COMPENDIUM OF GRADUATE STUDENTS’ RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Graduating Class of February 2021

NkumbaUniversity

A COMPEDIUM OF GRADUATE STUDENTS’ RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

GRADUATING CLASS OF FEBRUARY 2021

© Copyright 2021

Nkumba University Press

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without express written permission from the publisher.

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Published by Nkumba University Press

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ISSN:

ISBN: 978-9970-694-00-6

Foreword

I am enthralled to write the foreword of Nkumba University’s inaugural compendium of the abstracts of our postgraduate students research output. The incumbent compendium contains the abstracts of the graduating class of February 2021.

It is bifurcated into two Sections. Section I contains nine abstracts of PhD research output by our immediate past doctoral students, while Section II contains abstracts of research by our immediate past Master’s degree students, in a variety of disciplines and on a constellation of topics.

The abstracts consist of the following: research topic, keywords, brief introduction, objectives of the study, brief methodology, key findings, key recommendations, and key references.

Dr. Asiimwe Solomon

Director,

Directorate Of Postgraduate Studies And Research

NkumbaUniversity

Table of Contents Foreword ......................................................................... 1

Table of Contents ............................................................ 2

SECTION I

PhD STUDENTS RESEARCH ABSTRACTS ............ 11

Retirement policy implementation and retirees’ welfare: a case of Church of Uganda’s retired clergy people in central Uganda dioceses .................................................. 1 Pedagogical approaches to English language curriculum and students’ learning outcomes in public secondary schools in Iganga District................................................ 7 Sleep quality and psychological well-being of boarding secondary school students in Uganda ........................... 13

School-based sexual and reproductive health services for prevention of adolescent pregnancy in Hoima district, Uganda: cluster randomized controlled trial ................. 17

Intensive subsistence agriculture and sustainable livelihood in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a case of small-holder farmers in South Kivu Province .......... 20

Quality assurance policies and instructors’ pedagogical performance in vocational institutions in Uganda: a case of Lango sub-region .............................................. 26

The role of Community-Based Non-Communicable Diseases services in the quality of life .......................... 31

of people with HIV in Wakiso District, Uganda: a cluster-randomized controlled trial ............................... 31

Professional development practices in public universities and organizational commitment of academic staff in Uganda: a case of Makerere and Kyambogo Universities....................................................................................... 39

Personality, motivation, and job performance of part-time academic staff in selected private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area ............................ 46

SECTION II: MASTER’S STUDENTS’ RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

Assessment of the effectiveness of the Uganda Human Rights Commission in promoting human rights and human security in Uganda. ........................................... 55 Socio-economic challenges facing children with disabilities in Kajjansi Town Council, Wakiso district 59 Assessment of the effectiveness of peace treaties in conflict resolution in South Sudan: A case of the 2015 peace treaty ................................................................... 64

The influence of organizational structure on service delivery in local governments: A case study of Entebbe Municipal Council ........................................................ 69

Unitary system of governance and promotion of sustainable peace: (a case of South Sudan 2011 – 2020)....................................................................................... 73

Urban sprawl and labour productivity in Uganda: a case of Kampala district ........................................................ 77

The effectiveness of management practices on academic performance of students in public secondary schools in Uganda: a case of selected schools in Wakiso District . 80

The effectiveness of the Petroleum Act (2012) and international practice in protecting the environment in Ruweng administrative area- South Sudan ................... 84

Community policing and crime prevention in Uganda: A case of greater Kampala metropolitan area (2012-2019)....................................................................................... 90

The contribution of performance management systems on employee performance in urban councils: A case of Entebbe Municipal Council .......................................... 94

The role of women in armed conflict resolution and peace-building in Uganda: A case of the LRA conflict in Kitgum district, Acholi sub-region ............................... 99

District security committees and the oversight of private security companies in Uganda: A case of Wakiso and Kampala districts ........................................................ 104

The effect of extrinsic rewards on the performance ... 109

Of employees in tertiary institutions in South Sudan: A case of university of juba ............................................ 109

Exploring the teaching of security and strategic studies in Uganda .................................................................... 113

Evolution of security and strategic studies in Uganda.115

Challenges to the development of security and strategic studies in Uganda ....................................................... 117

Assessment of government’s commitment to the promotion of human rights: A case of the right to education, in Uganda .................................................. 121

Non-Government Organisations and Health service delivery in Kampala. A Case of Community Health Alliance Uganda (CHAU) ........................................... 125

Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations in the aviation industry in Uganda. A case study of the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority (Entebbe International Airport) .................................................. 129

International Non-Governmental Organisations and Poverty Reduction in Uganda: A case study of Care International, Rukiga District...................................... 132

Disability and youth entrepreneurship development in foundations assisting persons living with disabilities: a case study of Malengo Foundation, Entebbe Municipality, Wakiso District ..................................... 135

Stress management and employee productivity in commercial banks in Uganda: A case study of Standard Chartered Bank, Kampala branch ............................... 138

Mobile banking and financial performance of banks in Uganda: A case of Centenary Bank ............................ 142

Employee training and organisational performance of public aviation agencies: A case of Uganda Civil Aviation Authority, Entebbe ....................................... 148

Motivation and job satisfaction in floricultural farms in Uganda: A case of Wagagai Limited .......................... 152

Integrated financial management system and service delivery in public entities in Uganda: A case of ministry of water and environment ........................................... 155

Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Reputation in private institutions of higher learning: A case study of Kampala University Ggaba Branch ...... 158

Procurement audit and organizational performance: A case study of International Medical Corps (IMC), South Sudan Mission-Juba .................................................... 161

The role of regional organisations in inter-state conflict management: a case of the East African Community .. 164

Total quality management and performance of petroleum companies in Uganda: a case of Hass Petroleum (U) Limited ........................................................................ 167 Human resource recruitment policy and employee performance in the public sector: A case study of the Uganda Bureau of Statistics ........................................ 169 Performance management and employee performance in Uganda’s public service: a case study of the Uganda Communications Commission .................................... 172

Organizational compassion, employee engagement and job performance in the public sector: a case of the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority ................................ 175

Local Government Public Accounts Committees and Financial Management at District Local Governments: A Case of Arua District Local Government ................... 179

Job rotation and employee performance in the banking industry in Uganda: a case of Stanbic bank, Kampala road branch .................................................................. 182

Training and development and employee performance in microfinance institutions in Uganda: a case of Pride Microfinance limited ................................................... 185

Cash management and financial performance of floral companies in Uganda: a case study of Wagagai Ltd .. 188

Financial accountability and non-aeronautical revenue collection at airports in Uganda: a case study of Entebbe International Airport ................................................... 191

Local revenue management and service delivery in municipalities in Uganda: a case study of Hoima Municipal Council ...................................................... 194 Corporate governance and performance of commercial banks in Uganda: a case study of centenary bank, Mapeera branch ........................................................... 197 Strategic planning and performance of petroleum companies in Uganda; a case of HASS petroleum Uganda limited ............................................................ 200

Effective competence planning and implementation of its outcome within the human resource professional ethics: A case study of Nkumba University ........................... 203

Motivation and staff performance in tertiary institutions in Kano State, Nigeria: a case study of Kano State Polytechnic .................................................................. 205

Taxpayer compliance and income tax revenue collection in Uganda: a case study of Uganda Revenue Authority, Busia branch................................................................ 208

Risk management and financial performance of insurance companies in Uganda: a case study Of Jubilee Insurance Company Limited ....................................... 210

Reward management and teachers’ performance in private secondary schools in Entebbe Municipality: a case of selected secondary schools ............................. 213

Competitive bidding and service delivery in parastatal organisations in Uganda: a case of Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation (UPPC) ................................. 215

Financial management and performance of Uganda Revenue Authority stations: a case study of Entebbe Airport station ............................................................. 218

Internal controls and financial performance Of Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies (SACCOS): A Case Study of Wazalendo SACCO...................................... 221

Corporate social responsibility and community relations among government projects in Uganda: A Case study of Isimba dam project ...................................................... 224 Outsourcing and Service Delivery in Public Universities in Uganda: A Case Study of Kyambogo University ... 227

Service quality and customer loyalty in the service industry: a case Of City Tyres Uganda ....................... 230

Performance management practices and employee performance in financial institutions in Uganda: A case study of ABSA bank, Kitoro branch—Entebbe .......... 233

Mobile banking and performance of financial institutions in Uganda: a case of Stanbic Bank Ltd, Masaka branch..................................................................................... 236

Geospatial analysis of the factors affecting access to water for livestock in the drylands of Uganda: a case of upper Lokere catchment in Karamoja sub-region ....... 239

Exploring public participation and level of engagement in solid waste management and control: a case of Kawaala Town Council, Uganda ................................ 243

The impact of customer service on customer satisfaction: a case of Doctina Beach Mayuge District, Uganda .... 248 Participation of local communities in the protection and management strategies of wildlife in Queen Elizabeth National Park .............................................................. 255 Assessment of the implementation of “green” practices in selected beverage industries in Kampala, Uganda .. 259

The effects of undertaking “green” practices on the performance of selected hotels in Kampala, Uganda .. 263

Ecological and socio-economic effects of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) on Lake Victoria: a case study of Buvuma District .......................................................... 267

The influence of corporal punishment in shaping the discipline of pupils in Kyegegwa District: a case

study of Kyegegwa Town Council primary schools..................................................................................... 270

The role of human resource development in service delivery in public service: a case study of Kyegegwa Town Council, Kyegegwa District ............................. 274

Salary payment and staff retention in the teaching profession among primary teachers: a case of private primary schools in Kampala City ............................... 277

Primary school dropout and its’ influence on the economic growth of Kyegegwa District: a case study of Kakabara Sub-county .................................................. 281

Influence of absenteeism on pupils’ performance in government-aided primary schools: a case of Kyenjojo Town Council, Kyenjojo District, Uganda ................. 284 Experimenting with typography in fashion design to create teenage female garments at Nkumba University..................................................................................... 287

SECTION I PhD STUDENTS RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

NkumbaUniversity

1

Retirement policy implementation and retirees’ welfare: a case of Church of Uganda’s retired clergy people in central Uganda dioceses

by

Kakooza Paul

Keywords: retirement policy, retirees’ welfare, clergy people, Church of Uganda

Introduction

The study addressed itself to the relationship between Church of Uganda’s retirement policy implementation and the welfare of its retired clergy people in central Uganda dioceses. The study comprised nine chapters, namely; introduction, review of existing literature, methodology; presentation of the independent variable’s historical, theoretical, and philosophical aspects; analysis, interpretation, and discussion of findings; and a summation of the study including its contribution to existing knowledge and recommendations.

Study objectives

The study was based on the following four objectives:

1. to investigate the relationship between the provisions of the retirement policy of the Church of Uganda and their implementation, in central Uganda dioceses,

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2. to assess the effect of implementing the retirement policy of the Church of Uganda on the cost of living of its retired clergy people,

3. to analyse the effect of the cost of living on the welfare of the retired clergy people in central Uganda dioceses of the Church of Uganda, and

4. to assess the contribution of the implementation of the retirement policy on the welfare of retired clergy people in the central Uganda dioceses of the Church of Uganda.

Methodology

The study adopted the post-positivism research paradigm. This approach takes into consideration the use of both quantitative and qualitative patterns. The target population was 240 people out of whom a sample size of 148 respondents was selected using the simple random sampling technique for retired clergy persons, and the non-probability/ purposive sampling technique for administrators. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, an interview guide and a document checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in quantitative analysis, while thematic analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data.

Key findings

An investigation of the relationship between retirement policy and its implementation using descriptive statistical showed the following: the state of the retirement policy yielded results of (Mean = 3.26, SD = 1.13) while retirement policy implementation yielded results of

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(Mean = 3.08, SD = 1.30).Thereafter correlations yielded a low positive significant relationship between the retirement policy and its implementation [r(94) =.464, p<0.01].The regression analysis further revealed that implementation was about 22 % conterminous with the retirement policy; implying that the policy had gaps in relation to ‘how’ ‘where’ ‘who’ and ‘when’. This is because provisions of a policy and its implementation go hand in hand.

As for the relationship between Church of Uganda’s retirement policy implementation and the cost of living, the correlations yielded a low significant relationship between implementation of the retirement policy and the cost of living for retired clergy people [r (94) = .262, p <0.05]. The regression analysis showed that implementation of the retirement policy contributed 7% to retired clergy people’s cost of living. The results indicated that there was a linear relationship between retirement policy implementation and retired clergy people’s cost of living. That is to say, a unit change in retirement policy implementation caused a similar change in the cost of living of retired clergy people.

As to whether the cost of living affected the welfare of retired clergy people, descriptive statistical results for the state of welfare were (Mean = 3.10, SD = 1.14). The correlations yielded a low significant relationship [r(94) =.641, p<0.01], and the model summary produced results that showed that cost of living affected welfare at [r2 =.411]. This signified that the cost of living impacted the welfare of retired clergy people at about 41%. Implying that the cost of living ought to be put into consideration

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when welfare benefits are considered and that what dioceses gave as retirement benefits were incommensurate with the cost of living of retired clergy people and therefore very inadequate to meet the cost of living.

Considering the overall assessment of the effect of retirement policy on the welfare of retired clergy people as per the correlations, there was a low positive relationship r(94)=.404, p<0.01. This implies that the policy contributed to welfare but the contribution was even less than 50%.

Key recommendations

In light of the above findings, the study made the following recommendations:

One, the Provincial Assembly should revise the current retirement policy, to integrate key retirement policy provisions that should support dioceses during the implementation process.

Two, Diocesan Councils and Secretariats should be mandated to implement a revised retirement policy. The councils should also encourage the establishment of “retirement offices” whose officers should periodically provide information on the welfare of retired clergy people. The proposed “retirement offices” should among other things be responsible for pre-retirement programs like seminars and counseling for clergy people.

Three, the Church Commissioner should come up with Provincial and Diocesan projects that are aimed at funding a revised retirement policy. Such projects should include

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a loan fund to ease the housing burden of retired clergy people since the findings of the study indicated that 57% of the retired clergy people cited housing as an acute challenge they faced.

Four, in a bid to ease the burden that comes with having to take care of a large number of retired clergy people, the Church of Uganda should consider raising the retirement age: for instance from 65 to 70 for low-rank clergy people, and to 75 for.

Five, further research on the welfare of the active clergy should be undertaken. This is because the findings of this study showed that the working experience of a clergy person determines his or her retirement welfare, as supported by the Life Course theory according to which the experiences of retirees are not necessarily the result of a fixed stage in life (retirement) but a reflection of their accumulated life experiences (Amaike, 2009; Markson & Hollis-Sawyer, 2000; Moen, 2001). Such a study could help to ascertain how dioceses can plan for better working conditions and the welfare of clergy people.

Key references

Adenutsi, D. E. (2011) Retirement Planning Conceptualization: Challenges and Policy Options.

Amaike, G. O. (2009). Livelihood and Living Conditions of Formal Sector Retirees in Lagos State, Nigeria (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis). Department of Sociology and School of Postgraduate Studies, University of Lagos, Nigeria.

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Anderson, G. (2014). Welfare Regimes and Social Stratification. Journal of European Social Policy, 25(1), 124-134.

Markson, E. W., & Hollis-Sawyer, L. A. (Eds.) (2000). Intersections of Ageing: Readings in Social Gerontology. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.

Matsaganis, M., Ferrera, M., Capucha, L., & Moreno, L.

Policies in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Social Policy & Administration, 37(6), 639-655.

Moen, P. (2001). The Gendered Life Course. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of Ageing and the Social Sciences (5th ed.) (pp. 179-196). New York, NY: Academic Press.

7

Pedagogical approaches to English language curriculum and students’ learning outcomes in public secondary schools in Iganga District

by

Namugaya Waibi Annet Keywords: Integrative Pedagogical Educational Model, BASKVA, Students learning outcomes, content expertise, Every Student Succeeds Opportunity, Universal Secondary Education

Introduction

Students’ learning outcomes in the English language are directly related to the content and methodologies of English Language Teaching. Secondary schools are meant to have qualified English teachers with universal techniques of content delivery in terms of content expertise, instructional design skills, assessment of performance, and classroom management.

The National Teacher Policy (NTP) approved and presented at the 101st Education Sector Consultative Committee Meeting in Kampala on the 28th September 2017, a framework to professionalize and standardize the teaching profession and to enhance the development and management of teachers.

The framework is based on four thematic areas, namely; standard and qualification, training, and management, and cross-cutting issues (UNESCO, 2018). The surge in

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concerns concerning students’ learning outcomes in the English Language curriculum was the reason to conduct the study the chief goal of which was to test the effect of pedagogical approaches of the English language curriculum on learning outcomes in public secondary schools in Iganga District.

Study objectives

1. To establish how content expertise for English Language teachers defines student learning outcomes,

2. to map out the significance of instructional design skills by English Language teachers to students’ learning outcomes,

3. to determine the implications of English Language teachers’ assessment techniques for students’ learning outcomes and

4. to assess the contribution of classroom management by English Language teachers to students’ learning outcomes in public secondary schools in Iganga District.

Methodology

Research design: The cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and according to Tashakkori&Teddlie (2010) and Shantikumar (2018) this design can be blended with qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and descriptive approaches.

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Study population and sampling: the study population was 432 respondents. It included; 8 headteachers, 64 teachers, and 360 students.

Sample Size determination

s( )

where n ample using Yamane (1967) The formula is as follows;

n = = sample size, N the total population targeted, and e = percentage of error made in selecting the sample (5% or 0.05), and 1 is representative of any likely avoided element that would have been included.

n = ( . )

= × .

= .

= .

= 207.6 (208)

The survey, interview, and observation were used for the purposes of cross-validation of data initiative to visit schools libraries to observe instruction materials. The following were the data collection instruments: Self-administered questionnaires, interview guide, and direct observation guide. A document analysis guide was also used to collect data on the English language syllabus, the English language modules, the English language assessment records, and the English language department minutes and reports. Purposive sampling was used to select headteachers and teachers, as stratified sampling and random sampling to select students and teachers, were used.

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Key findings

The study found that students were slow in learning new material (25%); that students were not accurate in writing skills (19%); and that students never or rarely understood the content before writing answers (50%). Therefore, the results showed that problems existed in the manipulation of content to learners’ expectations (65.5%). The study found that instructional approaches required for teachers of the English Language were not adequately used in public secondary schools in Iganga District represented by a 39% shortfall in adherence to teachers’ instruction. 75% statistical indicators showed that there were no provisions for classroom interaction and that there was more teacher-centered than learner-centered instruction.

Regarding the influence of assessment techniques on learning outcomes; 65% indicated that student’s comprehension skills through reading and interpretation were not assessed and that there was a low assessment level in composition skills. As for classroom management by the English Language teachers and learning outcomes, it was found that teachers rarely participated in correcting students’ mistakes and repetitions of ideas during lessons, depriving students benefit of how to pronounce certain words perfectly and speaking fluently.

