeri Forest

IB


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Kuchegar 155 Kerwadi (21km) D M O Karwar M O Ramanaguli M O Ramanaguli

Kerwadi High

School and

Junior college


2 Shirve 402 Kerwadi (10km) D M O Karwar M O Devalmakki M O Devalmakki

Kerwadi High

School and

Junior college




Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Virje 7058 Karwar (46km) D M O Karwar M O Kadra M O Kadra Chittakula High

School


2 Kadra 3250 Karwar (37km) D M O Karwar M O Kadra M O Kadra

Karwar

commerce

college


3 Mallapur 2192 Karwar (40km) D M O Karwar M O Kadra M O Kadra

Karwar

polytechnic

college


4 Gotegali 1100 Chittakula (4km) D M O Karwar M O Kadra M O Kadra Karwar Hindu

high school


Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1

Anshi (Barpalli

and digali

hamlets)

762 Kumbarwada

(23km) M O Kumbarwada M O Kumbarwada

Kumbarwada

PWD IB




Sl

No Village

Number of

KIO3

tablets

Rallying post and

distance

Rallying post

medical team

Responsible

medical staff




1 Anshi 762 Kumbarwada

(23km) M O Kumbarwada M O Kumbarwada

Kumbarwada

PWD IB



Chapter 8: Facilities at the Shelters

8.1: Role of Food and Civil supplies

The DD/AD, F&CS, would be based in the Emergency Control Room and assist the District

Administration in running the safe shelters and relief centers set up during the disaster.

Main functions:

Will be overall in-charge or Relief and Rehabilitation activities.

Co-ordinate with the other departments connected with relief measures.

Provide basic amenities such as food, drinking water and sanitation at the rehabilitation

centers.

Distribute food packets at the affected areas to the people, emergency services agencies

such as police, fire fighting personnel and others.

Exercise any other powers to seek any assistance from the local authorities‘ in achieving

this objective.

Establish contact with the voluntary organizations for assistance.

Table 8.1: Contact details of Food and Civil supplies


1. Deputy Director, Food and Civil Supplies, Karwar +91-8382-226464

+91-9448034086

+91-8382-221972

8.2: Role of Health officer

The DHO/THO would be based in the ECR and assist District Administration in ensuring prompt

health care to all affected people through their network in affected areas.

Main functions:

On receiving the information about the emergency DHO will mobilize all the available

medical & paramedical Staff for handling emergency.



Rush medical teams from the nearby hospitals to the scene of the disaster or safe shelters

nearby.

Set up first aid centre at the affected area and rescue shelters.

Mobilize all the available ambulances and assist in shifting the injured/affected persons

requiring the additional attention to hospitals.

Alert all government & private hospitals to meet any emergency and line of treatment to

be followed.

Alert blood banks to maximize their stock.

Set up temporary emergency wards with medical facilities to receive the affected victims.

Inform all the doctors/para medicals regarding the nature of emergency as per the

message received from the ECR and also inform about the line of treatment to be

followed.

Ensure sufficient stock of drugs and other medical facilities are available.

Keep in touch with the district Emergency Control Room and Deputy Commissioner and

appraise him of the situation and advice him on additional help required from outside

agencies.

Table 8.2: Contact details of the health officer

Sl No Designation Contact No.

1. District Health & Family Welfare Officer (Karwar)

+91-8382-226339 (O)

+91-8382-226517 (R)

+91-8382-222452 (O)

+91-9449843065 (R)

+91-9445815342 (O)

Table 8.3: Contact details of the Taluk Health Officers

Sl No Designation Contact No.

1. THO, Ankola

+91-08388-230249 (O)

+91-9164804240 (O)

+91-08388-232396 / +91-08388-230249 (R)

2. THO, Kumta +91-08386-223778 / +91-9449548663 (O)

+91-08386-240169 (R)

3. THO, Honnavar +91-08387-220297 / +91-8277506035 (O)

+91-08387-220336 (R)

4. THO, Bhatkal +91-08385-226460 / +91-9611544654 (O)



+91-08385-222006 / +91-08385-222780 (R)

5. THO, Sirsi +91-08384-226340 / +91-9481952938 (O)

6. THO, Siddapur +91-08389-230195 (O)

+91-08389-230047 (R)

7. THO, Yellapur +91-08419-261103 / +91-9449629804 (O)

+91-08419-262210 (R)

8. THO, Mundgod +91-08301-222253 / +91-9341149789 (O)

+91-08301-222058 (R)

9. THO, Haliyal +91-08284-30165 / +91-9886266854 (O)

+91-08284-35205 (R)

10. THO, Joida +91-08383-282703 / +91-9448304336 (O)

8.3: Minimum standards for relief

NDMA has laid out minimum standards of relief as mandated by the Disaster Management Act

under section 12. The minimum requirements to be provided in the relief camps in relation to

shelter, food, drinking water, medical cover, and sanitation are already published.

The State Govt / District administration sometimes may not be able to implement all the

basic guidelines recommended by NDMA from the day one of the disaster and therefore, the

following method shall be followed:-

a. First three days – Basic norms to the possible extent may be followed

b. 4 to 10 days – Efforts should be made to follow most of the norms recommended

by NDMA in this Guideline.

c. 11 days and above – NDMA's prescribed norms shall be followed.

The factors like terrain, climatic conditions at the site of disaster etc. will also impact the

requirement and ability of the administration and other stakeholders to deliver relief.

1. In the relief centers, 3.5 Sq.m. of covered area per person with basic lighting facilities

shall be catered to accommodate the victims. In mountainous areas, minimum covered

area shall be relaxed due to lack of available flat land / built up area. Special care shall be

taken for safety and privacy of inmates, especially for women, widows and children.

Special arrangements should be made for differently-able persons, old and medically

serious patients.

2. Relief centers shall be temporary in nature and be closed as soon as normalcy returns in

the area.