Key recommendations

The study recommended the implementation of a policy that aims at improving methodology, pedagogy, and curriculum as well as ensuring functional benefits from the education system. The government ought to follow up on the implementation of its legal framework that protects

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the right to education; should adopt and enact a policy on Every Student Succeeds Opportunity (ESSO) to avail students the opportunity to learn and succeed.

Teachers ought to be responsible for their students’ learning outcomes, to be ready for education reform, and to develop a local/subsidiary curriculum from the parent curriculum that is relevant and meaningful. The National Curriculum Development Centre should design an educational curriculum that is more logical and functional by which it is meant one which provides for teachers to be well equipped with skills to handle classroom work and one which makes learning outcomes a necessity.

The Curriculum Development Centre should also design a productive pedagogical curriculum framework that is relevant, motivating, and engaging. The Ministry of Education and Sports should adopt and use the Integrative pedagogical Model to address pedagogical approaches to students learning outcomes to ensure the effective acquisition of skills and strategies for literacy in secondary schools. Teachers should use holistic educational methods to cultivate a developing learner.

Key references

Abagi, O., & Odipo, G. (2018). Efficiency of secondary education in Kenya. Situational analysis for education reforms. Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Policy.

Abdullah, M. C. (2009). Making gender sense in Malaysian secondary schools. In E. Page &J. Jha (Eds.), Exploring the bias: Gender and stereotyping in secondary schools. New York.

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Abdulmumeen, I. (2016). Academic Performance – The Impact Of Motivation On Teachers’ And Students’. Lagos.

Adams, C. M., & Forsyth, P. B. (2006). Proximate sources of collective teacher efficacy. New York: Journal of Educational Administration.

Adams, S. K., & Barombarg, J. (2014). Importance of Family Involvement. New York: Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall.

Adeyemi, S., Moradeyo, A., & Semiu, B. (2014). Personal Factors as predictors of academic ahievement in colleges of education in South West Nigheria. Lagos: School of education, department of Psychology.

13

Sleep quality and psychological well-being of boarding secondary school students in Uganda

By

Oluka Robert

Keywords: Boarding secondary schools, sleep quality, psychological well-being

Introduction This study aimed to explore the relationship between sleep quality and psychological well-being among boarding secondary school students in Uganda with a view of developing an ideal model for enhancing sleep quality and psychological well-being; thus, contributing to improvements in sleep policy design and schools’ academic practices.

Study objectives The study analysed students' sleep quality, examined their psychological well-being and assessed the influence of sleep quality of boarding secondary school students on their psychological well-being.

Methodology Sleep quality was analysed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and PWB, using Ryff’s Scale of

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Psychological Well-being (RSPWB). This research study employed a mixed methods research design called concurrent triangulation design where only one data collection phase was used, during which quantitative and qualitative data collection and analyses were conducted separately but concurrently to gain detailed results. A total of 690 boarding secondary school students participated in the study. After excluding students with incomplete questionnaires, the final analysed sample consisted of 617 students; the participation rate was 89.4% with complete data obtained through questionnaire administration. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data obtained through interviews were analysed thematically.

Key findings The study revealed that the prevalence of poor sleep quality among participants was 85.7% with the mean PSQI global score of 11 implying that, on average, participants met the definition of poor sleep quality using the cut-off of the PSQI > 5. A majority (89.0 %) of the participants had moderate psychological well-being and 11.0% reported low psychological well-being with none in the high psychological well-being category. In this study, the findings showed a strong positive significant correlation between the overall sleep quality and overall psychological well-being (r = .792, p =.021). Regression analysis indicated that psychological well-being significantly predicted sleep quality ( = 0.751, p = .023) and that a 53.9 percent change in the students’ psychological well-being was attributed to sleep quality. This study also found that good sleep quality significantly

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and positively predicted higher psychological well-being ( = 0.778, p =.020) and poor sleep quality significantly and negatively predicted lower psychological well-being ( = -.640, p = .033).

Results from interviews revealed that the influence of the demanding school academic programmes such as extra night teaching and early morning prep and teaching, as well as leaving lights on at night in the dormitory and noise, contributed greatly to poor sleep quality. Poor sleep quality hindered students from achieving higher psychological well-being.

Key recommendations The study recommended the adoption of the Sleep Hygiene Intervention Model (SHIM) which has been developed to raise psychological well-being through optimising sleep quality. This study has implications for secondary school education policymakers and implementers for improvement of the students’ psychological well-being.

References Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R.,

& Kupfer, D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychological Research, 28(2), 193-213.

Carskadon, M. A., & Dement, W. C. (2005). Normal Human Sleep: An Overview. In Kryger, M.H., Roth, T. & Dement, W.C. (Eds.), Principles and

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Practice of Sleep Medicine, 13-23. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.

Nalugya, S., Serunjogi, J., Rukundo, Z.G., Ovuga, E., Kiwuwa, M.S., Musisi, S., et al., (2016). Prevalence and factors associated with depression symptoms among school going adolescents in Central Uganda. Child Adolescent Psychiatry Mental Health 10, 39.

Nsereko, N. (1997).Depression and Self-Efficacy among Secondary Students in Uganda.

Unpublished masteral dissertation, School of Education, Makerere University, Uganda.

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of

psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6) 1069-1081. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.

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School-based sexual and reproductive health services for prevention of adolescent pregnancy in Hoima district, Uganda: cluster randomized controlled trial

by

Gloria Kirungi Kasozi Keywords: adolescent pregnancy, adolescent risky sexual behaviour, safe sexual behaviour, sexual behaviour, sexuality

Introduction The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Uganda has remained high at 25% for the last 10 years despite the numerous interventions that have been implemented by the Ministry of Health and other stakeholders. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the effect of providing school-based sexual and reproductive health services on the prevention of adolescent pregnancy and sexual behavioural change among adolescent girls in school. Besides, the study sought to advance a suitable school-based SRH model for use in adolescent pregnancy prevention programmes in Uganda and other developing countries.

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Methodology

The study used the Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (CRCT) design. Twenty secondary schools (clusters) were selected using cluster sampling and randomly allocated 1:1 into the control or intervention group. A total of 1,182 girls aged 15-19 years were selected using simple random sampling. The average cluster size of the study was 60. The intervention group received tailored SRH information, in-school SRH services delivery, and referral for ten months. The control group received no intervention but had access to the existing public health facilities. Data were collected at the baseline and end of the study. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were done as well as structural equation modeling using SPSS.

Key results Provision of school-based SRH services (OR= 41.52; 95% CI 17.07-100.99; p < 0.001) had a statistically significant effect on the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy among school girls. Provision of school-based SRH services (OR= 0.29; 95% CI 0.11-0.73; p < 0.05) had a statistically significant effect on the sexual behaviour among school girls in the intervention group. At the bivariate level, the factors that influenced the utilisation of SRH services (IV) were: 2 = 8.980, p <0.05) a 2 = 3.954, p< 0.05). The factors that predisposed the girls to adolescent

2 = 6.231, p<0.05), school

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2 = 5.090, p<0.05), sexual behaviour 2 = 13.781, p<0.05), ever had abortion 2 = 57.300,

2 = 31.531, p<0.05) and 2 = 3.886, p<0.05).

Although the location of SRH services was not statistically significant, the proportion of girls who utilised SRH services was higher (67%) in the intervention group compared to 25% in the control group. At the multivariate level, the factor that was statistically associated with SRH utilisation was the age of the schoolgirl (AOR=0.38; 95% CI 0.19-0.74; p<0.05). School section (day scholar or boarding section) category of the schoolgirl (AOR= 4.093; 95% CI (1.156 – 14.497; p<0.05) and sexual behaviour of the schoolgirls (AOR= 3.021; 95% CI (1.008 - 9.053; p<0.05) were strongly associated with adolescent pregnancy.

Key recommendations The provision of school-based SRH services is an effective intervention in the prevention of adolescent pregnancy among school girls. The establishment of school-based SRH services and adoption of the Consensus Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention (CAPP) model in all adolescent pregnancy prevention programs would significantly contribute to the prevention of adolescent pregnancy in Uganda and the world.

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Intensive subsistence agriculture and sustainable livelihood in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a case of small-holder farmers in South Kivu Province

by

Nyatemu Zenda Za Begani Arthur-Josué

Keywords: Intensive subsistence agriculture, sustainable livelihood.

Introduction

The study assessed the effect of intensive subsistence agriculture on the sustainable livelihood of smallholder farmers in South Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, guided by the agricultural intensification theory. The study contained eight chapters. Chapter one was on the introduction, chapter two reviewed the literature, chapter three discussed the methodology, chapter four was on historical and philosophical aspects of the study variables, while chapters five, six, and seven focused on the analysis, interpretation, and discussions of findings on subsistence agriculture and its effect on smallholder farmers’ socioeconomic statuses, the effect on sustainable livelihoods, and the relationship between intensive subsistence agriculture and socioeconomic statuses of smallholder farmers. Chapter eight focused on the contribution of the study to existing knowledge,

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conclusion, and recommendations.

Study objective

The objectives of the study included: examining the effects of subsistence agriculture on smallholder farmers’ socioeconomic statuses; analysing the effects of smallholder farmers’ socioeconomic statuses on sustainable livelihood; and establishing the relationship between the intensive subsistence agriculture practised and the socio-economic statuses of smallholder farmers in terms of sustainable livelihood.

Methodology

The study used a cross-sectional and case study design and employed a mixed-methods approach, which entails the integration of quantitative and qualitative data. The study used a sample size of 389 smallholder farmers. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire, key-informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Data were analysed quantitatively using statistical analysis and qualitatively using thematic analysis.

Key findings

The study revealed that the education level of household

p < 0.001) were statistically significant (p-value less than 0.05 and 0.000). The interpretation is that the subsistence agriculture practised negatively affects socioeconomic statuses, mainly the education level of both male and

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female and income statuses. The results also revealed that = .085, p = 0.016) and

statistically significant (p-value less than 0.05 and 0.000). The interpretation is that the education level of a wife and household income status slows down livelihood sustainability among farmers. The study further revealed that of the subsistence types of agriculture practised in the study area, only intensive

0.265, p <0.001). This means that sustainable livelihoods are highest when intensive subsistence agriculture is integrated with improved incomes of the farmers compared to when it is integrated with the education levels of the household heads.

Key recommendations

To avoid a vicious cycle of poverty and natural resource degradation in South Kivu, the study recommended that Provincial and National Governments should introduce an education system based on local realities; improve agricultural extension services; and improve distributive justice and capabilities in agricultural intensification projects and programmes.

Key references

Aliyu Ahmad Aliyu, Ibrahim Musa Singhry, Haruna Adamu and Mu’awuya Muhammad Abubakar. (2015). Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology in

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Quantitative and Qualitative Research: Elucidation of the Research philophical misconception. Research International on New Direction and Uncommon Vol. 2 No. 1. 22nd December, 2015-University of Agriculture, Abekuta, Abekuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Amin, A. E. (2005). Social science research: Conception, methodology, and analysis. Kampala, Uganda: Makerere University Printers.

Baiphethi, M. N., & Jacobs, P. T. (2009). The contribution of subsistence farming to food security in South Africa. Agrekon, 48(4), 459–482.

Bocquet-Appel, JP (2011). “When the World’s Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition”, Science, vol. 333.

Chambers, R., and Conway, Goudon (1992). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion paper 296.

Deininger K. & Byerlee, D. (2011). The rise of Large Farms in Land Abundant Countries Do They Have a Future? Policy Research Working Paper 5588.

DFID. (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets 1-3. Department for International Development: London.

FAO, (2011). Research on Congo’s basic crops: A first step towards producing more and better. FAO Media Centre. Available at: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/49321/icode/ [Accessed July 13, 2011].

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Gambino, T., (2011). World Development Report 2011 Background Case Study Democratic Republic of the Congo, World Bank.

Ghauri, P. & Kjell, G. (2005). Research Methods in Business Studies, 3rd. Ed. New York: Prentice

Hall.Gebrekidan A. A., Rutten, R., Azadi, H., & Witlox, F. (2019). How Social Status Contributes to Sustainable Livelihoods? An Empirical Analysis in Ethiopia. Sustainability, 11, 68.

Lebailly, F., (2014). Quel développement agricole pour la RDC ? Conjoncture congolaise, pp. 45 - 63. Leprofsky D. & Ken L., (2008). “Documenting ancient plant management in the northwest of North America”. Botany, vol. 86, 2:129–145.

Moss, B. (2008). "Water Pollution by Agriculture". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 363 (1491): 659 – 666. Mpanzu, B. (2013). Filière vivrière paysanne du Bas-Congo : Acteurs, facteurs et performance. Dounia, revue d’intelligence stratégique et des relations internationales, 6 : 26 – 41.

Rakotoarisoa, M. A., M. Iafrate, & M. Paschali (2012). Why has Africa become a Net Food Importer? Explaining Africa Agricultural and Food Trade Deficits, FAO, Roma.

Rapsomanikis, G. (2005). The economic lives of smallholder farmers: An analysis based on

25

household data from nine countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.UNDP, (2009). Province du Sud Kivu. Profil résumé : Pauvreté et conditions de vie des ménages

26

Quality assurance policies and instructors’ pedagogical performance in vocational institutions in Uganda: a case of Lango sub-region

by

Rehema Eton

Keywords: Quality Assurance Policies, Pedagogy, vocational education

Introduction

Uganda has developed and put in place several policies, as well as a legal and an institutional framework, to oversee the operations of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions. Uganda Business and Technical Vocational Education and Training (UBTVET) promotes an integrated, demand-driven, and competency-based modular system. The Directorate of Industrial Training (DIT) provides policy direction and sets skills development standards (Budget Monitoring and Accountability Unit, 2019). Uganda Business and Technical Examinations Board (UBTEB) manages arrangements for defining qualifications (standards, testing, and certification). Similarly, Uganda Vocational Qualification Framework (UVQF) aligns TVET training and qualifications with the needs of the labour market (Ministry of Education and Sports, 2016). Despite their existence in black and white, their

27

effectiveness in streamlining the operations of vocational training providers in Uganda remains wanting (Ministry of Education and Sports, 2011; Butler & Kebba, 2014; UNESCO, 2015; Kizza, Damba, & Kasule, 2019). Building on these foundations, the study was undertaken. It was about quality assurance policies and instructors’ pedagogical performance in vocational training institutions in Lango sub-region, Northern Uganda.

Study objectives

The study was guided by the following objectives:

1. to establish how quality assurance policies contributed to instructors’ planning of instruction in vocational training institutions,

2. to find out how quality assurance policies contributed to instructors’ workshop management in vocational training institutions, and

3. to analyse how quality assurance policies contributed to instructors’ instructional delivery in vocational training institutions.

Methodology

The study adopted the descriptive survey research design and both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The target population was 1,620 from which a sample size of 320 respondents was selected using both simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Standardized questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect primary data, while document review and site observation were employed to collect secondary data. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques for

28

data analysis. The Systems Theory by Ludwig Von Bertalanfy guided the study.

Key findings

The study found a significant contribution of quality assurance policies in instructors’ planning of instruction (25.6%; sig<.05), instructors’ workshop management (16.3%; sig<.05), and instructional delivery (15.9%; sig<.05) though in very low levels. Quality assurance policies were, however, without a significant contribution to instructors’ assessment of learners (02%; sig>.05).

Key recommendations

The study recommends not limited that:

Institutional supervisors such as the Ministry of Education and Sports, the National Curriculum Development Centre, Headteachers, among others, should ensure that they provide instructors with the approved study curriculum, scheming, and lesson plan guides for effective and efficient teaching and learning to take place.

The Ministry of Education and Sports through the National Curriculum Development Center and Uganda BTVET, among others, should ensure that it provides quality and modern infrastructure in Uganda’s vocational institutions for easy access to up-to-date teaching and learning resources.

The Ministry of Education and Sports should design and implement a policy that attracts people to take up careers in vocational teaching at the early stages of learning right from primary level through secondary.

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Vocational training institutions should always plan and budget for sensitization workshops through which training of instructors at district level/region and national level may be conducted.

The Ministry of Education and Sports should ensure that vocational institutions adopt the assessment of learners’ model for effective assessment of learners.

Key references

Abeya, G. G. (2014). Quality Assurance Policy and Practices in Higher Education Institutions in

Ethiopia. University of South Africa. Adamu, I., & Penerbit, A. B. (2016). The role of teacher

training institutions in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in Nigeria. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences, 3(1), 46-51.

Akhuemonkhan, I., Raimi, L., & Dada, J. O. (2014). Impact of quality assurance on technical vocational education and training in Nigeria. Afro-Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 5(5.2), 1-25.

Ayonmike, C. S., Okwelle, P. C., & Okeke, B. C. (2015). Towards Quality Technical Education and Training (TVET) Programmes in Nigeria: Challenges and Improvement Strategies. Journal of Education and Learning. Vol 4, No 1.

Eton, R., Yiga, A. P., Muchwa, S. A., Mwosi, F., & Eton, M. (2018). Exam and knowledge-based educations in Uganda: A comparison of concepts. A case of Lango sub region, Northern

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Uganda. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Volume 5(Issue 7), 38-43.

Halden, A. M. (2013). Revisiting quality assurance for technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in the Caribbean. Caribbean Curriculum, 21, 121-148.

Henard, F., & Roseveare, D. (2012). Fostering quality teaching in higher education: Policies and practices. OECD.

Idialu, E. E. (2013). Ensuring Quality Assurance in Vocational Education. Contemporary Issues in Education Research - Fourth Quarter, 6(4), 431 - 438.

Mahajan, A., & Kaushal, K. (2017). Impact of innovative pedagogical teaching methods on students' academic performance. New Nigerian Journal of Clinical Research, 6(10), 41 - 44.

Okoye, K. R. (2010). Enhancing quality in educational practice and instructional delivery by teachers of technology and vocational education in Nigeria. An International and Mutli-disciplinary journal, Ethiopia, 4(2), 355-369.

Zizwa, M. C. (2017). Assessing quality assurance in the technical and vocational education and training system in Malawi. Pretoria, South Africa: University of Pretoria.

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The role of Community-Based Non-Communicable Diseases services in the quality of life of people with HIV in Wakiso District, Uganda: a cluster-randomized controlled trial

by

Christopher Ddamulira Keywords: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), community-based non-communicable diseases services, quality of life

Introduction

The National Health Policy by the Uganda Ministry of Health (2010) recognizes that Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors are increasing in Uganda among patients with HIV on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). The policy mandated the Ministry of Health to establish a programme for the prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases in all public health facilities, but NCDs services are lacking at community drug distribution points (CDDPs) where patients on ART receive services at. The programme fitted strategies to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reduce co-morbidities related to NCDs (Maher et al., 2010). The Community-Based Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) services strategy is in tandem with SDG 3, indicator 3.4, which aims to reduce by one-third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases

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through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being by 2030 (Sachs, 2015).

As a response to address SDG 3, the Ministry of Health (2016) contrived a strategic objective and designed a policy to implement appropriate HIV and NCDs health interventions at all public, not-for-profit, and for-profit private health facilities, targeting the entire population of Uganda to reduce NCDs and improve the Quality of Life (QoL) of all Ugandans. The gaps in the strategy for the WHO (2005), the SDGs (2015), and the MOH (2016) were that community-based NCDs services were not being offered to HIV patients receiving Anti-Retroviral Drugs (ARVs) at Community Drug Distribution Points (CDDPs).

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus, both have direct and indirect relationships with HIV and ART (Lozano et al., 2013). The deaths related to hypertension and diabetes mellitus among HIV patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) increased (Peck et al., 2014). The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among adult people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Uganda is increasing with an estimated 20.9% prevalence of hypertension and 10.4% for diabetes mellitus (Kalyesubula et al., 2016 & Bahendeka et al., 2016). Thus, understanding the strategies for early detection and treatment would be important for improving health services.

As patients enrolled on ART to improve their survival, the risks of NCDs were reported to have increased with their duration on antiretroviral therapy and chronological age

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(Peck et al., 2014). Therefore, PLHIV on ART represents a group in which prevention, screening, and treatment strategies using a community-based approach offer substantial benefits to reduce diabetes mellitus and hypertension co-morbidities among patients on ART (Hyle et al., 2014). According to the MOH (2016), 70% of the patients on ART in Wakiso district receive ARVs from the community. Wakiso District is among the high HIV burdened districts in Uganda (10.4%), with the highest number of HIV patients (47,779) on ART (MoH, 2017; Uganda Population HIV Impact Assessment Report, 2017). However, the patients have an overall poor quality of life of 56.4% resulting from inadequate NCDs services in communities (Mutabazi-Mwesigire et al., 2014). Therefore, the prevalence of poor QoL results in concurrent morbidity and mortality; and in a malfunction of the physical, environmental, and social health statuses.

Study objectives

The study was based on the following objectives;

1. to analyse the effect of community-based NCDs services on the quality of life of people with HIV living with NCDs,

2. to assess the influence of patient factors on the utilization of the community-based NCDs services among people with HIV living NCDs,

3. to examine the effect of patient factors on the quality of life of people with HIV living NCDs.

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Methodology

A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) was conducted to determine the efficacy of the community-based NCDs services on the QoL of People Living with HIV. The intervention group received the NCD services from expert clients and the control group received the usual HIV services in communities as per the national HIV policy guidelines. The researcher randomly allocated participants to receive intervention sessions by HIV expert clients and community volunteers (standard care) at ARV drug distribution points in communities. The study conducted the community-based cluster-randomized controlled Trial in Wakiso District. It divided the district into eight clusters. Randomization was conducted for the eight clusters in the ratio of 1:1 for the intervention arm and the control arm. Based on the sample size proportions, 219 participants for the intervention arm and 219 participants for the control arm were recruited for the study. Linear mixed-effects models that included the linear regressions and structural equation model (SEM) were performed to compare changes in the QoL scores at the baseline and the end line.

Key findings

The study findings revealed that the community-based NCDs services were effective and improved the Quality of Life (QoL). The community-based NCDs services contributed 31.9% to improvement in the quality of life of PLHIV with NCDs.

35

The level of education (p=.000<0.05) and marital status (p=.000<0.05) had a significant positive effect on community-based NCDs services utilization and improved QoL. This meant that marital status and education are important determinants in the utilization of the NCDs services and improved QoL.

The overall indicators for the goodness of fit revealed that the model fitted perfectly well: Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.000, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) =1.000, Tucker-Lewis Index (TFI) =1.000). A key contribution of the study to scientific knowledge is tested and validated Integrated Community Analysis Transformation (ICAT) model. This implies that if the ICAT model is implemented, the patients' QoL will improve.

Key recommendations The study recommended that the Ministry of Health (MOH) should adopt the community-based NCDs services as part of the primary activities for the Village Health Teams (VHT) and community volunteers. The study recommended that the Ministry of Health (MOH) should develop training manuals concerning family and community NCDs prevention and management for health workers. The study recommended that the Ministry of Health (MOH) should review and adopt the transformed community-based HIV and NCDs services integration in

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the national guidelines for the management of HIV in the communities using the differentiated models. The study recommended that the World Health Organization(WHO), the Ministry of Health (MOH), and District Health Officers(DHOs) should implement the Integrated Community Analysis Transformation Model (ICAT Model) through health care workers and all community health workers for the prevention and management of NCDs in the communities.

Key references

Bahendeka, S., Wesonga, R., Mutungi, G., Muwonge, J., Neema, S., & Guwatudde, D. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of diabetes mellitus in Uganda: a

Tropical Medicine & International Health, 21(3), 405-416.

Hyle, E. P., Naidoo, K., Su, A. E., El-Sadr, W. M., & Friedberg, K. A. (2014). HIV, Tuberculosis, and Non-Communicable Diseases: What is known about the costs, effects, and cost-effectiveness of integrated care? Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 67(0 1), S87.

Kalyesubula, R., Kayongo, A., Semitala, F. C., Muhanguzi, A., Katantazi, N., Ayers, D., & Mills, E. J. (2016). Trends and level of control of hypertension among adults attending an ambulatory HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda: a retrospective study. BMJ global health, 1(3), e000055.

Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V. & AlMazroa, M. A. (2013). Global

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and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. The lancet, 380(9859), 2095-2128.

Ministry of Health. (2017). Uganda Population HIV Impact Assessment (UPHIA) Report. Kampala: Ministry of Health.

Ministry of Health., (2010). National Health Policy. Kampala: Ministry of Health.

Ministry of Health., (2016). National antiretroviral treatment and care guidelines for adults and children. Kampala: Ministry of Health.

Mutabazi-Mwesigire, D., Seeley, J., Martin, F., & Katamba, A. (2014). Perceptions of quality of life among Ugandan patients living with HIV. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 343.

Peck, R. N., Shedafa, R., Kalluvya, S., Downs, J. A., Todd, J., Suthanthiran, M., & Kataraihya, J. B. (2014). Hypertension, kidney disease, HIV and antiretroviral therapy among Tanzanian adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC medicine, 12(1), 125.

Rotger, M., Glass, T. R., Junier, T., Lundgren, J., Neaton, J. D., Poloni, E. S. ... &Rauch, A. (2013). Contribution of genetic background, traditional risk factors, and HIV-related factors to coronary artery disease events in HIV-positive persons. Clinical infectious diseases, 57(1), 112-121.

Sachs, J. D. (2015). From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2206-2211.

Shirley, D. K., Kaner, R. J., & Glesby, M. J. (2013). Effects of smoking on non-AIDS-related morbidity

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in HIV-infected patients. Clinical infectious diseases, 57(2), 275-282.

World Health Organization. (2005). Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation (Vol. 916). World Health Organization.

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Professional development practices in public universities and organizational commitment of academic staff in Uganda: a case of Makerere and Kyambogo Universities

by

Saul Mubanda Muyiggwa Keywords: Organizational Commitment, professional development practices, staff promotions

Introduction

Several stakeholders (Richards & Farrell, 2005) have viewed the professional development of university staff as a continuous concern. Scholars contend that professional development is the engine that keeps universities true to their mandate as centers of ideas and innovation (UNESCO, 1998; Plater, 1995). Similarly, any organization’s success would be jeopardized if its employees had low organisational commitment because they would fail to accept the firm’s mission, goals, and objectives (Unzicker, Clow & Babakus, 2000) and to believe what the company stands for (Boshoff & Allen, 2000).

It follows that the high organisational commitment of academic staff, as the backbone of universities, is critical for their survival (Fako, Nkhukhu-Orlando, Wilson, Forcheh & Linn, 2018). The nature of staff commitment influences organizational effectiveness and behavior of employees. Mugizi, Bakkabulindi & Bisaso (2015) have

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suggested that there is a low organizational commitment of academic staff in Ugandan universities. This state of affairs would slow down progress and effectiveness in these universities. Yet, the Uganda Public Service Standing Orders (2010) emphasise the critical role played by training and development of staff in creating efficiency and effectiveness in government institutions. Hence, there was a need to establish the influence of Professional Development Practices (PDPs) involving training and development, in public universities, on academic staffs’ organizational commitment.

Study objectives

The study was based on the following objectives:

1. to examine the degree to which professional development practices influenced organizational commitment of academic staff at Makerere and Kyambogo Universities,

2. to establish the extent to which professional development practices influenced the promotion of academic staff at Makerere and Kyambogo Universities, and

3. to ascertain the extent to which promotion influenced organizational commitment of academic staff at Makerere and Kyambogo Universities.

Methodology

The study used the descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. The study selected a sample of 320 respondents using simple random and purposive sampling techniques from the accessible population of 1916 academic staff of

41

academic staff at Makerere and Kyambogo Universities, based on Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table. The respondents to the interview guide that contributed to qualitative findings, included senior academic staff members and administrators in the directorates of human resources at both Makerere and Kyambogo Universities.

Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides. Numerical data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient and regression analysis, while qualitative data were thematically analysed. Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) was used in the process of developing the Professional Integration Interaction Practices (PIIP) model. While means and the independent sample t-test were used on the testability of the PIIP model.

Key findings The study findings revealed that: PDPs as measured by informal learning opportunities(ILOs) and formal training opportunities (FTOs), [ILOs (r = 0.363, p = 0.000 < 0.05), (r = 0.458, p = 0.000 < 0.05), (r = 0.094, p = 0.117 > 0.05), and FTOs (r = 0.464, p = 0.000 < 0.05), (r = 0.503, p = 0.000 < 0.05), (r = 0.015, p = 0.804 > 0.05), F = 29.260, Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05] and Staff promotions as measured by upward and horizontal promotions [upward (r = 0.501, p = 0.000 < 0.05), (r = 0.555, p = 0.000 < 0.05), (r = 0.148, p = 0.013 > 0.05), horizontal (r = 0.417, p = 0.00 < 0.05), (r = 0.458, p = 0.000 < 0.05), (r = 0.109, p = 0.069 > 0.05), F = 44.528, Sig. = 0.000 <0.05;] had a positive significant influence on organizational commitment of academic staff as measured by affective, normative and continuance

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commitment. This means that PDPs and staff promotions were important factors that influence organizational commitment of academic staff. Findings also indicated that professional development practices as measured by informal learning opportunities and formal training opportunities [ILOs (r = 0.638, p = 0.000 < 0.05), FTOs (r = 0.592, p = 0.000 < 0.05), F = 118.258, Sig. = 0.000 < 0.005] had a positive significant influence on staff promotion. This means that PDPs had crucial inputs in preparing academic staff for promotion.

The overall indicators for the goodness of fit revealed that the model fitted perfectly well: Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.000. This result shows a good fit for the reduced model compared to the full model since RMSEA was less than 0.10. Furthermore, results show a Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMSR) = 0.006 is less than 0.05, which is equally a good fit, indicating that the reduced path analysis model predicts organizational commitment of academic staff better than the full model. Further, a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 1.000 > 0.9 is indicative of an acceptable fit of the model in predicting organizational commitment of academic staff in Makerere and Kyambogo Universities.

Key recommendations The study recommended that Councils of Makerere and Kyambogo Universities should ensure that all academic staff members take part in informal learning activities

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while formal training should have a budget to support activities like attending conferences and seminars. Besides, the National Council of Higher Education (NCHE) together with the Councils of Kyambogo and Makerere Universities should address reported concerns about the upward promotion by reviewing the bureaucracy in promotion processes and abuse of office and power by the authorities concerned. It was also recommended that the Uganda government through the Ministry of Education and Sports, in conjunction with the NCHE should implement The Professional Integration Interaction Practices (PIIP), model. Further research should be carried out to establish why informal learning and horizontal promotion had weak loadings on organizational commitment.

Key references

Boshoff, C., & Allen, J. (2000). The influence of selected antecedents on frontline staff’s

perceptions of service recovery performance. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 11 (1):63-90.

Dias, A. & Silva, R. (2016). Organizational training and organizational commitment: A literature review and conceptual development. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 3(1), 387 -399, ISSN 2348 -7968

Fako, T. T., Nkhukhu-Orlando, E., Wilson, D. R., Forcheh, N. & Linn, J. G. (2018). Factors associated

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with organizational commitment of academic employees in Botswana. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 10(6), 56 -64, https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2017.0563

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607 - 610 https://doi.org/10.1177/00136447003000308

Mercurio, Z.A. (2015). Affective commitment as a core essence of organizational commitment: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review. 14(4) 389 – 414; Doi: 10.117/1534484315603612

Mugizi, W., Bakkabulindi, F. E. K., & Bisaso, R. (2015). Antecedents of commitment of academic staff in universities in Uganda: A conceptual paper. Nkumba Business Journal 14, 214 – 241. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319501981

Plater W. M. (1995). Future Work: Faculty Time in the 21st Century.” Change, 27(3), pp. 22-33.

Quagraine, L., Adu, I. N., Ashie, A. A. and Opuku, D. (2019). Organizational support for career development and organizational commitment: Evidence from the Ghana Police force. International Journal of Business and Management Review. 7(8), 35- 55; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338104106

Rafael, M. (2013). What is professional development, how does it occur in individuals, and how it may be

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used educational leaders and managers for the purpose of school improvement? Professional Development in Education. 39(3), 387 – 400

Richards, J. C., & Farrell, T. S. C. (2005). Professional development for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Riyanto, S., Yanti, R. R., & Ali, H. (2017). The Effect of Training and Organizational Commitment on Performance of State University of Jakarta Student Cooperative (KOPMA UNJ) Management. Education Science, 3(1), 2. http://scholarsmepub.com/

UNESCO. (1998). Higher Education Staff Development: A Continuing Mission. ED.99/HEP/WCHE/Vol. IV-4. Paris: UNESCO.

Unzicker, D., Clow, K. E., & Babakus, E. (2000). The role of organizational

communications on employee perceptions of a firm. Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 21(2), 87-103.

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Personality, motivation, and job performance of part-time academic staff in selected private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area

by

Ssemwanga Sadat Lutaaya

Keywords: Personality, motivation, job performance

Introduction

The study was about the mediation effect of motivation on the relationship between personality competencies and the job performance of part-time academic staff in private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area. The study consisted of nine chapters, namely; chapter one which covered the introduction of the study, chapter two which reviewed literature related to the study, chapter three which was about the methodology used, four covered the historical and philosophical aspects of the study variables, particularly personality; chapters five, six, seven and eight which dealt with the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data and the findings of the study; and chapter nine which focused on the contribution of the study to knowledge, conclusion, and recommendations.

Study Objectives

The purpose of the study was to analyse, and generate a model about, the effect of motivation-mediated personality on the job performance of part-time academic

47

staff in private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area of Uganda. The first specific objective of the study was to analyse the relationship between personality and motivation of part-time academic staff in private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area; the second objective was to assess the effect of motivation on the job performance of part-time academic staff in private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area.; the third objective was to examine the contribution of personality to the job performance of part-time academic staff in private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area; while the fourth objective was to determine and model the mediation effect of motivation on the relationship between personality and the job performance of part-time academic staff in private universities in Kampala Metropolitan Area.

Methodology

The study was based on the post-positivism research philosophy. It adopted the descriptive, correlational research design, based on both the qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The study targeted the academic population of five selected private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, from which an accessible population of 817 was identified. A sample size of 208 respondents was involved in the field survey for data collection. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and interview guides. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for quantitative analysis, while the interpretive content analysis technique was employed for qualitative findings.

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Key findings

According to the study results on the level of job performance, a high arithmetic mean ( = 3.48) was recorded with a standard deviation very close to the mean (s= 1.09). The majority of the sampled academics (n= 111) highly rated their personality. This means that the level of personality competence was high among most part-time academic staff in the target private universities. Further, both statistical and qualitative reports of the study showed that the highest personality quality amongst the target university academics was behavioral competence ( = 3.57; s= 0.96), almost equally followed by both technical competence ( = 3.43; s= 1.15) and emotional intelligence ( = 3.43; s= 1.16).

Results about motivation showed that moderate arithmetic mean ( =2.74) and narrow standard deviation (s= 1.12) were generated. This denotes that the majority of academic staff felt that the employer universities investigated, just relatively motivated them. In light of this and the interview reports, the majority of the part-time academic staff in private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area were only averagely motivated. The results also showed that such academic staff were more intrinsically motivated (x= 2.84;s=1.16) than extrinsically (x= 2.68; s=1.09).

Correlational analysis of average statistical scores on individual features of personality and motivation disclosed that the two variables were at r= 0.192* positively but weakly related among the target part-time academics. The relationship was at p

49

however, it was significantly different from zero (0). This infers that improvements in their personality led to an increase in the motivation of part-time academics. The increase was not sufficiently commensurate with the personality though.

The regression analysis results corroborated the above correlations. The regressions infer that the personality of the university academics was related to but weakly predicted their motivation. Because of the level of significance reflected, Null hypothesis (HO) One, was rejected. Nonetheless, it was concluded that despite some significant relationship, motivation had no strong bearing on the personality of part-time lectures in the universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area.

Regarding the level of job performance, moderate arithmetic mean ( = 3.04) and a standard deviation closely spread from the mean (s= 1.19), were recorded. The indices suggest that generally, the job performance of the target academic staff was widely and more fairly rated in the universities. In that case, the level of job performance by such part-time academic staff was averagely or virtually high in private universities in Kampala Metropolitan. According to the findings on individual forms of job performance, the target academic staff were largely most effective in contextual performance ( =3.07; s=1.25), followed by the adaptive performance ( =3.06; s=1.25; s= 1.19), and then task performance ( =2.92; s=1.14), in that order.

The correlation analysis of the effect of motivation indicated that at r= 0.178*, it had a positive but weak

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association with job performance among the part-time academic staff observed in the private universities. This relationship was at pdigressing from Zero, and thus, increase in motivation of the target part-time university academics in the metropolitan was not enough to significantly propel their job performance.

The regression results specifically indicate that at B = 0.581 extrinsic motivation did not adequately predict job performance, but its prediction was more than intrinsic motivation at B = -0.372. This shows that in the private universities in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area, the importance of intrinsic motivation was just underrated whereas it is binding! Thus, motivation didnot substantially influence job performance because the intrinsic motivation wasn’t pertinently considered. Both correlations and regressions led to the acceptance of the research null hypothesis (Ho) Two.

About personality and performance, the correlations indicate that at statistic r = 0.906** personality competencies of the sample academic staff were positively and highly related to their job performance. The relationship was at p<0.001, significantly different from zero. This implies that the more emotional intelligence was improved among part-time academic staff the more the level of job performance increased. The reverse was correct.