3. It shall be ensured that men and women are supplied food with minimum calorie of 2,400

Kcal per day. In respect of children / infants, the food to be supplied would be 1,700 Kcal

per day.

4. It may be ensured that the minimum supply of 3 liters per person, per day of drinking

water is made available in the relief camps. Further, the State / UT / District authorities



shall adjust the minimum quantity of water etc as per the geographic, demographic and

social practices of the region. If other means for providing safe drinking water is not

possible at-least double chlorination of water needs to be ensured.

5. 1 toilet for 30 persons may be arranged / built. Separate toilet and bath area be catered for

women and children. At least 15 liters of water per person needs to be arranged for toilets

/ bathing purposes. Hand wash facility in toilets should be ensured. Steps may be taken

for control of spread of diseases. Dignity kits for women shall be provided with sanitary

napkins and disposable paper bags with proper labeling.

6. Mobile medical teams shall visit relief camps to attend the affected people. Steps shall be

taken to avoid spread of communicable diseases.

7. If the relief camps are extended over a long time, then necessary arrangement may be

made for psychosocial treatment.

8. Helpline should be set up and contact number and details of which shall be displayed at

the relief/shelters and adequately publicized to inform the people.

9. For pregnant women, necessary basic arrangements shall be made by the local

administration for safe delivery.

10. In each camp, a separate register shall be maintained for entering the details of women

who are widowed and for children who are orphaned due to the disaster. Their complete

details shall be entered in the register, duly counter signed by the concerned officials and

this register shall be kept as a permanent record with the District administration.

11. Special care shall be given to widows and orphans who are separated from their families.

For widows, certificate by the District Administration shall be issued stating that she lost

her husband in the disaster and the same shall be issued within 15 days of disaster.

12. As the widow / family shall be economically weak, the State administration shall provide

a reasonable amount for the funeral rites of her husband and this payment shall be

deducted from the subsequent financial compensation / relief that shall be paid by the

Govt.



Chapter 9: Resource Data

9.1: NDRF – National Disaster Response Force

National Disaster Response Force consists of 12 battalions, three each from the BSF and

CRPF and two each from CISF, ITBP and SSB. Each battalion have 18 self-contained specialist

search and rescue teams of 45 personnel each including engineers, technicians, electricians, dog

squads and medical/paramedics. The total strength of each battalion is 1,149. All the 12

battalions have been equipped and trained to respond natural as well as man-made disasters.

Battalions are also trained and equipped for response during chemical, biological, radiological

and nuclear (CBRN) emergencies.

Table 9.1: Contact details of NDRF


1

Commandant – 10th Battalion

ANU Campus, Nagarjuna Nagar,

Guntur (AP) Pin - 522510

0863-2293178

0863-2293050

0833-3068559

[email protected]

2 The Maratha Regiment – Belgaum, Karnataka

+91-8950708018

+91-8884458230

+91-8884456601

+91-8884456602

+91-8884456603

+91-8884456604

9.2: Incident Response System

The IRS organisation functions through Incident Response Teams (IRTs) in the field. In line

with our administrative structure and DM Act 2005, Responsible Officers (ROs) have been

designated at the District level as overall in charge of the incident response management. The

RO may however delegate responsibilities to the Incident Commander (IC), who in turn will

manage the incident through IRTs. The IRTs will be pre-designated at all levels; District, Sub-

Division and Tehsil/Block. On receipt of Early Warning, the RO will activate them. In case a

disaster occurs without any warning, the local IRT will respond and contact RO for further

support, if required. A Nodal Officer (NO) has to be designated for proper coordination between

the District, State and National level in activating air support for response.

Apart from the RO and Nodal Officer (NO), the IRS has two main components;

a) Command Staff and

b) General Staff. The structure is shown below



Figure 9.1: IRS organization

Command Staff

The Command Staff consists of Incident Commander (IC), Information & Media Officer (IMO),

Safety Officer (SO) and Liaison Officer (LO). They report directly to the IC and may have

assistants. The Command Staff may or may not have supporting organizations under them.

General Staff

The General Staff has three components which are as follows;

1. Operations Section (OS)

The OS is responsible for directing the required tactical actions to meet incident

objectives. Management of disaster may not immediately require activation of Branch,

Division and Group. Expansion of the OS depends on the enormity of the situation and

number of different types and kinds of functional Groups required in the response

management.

2. Planning Section (PS)

The PS is responsible for collection, evaluation and display of incident information,

maintaining and tracking resources, preparing the Incident Action Plan (IAP) and other

necessary incident related documentation. They will assess the requirement of additional

resources, propose from where it can be mobilized and keep IC informed. This Section

also prepares the demobilization plan.

3. Logistics Section (LS)

The LS is responsible for providing facilities, services, materials, equipment and other

resources in support of the incident response. The Section Chief participates in

development and implementation of the IAP, activates and supervises Branches and Units

of his section.

In order to ensure prompt and smooth procurement and supply of resources as per

financial rules, the Finance Branch has been included in the LS.



9.2.1: Unity of Command and Chain of Command

In IRS, Unity of Command means that every individual has a designated supervisor.

Chain of Command means that there is an orderly line of authority within the ranks of the

organization with a clear cut reporting pattern right from the lowest level to the highest.

In the IRS, the Chain of Command is established through a prescribed organizational

structure which consists of various layers such as Sections, Branches, Divisions, etc. This

feature eliminates the possibility of receiving conflicting orders from various supervisors.

Thus it increases accountability, prevents freelancing, improves the flow of information,

and helps in smooth coordination in operational efforts.

Figure 9.2: IRT framework

9.3: India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN)

IDRN is a web based platform, for managing the inventory of equipment, skilled human

resources and critical supplies for emergency response. The district database is updated and shall

help in allocating the resources during emergency.

9.4: Karnataka Civil Defence

The Karnataka Civil Defence has a Quick Response Team that has been trained to handle CBRN

emergencies. A total of 15 members from this team have been trained from NCDC, Nagpur.