The regression results show that all the parameters of personality were significant enough to be leveraged for improved job performance of the part-time academics in

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the private universities. Comparably, the most important of the parameters (factors) was emotional intelligence ( .856), followed by technical competence ( .407) and then behavioural competence ( -.314). The predictions generated suggest that improvement in each of these competencies of the personality of these academic staff led to an increase in their job performance, and vice versa. In that case, personality significantly influenced the level of job performance among part-time academic staff in private universities in Kampala Metropolitan. Null hypothesis (HO) Three was therefore rejected. It is also worth noting that whereas personality competencies of such academic staff were according to reports arguably great enough, their level of job performance was a little less and not corresponding.

Results of the mediating effect of motivation were interesting. Basing on statistical figures and illustration of the Reduced Structural Equation Model, it was observed that there was limited mediation effect of motivation on the relationship between personality and job performance of the target university academics in the area of study. The effect of extrinsic motivation was negligible, and intrinsic motivation only influenced behavioural and emotional intelligence competencies. Even then, the influence was meagre from behavioural productivity competence. This means the mediation effect of motivation was not significant and Null Hypothesis (Ho) Four was accepted. Management in the target universities could therefore reinforce the job productivity of part-time academics by making motivation decisions entirely based on personality. However, the move would be more propellant

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if the intrinsic motivation was centered mostly on individual emotional intelligence.

With the research findings, a new research model was developed and named the “Self-analysis Intra-Interpsychic Development (SAID) Model”. That model can be engaged in developing motivation-induced personality competencies that enhance the job performance of employees.

Key recommendations

The study recommends that stakeholders including the Directorate of Higher Education and Training (DHET) and the National Council for Higher Education (NCHE), as well as the target Universities’ management, should adopt the following strategies:

Better Policies to sustain good personality of part-time University academic staff. This should be done by sustainably enhancing their technical competencies, and developing their behavioural competencies and emotional intelligence.

Better and balanced motivation of the part-time academic staff. There should be improved university budgets for better extrinsic motivation, and improved policies for enabling intrinsic motivation. The two forms should balance for sufficient motivation of such critical university academic staff. This is because, without proper motivation, efforts to improve the above personality competencies would hardly be useful. Better motivation can thus be used by employer universities to fill the

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human desires gap and activate individual job performance competencies for the academic staff.

Future research. Further research should be done to consistently address research gaps related to this study. Going forward, more research should be done in the following areas: other social and institutional factors affecting job performance; a similar study on other education institutional contexts; research on employees of other occupation statuses; different contexts of research; the same study after a longer period, and uni-approach research.

Key references

American Psychological Association (2016).Personality. Washington, DC: APA Publishing

Barrak, M. (2014). Extrinsic and intrinsic motivator and their affect at the work place.Riyadh: Al Essa

Boele, D. R. and Mlacic, B. (2015). Big five-factor model, theory and structure. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2: pp.559-566

Carl, H. (2010). What is the Definition of job performance? Lawton, OK: Myself

Cherry, K. (2016). Intrinsic motivation is much more permanent than extrinsic motivation. New York: Dotdash

Gareth, J. R. and George, J. M. (2008). Contemporary Management, 5th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological assessment 4(1), 26. doi.10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26

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Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist. 48, 26–34. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26.

Kendra, C. (2016). The big five personality traits: 5 major factors of personality. New York NY: The About Group

Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., and Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 612-624.

Sonnentag, S. and Frese, M. (2002).Psychological management of individual performance: performance concepts and performance theory. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons

Sonnentag, S., Volmer, J. and Spychala, A. (2009).Job performance. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley & Sons

Thomas, K. (2009). Extrinsic and intrinsic rewards that drive employee engagement. London: Ivey Publishing.

SECTION II: MASTER’S STUDENTS’ RESEARCH ABSTRACTS

NkumbaUniversity

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Assessment of the effectiveness of the Uganda Human Rights Commission in promoting human rights and human security in Uganda.

Feni Cephas Onzima1 Keywords: human rights, human Security, Uganda Human Rights Commission

Introduction

There is significant debate in the literature having to do with what constitutes human rights. At the most basic level, human rights are the rights one has simply because they are human (Donnelly 2008). Framed this way, the concept puts all individuals on equal footing: human rights are inalienable and universal. Accordingly, if one is a human being, one is entitled to human rights.

Objectives of the study

The study set out to achieve the following objectives:

1. to assess how the Uganda Human Rights Commission implemented its core functions in the promotion of human rights and human security,

2. to assess the challenges limiting the Uganda Human Rights Commission’s capacity in promoting human rights and human security,

1 Feni Cephas Onzima graduated in February, 2021 with M.A.in Security and Strategic Studies from Nkumba University.

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3. to examine the strategies implemented by the Uganda Human Rights Commission for the promotion of human rights and human security.

Methodology

The study employed case study, mixed methods designs and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected on 100 respondents who were selected using the simple random and purposive sampling procedures. Self-administered questionnaires and interview guides were the main data collection instruments.

Key findings

It can be concluded on the whole that promoting equal and effective access to justice to be at the forefront of promoting and ensuring human rights are not abused thus contributing to an environment where human rights needs can be met. This was indicated by 92.5% who agreed. The findings revealed that the commission provides frameworks to address adequate, effective, and prompt reparation for harm suffered. This was indicated by 87.6% who disagreed. However, little had been achieved due to the challenges the commission faces in providing prompt reparation of harm. The field findings revealed that the Commission should provide a comprehensive and contextual account of peoples’ concrete needs and the factors endangering their survival. This was indicated by 67.6% who agreed. However, 31.1 % disagreed. It can be concluded on the

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whole that the Commission should provide a comprehensive and contextual account of peoples’ concrete needs and the factors endangering their survival. The findings also revealed that the commission promotes access to relevant information concerning violations and reparation mechanisms. The findings also reveal that in trying to promote human rights, the commission creates and sustains within society the awareness of the provisions of this constitution as the fundamental law of the people of Uganda. It was also revealed that the commission formulates, implements, and oversee programmes for awareness of people's civic responsibilities as indicated by the majority of the respondents

Key recommendations Using a people-centred approach can go a long in enabling UHRC to involve other stakeholders that directly deal with the people at the grassroots to gain an opportunity for the organisations to perform some of their other functions like receiving complaints, giving legal advice and assistance, provide some complainants with information on the status of their complaints. Through this, UHRC will be able to monitor and get information on the situation of human rights and get feedback from the people on its human rights services. This would also provide an opportunity to assess the capacity and knowledge gaps of partners like police, CSOs, political and civic leaders

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within a given community and this would inform UHRC’s planning for further training and sensitisation. Through this, UHRC could also get pointers to critical thematic areas that could inform the process of selection of topics for formal researches to undertake on Human rights.

Key references

Allott, A. (2013). The limits of law. London: Butterworths.

Astri, S. (2012). human rights and the interests of states, 30 security dialogue 265, 272 (2012).

Bennett, TW. (2011). Human rights and African customary law under the South African Constitution (with 1999 addendum). Ndabeni: Juta.

Bosold, D. & Werthes, S. (2015). human rights in practice: Canadian and Japanese experiences, 1 international politik und gesellschaft [int’l politics and sociology] 84, 95 (2015).

Brysk, A. (2015), global good samaritans: human rights as foreign policy 206–08 (2015).

Caprioli, M. (2014). democracy and human rights versus women’s security: a contradiction?, 35 security dialogue 411.

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Socio-economic challenges facing children with disabilities in Kajjansi Town Council, Wakiso district

Bajainja Joseph2

keywords: disability prevalence, disability, persons with disabilities

Introduction The study focused on the socio-economic challenges faced by children with disabilities in Kajjansi Town Council, Wakiso District. The study was utile because it examined both the peculiar and general socio-economic challenges faced by children with discernible and non-discernible disabilities among the children aged 0 to 17 years in Kajjansi Town Council.

Study objectives The study was based on the following objectives:

1. to establish the forms of disabilities prevalent in children in Kajjansi Town Council,

2 Bajainja Joseph graduated in February,2021 with M.A. in Development Studies from Nkumba University

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2. to establish the social and economic problems faced by children with disabilities in Kajjansi Town Council, and

3. to examine the strategies that were implemented for improving the social and economic status of children with physical disabilities in Kajjansi Town Council.

Methodology

The study employed a descriptive, mixed methods research design. Data were collected on 77 respondents. Self-administered questionnaires, observation, and interview guides were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency counts, means, and percentages while qualitative data were analyzed by making sense of the responses provided by the respondents. Data cleaning was done after the data were collected to remove any response errors before subjecting them to analysis.

Key findings

The study found that cases of disability in children in Kajjansi Town Council were various. While some children were afflicted by physical disability, others suffered from mental/cognition impairment. Generally, some children were limbless, those incapacitated by spinal cord injuries, those who were epileptic, those who were dumb and mute, those who stuttered, those with hearing impairment, and others. The study found that children with disabilities generally lacked access to basic services; often fail to access education facilities and instructional and scholastic materials; failed to access

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legal assistance when in need of it; failed to access professional counselling. The study also found that access to recreation facilities was difficult for children with physical disabilities in places that are far from their homes, although, at home, they would play with the rest of their colleagues and siblings. Most of the children with disabilities did not have modern mobility and hearing aids and technologies. The study, however, also found that there was no pronounced social exclusion in society except that because of household poverty, although it affects all children who are born into them, it does nonetheless disproportionately affect children with disabilities since they have needs that are not similar, in many ways, to those of normal children. The study revealed that there is a national policy on children including children with disabilities according to which respect for their right to decent livelihood and children with disabilities are trained by their caregivers in basic education and livelihood support.

Key recommendations The study recommended that there should be an intensification of Special Needs Education to enable the children with learning difficulties. There should be established a special needs education authority to provide and fulfill the special needs of the children with disabilities.

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There should be a policy for children who have a physical disability whether in or not in school to access a range of school and out of school-based services aimed at training and equipping them with knowledge and skills for survival. To those ends, a comprehensive assessment is required to inform program planning. There is a need to engage therapists who specialize in pediatrics and can ably be involved with children with physical disabilities at a young age, and help with finding appropriate strategies to enable children to live more normal lives and find solutions to support them develop independence at home and school.

Key references Uganda Communications Act 1997, Parliament of

Uganda, Kampala Uganda Foundation for the Blind Ordinance 1954 (Cap

58), Kampala: Parliament of Uganda Uganda Human Rights Commission (2009) Disability

Rights, 14th Annual Report, Kampala Uganda. Tisdall G., (2012) Adolescents and Youth with

Disabilities: Issues and Challenges, Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal 15(2): 13–32

Solomon P, (2019) Research Consortium on Children With Chronic Conditions: Disparities in the prevalence of disability between black and white children, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(3):244–248.

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National Council of Children, (1994), Equity and Vulnerability: A Situational Analysis of Women and Children and Adolescents in Uganda, Kampala NCC.

Oliver, M. (1996). A sociology of disability or a disablistsociology. Disability and society: Emerging issues and insights, 18-42.

Abrams, D., Jackson, D., & St. Claire, L. (1990). Social identity and the handicapping functions of stereotypes: Children’s understanding of mental and physical handicap. Human Relations, 43, 1085–1098

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Assessment of the effectiveness of peace treaties in conflict resolution in South Sudan: A case of the 2015 peace treaty

Dabi Besenio3 Keywords: peace treaties, conflict resolution

Introduction Many of the conflicts now called ‘new wars’ are intra-state, nonconventional, and culture-sensitive conflicts having their origins in domestic rather than systemic factors (Kaldor, 2007). Civil wars are nefarious to the extent that they always levy the heaviest toll on civilians leading to senseless deaths, internal and external displacement of citizens, and in some instances as Salehyan, and Gleditsch (2006) have argued, regional instability arising from the external displacement of citizens. The end of the Cold War signaled the beginning of a post-interstate wars era, by and large—and a focus instead on finding solutions to civil wars which were the major threats to security both state and human in the post-Cold War. However, as history has proven time and again, civil wars are susceptible to recidivism upon signing peace agreements and peace agreements are generally fragile peace achievements. Yet, war is often unacceptable (Licklider, 1995) and has to be stopped, which is why no

3 Dabi Besenio graduated in February 2021 from Nkumba University with M.A. International Relations and Diplomacy

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effort should be spared to ensure that peace agreements hold upon their conclusion and signification and return enduring peace. Ever since shortly her independence in 2011, South Sudan has been embroiled in a civil war that has produced peace agreements that have thus far failed to yield lasting peace

Study objectives The study was about assessing the effectiveness of peace agreements in conflict resolution in South Sudan based on the 2015 peace treaty. It was guided by three objectives namely: to investigate the root causes and drivers of the current conflict in South Sudan, to analyze the nature, mandate, and role of the peace agreement (2015 peace treaty) and to examine the challenge encountered in the implementation of the 2015 Peace treaty.

Methodology The study was explanatory and employed a case study design. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select a sample of 155 respondents, out of whom 150 participated in the study posting a 97% return rate. A structured survey questionnaire and documentary review were used to collect data and SPSS version 20 was used for analyzing the data.

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Key findings The study found that the root causes and drivers of the conflict include the struggle for power, easy access to arms, ethnicity-based discrimination, desire to control oil wealth, land ownership disagreements between different ethnic groups. The study also found that the 2015 peace treaty was prematurely signed; it failed to accommodate all stakeholders in the conflict and to take into account public opinion. It was also signed because of external pressure rather than because of the willingness of warring parties to come to a negotiated accommodation; thus, the agreement lacked a key ingredient, namely: commitment from the actors party to it. Last but not least, the peace agreement the several challenges among which included: a challenge of the self-interest of stakeholders in the war effort; weak institutions and a culture of impunity; non-acceptance of the terms of the peace agreement; the continued presence of ethnic militias; absence of professionalism and discipline in the national army, the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army; weak institutions and a culture of impunity.

Key recommendations

There should be sustained public information campaigns across the country, including greater efforts to solicit information from the public. There should be direct action taken against those with both operational and command

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responsibility for flagrant violation of peace agreements. There should be an establishment of a temporary Transitional Authority. Finally, a new system of governance should be instituted, which is compatible with the social features of the country and not just a power-sharing deal between the warlords.

Key references Afriyie, F. A., Jisong, J., & Yaw Appiah, K. (2020).

Comprehensive analysis of South Sudan conflict: determinants and repercussions. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6(1), 33-47. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-67602-7

Alozieuwa, S. (2014). Rebel Movements, Militia Groups and the Problematic of Contemporary African Political Leadership. Journal of African Foreign Affairs, 1(2), 9-29. Retrieved January 25, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26664022

Aremu J. O. (2010). Conflicts in Africa: Meaning, Causes, Impact and Solution. African Research Review. Vol. 4 (4), Serial No. 17, October, 2010. Pp. 549 – 560. 3.

Ashworth, P & Lucas, U. (2000). Achieving Empathy and Engagement: A practical approach to the design, conduct, and reporting of phenomenographic research. Studies in Higher Education - STUD HIGH EDUC. 25. 295-308. 10.1080/713696153.

Nhema, A & Zeleza, P (2008). The Roots of African

Conflicts: The Causes and Costs. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press.

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Barltrop, R (2010). Leadership, trust and legitimacy in

Southern Sudan’s transition after 2005. Global Event Working Paper, presented at the ‘Capacity is development’ Global event, New York, 2010, sponsored by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

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The influence of organizational structure on service delivery in local governments: A case study of Entebbe Municipal Council

by

Byamugisha Chris Bindeeba4 keywords: Organizational structure, service delivery, local government

Introduction This study was about assessing the influence of organizational structure on service delivery in Uganda’s local governments focusing on Entebbe Municipal Council. The study was significant because, in Uganda, local governments play an important role in ensuring that public and social services are easily accessible to citizens.

Study objectives The study was based on the following objectives:

1. to identify the administration and management structure of Entebbe Municipal Council,

2. to analyse ways in which administration and management structure influences service delivery in Entebbe Municipal Council, and

4 Byamugisha Chris Bindeeba graduated in 2021 with M.A. Public Administration and Management from Nkumba University.

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3. to examine the strategies implemented by Entebbe Municipal Council for enhancing service delivery in Entebbe.

Methodology

The study employed a mixed-methods research design consisting of descriptive and survey study designs and combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study sampled 79 respondents and obtained responses from 63 respondents or a 79.7% response rate. The study used the questionnaire and interview guide as tools to collect primary data as well as interview and observation data collection methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency counts, means, and percentages while qualitative data were analyzed through sense-making. Field data were cleaned to remove errors and inconsistencies before analysis.

Key findings The study found that Entebbe Municipal Council is under the decentralized local government administration which by administration and management has various tiers of governance from top to bottom including Entebbe Municipal Council at the helm in Entebbe Municipality, Division Councils “A” and “B”, Wards, and Cells. The study also found that that the Municipal Council has a functional and operational system in place for ensuring that a centralized unit deals with human resources management and information that manages crosscutting

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elements found in all departments of the public administration for better service delivery. As to how the administration and management of the Municipal Council influence service delivery in Entebbe Municipality, the study revealed that there is an ethical code of ethical behavior for all staff and members of the management team. From the study, it was discovered that there exists a well cultivated and cultured relationship between the organizational structure, which ensures coherent operations at the Municipal Council, and service delivery.

Key recommendations There should be clear organizational goals that ensure the long-term survival and development of the organization. This should also specify how managers should allocate resources to reach the long-term goals of their Municipal Council for better performance and service delivery. There should be cost leadership strategies designed to target industry-wide markets for better service delivery using well-qualified and ethical management and staff. Hence, employee ethics within organizational structure should be enhanced for the better and timely delivery of quality service delivery. The organisation structure should be modified to incorporate the interests of internal and external stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, competitors,

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government regulatory agencies, public pressure groups, and the like.

Key references Aijaz, R. (2007). Challenges for urban Local

Governments in India. Asia Research Centre Working Paper 19

Jacobides., M. G. (2007). The inherent limits of

organizational structure and the unfulfilled role of hierarchy: Lessons from a near-war. Organization Science, 18, 3, 455-477.

Lovelock, C. H. & Wright, L. (2002). Principles of

Service Marketing and Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

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Unitary system of governance and promotion of sustainable peace: (a case of South Sudan 2011 – 2020)

By

Samuel Suba Manase5 Keywords: unitary state, centralization, decentralization, federalism

Introduction The unitary system of governance entails a process by which the activities of an institution, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, framing strategy, and policies, become concentrated within a particular geographical location or group. As such, important planning and decision-making power are possessed by a central authority. Unitary systems are often viewed positively because of their superior capacity to mobilize resources and rapidly implement policies. For example, some studies demonstrate that unitary political systems are more successful in mobilizing revenue with a minimum of backlash (Boffa, Piolatto, & Ponzetto, 2016). Others have demonstrated that unitary systems are better able to organize the limited resources of societies at low

5 Samual Suba Manase graduated in February 2021 with MA International Relations and diplomatic Studies from Nkumba University.

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levels of economic development to maximize economic growth (Nasution, 2017). Because in a unitary system divisions, branches, or subnational units do not make important decisions, they are relegated to mere implementing outposts.