Their major roles post disaster are:

Assisting in taking precautionary measures whenever any advance warning is received about

any Natural disaster.



Helping in evacuation of population to less vulnerable areas depending on the nature of

disaster.

Launching search and rescue operations.

Providing first aid to injure and transporting them to medical centers.

Setting up ‗Information and Guidance Centers‘ for providing information regarding missing

persons, injured, etc., and also information about the nature of facilities and assistance

available to affected people

Participating in distribution of relief material to affected people.

Assisting police/traffic police in ensuring smooth movement of emergency vehicles in the

affected areas.

Helping the local administration in assessing the extent of loss to life and property.

Training Infrastructure in States have been upgraded

Disaster Awareness Training is conducted involving Civil Defence, NCC & NYKS in

Districts/States

The contact details are given below:

Sl No Name and Designation Contact details

1 Dr P R S Chetan, Officer Commanding (HQ) +91-9845034460

2 Shri Nagenderan M, Divisional Warden, QRT +91-9986420624

3 Shri Gowtham H G, Deputy Divisional Warden, QRT +91-9036371532



Chapter 10: Conducting Offsite Emergency Exercise

Training plays an important role in the proper implementation of various emergency response

activities. It focuses on roles and responsibilities, resource identification, use of equipment,

understanding the effects of radiation on human beings, animals and the environment. The

required emergency preparedness is maintained by organizing various training courses for onsite

and off-site personnel at regular intervals.

Appropriate training is imparted to employees of the facility at all levels at regular intervals to

familiarize them with the required actions during an emergency. Similar training courses are

organized round the year for various public authorities and state government officials in view of

the routine turnovers.

The adequacy of emergency response arrangements at a nuclear facility is evaluated through the

audit and review of plans, procedures and infrastructure. The ability to carry out the required

emergency actions is assessed, in general, through audit and reviews of past performance.

However, a primary evaluation of the same is based on the feedback of designated observers for

the periodic mock exercises. The preparation, conduct and evaluation of these exercises shall

involve the coordination of all functionaries within the facility, the district authorities and the

CMG of DAE.

These drills for plant, on-site, and off-site emergencies will preferably be conducted quarterly,

annually and once in two years, respectively; however, the frequency of the actual exercise will

depend on the type of nuclear facility.

The nuclear facility will have proper media management to minimize possible negative impacts

of the exercise on the public psyche. The KOEC shall take a call on whether or not to evacuate

the public during off-site mock drills.

Kaiga site consists of four pressurized Heavy water reactors and an Emergency Response Centre

named as ―Kaiga DAE Centre‖. Offsite Emergency Exercises were conducted at Kaiga site

earlier on 19th

May 1999, 19th

May 2001, 6th

May 2003, 2nd

May 2005, 4th

May 2007, 18th

May

2009, 25th

May 2011, 3rd

August 2011 (in the presence of NDMA), 17th

December 2013, 11th

December 2015, and 18th

November 2017.



Chapter 11: Communication

The effective functioning of the Off-site emergency organization is dependent on reliable

communication facilities. The KGS site has a number of communication channels for smooth

flow of information. The basic essential communication links are shown below. There are

adequate numbers of alternate circuits such as wireless, radio as back up links.

Table 11.1: Communication links

Sl

No

Type Normal

Use

Emergency

Use

Purpose

1 Auto telephone Yes Yes Mostly for local use

2 BSNL Landline Yes Yes For local as well as long distances telephonic

communication

3 BSNL Landline Yes Yes For local as well as long distances facisimile

communication

4 Mobile phones Yes Yes For communication up to a certain level

5 Wireless For inter communication between

Emergency Survey vehicle, Fire station, Off-

Site Emergency Control Center,

Environmental Survey Laboratory, SD –

1&2 offices, CISF main control room.

6 Hotline No Yes For communication between control room of

KGS-1&2, Fire station, HPU and CAS of

KGS –1 & 2.

7 Hotline No Yes For inter communication between control

room of KGS - 3 & 4 and Fire station, HPU

8 Hotline No Yes For inter communication between KGS- 1&2

control room and DC‘s office Karwar

9 Hotline No Yes For inter communication between KGS- 1&2

control room and Project Sea bird office

10 Hotline No Yes For inter communication between KGS-

3&4-control room and office of

superintendent of Police, Karwar.

11 PA system (Within

the plant)

Yes Yes For plant personnel fixed type of Public

Address System is used. The PA system is

blocked for announcement for the normal

users during emergency and is exclusively

used for announcements through Control

Room

12 Roof Mounted

Emergency Siren

No Yes Sounded in case of Site emergency only

13 VSAT Yes Yes For long distances to other sites and Head

Office at Mumbai.

14 e-mail Yes Yes For communication through intranet &

internet to other sites, Head Office at

Mumbai and other outside agencies



11.1: Line of communication

1. As soon as the Off-Site Emergency is recognized, it will be the duty of the Site Emergency

Director to immediately inform the following officers about the emergency through the Hot

line or STD phone or wireless in Mallapur Police Station.

a. The Deputy Commissioner, Uttar Kannada District, Karwar.

b. The Superintendent of Police, Uttar Kannada District, Karwar.

c. Additional Deputy Commissioner, Uttar Kannada District, Karwar.

d. Deputy Superintendent of Police, Karwar.

2. The Officer-in-charge at the Mallapur Police Station, upon receipt of information from Site

Emergency Director shall intimate the above four officials through wireless.

3. In order to facilitate immediate information to various officers in Karwar, the Deputy

Commissioner, Karwar will inform the Police control Network through VHF set that an Off-

Site Emergency has occurred. He will also inform the immediate status available regarding

the type of emergency. Following systems will be utilized for communication.

a. Telephone Network. (Normal DOT telephone, STD)

b. Police wireless.

c. Power Line Carrier Communication Network through electrical sub-stations.

d. FAX and Telex.