Study objectives The study was guided by the following objectives:

1. to analyse the performance of the unitary system in South Sudan,

2. to find out the challenges of realizing sustainable peace in a unitary system of governance in South Sudan, and

3. to propose a sustainable governance system for South Sudan

Methodology

The study used the case study research design and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected from 219 respondents drawn from government, academia, professional bodies, students, opinion leaders, and civil society. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview guides, and focus group discussions. The collected data collected were edited, coded, and analyzed using SPSS.

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Key findings The study found that centralization is not an instrument of sustainable peace in South Sudan. It was found that the people of South Sudan were not properly consulted when the current system was being designed: Consultation was through opinion polls and at regions. The study found that most respondents didn’t feel that the unitary system is generally serving the country well. The study further found that the challenges of realizing sustainable peace are mainly economic and that a federal system would be better at removing the challenge because it would spur economic development in addition to facilitating the realization of better service delivery, administrative efficiency, unity, and healthy competition.

Key recommendations The study recommended that South Sudan should adopt a federal structure because a federal system is a conflict mitigation and diversity management tool. After all, it creates a more accommodating and inclusive system where minority groups have control over some portion of power and territory. The Federal system should also be adopted because it propagates rapid social and economic development by bringing the government closer to the people and therefore encouraging public participation in governance.

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Key references Boffa, F., Piolatto, A., & Ponzetto, G. A. (2016). Political

centralization and government accountability. The Quarterly Journal of Economics.

McLean, Iain, McMillan, Alistair. (2003). Federalism and

Administrative Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nasution, A. (2017). The government decentralization program in Indonesia. In Central and Local Government Relations in Asia. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Ndegwa, S., & Levy, B. (2014). The politics of

decentralization in Africa: A comparative analysis. Building state capacity in Africa: New approaches, emerging lessons, 283-322.

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Urban sprawl and labour productivity in Uganda: a case of Kampala district

by

Juliet Kyomugisha6 keywords: labour productivity, urban sprawl

Introduction The study of urban sprawl important because the aggressive emergency of dense urban settlements during the past five decades worldwide and in Uganda has ignited a growing debate regarding its costs and benefits in terms of labour productivity. The study contains five chapters. Chapter One is on introduction, Chapter Two on Literature Review, Chapter Three is on Methodology, Chapter four is on findings, and Chapter Five is on Conclusion and Recommendations.

Study objectives

The study was based on the following objectives:

1. to examine the drivers of urban sprawl in Kampala District,

2. to examine the influence of urban sprawl on labour productivity in Kampala District, and

6 Juliet Kyomugisha graduated in February, 2021 with MA Public Administration and Management from Nkumba University.

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3. to assess the influence of organization strategy and employee behavior on labour productivity in Kampala District.

Methodology

The study adopted a mixed-methods design and employed qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected from 400 respondents using questionnaires and interview guides as data collection tools, while questionnaire self-administration, observation, and interview were used as data collection methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency counts, means, and percentages while qualitative data were analyzed through sense-making. Data were edited, coded, and cleaned before analysis.

Key findings

The major divers of urban sprawl in Kampala were associated with the travel distance between workstation and residence. The study found that most respondents travelled a distance of between 11 kilometers and 20 Kilometers from their residence to their place of work because they preferred to stay away from the city because of pollution, stressful environment, and other associated problems; hence contributing to the urban sprawl of Kampala. Meanwhile, they also preferred not to reside in neighbouring towns because that would cost them more than residing in suburban areas comparatively nearer to their workplaces in Kampala; hence the urban sprawl of Kampala.

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The study also found that urban sprawl affected traffic jams, which negatively impacted the productivity of workers especially if they were delayed in a jam. The study further found that managers of various organisations in Kampala have acted to mitigate the effects of urban sprawl on the productivity of workers, namely, through salary increment.

Key recommendations The study recommended that Government should open up more feeder roads leading to Kampala City to ease access by workers to the city. Companies should do more to improve employee welfare. Companies should adopt a system of building staff quarters nearer to the company premises to ease movement.

Key references Fouberg, Erin Hogan (2012, p. 560). Human geography:

people, place, and culture, in Murphy, Alexander B.; De Blij, Harm J. (10th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.

Asumadu , Sarkodie, Samuel; Asantewaa , Owusu, Phebe; Leirvik, Thomas (March 5, 2020). Global effect of urban sprawl, industrialization, trade and economic development on carbon dioxide emissions. Environmental Research Letters. 15 (3)

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The effectiveness of management practices on academic performance of students in public secondary schools in Uganda: a case of selected schools in Wakiso District

by

Kaddu Peter7

keywords: management, management practices, academic performance

Introduction

The overarching goal of the study was to evaluate management practices in public secondary schools in Uganda. It was incentivised by consistent underperformance of public secondary schools in comparison with their privately-owned counterparts.

Study objectives The study was based on the following objectives:

1. to identify the management practices that exist in selected government secondary Schools in Wakiso District,

7 Kaddu Peter graduated in February, 2021 with MA Public Administration and Management from Nkumba University

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2. to evaluate the influence of management practices on the academic performance of students in selected Government secondary Schools in Wakiso District,

3. to examine the problems associated with management practices in selected government secondary Schools in Wakiso district, and

4. to examine the existing strategies for improving management practices and enhancing academic performance in secondary schools in Wakiso District.

Methodology

The study adopted a qualitative study design. Data were collected from 67 respondents who were sampled using simple random sampling as well as purposive sampling techniques. The researcher used questionnaires and an interview guide as data collection tools. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics namely; frequency counts, means and percentages.

Key findings

The study revealed that there was planning in the public schools surveyed in all departments for the scholastic materials, food, accommodation, and other financial and non-financial services. The schools also generally planned for human resource for proper and timely staffing, controlled activities having to do with academics, and undertook budgeting activities. The schools were bureaucratically organised under clear hierarchies and chains of command.

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The study also found that the schools surveyed had an ethical code on ethical behavior for all staff and members of the management team and Board of Governors to adhere to. The study further found that there the schools surveyed set clear goals for performance management and improvement. Nonetheless, the study also found that there were problems associated with management practices namely; occasional lapses in communication, insubordination of personal and in some cases departmental interests to those of the school by administrators, inability or unwillingness to resolve conflicts.

Key recommendations The study recommended that there should be an appraisal of management practices used in the school (s) so that those which are working well are maintained and those which are not, are improved to ensure managerial effectiveness. There should be an improvement in the day-to-day management practices such as planning, and that the function should participatory and not limited to administrators at the top—to ensure that all school activities are included in the plans. There should be prompt provision to schools by the government of up-to-date instructional materials to ensure

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that the teachers and learners are properly nourished intellectually under the existing pedagogical setting for better academic performance in internal and external examinations; plus, there should be an evaluation of school pedagogical effectiveness through quality assurance to ensure improvement in the quality of management and teaching to enhance academic excellence in the schools.

Key references

Achilles, C.M., P. Harman and P. Egelson (1995).“Using Research Results on Class Size to Improve Pupil Achievement Outcomes.Research in Schools.vol 2(2), pp. 23-30.

Administration.Makerere University, Kampala And The Harold Macmillian Trust,

Africa. AED Global Education Center Academy for Educational Development, Paper 10-13-2005.

Aghion, P., L. Boustan, C. Hoxby, and J. Vandenbussche (2007), “Exploiting States' Mistakes to Identify the Causal Impact of Higher Education on Growth”, mimeo, Harvard University.

Bandiera, O., V. Larcinese and I. Rasul (2010), “Heterogeneous Class Size Effects: NewEvidence from a Panel of University Students”, forthcoming, Economic Journal.

Bitamazire, N. G. (2005). Education for Rural People in Africa. A Presentation at the Meeting of the International Working Group on Education

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The effectiveness of the Petroleum Act (2012) and international practice in protecting the environment in Ruweng administrative area- South Sudan

By

Michael Maper Majak Ajieng8 keywords: environment, petroleum Act, international practice, environmental protection

Introduction

The Environment and crude oil, as well as gas extraction, are closely related. The environment has been one single element that has suffered the effects of such activities and accordingly, it has attracted a bevy of international and national efforts and actions to reverse the damage already done and to prevent further damage. This study focused on assessing the effectiveness of the Petroleum Act of 2012 and international practice in protecting the environment in Ruweng Administrative Area of South Sudan. It reviewed how oil and gas extraction policies made under the Act have enhanced environmental protection in South Sudan.

8Michael Maper Majak Ajieng graduated in February, 2021 with MA International Relations and Diplomacy from Nkumba University

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Study objectives

1. to examine the nature of the environmental degradation by oil and gas extraction in Ruweng Administrative Area,

2. to assess how the Petroleum Act of 2012 and international practice addresses the environmental degradation in Ruweng Administrative Area,

3. to establish the challenges encountered in the protection of the environment vis-a-vis oil and gas extraction in Ruweng Administrative Area.

Methodology

The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Out of a study population of 168,463 (South Sudan statistics bureau), a sample size of 399 was taken. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting respondents. Data were collected using interviews, questionnaires, and documentary review methods.

Key findings The study found that respondents were aware of the causes of environmental degradation in Ruweng Administrative Area. The respondents noted lost livelihood of residents at 14.2% due to ecological destabilization through contamination of land and water

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bodies, thus leading to low agricultural production and reduction in fishing and farming activities caused land and water pollution. The study found that oil extraction companies did not fully comply with both international environmental laws and international practices and South Sudan procedures and regulations. Companies did not commit to health and safety procedures in protecting the environment from pollution. The study further found that there was a perception having to do with lack of political will to fully enforce oil and gas policies, implement and monitor oil management policy, enforce environmental management policies, and regulate exploration activities and oil reconnaissance activities. This led to a lack of safety inspection and audit of oil and gas activities. The study found that government and local leaders did not effectively sensitize the community or making the people aware of the dangers of oil waste in areas of residence.

Key recommendations The South Sudanese government through the ministry of petroleum and the ministry of the environment should build the capacity of officers and enlisted personnel in the area of oil and gas extraction and provide them with the means of dealing with emerging environmental challenges. This will enhance monitoring and implementation of environmental laws through

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inspections, reconnaissance, decommissioning, assessment, and auditing of activities to ensure compliance. This will assist with curbing and taking out all illegal activities related to environmental degradation under oil and gas extractions. There should be a political commitment that should be reflected in the execution of environmental legislation, the follow-up of environmental management practices of oil companies is the responsibility of the government. There also needs to be the involvement and participation of, and cooperation from local communities, CSOs, mass media, NGOs, educational institutions, researchers can all contribute to create and raise environmental awareness towards the development of sustainable environmental management of oil for the benefit of all stakeholders including the government, oil companies, and societies. The South Sudanese government through the ministry of petroleum and the ministry of the environment should ensure that all companies exploring and extracting oil and gas adhere to international environmental laws and standards, international practices, international humanitarian and human rights law, the Petroleum Act of 2012 including principles of distinction and proportionality. All oil companies and agencies should be registered by line ministries. The Government of South Sudan should equitably distribute oil and gas proceeds by providing basic needs like health, education, roads, etc in a balanced and equitable manner to the people of South Sudan. The government should also curb corruption and

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ensure that all revenues from oil and gas are deposited into the national treasury.

Key references

San Sebastián, M., Karin Hurtig, A. (2004). Oil exploitation in the Amazon basin of Ecuador: a public health emergency. Revista panamericana de salud pública . Vol, 15 (3), 205-211.

Sánchez, L. E., & Gallardo, A. L. C. F. (2005). On the successful implementation of mitigation measures. Impact assessment and project appraisal, Vol, 23(3), 182-190.

Seitinger, P., Baumgarbner, A., & Schindlbauer, H. (1994). The behaviour of oil spills in soils and groundwater. National Resources and Development. Vol, 40: 69 – 84.

Sekeran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business. A skill Building Approach 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Sia, A. P., Hungerford, H.R. & Tomera, A.N. (1986). Selected predictors of responsible environmental behavior: An analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, , Vol 17(2), 31-40.

Silver, C, (2020). How do Government Regulations Impact the Oil and Gas Drilling Sector?. Retrieved from: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/012715/how-does-government-regulation-impact-oil-gas-drilling-sector.asp

Skogdalen, J. E., Utne, I. B., & Vinnem, J. E. (2011). Developing safety indicators for preventing

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offshore oil and gas deep water drilling blowouts. Safety Science. Vol, 49(8), 1187-1199.

Smith, E. (2005). Communities of Competence: new resources in the workplace. Journal of Workplace Learning. Vol. 17(1/2), pp. 7-23.

Uliasz-Misiak, B. (2016). Environmental Aspects of Unconventional Oil Exploitation. Rocz. Ochr. Sr. Vol, 18, 716-729

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Community policing and crime prevention in Uganda: A case of greater Kampala metropolitan area (2012-2019)

by

Muhangi Herbert9 keywords: community policing, crime prevention

Introduction The study was about community policing and crime prevention in Uganda focusing on Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (2012-2019). Undertaking the study on community policing and crime prevention is important for understanding how the community and police work in tandem to prevent and detect crime.

Study objectives

1. To examine the factors accounting for criminality in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area,

2. to assess the effectiveness of community policing in preventing crime in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area,

3. to analyze the existing strategies for enhancing community policing as a crime prevention measure in Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area.

9 Muhangi Herbert graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Security and Strategic Studies from Nkumba University.

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Methodology The study used a case study design and obtained data from 77 respondents through interviews and questionnaires. The respondents were selected using simple random and purposive sampling techniques.

Key findings The study found that criminality in Kampala Metropolitan Area was caused by myriad factors namely: poor family background which has caused behavioural problems among who have grown outside of familiar boundaries; erosion of the social moral fabric which has encouraged permissiveness; the frequent occurrence of criminal behaviour in certain places which motivates criminality; societal tolerance of anti-social behaviour; as well as lapses in the enforcement of the law. However, the study also found that police undertook community liaison by identifying and talking to youths and the community leaders. The police used surveillance CCTV cameras which have helped them to follow-up and arrest criminals.

Key recommendations The study recommended that there should be an improvement in the mobilization of communities to be prepared and equipped to act as first responders to security emergencies before the police intervene. In that effort, the

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practice of “drum beating” (the traditional alarm bell) should be invigorated in crime-infested communities to alert members of communities of a criminal disturbance. The police should also sensitize communities about law and crime to reduce the unintentional commission of criminal acts. Last but not least, the police should strengthen their partnership with the community in fighting crime since community policing is essentially about a partnership between the police and the citizens in ensuring that crime is alleviated in the community.

Key references

Abrahams, A.F., Ebener, P.A., Greenwood, P.W., Fitzgerald, N. &Kosin, T.E., 2011, ‘An

experimental evaluation of the Phoenix repeat offender program’, Justice Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 141-168.

Ahmadi, H. (2005). Sociology of Social Deviances. Iran, Tehran: SAMT Pub.

Audit Commission, Misspent youth: Young people and crime, London: Audit Commission for

Local Authorities and NHS in England and Wales, 1996

Banerjee, A., Chattopadhayay R., Duflo, E and Keniston, D., 2008, Police performance and

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public perception in Rajasthan, India, http://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/policeperformance-and-public-perception-rajasthan-india

Barthe, Emmanuel (2006) Crime Prevention Publicity Campaigns; U.S. Department of Justice. p.

9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.

Beebe N.L., Rao V.S., Using Situational Crime Prevention Theory to Explain the Effectiveness

of Information Systems, Security, Proceedings of the 2005 SoftWars Conference, Las Vegas 2005

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The contribution of performance management systems on employee performance in urban councils: A case of Entebbe Municipal Council

by

Nambejja Juliet Mudusu10 keywords: performance management systems, performance management, employee performance, reward systems, communication

Introduction The study was about the Contribution of Performance Management Systems on employee performance in Entebbe Municipal Council. This topic was important because the performance of organisations whether profit-making or non-profit making, in the delivery of products or services, is tied to the performance of its employees. Since Entebbe Municipal Council is a public organisation that exists to serve citizens residing in and depending on Entebbe, its employee performance management systems needed to be evaluated.

10 Nambejja Juliet Mudusu graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Public Administration and Management from Nkumba University.

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Study objectives The study was based on the following objectives:

1. to examine the relationship between training and employee performance at Entebbe Municipal Council,

2. to establish the relationship between reward systems and employee performance at Entebbe Municipal Council, and

3. to find out the relationship between communication and employee performance at Entebbe Municipal Council.

Methodology

The study employed the survey research design and used both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. A sample of 60 respondents was contacted who availed data for the study using a combination of simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used to collect data. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to present and analyze data namely; frequency, mean, percentage, and standard deviation. Inferential statistics were also used to test for the relationship between variables.

Key findings The study found that by training its employees, Entebbe Municipal Council helped them to become more

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productive and efficient. The study found a strong positive relationship between training and employee performance. The study also found a moderate positive relationship between the reward system at Entebbe Municipal Council and employee performance. In other words, employee performance was higher among better-rewarded employees than those who were poorly rewarded. The study also found that when communication at the Municipal Council was well coordinated and implemented, employee performance significantly improved and vice versa

Key recommendations The study recommended as follows: There is a need for the management at Entebbe Municipal Council to put in place mechanisms to ensure that training of employees is continuous and well elaborated for employees to gain the skills needed for in providing quality services to the Council’s clients. Entebbe Municipal Council should enhance rewards to its employees to improve productivity levels. For every opportunity possible, the management of the Council should formally recognize good employee efforts towards enhanced performance. Effective communication should be used by the management of Entebbe Municipal Council to avail

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information about the goals, objectives, and activities of the Council. There should be effective performance feedback that translates into improved employee performance.

Key references Purkayastha, D., &Chaudhari, A. (2011).Performance

Management and Reward Systems.A case study of Scottrade Inc. IBS Center for management Research.

Randell, F. (2014). Issues and Challenges in the Practice

of Performance Appraisal Activities in the 21st Century. International Journal of Education and Research 1 (4), 1-8.

Robert, H. (2014). 30 ways of maximizing employees’

productivity.International.Inc.an equal opportunity employer M/F/D/N. RH-0814-1302.

Saeed, M. K., &Shahbaz, N. (2011). Employees’

Perceptions about the Effectiveness of Performance Appraisals: The Case of Pakistan. SIU Journal of Management, 1(1)

Welch, D. S., & Jackson, M. R. (2007). The evolution of the performance appraisal process. Journal of Management History, 4(3), 233-249

Yin, Robert. K. (2013). Case Study Research: Design and

Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications, Los Angeles.

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Zhang Ying Ying (2012). The Impact of Performance Management System on Employee performance. Analysis with WERS, 2004

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The role of women in armed conflict resolution and peace-building in Uganda: A case of the LRA conflict in Kitgum district, Acholi sub-region

by

Atuhaire Phiona11

Introduction

The realm of women and armed conflict resolution is quite the less navigated area of study in developing countries particularly Uganda. This study, in general, analyzes the role of women in armed conflict resolution and peace-building in Uganda and their experiential perspective using Kitgum District. This study is derived from the disproportionate representation of women in conflict resolution strategies and peace-building processes despite also being victims of the same armed conflicts.