4. It will be the duty of the Deputy Superintendent of Police, Karwar to inform through their

network to the Police Stations of Joida, Kadra, Mallapur, Ankola, Yellapur, Karwar, Karwar

Rural about the emergency.

5. The Deputy Superintendent of Police, Karwar will also contact SP's office and wait for

instructions from Karwar. S.P. Karwar upon the advice of the Deputy Commissioner shall

inform the State Control Room, Bangalore about the emergency.

Additional Deputy Commissioner shall also inform the following officers at Karwar.

1. Block Development Officer, Karwar

2. District Civil Surgeon, Karwar

3. District Health Officer, Karwar

4. Food Assistant to the Deputy Commissioner, Karwar

5. Depot Manager, KSRTC, Karwar

6. Regional Transport Officer, Karwar

7. Municipal Commissioner, Karwar

8. Deputy Director, Agricultural Department, Karwar

9. Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry, Karwar

10. District Commandant, Home Guards, Karwar

11. Deputy Conservator of Forests, Karwar

12. District Information Officer, Karwar



13. Divisional Controller, KSRTC, Karwar

14. Executive Engineer, KPTCL Karwar

15. Officer-in-charge IOC, Karwar

16. Deputy Director of Fisheries, Karwar

17. Telecom District Manager, Karwar

6. All the above officers will act as per the Off-Site Emergency Plan upon the receipt of

information.

7. The Deputy Commissioner, Karwar will inform the Commissioner and Principal Secretary to

Government Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment Bangalore regarding the type

of Emergency.

8. The District Information Officer, Karwar will inform the All India Radio, Television and

Press about the nature of the Off-Site Emergency and will be in communication with

Assistant Commissioner and Additional General Manager (HR) of Kaiga Project.

9. Additional Deputy Commissioner, who is the Deputy of the OED at the Emergency Control

centre of Kaiga Township, shall activate the Tahsildar at the 12 Rallying Posts through the

VHF sets. Base Stations VHF sets will be provided at Emergency Control Centre, Kaiga

Township and to all the twelve Rallying Posts. The VHF sets will be installed at the

respective Police Stations.

10. Police Control Room, Mallapur, will also initiate action to divert traffic at all traffic diversion

points through its wireless network.

11. In the Emergency Control Room a log-book shall be maintained giving minute to minute

details of actions initiated. There should be two telephones which should be used for

outgoing calls and two telephones for incoming calls without dialing facility. Thus, in all four

telephone lines are required. The Emergency Control Centre should also have Tape-Recorder

to record important telephonic messages. There should be a log-book to be maintained

properly for wireless messages as well as for telephonic messages. For this purpose an

Officer of the rank of Sub-Inspector, Wireless, shall be posted in Emergency Control Centre.

The Emergency Control Centre should also have public announcement system to announce

important information for the field staff available to meet the emergency.

12. During the Off-Site Emergency, portable wireless sets should be provided in vehicles on

move to control and assess the emergency situation and its damages. For this purpose a

minimum of 20 portable wireless sets should be made available to the Emergency Control

Centre to be utilized in various vehicles. The Telephone Department should provide officials

in Control Room for attending the telephones.

13. Divisional Manager, BSNL should ensure that telephone communication is always

maintained between Kaiga Site, Mallapur and Karwar and all the 12 Rallying Posts viz.,

Chittakula, Kumbarwada, Dehalli, Idgundi, Yellapur, Arbail, Hillur, Agsur, Hattikeri, Siddar,



Kerwadi and Karwar. Further all the telephones of the offices and the residences of the

members of the Kaiga Off-Site Emergency Response Co-ordinations Committee

(KGOERCC) list in Annexure -III are to be maintained and given priority.

Table 11.2: The details of the members of District Crisis Management Group

1 Shri. S.S.Nakul, IAS

Deputy Commissioner

U.K. District, Karwar

Chairperson 08382-226303

08382-221304

+91-8382-

226303

2 Additional Dy.

Commissioner, U.K. District,

Karwar

Emergency

Officer

08382-228847 +91-9902422711

3 Superintendent of Police,

U.K. District

Member 08382-226233

08382-226308

+91-9480805201

+91-9480845201

4 Chief Executive Officer of

Zilla Panchayath, U.K.

District

Member 08382-226560

08382-226246

+91-9480879000

+91-9036918108

5 Chief Conservator of Forest,

Kanara Circle, U.K. District

Member 08382-236335

08382-226087

+91-9483501011

6 Assistant Commissioner, U.K.

District

Member 08382-226360

08382-220077

+91-8904164900

7 District Commandant, Home

Guards, U.K. District

Member 08382-226361 +91-9482209990

8 District Fire Officer, U.K.

District

Member 08382-226655 +91-9740963650

9 District Health & Family

Welfare Officer

Member 08382-226339

08382-226517

+91-9449843065

10 Regional Environmental

Officer, U.K. District

Member 08382-223997

11 Commissioner of City

Corporation, Karwar

Member 08382-226320

08382-220835

+91-9480023376

12 Regional Transport Officer,

U.K. District

Member 08382-226364

08382-228989

+91-9449864030

13 Information and Publicity

Officer, U.K. District

Member 08382-226344

08382-226374

+91-9480841234

14 Joint Director of Agriculture,

U.K. District

Member 08382-227377

08382-227408

+91-9448952297

15 DD Animal Husbandry &

Veterinary Services, U.K.

District

Member 08382-226467

08382-222121

+91-9448530633

16 Station Director, All India

Radio, U.K. District

Member 08382-225593



Chapter 12: Command and Control



Figure 12.1: Emergency Organization for Industrial disaster

Dist. Disaster Manager

Dy. Commissioner/

Additional District

Magistrate

Health

DHO

Law and Order

Police

Fire and Rescue

Chief Fire Officer

Communication

DIO / DTO

Transport

RTO /

NWKRTC

Local Disaster Manager

Tahsildar

Home Guards /

Civil Defence

Mutual Aid

members

Advisory Group

ABCIL

KPC

MET OFFICE

DAE

Voluntary

Organization

AFFECTED

AREA

Facilities at shelter

DD Food & Civil supplies

Affected Industry



12.1: Kaiga Off-Site Emergency Committee (KOEC)

A District Level Committee, under the direct control of Deputy Commissioner, Uttara Kannada

district (U.K.) with several state departments to assist him, will be responsible for handling Off-

Site Emergency. The constitution of the committee is as follows.

Table 12.1: Constitution of KOEC

Sl

No

INDIVIDUAL POSITION

MAIN ALTERNATE

1 Deputy Commissioner U.K. District

Karwar.

Officiating Deputy Commissioner


Off-Site

Emergency

Director

2 Site Director Kaiga Site Officiating Site Director Kaiga Site Member

3 Chief Executive Officer, Zilla

Panchayat, Karwar

Secretary (Administration), Zp,

Karwar.

Member

4 Superintendent Of Police, U.K.

District Karwar.

Additional Superintendent Of Police,


Member

5 Additional Deputy Commissioner


Assistant Commissioner Karwar Member

6 Station Directorkgs-1&2 Officiating Station Director Kgs-1&2 Member

7 Station DirectorKGS-3&4 Officiating Station Director KGS-3&4 Member

8 Assistant. Commissioner, Karwar Assistant. Commissioner, Kumta Member

9 District Health And Family Welfare


In Charge District Health And Family

Welfare Officer, U.K. District Karwar.

Member

10 Staff Officer (NBCD) Project Sea Bird

Karwar

Officiating Staff Officer (NBCD)

Project Sea Bird Karwar

Member

11 Divisional Controller, NWKRTC,

Sirsi

Depot Manager, NWKRTC, Karwar

Depot

Member



14 Radiological Safety Officer KGS-1&2 Alternate RSO KGS-1&2 Member

15 Radiological Safety Officer KGS-3&4 Alternate RSO KGS-3&4 Member



Sl

No

INDIVIDUAL POSITION

MAIN ALTERNATE

16 District Information Officer, U.K.

District Karwar.

Officiating District Information


Member

17 Officer-In-Charge CISF, Kaiga Officiating Officer-In-Charge, CISF,

Kaiga

Member

18 Medical Superintendent, KGS

Hospital

Offg. Medical Superintendent Member

19 Officer-In-Charge Environmental

Survey Laboratory Kaiga

Officiating Officer-In-Charge

Environmental Survey Laboratory

Kaiga Generating Station.

Member

20 Chief Engineer (Civil-Kali-Ii) KPCL,

Kadra

Officiating Chief Engineer (Civil-

Kali-Ii) KPCL

Member

21 Training Superintendent Kaiga Head (Hr) Member

Kaiga Off-Site Emergency Committee (KOEC) will be responsible for the following Off-site

Emergency functions

1. Sheltering

2. Alerting the villagers in the area and directing them to safer areas.

3. Distribution of stable iodine as a prophylactic.

4. Evacuation

5. Rehabilitation

6. Enforcement of access control to affected areas.

7. Ensuring blockage of contaminated articles like crops, vegetables, milk, fishes and

other farm and marine products if required.

8. Arranging for the security and safety of the public and their property in the

contaminated areas during the period of their absence following evacuation.

9. Liaison with agencies such as Military, Civil Defence Police, Home Guards, Public

Health, Media press and Agriculturists etc. for necessary assistance in coping with

emergency situation.



12.2: Locations of Emergency Control Centre

Off site Emergency Control Center will be located in Kaiga township .There is telephone link

between Main Control Room (MCR) and ECC. The offsite emergency operations shall be

controlled from ECC to enable District administration to take care of emergency rescue

operations with ease. Communication facilities to contact anybody within KGS and outside are

provided in this room.



Chapter 13: Special Requirements

13.1: Handling of fishermen at sea

The general public, the coastal residents and fishermen are warned through State Government

officials and broadcast of warnings through All India Radio and National Television

(Doordarshan) telecast programmes in national and regional hook-up. A system of warning

dissemination for fishermen through World Space Digital Based radio receivers is being planned

by the centre and this will also be used for warning purposes.

The Coastal Security Police of the district can communicate with the fishermen in the sea of up

to 15nmi (27.7km) using VHF.

13.2: Reaching the population in remote (isolated) areas

There are certain villages in the district that are in remote locations. However, there is a proper

roadway to reach the village. If the communication network is down, warning can be

disseminated through person.

13.3: Alternatives in case of affected supply of food, milk, water etc

Deputy Director, Food and Civil supplies ensures proper supply of various food commodities to

the affected people. The department may have to mobilize ration from go-downs in neighboring

districts if sufficient stocks are not available or the go-down themselves are contaminated.

13.4: Personal Protective Equipments and methods for responders

a. List of equipments / instruments to be procured for self-protection of responders

Table 13.1: List of equipments / instruments to be procured for self-protection

Sl No Equipments / Instruments

1 Portable gamma ray spectrometer for isotope detection

2 Digital Dosimeter

3 T L Dosimeter

4 CBRN suit with respirator, rubber clothes, gloves, and gum boots

5 Dust mask

6 Potassium Iodide / Potassium Iodate tablets

7 Protective cover all, cotton gloves, caps, socks, and shoes

8 Breathing apparatus set with spare cylinders

b. General

Two forms of personal protective methods may be applicable in this context, namely respiratory

protection and protective clothing. These measures offer protection against airborne and

deposited radioactivity.



The correct fitting, use, and care of such equipment require that the involved individuals be

given some formal training in its use. This is not feasible when dealing with the general public.