Objectives of the study

1. To examine the factors that influence women’s role in conflict resolution and peacebuilding,

2. to assess the relationship between women involvement and restoration of peace in armed conflict-ravaged areas of Kitgum,

11 Atuhaire Phiona graduated in February 2021 with M.A. International Relations and Diplomacy from Nkumba University

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3. to assess the effect of excluding women from armed conflict resolution processes on the attainment of peace in Kitgum, Uganda.

Methodology

The study adopted the case study design and employed the qualitative approach. The design was also preferred because it is appropriate for addressing the ‘why’ questions and to understand issues or answering the ‘how’ questions as well as understanding behaviour, beliefs, opinions, emotions from the participants' perspective (Hennink et al. (2011).

The study used non-probability sampling techniques because according to (Patton & Cochran, 2002), sampling in qualitative studies is normally purposive. The study used the Maximum Variation sampling technique under purposive sampling to study subjects of different characteristics such as age, gender, and knowledge about the subject.

The study was conducted during the period of Covid-19. Thus, the methods used included telephone interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Phone Interviews were conducted in May, shortly after easing the national lockdown while FGDs were conducted in July 2020.

Key findings

Under the first objective, the study found that the factors that influenced the role of women in armed conflict resolution in Kitgum include; social-cultural, economic, and political factors.

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The study also found that the relationship between women’s involvement in armed conflict resolution and restoration of peace in armed conflict-ravaged areas of Kitgum was linked to the lessened possibility of conflict, attainment of sustainable development, and gender-sensitive recovery.

The research equally studied the effect of excluding women from conflict resolution processes on the attainment of peace and found that it increased the chances of conflict, created an unjust society, and didn’t, therefore, appreciate women’s contribution to peace. The field findings revealed that exclusion reinforced victimization, lowered the opportunities for conflict resolution and peacebuilding while suppressing women’s effectiveness in conflict resolution and peacebuilding.

Key recommendations

Building women’s leadership skills: More women need to be encouraged to take up leadership positions and their skills to be built for effective representation. This would enable them to participate beyond the household level and ensure their effective participation in conflict resolution and peacebuilding. This can be done through workshops organised by the Ugandan Government, UN Women, FIDA among others

Developing skills to empower women programs: According to the respondents, women were not involved in the peace process as mentioned earlier. They proposed the need for skills development in peacebuilding perhaps through adult literacy and training programs.

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Supporting women’s initiatives and numerical increase in participating in the public sphere: There was a concern that women’s efforts needed to be better supported, in particular small women’s groups operating at the grassroots.

Promoting peace at the grassroots level: There is a need to strengthen the existing peace efforts at the grassroots level by sharing lessons learned from different communities. Women peace activists at the grassroots level should be supported to improve the effectiveness of their interventions and to share their experiences with others.

Creating a forum for women to voice their views: The study found that although women had diverse issues and proposals to voice, they did not have suitable fora to present their ideas since they were left out of various conflict resolution activities.

Promoting the UNSC resolution 1325: The UN Security Council should take specific, progressive measures to ensure implementation of Resolution 1325 in northern Uganda, including increased monitoring with consequences for failure to comply with its provisions for the security of women in armed conflict and their utmost inclusion in conflict resolution processes.

References

Agbajobi, D. 2010. "The Role of Women in Conflict

Resolution and Peace Building." In Understanding Africa's Contemporary Conflicts, edited by R Bowd

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and A B Chikwanha, 233-254. African Human Security Initiative.

Ahikire, J, A Madanda, and C Ampaire. 2012. Post War Economic Opportunities in Northern Uganda: Implications for Women’s Empowerment and Political Participation. International Alert.

Anderlini S. N, Jarhum, R, Allam, R, and Cowick. D 2017, ‘Women, Peace and Security’, U.S. CSWG policybrief.

Anderlini, S. N., & Conaway, C. P. n.d. DDR, Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A toolkit for Advocacy and Action. https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/101864251-Toolkit-for-Advocacy-and-Action.pdf.

Anderlini, S.N., 2007, Women Building Peace: Why They Do It, Why It Matters, (Boulder, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.)

Hennink, M., Hutter, I. and Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative Research Methods. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Patton, Q. M., & Cochran, M. (2002). A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology. MSF.

UN. (2011). Human Security Report 2009/10: The Cause of Peace and the Shrinking Costs of War. Canada: Simon Fraser University.

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District security committees and the oversight of private security companies in Uganda: A case of Wakiso and Kampala districts

by

Bagonza Jimmy Kinyonyi12

keywords: District Security Committee, private security, private Security, regulations

Introduction

This study investigated the role of District Security Committees in the oversight of private security companies in Uganda to contribute to ways through which private-public security provision can be enhanced for sustainable security and development. Using Wakiso and Kampala as case studies, the study relied on a qualitative approach based on key informant in-depth interviews involving members of District Security Committees, private security company supervisors, supervisors at police headquarters in charge of private security organization and private security services contractors and members to analyze the mechanisms and challenges District Security

12 Bagonza Jimmy Kinyonyi graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Security and Strategic Studies from Nkumba University

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Committees face in the oversight of private security companies.

Study objectives

1. To examine the legal provisions for the oversight of private Security organisations by District Security Committees,

2. to evaluate the mechanisms put in place by District Security Committees for the oversight of private security organisations,

3. to identify the challenges faced by District Security Committees in the oversight of private security organisations.

Methodology

This study adopted a descriptive research design and relied on the qualitative approach. The study used purposive and simple random sampling technique to select respondents who were drawn from members of district security committees, private security company supervisors, supervisors at police headquarters in charge of private security organisation, and private security services contractors and members to analyse the mechanisms and challenges. The study also relied on the in-depth interview technique to collect data.

Key findings

The study found out that although there is an adequate legal and regulatory framework that empowers District Security Committees to monitor the activities of private security companies recruitment, training, and

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deployments; many members of the district security committees were not fully aware of the current regulations hence undermining effective oversight of private security companies.

Key recommendations

There should be a targeted induction of all District Security Committees members to the 2013 private security Organizations Regulations to equip them with knowledge for effective oversight. There is a need to establish district-based databases of private security companies for easy monitoring of the discipline of private security guards. There is a need for annual conferences between the private security service users, government security agencies, and the private security companies to share experiences on how to improve the operations of private security companies for sustainable security and development and also ensure the independence of District Security Committees in the oversight of private security companies. Political interference and patronage should be minimized through an open system of monitoring that involves all stakeholders in the district.

Key references

Allio, E and Candia, S (2007). ‘Illegal arms: the inside story’ New Vision, 20 March 2007.

American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS (2009). Compendium of the ASIS Academic/Practitioner Symposium, page 34-38

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ASIS International. (2009a). International glossary of security terms. Retrieved 2010, from http://www.asisonline.org

ASIS International. (2009b). Standards and guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.asisonline.org

Bearpark, A. and S. Schulz. 2007. “The Private Security Challenge in Africa: Problems and Options for Regulation.” Pp. 73-88 in Private Security in Africa: Manifestation, Challenges and Regulation, edited by S. Gumedze. ISS Monograph Series No. 139. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.

Bernard, R. (2013). Security certifications. Security Technology and Design, 36–43.

Bradley, T. (2014). Governing private security in New Zealand. Available at: http://anj.sagepub.com/content

Brunet, J. R. (2008). Blurring the line between public and private sectors: The case of police officers ‘off-duty employment. Public Personnel Management, 37(2), 161–174.

Button, M. (2014). Assessing the regulation of private security across Europe. European Journal of Criminology 4(1):109:128.

Caparina M & Cole, E (2008) Public Oversight of the Security Sector: A Handbook for Civil Society organizations, United Nations Development Programme

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Connors, E., Cunningham, W., Ohlhausen, P., Oliver, L., & Van Meter, C. (2000). Operation Cooperation: Guidelines for partnerships between law enforcement & private security organizations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance.

Cunningham, W. C., Strauchs, J. J. and Van Meter C. W. (1990) Private Security Trends 1970-2000, (The Hallcrest Report II). Stoneham: Butterworth-Heineman.

David Bayley and Clifford Shearing ‘The New Structure of Policing: Description, Conceptualization and Research Ag en d a’ United States Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Washington D.C. 2001.

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The effect of extrinsic rewards on the performance Of employees in tertiary institutions in South Sudan: A case of university of juba

Dieng David Ring13

Introduction

The study was about the effect of extrinsic rewards on the performance of employees at the University of Juba,

such a study is important because the key to corporate commercial success is optimally motivated employees, who collectively form teams of knowledgeable employees, who as a team, have enough knowledge, experience, and necessary skills. However, they are also interested in dedicating their knowledge, skills, and energy to teamwork, and in reconciling personal objectives with those of team and organisation.

Study objectives

The study was guided by the following objectives;

1. to establish how timely and higher pay affect employee performance at the University of Juba,

2. to analyze how job security affects employee performance at the University of Juba,

3. to examine the challenges faced by administration and management in rewarding staff at the University of Juba

13 Dieng David Ring graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Security and Strategic Studies from Nkumba University

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Methodology

This presents the study approach, research design, study population, sample size and selection, sampling techniques and procedure, data collection methods and instruments, the procedure of data collection, data analysis and measurement of variables as well as ethical considerations and limitations with their corresponding delimitations of the study.

Key findings

The study found that staff members at Juba University were generally satisfied with their remuneration and incidental to that they generally have the motivation to work. Staff members are paid according to their rank, qualifications, experience, and technical proficiency.

The study found that there are academic disciplines such as agriculture, pharmacy, and accounting for which it is difficult to find lecturers and professors. Lecturers are also entitled to per diem when they go on study tours with students and are entitled to a range of non-financial rewards. This explains why the majority of respondents indicated that they were satisfied.

From thAT, it can be inferred that this bears positively on employee performance. This is in line with studies that have established a positive correlation between employee happiness/motivation and performance. In particular, results from a series of experiments carried out by economists at the University of Warwick showed that happiness made employees around 12% more productive,

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while unhappy workers showed to be 10% less productive (Oswald et al, 2015).

The study also found that non-academic staff members are offered long-term contracts, assuring them of security of tenure, while the academic staff can teach until retirement age. As a result, the study found that employees are pleased with their work.

Nonetheless, the study also found that although remuneration and compensation of staff were generally satisfying, there were reservations. The study found that staff members were concerned that the reward system at the University was poorly designed; there were tendencies by the University management to downgrade pay, and also complained of an unfavourable working environment.

Key recommendations The study recommended that there should be a constant enhancement of the salary and continuous improvement of the workplace environment. The management of the Juba University should consider reviewing the reward system.

Key references Agburu, J. I. (2012). Recent Trends in Wage and Salary

Administration in Nigeria: A Synopsis on Theoretical and Empirical Challenges, International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1(2), 257-268.

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Maslow, A. H. (1943). The Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, July, 370 – 396.

Mugenda M.O., Mugenda A.G. (2000). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Nairobi Press.

Muo, Ik. (2007). Motivation in Complex Organisations. In Bello-Imam et al. (eds.), Fundamentals of Human Resources Management in Nigeria, College Press & Publishers, Ibadan.

Opachl, R. L., & Dunnette, M. D. (1966). The Role of Financial Compensation in Industrial Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 66, 94 – 118.

Wright, P. C., Mondy, R. W., &Noe, R. M. (1996).Human resource management. (1st ed).

Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., Scarborough, p. 578.

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Exploring the teaching of security and strategic studies in Uganda

Katongole Badhul14

Introduction

This study explored the growth of security and strategic studies (SSS) as an academic discipline in Uganda’s civilian and military institutions. This was owing to the increased establishment of SSS courses in both military and civilian institutions of higher.

Study objectives

1. To examine the evolution of SSS in Uganda, 2. to analyze the reasons for the increasing teaching of

SSS in Uganda, 3. to investigate the challenges to the growth of SSS in

Uganda.

Methodology

The study used a qualitative –exploratory research design to examine, understand and describe the phenomenon of SSS in Uganda about which little was known. The qualitative research design was preferred for its ability to provide a complex textual description of how people experience a given research issue. The study population

14 Katongole Badhul graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Security and Strategic Studies from Nkumba University

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consisted of academics in security sector studies, military leaders, security experts, and government and non-government officials. The study target population was between 40-60 experts to be interviewed, but the actual sample size was determined at the end of the study, by the number of respondents the researcher accessed and determined by the principle of saturation.

The number of expert interviews carried out was 15. By the 15th respondent, the researcher realized that the respondents were repeating what others had said, meaning that the saturation point had been reached. The study used the purposive, convenience, and snowballing sampling techniques.

The study adopted the last definition, and dealt with in this sub-section are the sources of data, data collection methods, and research instruments. Both primary and secondary sources of data were employed in the study process. This study employed the interpretive method of data collection. The researcher edited and spot-checked data during and after each interview with respondents. Coding was done to ensure that all answers obtained from various respondents were given codes and classified into meaningful forms for better analysis.

Some of the interview results (specifically the demographic characteristics of respondents such as gender, age, level of education, and institutions of affiliation) were coded on frequency tables and presented in terms of percentages while other interview results are presented in a descriptive/narrative format. The researcher sorted the data according to the research questions and to

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give the responses a better narrative, respondents were identified by alphabetical letters running from A-O; enabling identification of the answers to specific questions with individual respondents.

Key study findings

Evolution of security and strategic studies in Uganda. The study found that the teaching of SSS in Uganda began about 10 years ago at Makerere University, then Uganda Senior Command and Staff College, Kimaka plus Nkumba University, and so on. This implies that SSS in Uganda is 40 years behind the rest of the world where it started 50 years ago. This was as a result of the need identified by Ugandan academics to shift from the traditional state-centric approach to security to an approach based on human security.

Currently, SSS is being offered in military institutions for their operational needs but has also been taken up by civilian institutions- universities. However, the one-year master’s degree programs being offered by military/police institutions lack the depth of coverage of SSS, compared to the two-year master’s degree programs offered by civilian institutions. Generally, the content of SSS courses is good enough and competitive, particularly its theoretical approach, that facilitates grounding in matters of security and strategy.

Reasons for increased Teaching of security and strategic studies in Uganda

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Reasons for the increased teaching of SSS rotate around the facts that: A review of SSS programme content and judging from the responses of the respondents, SSS has a strong theoretical linkage to national development although, in practice, there is a disconnect between class knowledge and policy practice in Uganda. Theoretically, there is a strong emphasis on the security-development nexus. Knowledge acquired through SSS has led to the realization that for development to take place, state security is not enough, human security should also be in place. SSS are relevant for national development given the comprehensiveness with which they address the issue of security and how it affects people’s livelihoods and dignity.

SSS can offer advisory services to the government so that it can better manage other spheres of government such as politics, health, the environment, and so on. They just have to be taught using the right methodology, the right paradigm, and by the right people. While the programme has been developed with SDGs in mind and therefore tailored to international standards, some voices are of the view that there is no linkage between SSS as taught in Uganda and national development because Africa in general and Uganda, in particular, have nothing to secure, having lost what was supposed to secure- the mind and the language of the SSS are premised on what is and not what ought to be.

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Challenges to the development of security and strategic studies in Uganda

The bias is a result of the misconception of security as a preserve of the state and considering the state as the only referent object of security. By understanding security from a state-centric angle, SSS practitioners don’t appreciate the idea of putting people before states-the essence of contemporary SSS.

In respect of publications, there is no journal for SSS and as a result, those who are teaching SSS are teaching what they are not producing, which should be in form of publications. There are no conferences in SSS being organised from whose papers publications would come.

Lack of interface between academics and development planners results from the disconnect between the two stakeholders to development that has resulted in each of them operating in isolation of the other.

There is a shortcoming in SSS in Uganda, in that there is hardly any inter-institutional collaboration (between universities and between universities and policy-making institutions). Inter-institutional collaboration in security and strategic studies is being attempted by some universities like Nkumba; albeit with little success.

Key recommendations

There is a need for a regular interface between SSS scholars and national development planning experts to develop harmonized national security and development policies informed by research. This can be through

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research and policy analysis seminars. There should be a clear institutional framework linking state security practitioners, development-policy makers, and academicians in the SSS sector.

In respect of the academic study of SSS, there is a need to consider and review the curriculum so that it can allow for specialization in the study of SSS into specific knowledge areas including specialized geopolitical studies.

There is a need for the military and civilian institutions teaching SSS-related courses to establish a platform for knowledge sharing to reduce the statist/militarist perception of security studies.

Publication of dissertation and theses that are relevant to national development should be encouraged.

Key references Acharya, A. (2008) The Limitations of Mainstream

International Relations Theories for Understanding the Politics of Forced Migration, Department of Politics and International relations, University of Oxford.

Africa, S. & Kwadjo, J. (2009) Changing Intelligence Dynamics in Africa, GFN-SSR.

African Union Peace and Security (APSP) (2012) www.peaceau.org/en/article/institute-for-peace-and-security-studies- Accessed on13/7/2019.

Barnes, C. and Melles, G. (2007) Managing Interdisciplinarity; A Discussion of the

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Contextual Review in Design Research, International Association of Societies of Design Research, Hong Kong Polytech, NIC University.

Brzoska, M. (2003) Development Donors and the Concept of security Sector Reform, DCAF Occassional Paper 4, Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces.

Charrett, C. (2009) A Critical Application of Securitization Theory: Overcoming the Normative Dilemma of Writing Security, International Catalan Institute of Peace, Barcelona.

Checkel, J. T. (2017) Methods in Constructivist Approaches to International Security, Simons Papers in Security and Development, School for International Studies.

Chutter, D. (2006) Understanding Security Sector Reform, Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, UK.

Donadoni, L. (2018) Mapping the Nexus Between Security and Development in the 21st Century. https://www.e.ir-info>2018/09/29>ma.... Accessed on 25/06/2019.

Hendrickson, D. (2004) The Challenges of Security Sector Reform, SIPRI.

Koliopoulos, C. (2017) Historical Approaches to Security/Strategic Studies, Oxford Research Encyclopedias.

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Kumar, R. (2011) Research Methodology: A Step-by-step guide for beginners, SAGE Publications Ltd.

Lin, S. F. L. (2011) State-centric Security and its Limitations: The Case of Trans-national Organized Crime, Research Institute for European and American Studies, Athens, Greece.

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Assessment of government’s commitment to the promotion of human rights: A case of the right to education, in Uganda

Biyonza Mercy koraho15

keywords: commitment, rights, education

Introduction

In 2015, the international community set seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the attainment of worldwide development including the right to education. The SDGs are successors of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to which the nations of the world committed to achieving by 2015.