Consequently, if any use is to be made of such measures by the public, the simple equipment and

techniques to be employed can only be of a very rudimentary nature.

c. Simple respiratory protection

This may be provided by the use of handkerchiefs, soft absorbent paper products, clothing and

other items which can be used to cover the mouth and nostrils. The public can be advised to use

such simple items while proceeding to take shelter, and possibly during sheltering. Similar

precautions could be recommended while members of the public were being evacuated from a

contaminated area.

d. Other forms of respiratory protection

Special groups such as police, ambulance service, firemen, and radiological monitoring and

rescue teams might be required to operate in contaminated areas. Under such conditions, they

would be required to use more sophisticated respiratory equipment. These include full face

respirators with appropriate filters, or self-contained breathing apparatus. Such persons must be

trained to use this equipment.

e. Protective clothing

Any form of clothing will provide a certain degree of protection against contamination from any

source. It is not practicable to provide members of the public with purpose-designed protective

wear. However, the special emergency teams may require appropriate protective clothing. These

groups should be trained in the proper wearing and removal of this clothing.

f. Risks, difficulties and costs

For work with protective clothing and respiratory protection, there are special rules which should

be observed in accident situations because of the burden and risk such devices represent to the

wearer.

The capability of specific individuals - assigned to emergency or rescue team - to wear "supplied

air" or other respiratory protection must be ascertained by periodic medical examination and

drills involving the actual use of the protective clothing and equipment. Periodic training under

simulated accident conditions is of great importance for ensuring the readiness of both personnel

and equipment for operation in an actual emergency.

Because this protective measure is generally applicable only to small specialized groups of the

offsite emergency organization, its associated costs are relatively minimal. Some additional

equipment may have to be acquired for some offsite emergency organizations who normally are

not provided with this specialized protective equipment and this represents an additional but

minor cost factor.



g. Storage and maintenance

Storage and maintenance of simple respiratory protection and protective clothing items present

no problems. However, more elaborate equipment must be carefully stored and regularly

maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.



Chapter 14: Managing Post-accident situation

14.1: Stocking/handling of contaminated food, supply items in the affected area

Contaminated food and supply items usually fall under Low level waste (LLW). Low-level

wastes also include paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters, and other materials which contain small

amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity. Materials that originate from any region of an

Active Area are commonly designated as LLW as a precautionary measure even if there is only a

remote possibility of being contaminated with radioactive materials. Such LLW typically

exhibits no higher radioactivity than one would expect from the same material disposed of in a

non-active area, such as a normal office block.

Some high-activity LLW requires shielding during handling and transport but most LLW is

suitable for shallow land burial. To reduce its volume, it is often compacted or incinerated before

disposal.

Diversion of foodstuffs means control of the distribution of the contaminated food products, their

possible dilution and mixing with products from clean regions, and their conversion to other

products, to achieve an acceptable, low activity concentration in the resulting products. Under

certain conditions, and if properly accomplished, the consumption of these end products may not

lead to any harm to the consumer but expert advice will be needed to utilize this technique.

Diversion of water supplies that are contaminated usually means shutting off normal supply

intake to the contaminated source. Diversion can also imply destruction, and using alternative

sources of foods and water supplies. Although these are somewhat different actions than

diversion, for simplicity they are contained under the same heading.

Destruction of foodstuffs means that the contaminated, products will not be used for human food.

When used otherwise, for example as feed for animals, care should be taken that they do not

indirectly affect human beings. Destruction has no practical applicability to contaminated water

supplies.

Owing to their interdependence, protective measures involving the control of food and water

supplies, i.e. diversion, destruction and alternative sources, can be discussed together. These

three protective measures are mainly applicable in the intermediate and late phases. This means

that before ordering the diversion of foods or water, or destruction of foods, or the use of foods

or water from outside the contaminated area, the results of special radiological measurements

should be available. Such measurements give information about the main radionuclides present

and their concentrations in the various foodstuffs and water supplies. Based on this information,

the responsible authority is able to balance the potential risk from radiation against the social and

economic costs of its avoidance.



14.2: Planning for the operational response

The following resources should be provided for dealing with the contamination of foodstuffs,

agricultural products and drinking water:

properly equipped sampling vehicles;

laboratories capable of analyzing large numbers of samples quickly and in detail;

maps showing the use of land surrounding each nuclear facility;

maps showing the distribution and collection stations for milk and other agricultural

products.

These maps can assist in planning the diversion of the contaminated products and in locating the

supply of products outside of contaminated areas.

The following foodstuffs control should be enforced in a contaminated agricultural region:

i. Milk

If suitable processing facilities exist, milk from grazing cows in the contaminated area

can be converted to various other dairy products, such as cheese, or can be destroyed,

depending on the radionuclides present and their concentrations. Storage of cheese

products would permit radioactive decay to safe levels for some radionuclides such as the

iodine isotopes.

ii. Agricultural products and animal feed

If contamination is only short-lived radio-nuclides, the remedial action can be the storage

of contaminated foods and animal feeds in preservable forms. If longer-lived radio-

nuclides are present in concentrations above the adopted levels, the agricultural products

for human consumption and animal feed should be destroyed.

iii. Domestic grazing animals

If grazing land is contaminated above adopted intervention levels, animals should be

placed on stored, uncontaminated feed,

Derived intervention levels for radioactivity would be the criteria for the appropriate protective

measures. Milk having a radioactivity value below the intervention level would be free for

consumption, but milk with a higher activity level could be distributed to different processing

facilities and converted into storable dairy products.

A similar decision would have to be made for agricultural products and other foods.



14.3: Decontamination

1. On getting information about the Emergency, Officer-in-Charge, WMCF, who will be at

Emergency Control Centre shall alert his staff through the WMCF Co-ordination, who in

turn shall brief the crew of the decontamination services.

2. In case evacuation of persons residing in the EPZ is planned, Officer-in-charge,

decontamination services shall assist the District Authorities in the decontamination of

vehicles, used for the transportation of residents outside the EPZ.

3. The decontamination operation shall be carried out with the passengers seated inside and

with all the windows closed. The district authorities shall provide adequate number of

tankers filled with water, suitable diesel engine operated pumps and hoses for carrying

out the decontamination. About 6 teams with 3 operators and one Supervisor in each shall

be made available to carry out the operation at different stations. Supervisors shall be

provided by Officer-in-charge, WMCF. District Authorities shall provide assistance for

decontamination.

4. The vehicles after decontamination shall be checked for contamination by the Health

Physics Unit staff before their release.

5. Officer-in-charge, WMCF, shall stock and provide necessary protective wares and

equipment for the crew of the decontamination services. The crew members shall be

provided with dosimeters and if required prophylactics.

Persons suspected of being contaminated are usually separated by sex, and led into a

decontamination tent, trailer, or pod, where they shed their potentially contaminated clothes in a

strip-down room. Then they enter a wash-down room where they are showered. Finally they

enter a drying and re-robing room to be issued clean clothing, or a jumpsuit or the like.

14.3.1: Decontamination of affected persons

a. General

1. If decontamination as a protective measure is associated with taking shelter, then if

possible it should be performed before taking shelter in order to maintain the

radiological cleanliness of the shelter. It is advisable to decontaminate any heavily

contaminated persons as a first priority and if evacuation takes place after taking

shelter there is a need for monitoring and decontamination of persons.

2. Usually persons can be decontaminated in ordinary shower facilities. If adequate

facilities do not exist at a fixed location, field personnel decontamination facilities

can be constructed, using basic equipment readily available to industry and to the

armed forces of most nations. Most clothing can be decontaminated by simple

washing using normal procedures.

3. Medical assistance may be required in the case of personnel decontamination,

particularly where injuries are involved.



4. Adequate repositories for the storage of decontamination wastes are required when

these wastes can be effectively collected.

b. Risks, difficulties and costs

Risks associated with decontamination are generally acceptable and the cost involved in

its implementation depends on local circumstances.

14.3.2: Decontamination of affected area

Decontamination of areas, equipment, buildings, roads, land, etc., is a protective measure

that applies to the intermediate or late phase. This protective measure involves mainly the

removal of the radioactivity from an affected area to another location where it will be less

hazardous.

Several actions can be envisaged such as:

1. Washing or vacuum sweeping of roads and the surfaces of buildings. This can be

done with fire fighting or industrial equipment;

2. Plowing agricultural lands and pastures. This technique does not get rid of

contamination but relocates surface contamination to deeper layers in the soil;

3. Removal of surface layers of earth to a storage place;

4. Washing and cleaning of equipment with water and appropriate detergents;

5. Fixation of contaminants.

Adequate repositories for the storage of decontamination wastes are required. In the case

of decontamination of land by large scale surface earth removal, adequate heavy duty

transportation equipment is of special importance.

14.4: Risk, difficulties, and cost

1. Risks associated with this protective measure arise from the exposure of the persons

performing the action through inhalation, ingestion and external irradiation. These

persons more than likely will require protective clothing and equipment and radiological

exposure control.

2. Some difficulties can be encountered with decontamination especially in the case of

massive decontamination of land areas by large scale surface earth removal. Massive

decontamination of structures and other environmental surfaces such as roads can pose a

variety of problems.

3. Weather conditions can affect the decontamination feasibility and effectiveness to a

marked degree. In general, decontamination in cold weather would usually be more

difficult than in warm weather.



4. The overall costs of this protective measure can be high especially in the case of large

scale surface removal and massive decontamination of structures and of other surfaces

such as roads. Storage or disposal of radioactive wastes can pose additional problems.

Loss of property or loss of its use, through radioactive contamination, may be a major

factor in the overall financial considerations and this cost could be quite high.

14.5: Sampling, monitoring and exposure management by DAE

At site a network of environmental monitors with preset alarms are available to assess the

radiological conditions at various locations within the Site area. The information on radiological

conditions is available online at the respective main control rooms. In addition to this, passive

detectors like TLDs are also placed along with the environmental monitors to evaluate radiation

doses. The responsibility of radiological surveillance within the site lies with Station Health

Physicist, KGS-1&2 and KGS-3&4.

The doses in the public domain are assessed by environmental TLDs kept in villages surrounding

the site up to a distance of 30 km from plant site. A well-equipped Environmental Survey

Laboratory is available to carry out monitoring and sampling to evaluate the radioactivity in

various environmental matrices. OIC, ESL shall arrange the environmental surveillance at

affected area during Off-Site emergency situation, if any.

14.6: Waste management

The following are some examples of feasible decontamination measures:

i. the washing of vehicles;

ii. the washing of paired surfaces, roofs of buildings and external walls of buildings

with fire hoses;

iii. the mechanized flushing of streets;

iv. the mowing of lawns and disposal of clippings, for example by putting them in

drums followed by burial at a radiological disposal site;

v. the removal of lawns and grassland by sod-cutting and appropriate disposal of the

material removed, followed by reseeding;

vi. The scraping of radioactively contaminated topsoil and disposal at a suitable

radiological disposal site.

After decontamination has been completed, or in the cases where complete decontamination

cannot be done, it is recommended that the remaining contaminants be fixed so that they cannot

be spread, more widely over the area or be re-suspended into the air. Such fixation also offers

some shielding effect, at least against alpha and beta-radiation and possibly also against low

energy gamma—radiation.



14.7: Waste Management in India

In consideration to the primary objective of protecting human health, environment and future

generations, the overall philosophy for safe management of radioactive wastes in India, is based

on the concept of *Delay and Delay *Dilute and Disperse *Concentrate and Contain.

Effective management involves segregation, characterization, handling, treatment, conditioning

and monitoring prior to final disposal.

Proper disposal is essential to ensure protection of the health and safety of the public and quality

of the environment including air, soil, and water supplies.