Study objectives

The study was guided by the following objectives:

1. to examine the factors influencing the government’s promotion of education as a human right,

2. to analyse the mechanisms adopted by the government to promote the right to education, and

15 Biyonza Mercy koraho graduated in February 2021 with M.A. International Relations and Diplomacy from Nkumba University

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3. to examine the challenges faced by the government of Uganda in ensuring the Right to Education

Methodology

The study used the survey, mixed methods research design, and adopted qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The study collected data on 117 respondents who were both purposively and through simple random sampling procedures. The study used both the questionnaire and interviews methods, and correspondingly used self-administered questionnaires and interview schedules, to collect data. The study had a response rate of 63%.

Key findings

The study concluded that factors such as commitment to international law, national legal obligations, public opinion, and human development, conditioned the government’s promotion of the right to education.

The study further found that the government of Uganda promotes the right to education by offering free universal education at primary and secondary school levels for citizens who cannot afford the cost of education offered by private schools. The government of Uganda has built partnerships with organisations that have contributed to expanding access to education, especially for underprivileged children. The government of Uganda has engaged parents to support its efforts in ensuring that all children enjoy the right to education namely, by asking them to provide lunch for children while at school.

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However, the study also found that the government grapples with rampant social inequality, lack of funds to recruit enough qualified teachers, and to build sufficient infrastructure such as classrooms, in public schools.

Recommendations

The study recommended that grants meant to improve education in Uganda should be promptly disbursed to schools to allow for the timely implementation of school plans. The government should maintain its commitment to gender equality while legally dealing with those that violate children’s rights to education. The government should continue to monitor the services of private partners. The government should increase the education budget to allow it to set up the adequate infrastructure and recruit enough qualified teachers.

Key references

Akkoyunlu, A., & Wigley, S. (2008). Basic Education and Capability Development in Turkey. Researchgate.

Ashaba, A. (2019, April 17). Uganda: Shortage of Teachers Crippling Education in Ntroko District.

Bangay, C. (2019, October 31). What Teacher Shortage? Its not the Scale but the Nature of Challenge. Retrieved July 13, 2020, from https://gemreportunesco.wordpress.com/2019/10/31/what-teacher-shortage-its-not-just-the-scale-but-the-nature-of-the-challenge/

Beiter, K. D. (2006). The Protection of the Right to Education by International Law: Including a Systematic Analysis of Article 13 of the

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International Convenant on Economic, Social.... Researchgate.

Brende, B. (2015, July 07). Why Education is the Key to Development. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/07/why-education-is-the-key-to-development/

Burnett, N. (2014). International Education Policies, Issues and Challenges. In Education, Learning, Training: Critical Issues for Development (pp. 27-36). Boston: Brill-Nijhoff: Graduate Institute Publications.

Covaleskie, J. F. (2000). Breaking the Social Contract: The Fiscal Crisis in Higher Education. Journal of Thought, 25-34.

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Non-Government Organisations and Health service delivery in Kampala. A Case of Community Health Alliance Uganda (CHAU)

Owomuhendo Rebecca16

keywords: NGOs, health service delivery

Introduction

Health Service Delivery (HSD) is in the public interest of any nation not only because healthcare access and delivery form part of the SDGs package that the world agreed to the pursuit of, but also because health is a recognized human right. Unfortunately, access to health, which as a right is supposed to be universal, is afflicted by weak healthcare systems services in especially developing countries. When healthcare service delivery, for which government bears the primary responsibility to deliver as the “First Sector” and the Private Sector or the “Second Sector” delivers it for the well-to-do, the responsibility falls on the “Third Sector” or NGOs.

Study objectives

The study was guided by the following objectives:

16 Owomuhendo Rebecca graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Public Administration and Management from Nkumba University

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1. to examine the ways through which NGOs contribute to health service delivery in Kampala,

2. to assess the challenges faced by NGOs specifically Community Health Alliance Uganda in improving health service delivery, and

3. to examine the strategies that have been adopted by NGOs (Community Health Alliance Uganda) to improve health service delivery.

Methodology

The study employed the case study research design and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides. A total of 92 respondents were selected to participate in the study, out of a population of 120—using both simple random sampling for quantitative data and convenient sampling for qualitative data. The researcher used two research methods to collect data, namely, the survey method for which the tool employed was self-administered questionnaires, and the group interview method for which the interview guide was used as a data collection tool. The researcher also used the document review to collect secondary data.

Key findings

The study found that NGOs have made several contributions to the health sector including the funding of health services and supporting the existing health units to improve health service provision, and engagement in research to inform and influence public policy

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formulation. The researcher, however, established that challenges such as financial limitations, political interference, and donor interests negatively influenced the performance of the NGOs. The research also found that the approaches adopted to ensure health service provision include; advocacy, lobbying, and encouraging community involvement in the health projects and activities.

Key recommendations

The Government of Uganda should continue to work hand in hand with the NGOs to ensure that the existing health gaps are identified to prevent duplication of healthcare services by NGOs. NGOs must maintain accountability and transparency in their operations while remaining non-partisan.

Key references

Abouassi, K., & Trent, D. L. (2016). NGOs Accountability From An NGO Perspective: Perceptions, Strategies and Practices. Wiley Online Library, 283-296.

Afaq, A. (2013). Capacity Development and LeadershipChallenges in the NGO Sector of Pakistan. Florida: Florida State University.

Anbazhagan, S., & Anbazhagan, S. (2016). Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Global Health. Researchgate.

Baluku, J. (2010). NGO-Led Service Delivery to the Poor: The Case of Agricultural Support Program (STANET) in Kases District, Uganda. Hague: Institute of Social Studies.

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Boboya, J. (2014). The Contribution of Non-Governmental Organizations in Delivery of Basic Health Services in Partnership with Local Government: A Case of Yei Civil Hospital and Martha Primary Health . Researchgate, 1-8.

Delisle, H., Roberts, J. H., Munro, M., Jones, L., & Gyorkos, T. (2005). The Role of NGOs in Global Health Research of Development. Retrieved from https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-4505-3-3

Ebrahim, A. (2003). Accountability in Practice: Mechanisms for NGOs. World Development, 31(5), 813-829.

Geidne, S. (2012). The Non-Governmental Organization as a Health Promoting Setting - Examples from Alcohol Prevention Projects . Orebro University.

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Corporate Social Responsibility and Community Relations in the aviation industry in Uganda. A case

study of the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority (Entebbe International Airport)

Ssemwogerere Sadrach Shad17

Keywords: corporate social responsibility, community relations, aviation industry

Introduction

The study was about corporate social responsibility in the aviation industry and community relations. It focused on the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority at Entebbe International Airport.

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine the current state of community relations around Entebbe International Airport,

2. to assess the influence of corporate social responsibility on community relations at Entebbe International Airport, and

17 Ssemwogerere Sadrach Shad graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Public Administration and Management from Nkumba University.

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3. to examine the influence of UCAA CSR policy implementation on community relations at Entebbe International Airport.

Methodology

The study used the cross-sectional survey design and adopted quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data from 129 respondents who were selected using both convenient sampling and simple random sampling techniques. The response rate was 78%.

Quantitative data were presented in form of descriptive statistics using frequency tables. Qualitative data were sorted and grouped into themes and presented using narrative text. The researcher also evaluated and analysed the adequacy of information in answering the research questions identifying categories and parameters that emerged in the responses to the variables of the study.

Key study findings

The study found that Uganda Civil Aviation at Entebbe International Airport has been able to apply universally acceptable procedures and standards in its operations, which has helped to build good relations with community members. It was found that Uganda Civil Aviation Authority at Entebbe Airport undertakes safeguarding and conservation efforts having to do with forest conservation, and protection of water sources, soils, and flora and fauna.

Recommendations

The study recommended that Uganda Civil Aviation Authority at Entebbe Airport should conduct further

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research into perceptions of its Corporate Social Responsibility, held by a wider array of stakeholders. In other terms, the Authority should undertake a study that exceeds a focus on the influence of its Corporate Social Responsibility endeavours.

Key references

Dane, S. (2004). Adoption of Corporate Social Responsibility: Incorporating a Stakeholder Perspective. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management vol. 3 no 3 pp. 188

Karmis and Kuel. (2013). Social Responsibility, Ethics and Marketing Strategy: closing the Gap between concepts Application. Journal of Marketing

Lazzari, C. (2018). Religion, Philanthropy, Service, and Civic Engagement in Twentieth-Century America. In A. C. Brooks (Ed.), The Role of Charity in America's Communities (pp. 159-181). Oxford

Matarrita, L. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee Commitment. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(1), 19 – 33

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International Non-Governmental Organisations and Poverty Reduction in Uganda: A case study of Care International, Rukiga District

Tuhirirwe Mercy18

Keywords: international Non-Governmental Organisations, poverty reduction

Introduction

The study was undertaken to establish the role of International Non-Government Organisations (INGOs) in poverty reduction efforts in Uganda, focusing on Care International, an international NGO operating in Rukiga District in South-Western Uganda.

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives, namely:

1. to examine how Care International’s educational programmes have improved access to education of the poor in Rukiga District,

2. to assess how Care International’s livestock improvement programmes have improved food security to the poor in Rukiga District,

18 Tuhirirwe Mercy graduated in February 2021 with M.A. International Relations and Diplomacy from Nkumba University.

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3. to examine how Care International’s health intervention programmes have improved the livelihood of the poor in Rukiga District.

Methodology

The research study used the cross-sectional survey design and relied on the quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data from 75 respondents who were selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques, of which only 60 positively responded to the study. Whereas quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, namely, frequency tables; qualitative data were sorted and grouped into themes and presented using narrative text.

Key findings

The study found that several children in poor homes were provided with a chance to undertake formal education by Care International. It also found that Care International has achieved success in ensuring that children have a steady environment for improved development and learning. The study found that Care International in its anti-poverty efforts in Rukiga, did not offer livestock to farmers, but extends assistance to the poor livestock farmers by providing infrastructure for the marketing of their livestock.

Last but not least, the study found that Care International mobilises funds to support health care services in Rukiga District.

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Key recommendations

The study recommended that INGOs engage the community in all its operations as it is the community. It is also suggested that both the Rukiga district authorities and the government jointly or in close coordination with INGOs, formulate anti-poverty strategies.

Key references

Antonio and Sidahmed. (2012). The Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Development and Poverty Reduction. 2nd Edition ed. Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute

Brass. (2012). The role and impact of NGOs in capacity development: From Replacing the State to Reinvigorating Education. International Institute for Educational Planning

Gondi. (2010). Role of Palestinian NGOs in Utilizing the International Fund to Promote Entrepreneurs and Create Sustainable Job Opportunities, Case Study: Gaza Strip

Jarrar. (2015). Alleviating Poverty Through the Use of Entrepreneurship Skill Acquisition in Kogi State. Nigeria" International Open Journal of Economics

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Disability and youth entrepreneurship development in foundations assisting persons living with disabilities: a case study of Malengo Foundation, Entebbe Municipality, Wakiso District

Wangada Anita19

Keywords: disability, youth entrepreneurship, youth, entrepreneurship, development, Entebbe, Wakiso

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives namely:

1. to examine the influence of impairment on the creativity of youth entrepreneurs at Malengo Foundation,

2. to assess the influence of activity limitation on the productivity of youth entrepreneurs at Malengo Foundation,

3. to examine the influence of participation restriction on skills and market opportunities of youth entrepreneurs at Malengo Foundation.

19 Wangada Anita graduated in February 2021 with M.A. Development Studies from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The research study used the cross-sectional survey design and adopted the quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data from 63 respondents, who were selected by reliance on simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Quantitative data were presented in the form of descriptive statistics, while the narrative text format was used to present qualitative data.

Key findings

The study found that youth entrepreneurs with disabilities were able to maintain business relationships with their customers in business enterprises they cannot be discriminated against based on their disability, including tailoring and hairdressing. The study found that youth entrepreneurs with disabilities cultivated confidence to do business when given entrepreneurship training and technical skills. They also generated “bankable” ideas which ensured the achievement of their business objectives.

Further, the study found that youth entrepreneurs with disabilities’ productivity was limited in environments, namely: marketplaces, etc, where anti-disability bias and discrimination were rife.

Last but not least, the study found that youth entrepreneurs with disabilities were generally viewed not only as physically handicapped but also as intellectually inferior; hence restricting their opportunities in skills development opportunities in the marketplace.

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Recommendations

The study recommended that the Government of Uganda prioritises investment in entrepreneurship capacity building of youth entrepreneurs with disabilities.

Key references

Bennell. (2017). Mental retardation services in sheltered workshops and day activity programs: Consumer benefits and policy alternatives.

Dean. (2012). Poverty and disability: a vicious circle? Evidence from Afghanistan and Zambia. Journal of International Development, 24(S1), S19–S52.

Halabisky. (2014). Disability and Poverty: the need for a more nuanced understanding of implications for development policy and practice.

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Stress management and employee productivity in commercial banks in Uganda: A case study of Standard Chartered Bank, Kampala branch

Ainembabazi Adrine20

Key Words: Stress, Stress Management, Employee, Employee Productivity, Commercial banks

Introduction

Stress management is important for both individuals and organizations for which they work. Effective management of job-related stress can only be achieved when employees recognize stressors and understand their consequences, and organizations develop and implement stress prevention and reduction techniques. Banks are among the top high-stress workplaces owing to the dynamic and fast-changing business climates they operate in, which in turn may have proclivities to affect employee productivity.

Study objectives

The study was guided by the following specific objectives:

1. to examine the relationship between training programs and employee productivity,

2. to determine the relationship between communication and employee productivity,

20 Ainembabazi Adrine graduated in February 2021 with Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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3. to assess the relationship between teamwork and employee productivity, and

4. to establish the relationship between defense mechanisms and employee productivity at Standard Chartered Bank, Kampala Branch.

Methodology

The study used the case study research design. The questionnaire survey, interview survey, and document review methods were used as the main for collecting data. Also, structured questionnaires, interview guides were used as data collection instruments. A sample of 142 respondents was selected out of a population of 154, using the sample size determination table developed by Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970). Data were analysed using SPSS and inferential statistics were used to draw conclusions concerning the relationships of the variables in the study, and the combined effect of the study variables (training programs, teamwork, communication, and defense mechanisms) on employee productivity.

Key findings

The study found a positive and significant relationship between training programs and employee productivity with values of (r = 0.541**, p<.01). The study found a low significant and positive relationship between communication and employee productivity (r = 0.443**, p<.01). The study found a significant and positive relationship between teamwork and employee productivity (r = 0.413**, p<.01). The study found a significant and positive relationship between defense

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mechanisms and employee productivity (r = 0.375**, p<.01).

From the findings, training programs, communication, teamwork, and defense mechanisms had positive significant relationships with employee productivity. From the findings, training programs, communication, teamwork, and defense mechanisms determined 41.7% of the change in employee productivity (Adjusted R Square = .417). In conclusion, all the findings on the relationships between training programs, communication, teamwork, and defense mechanisms revealed significant influences on employee productivity.

Recommendations

The management of Standard Chartered Bank should develop strategies that support training programs, communication, teamwork, and defense mechanisms to enhance employee productivity at the bank. The strategies would help with the development and implementation of stress management which would, in turn, enhance employee productivity quality service delivery, and timely accomplishment of tasks.

Key references

Armstrong, M. (2006). Handbook of human resource management practice, (10l Ed.). London: Kogan Page.

Asiimwe. (2015). Job Satisfaction and Promotion Expectation in the Uganda Civil Service”: Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, Vol (1) 12-21

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Elmuti. (1997). Relationship between occupational stress and job satisfaction: An empirical study. The Romanian Economic Journal, 34(4), 3 -29.

Kabunga and Muya (2014). Stress Management and Job Performance in the Industries Sector of Kenya. Journal of Service Science and Management, 9, 189 -194.

Mathis, R. L. and Jackson, J. H. (2000). Human Resource Management. Ohio: South Western Collage Publishing.

Mugenda O. M. and Mugenda, A.G. (1999). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, African Centre of Technology Studies, Nairobi.

Oyetimein, C. F. (2009). Executive Stress Management: A Contemporary Approach. 2nd edition. Ibafo, Premium Management: Training and Consultancy Services.

Salami, A. O. et. al., (2009). Impact of Job Stress on Managers Performance. Nigeria: Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso

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Mobile banking and financial performance of banks in Uganda: A case of Centenary Bank

Basajji Francis21

Keywords: deposits, withdrawals, transfers, receipts, mobile banking, Financial Information Services.

Introduction

The study sought to investigate the effect of mobile banking on the financial performance of banks in Uganda and focused on Centenary Bank. The independent variable in the study was ‘mobile banking’ and the dependent variable was ‘financial performance. The independent variable was operationalized into: ‘mobile financial information services, mobile transfers, receipts, deposits, and withdrawals, while the dependent variable was operationalized into: ‘return on assets; return on equity, and ‘liquidity’.

Study Objectives

1. To examine the effect of mobile financial information services on the financial performance of Centenary Bank Uganda limited,

2. to assess the effect of mobile transfers and receipts on the financial performance of Centenary Bank Uganda Limited;

21 Basajji Francis graduated in February 2021 with Msc. Finance and Accounting from Nkumba University

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3. to examine the effect of mobile deposits and withdrawals on the financial performance of Centenary Bank Uganda Limited.

Methodology

The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and used both quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches. The study sampled 90 respondents out of a target population of 100. The study used the questionnaire survey method, interview method, and documentary review analysis for data collection. Qualitative data responses were written down, categorized, and arranged. Data were analyzed manually and the responses were simplified in a narrative form. Numerical data were coded, edited, and entered into SPSS version 21 for analysis. Data were summarized and explained using arithmetic averages. Regression analysis and correlation coefficient were both used to determine the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Key findings

The study revealed that Centenary Bank offered: check balances services that helped clients to closely monitor their bank balances on their bank accounts, text message alerts which helped to increase financial information sharing between clients and the bank, pay bills service which increases flexibility and efficiency in the business operations, and ATM/branch locator to clients to facilitate timely and quick financial decisions hence providing business flexibility.

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The study also revealed that mobile transfers and receipts promoted focus, drive, and momentum within commercial banks. The study further found that: the bank used the lecture method to give theoretical mobile banking knowledge to trainees, and the discussion method to allow nurses to interact freely with each other while sharing ideas.

Key recommendations

Commercial banks through the Central Bank of Uganda should allow agents in cross-selling additional financial products such as giving out loans, opening savings accounts for customers and managing customer accounts. Adequate capital maintenance enables any financial institution to be stable and avoid running into distress and therefore commercial banks should require maintenance of higher floatation costs by agent banks. Regulators should improve customers’ perceptions by introducing agent-banking systems in their branches and increase their advertising activities. Security measures should be emphasized on agents by parent banks to increase their volumes and value. The government should ensure greater improvement in areas that may be deemed insecure and increase the operations of the agent banks.