Radiological hazards associated with short lived wastes <30 years half life get significantly

reduced over a few hundred years by radioactive decay. The high level wastes contain large

concentration of both short and long lived radionuclide‘s, warranting high degree of isolation

from the biosphere and usually calls for final disposal into geological formation (repository)

A key idea was that long-term disposal would be best carried out by identifying suitable sites at

which the waste could be buried, a process called deep geological disposal

Low level waste is comparatively easy to dispose of. The level of radioactivity and the half life

of the radioactive isotopes in low level waste are relatively small. Storing the waste for a period

of 10 to 50 years will allow most of the radioactive isotopes in low level waste to decay, at which

point the waste can be disposed of as normal refuse.

In Solid waste substantial amount of LIL wastes of diverse nature, gets generated in different

nuclear installations. Treatment and conditioning of solid wastes are practiced, to reduce the

waste volume in ways, compatible to minimizing the mobility of the contained radioactive

materials. A wide range of treatment and conditioning processes are available today with mature

industrial operations involving several interrelated steps and diverse technologies.



Chapter 15: Capacity building

15.1: General

The major strategies with regard to capacity development and building of technical support

systems are to:

i. Bridge the existing gap in capacities between current needs and current means.

ii. Increase the capacity at all levels to cope with the enhanced demand for handling nuclear

accidents.

iii. Establish/strengthen partnership and liaison among the industrial and hospital clusters

handling radiation sources.

iv. Encourage technical cooperation among them for management of nuclear emergencies.

v. Encourage stakeholders (like academia, research institutes, medical facilities) to develop

and promote programmes on nuclear safety and undertake R&D work that will assist in

capacity development.

vi. Promote coordination and access to information on capacity development for the

management of nuclear accidents in a transparent way.

vii. Facilitate adequate financial, technical, and infrastructural support for capacity building

through sharing of experience and technical cooperation.

15.2: Student Community and Administrative Personnel

Disaster awareness in the community can be spread effectively through the student community

by including relevant topics in the syllabi of the science streams, pertaining to

nuclear/radiological emergencies/disasters such as radiation, effects of radiation on biological

systems and the environment, reduction of exposure through the principles of time, distance and

shielding, etc. This can be done at the school as well as college levels.

15.3: Community Education

Despite the initiatives taken at various levels to allay apprehensions about radiation and the

nuclear energy programme, presently the public perception of the possible adverse affect of any

nuclear/radiological accident is far detached from the ground reality. It is necessary to address

this issue through an effective community education programme where preliminary information

on nuclear/radiological emergencies will be disseminated. Such information must be authentic,

accurate, need based, and easy to understand. The agency entrusted with this task must enjoy

credibility and acceptability in the community in order to win its confidence.

As a matter of strategy, information relating to expected community response in case of nuclear

emergencies/disasters can also be shared with the community through health camps, etc., for

better effectiveness. Hospital authorities can play a major role in community education regarding

the effects on health due to radiation exposure as they enjoy greater credibility in the community.



15.4: Enhancing Public Awareness

Most nuclear facilities conduct a number of public awareness generation programmes, though

limited to around the facility to make the public aware of various preparedness/response plans of

the facility operators. This is done so that the public get the proper perspective and confidence

and do not panic in the event of any nuclear emergency.

With the increasing use of nuclear and radiation technologies for societal benefit, conscious

efforts will be made to enhance public awareness on the benefits as well as hazards of

nuclear/radiological technology and nuclear/radiological emergencies/disasters, including the

measures taken to ensure safety at nuclear facilities. The fact that ‗alarm bells‘ start ringing in

the field of nuclear science and technology much earlier in comparison to other technologies will

be stressed. The awareness programme will also educate the public on the simple measures they

can take to protect themselves in the event of their encountering any radiation emergency

scenario.

Awareness programmes will be conducted in the form of symposia, workshops, interactive

sessions, exhibitions, etc., using printed material like pamphlets, brochures, etc., which are also

to be made available in vernacular languages, so as to reach the maximum number of people in

the country. Use will also be made of all forms of media i.e., print, audiovisual and electronic in

an appropriate way. The target groups for these programmes will be school and college students,

teachers, government officials and technocrats. To start with, the people living in and around

nuclear facilities and major metros will be the chosen groups for promoting awareness

generation programmes on radiation emergency scenarios.

15.5: Community Participation

The best way to win the confidence of the community for handling nuclear/radiological

emergencies/disasters is to involve them in the various stages of nuclear emergency management

activities right from the planning stages of the DDMAs, SDMAs, and local bodies through:

i. Community education, awareness generation, and training.

ii. Participation in off-site emergency exercises.

iii. Sharing of the results of community response in off-site emergency exercises;

iv. Analysis and necessary upgradation of response programmes.

15.6: Participation of Electronic and Print Media

The electronic and print media have a strong network throughout the nation with a powerful

audiovisual impact on the viewer. It is an important tool which can be used for enhancing

community awareness and imparting education through well designed and tested audio/visuals,

interviews of experts, printed leaflets related to prevention/preparedness aspects of

nuclear/radiological emergencies, and dos and don‘ts to spread awareness and confidence

without creating any panic in the community.



References

1. National Disaster Management Guidelines – Management of Nuclear and Radiological

Emergencies, 2009. A publication of the National Disaster Management Authority,

Government of India.

ISBN 978-81-906483-7-0, February 2009, New Delhi

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%27s_three-stage_nuclear_power_programme

3. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147338

4. http://www.barc.gov.in/pubaware/nw_n2.html

5. Preparation of off-site emergency preparedness plans for non-nuclear installations,

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, AERB Safety Guidelines No: AERB/SG/EP-4

6. Management of Radioactive waste after a Nuclear Power Plant Accident, Copyright –

OECD 2016, NEA No. 7305, Nuclear Energy Agency

7. Planning for Off-site response to radiation accidents in Nuclear facilities, A Technical

document issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1979. IAEA-

TECDOC-225

8. https://engrreview.com/emergency-preparedness-response-plans-nuclear-power-plants/

9. http://www.perkinelmer.com/Content/manuals/gde_safehandlingradioactivematerials.pdf

10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination

11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_decontamination

Documents

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