Key references

Amin, M. (2005). Social Science Research Concepts, Methodology and Analysis. Makerere Anderson, C. & Zeithanl, C. P. (1984). Stage of Product Life; Business Strategy; Sage Publications, London

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Anastas, J. W. (2011). Research Design for Social Work and the Human Services

Anderson, E., (1998) Customer Satisfaction and word of mouth; Journal of Service Research (1) 5-17

Arora, S.,& Ferrand, D. (2017). Meeting The Challenge of Creating An Inclusive Financial Sector. Paper Presented during DFID and HM Treasury Accessible withdraws Conference, London

Babbie, E. R. (2017). The basics of social research (4th ed.). Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth.

Creswell, J. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Bean, C. (2019). The Great Moderation, the Great Panic and the Great Contraction", Transcript of the Schumpeter Lecture at the Annual Congress of the European Economic Association, Barcelona, 25 August

Centenary Bank - Uganda. (2018). Annual Report. Centenary Bank -Uganda. (2017). Annual Report Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Levine, R. (2019). Finance and

Inequality: Theory and Evidence; Annual Review of Financial Economics 1: 287–318. King, R. G., and R. Levine. 1993. Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right. Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (3): 717–37.

Demirguc- ring Financial Inclusion: The Global Findex Database.

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Policy Research Working Paper 6025, World Bank, Washington, DC.

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Employee training and organisational performance of public aviation agencies: A case of Uganda Civil Aviation Authority, Entebbe

Tumukunde Paul Niragire22

Keywords: Employee training, employee assessment, employee training evaluation, organizational performance.

Introduction

This study sought to examine the relationship between employee training and performance of public aviation agencies, focusing on Uganda Civil Aviation Authority (UCAA), as the case study.

Study objectives

1. To examine the relationship between training needs assessment and performance of Uganda Civil Aviation Authority,

2. to examine the relationship between employee training programmes and performance of Uganda Civil Aviation Authority, and

3. to examine the relationship between employee training evaluation and performance of Uganda Civil Aviation Authority.

22 Tumukunde Paul Niragire graduated in February 2021 with Msc. Finance and Accounting from Nkumba University.

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Methodology

The study adopted a case study design and used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A sample of 76 respondents from a population of 97 was used, determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s table. Out of the 76 selected for the study, 69 responded. The study used purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select respondents. Data were collected through survey/questionnaire, interview, and document review methods using self-administered questionnaires, interview guides, and document review checklists as instruments.

Key findings

Research findings indicate that the integrated components of employee training that is, training needs assessments, training programmes, and evaluation of training significantly and positively impacted the performance of UCAA given r = 0.435, 0.641, and 0.599 respectively and all Sig. (p) values less than 0.01. Multiple regression of employee training and the performance of UCAA yielded a correlation coefficient of r = 0.629 implying a moderately strong relationship between employee training and performance of Civil Aviation Authority predicted at 38.3% given Adjusted R2 value of 0.383. The critical value which was the cutoff value or boundary beyond which the null hypothesis H0 is retained is 0.01. Since the sig. values of individual correlations, multiple regression, and ANOVA results were all less than 0.01 (p < 0.01), this led to the rejection of the null hypothesis that there is no positive relationship between employee

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training and performance of Uganda Civil Aviation Authority.

Key recommendations

The study recommended the following: a more cost-effective training needs assessment; alignment training needs assessment with corporate purpose; intensity in the use of individual and suitability training needs analyses; diversity of approach to training evaluation; and improved responsibility towards conformity to policy, standards, and documentation.

Key references

Bowes, B (2008): Employees Development Programs Help Companies Achieve Greater Success, CMA MANAGEMENT, 13-14.

Briscoe R. Dennis and Claus Lisbeth (2009): Employee Performance Management Across Borders: A Review of Relevant Academic Literature, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol.11, Iss.2, pp 175-196.

Civil Aviation Authority (2015): Performance Audit Report.

Civil Aviation Authority (2016): Directorate of Corporate Affairs Performance Report, October 2016.

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Civil Aviation Authority (2016/2017): Routine Training Plan and Activities

Guthrie, M., Cuganesan, J. & Ward, D. (2006): Employee Training: Theories and Models, key London, Thomson Learning.

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO): Performance Evaluation of Civil Aviation Authorities; 1st January 2015.

Jason F. and Seneca, M. (2014): Employee training evolution; methods and approaches, London, Thomson Learning.

Kirkpatrick, D. L. (2006): Improving Employee Performance through Appraisal and Coaching. American Management Association Publication.

Kolomiyets Tetyana and Hadden Charlotte, (2013): Human Resources Management and Training: Compilation of Good Practices, New York and Geneva, United Nations.

Witts Simon (2013): Towards a UK Aviation Skills Plan:The Future Skills and Training Needs of the Aviation Operating Industry, Londin, Royal Aeronautical Society.

Zikmund and William, G., (2002): Business research Methods, London, Thomson Learning.

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Motivation and job satisfaction in floricultural farms in Uganda: A case of Wagagai Limited

Acha Ritah23

Keywords: Motivation, Job satisfaction, floriculture, farms, Wagagai, Uganda.

Introduction

The study is significant because motivation and job satisfaction are vital in a workplace and in particular for this study, in floricultural farms. Motivation and job satisfaction both play an important role in employee commitment and in reducing employee absenteeism and boredom at work. Job satisfaction leads to cost reduction by reducing absenteeism, errors, and turnovers which therefore leads to greater productivity and industrial growth—a major driver of most floriculture organisations.

Objectives

1. To determine the influence of financial incentives on employee job satisfaction at Wagagai Limited,

23 Acha Ritah graduated in February 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University.

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2. to assess how Wagagai Limited has established a favorable working environment for employees,

3. to assess the effects of management style on employee motivation and job satisfaction at Wagagai Limited.

Methodology

A descriptive research design was employed as well as quantitative and qualitative approaches of data analysis. The study selected 240 respondents using Neumann's formula (2000) out of a target population of 600 Wagagai staff. The study used two types of sampling techniques, namely probability (representative) sampling and non-probability (non-representative) sampling.

Key findings A significant positive relationship between financial incentives and employee job satisfaction, (r=0.787, P<0.00) was found. The study also found a significant positive relationship between a favorable working environment and job satisfaction (r=.793, P<0.000), and an effect of management style on motivation and job satisfaction (r=.787, p<0.000). From the results of the multiple regression analysis, the findings show that the independent variables contributed to 79.4% of the variation in job satisfaction as explained by adjusted R Square of 63.2%, this indicates that motivation influences job satisfaction.

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Recommendations The study recommends that managers should mostly apply the democratic style of leadership whereby employees are given ample space and time to execute their tasks. Also, employees should be consulted when making key decisions for a department. This helps with boosting their morale and job satisfaction and in turn with improving their productivity. That has helped Wagagai to meet its goals and objectives.

Key references Guest, D.E. (2017), ‘Human Resource Management and

Performance: A Review and Research Agenda’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol.8, Pp.263-276.

Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man.

Cleveland: World Publishing. Kanfer, R. & Ackerman, P.L. (2000). Individual differences in work motivation: Further explorations of a trait framework. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(3), 470-482.

Muyunga, E. (2018) Wagagai Staff Meeting on Improving

Human Resource. Nanfuka (2016) Presentation on Inappropriate Decisions,

Strict Supervision, Poor Delegation of Responsibilities and unfair distributions of benefits in Wagagai Limited.

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Integrated financial management system and service delivery in public entities in Uganda: A case of ministry of water and environment

Agonza Deogratious24

Keywords: Financial Management, Integrated Financial Management System, Service Delivery

Introduction

The study examined the impact of Integrated Financial Management Systems (IFMS) on service delivery in public entities in Uganda. It focused on the Ministry of Water and Environment.

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives, namely:

1. To examine how automation of cash management has influenced efficient allocation and use of resources in Uganda,

2. to assess how automation of public procurement has influenced transparency in procurement processes in Uganda,

3. to examine how automation of budgeting has improved accountability in public sector systems in Uganda.

24 Agonza Deogratious graduated in February 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study used a descriptive phenomenological research design to capture a clear description of the nature of IFMS and service delivery, by the respondents. The study population was 200 and a sample size of 133 respondents of which only 128 participated.

Key findings

The results showed that the Adjusted R square is 0.680 which is an indication that 68.0% of the changes that do occur in service delivery within user entities are due to changes in the Integrated Financial Management System, the remaining 32.0% was outside the scope of the study.

Key recommendations

The study recommends that the Government of Uganda through the Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Economic Development, should accelerate the progress of the national transmission backbone infrastructure to strengthen interconnectivity to efficiently manage the increasing number of users on the IFMS.

The study also recommends that the Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Economic Development should establish incentives and penalties to minimize human errors by staff using the IFMS and its integrated systems.

Lastly, the study recommends updating the IFMS with inbuilt extra security features to address potential areas of leaking financial information.

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Key references

Ahimbisibwe, A. (2018). Adoption of E-Procurement Technology in Uganda: Migrating from the Manual Public Procurement Systems to the Internet. Journal of Supply Chain

Hudson, M. (2014). The effect of Integrated Financial Management System on publicFinancial management and service delivery of government ministries in Kenya.

Lwanga, S. (2015). Adoption of E-Procurement Technology in Uganda: Migrating from the Manual

Nanziri, N. (2014): The impact of Integrated Financial Management System on Public Finance Management (PFM) in Uganda.

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Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Reputation in private institutions of higher learning: A case study of Kampala University Ggaba Branch

Ahurira Annah25

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Reputation, Private Institutions of Higher Learning

Introduction

The study examined the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and corporate reputation in private institutions of higher learning

Objectives

The study focused on Kampala University and was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine how transparency influences corporate reputation at Kampala University,

2. to find out how accountability influences corporate reputation at Kampala University,

3. to determine how Corporate Social Responsibility influences corporate reputation at Kampala University.

25 Ahurira Annah graduated in February 2021 with a Master of Procurement and Logistics from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study adopted a phenomenological design divided into research approach, research strategy, research duration, and research classification. The study used an accessible population of 74. A sample size of 74 respondents participated thereby leading to a census study.

Key findings

It was revealed that the highest contributor to corporate reputation was accountability with a Beta value of .792 (79.2%), followed by CSR with a Beta value of .150 (15.0%), and the least contributor to corporate reputation was transparency with a Beta value of .041 (4.1%)

Key recommendations

The study recommends that a qualitative study should be undertaken with individuals who have frequent contact with the University as they might have more experience with the institution’s management. Doing that would enhance insights into how to improve the corporate reputation of Kampala University.

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Key references

Belak, J., Duh, M. (Eds.) (2017), Ethics, Social Responsibility and Innovation in Corporate Governance, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.

Deegan C (2002). The legitimising effect of social and environmental disclosures-A theoretical foundation. Account. Audit. Accountability J., 15(3): 282-311.

Griffin, A. (2008): Reputation Management: Gaining control of Issues, Crisis & Corporate Social Responsibility, Kogan Page Limited, UK and USA

Garriga E, Melé D (2004). Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory. J. Bus. Ethics, 53(1-2): 51-71.

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Procurement audit and organizational performance: A case study of International Medical Corps (IMC), South Sudan Mission-Juba

Ajith Isaiah Majok26 Keywords: procurement audit, performance, control environment, risk assessment, control activities

Introduction

The study is about the relationship between procurement audit and performance of International Medical Corps (IMC), South Sudan Mission-Juba.

Study objectives The study was guided by the following objectives;

1. to examine the relationship between control environment and performance of International Medical Corps,

2. to establish the relationship between risk assessment and performance of International Medical Corps,

3. to find out the relationship between control activities and performance of the International Medical Corps.

26 Ajith Isaiah Majok graduated in February 2021 with a Master of Procurement and Logistics from Nkumba University.

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Methodology

The study involved a case study research strategy, involving both quantitative as well as qualitative research approaches. Out of 120 accessible populations, samples of 111 were selected. Only 80 questionnaires out of 111 were filled and return. The study employed the survey, interview methods, and documentary review in collecting data needed to answer questions for the study. Qualitative data were analysed using the thematic analysis approach. Analysis of quantitative data from the questionnaire involved coding, data entry, and entered into SPSS version 23.

Key findings

The study revealed a positive relationship between the control environment and the performance of the International Medical Corps (F=10.237, P<0.002). The study also revealed that risk assessment significantly improves the performance of the International Medical Corps which is established as (beta value=.273, t=8.372, P<0.002).

Key recommendations

IMCs should maintain the existing control environment, information, and communication, assurance services as per the results of the findings which showed a positive significant effect on these attributes to performance. And Internal audits could be enhanced in in-house training programmes and control self-assessment questionnaires to create more awareness to the staff of the roles and

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duties of internal auditors to enable audit services such as advisory services to run smoothly.

Key references

Brennan, N. M., and J. Soloman. (2008). Corporate Governance, Accountability and Mechanisms of Accountability: An overview. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal

Brooks (2018), “Introductory Econometrics for Finance” Cambridge University Press. Chapman

Chadegani and Biglari (2015), “Effective risk management and company’s performance: Investment in innovations and intellectual capital using behavioral and practical approach” J. Eco. And Int. Fin. Vol.3(15).

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO). (1985). Organization background information.

Commonwealth of Australia (2008), Better Practice Guide – Risk Management, Australia Government,

Commonwealth Secretariat (2005), Guidelines for public Expenditure Reform, London, Marlborough House.

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The role of regional organisations in inter-state conflict management: a case of the East African

Community

Allan Byaruhanga27

Keywords: Regional organizations, Conflict management, inter-state conflict, EAC, East African Community

Introduction

The study was about the role of Regional Organisations in Inter-State Conflict Management, focusing on the East African Community (EAC).

Study objectives

1. To find out the existing inter-state conflicts among the EAC states,

2. to find out the mechanisms put in place by the EAC to manage inter-state conflict, and

27 Allan Byaruhanga graduated in February, 2021 with M.A. Security and Strategic Studies from Nkumba University.

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3. to examine the challenges facing the EAC in managing inter-state conflict in the East Africa region.

Methodology

The study used a case study design to analyze the role of the EAC in inter-state conflict management involving its Partner States. The study used both the qualitative and quantitative approaches of data collection. A sample size of 256 respondents was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table out of an accessible population of 750, who were selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires and an interview guide were the main Data Collection Instruments.

Key findings

The study found that there are various inter-state conflicts in East Africa of political, social, and economic dimensions.

It was also revealed that the mechanisms used by the EAC to manage inter-state conflict include: exchange training programs for regional security, fostering close and peaceful relations among African states, negotiating and signing of relevant protocols, control of proliferation of small arms and light weapons, and border controls among member states.

Lastly, the study revealed that many challenges are facing EAC preventing the Organisation from managing inter-

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state conflicts, including lack of confidence in the EAC Summit by the member states, weak EAC institutions and organs which make it less effective, poor democratic credentials, and authoritarian tendencies of leaders of partner states, inadequate funds to finance the inter-state conflict management activities, and leaders with different ideological interests.

Key recommendations

The study recommended greater use of inter-state-based systems such as leaders' arbitration councils and East Africa Leadership councils to resolve long-standing inter-state conflicts.

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Total quality management and performance of petroleum companies in Uganda: a case of Hass Petroleum (U) Limited

Amina Mohmoud Ahmed28

Keywords: Total Quality Management, Performance

Introduction

The study was about total quality management and performance of petroleum companies in Uganda; a case of Hass Petroleum (U) Limited (HPUL).

Study objectives

1. To examine the relationship between top management commitment and overall performance at HPUL,

2. to assess the relationship between continuous improvement and customer satisfaction at HPUL,

3. to examine the relationship between employee involvement and market share at HPUL.

Methodology

The study utilized a case study research design that involved both quantitative and qualitative methods of data

28 Amina Mohmoud Ahmed graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University.

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collection. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and interviews from 162 respondents.

Key findings

The study indicated that there is a strong positive relationship between top management commitment and overall performance, which accounts for about 79.8% of the variation in overall performance. The results also indicated that there is a strong significant relationship between continuous improvement and customer satisfaction, accounting for about 87.9% of the variation in customer satisfaction. The findings further indicated that there is a significant relationship between employee involvement and market share, which explains about 88.9% of the variation in market share.

Key recommendations

The study recommends that Hass Petroleum (U) Limited should invest in process improvement to reduce the costs associated with delays and defects. Continuous professional development should be integrated across all the departments to guarantee better customer satisfaction.

Key references

Harter, T.Y., Schmidt, K., & Hayes, (2002). The TQM paradox: relations among TQM practices, plant performance, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Operations Management 17 (1), 59-75.

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Human resource recruitment policy and employee performance in the public sector: A case study of the Uganda Bureau of Statistics

Ngabo Annet29

Keywords: human resource, recruitment policy, employee performance.

Introduction

This study was important because of the need to ensure transparent, unbiased, fair, and equitable employee recruitment and selection processes in the public sector in general and in the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) in particular.

Objectives

1. To establish how the Uganda Bureau of Statistics has ensured compliance with recruitment standards to achieve equity and fairness,

2. to establish how the Uganda Bureau of Statistics has ensured fairness in staff recruitment and selection process,

3. to examine how the Uganda Bureau of Statistics has ensured that there is an appropriate recruitment information and records system of staff.

29 Ngabo Annet graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University.

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Methodology

The study used a sample size of 60 respondents selected using Neumann’s formula (2010), out of an accessible population of 70 staff at the UBOS. Descriptive and explanatory research designs were employed, as well as quantitative and qualitative approaches. Purposive, random, and stratified sampling strategies were used to select the sample. Both primary and secondary data collection methods were used to collect relevant data. Self-administered questionnaires and an interview guide were the principal data collection tools used.

Key findings The study found 76% of observed variability, which showed how HR Recruitment Policy led to effective employee performance. This was explained by the two independent variables (HR Recruitment Policy and Employee Performance in UBOS). R=0.872 was the correlation coefficient between the observed value of the dependent variable and the predicted value based on the regression model. The observed value of 0.760 indicated that the linear regression model did not fit well. The Adj. R2 (0.771) was the proportion of the variability in the dependent variable explained by the linear regression. The results showed that proper human resource recruitment policy remained the major factor of improved employee performance of UBOS.

Recommendations The study recommends that the first step to a fair recruitment and selection process is to come to terms with

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the fact that the only aim of a recruitment process is to find the best candidate for the job. It also recommended that the process has to be fair, transparent, and fully compliant with all legal requirements to ensure effective employee performance at the UBOS.

Key references Armstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource

Management Practice. London: Kogan Page Limited.

Uganda Bureau of Statistics HR Manual (2015)

Mulshid. D (2009) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. 11th ed. London: Kogan Ltd.

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Performance management and employee performance in Uganda’s public service: a case study of the Uganda Communications Commission

Atukwase Casty30

Keywords: Performance, Performance Management, Employee

Introduction

The study examined the effect of performance management has on employee performance in public service in Uganda and focused on the Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) under the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology.

Objectives of the study

This study was guided by the following objectives:

1. to examine the effect of performance planning on the general service delivery at the UCC.

2. to establish the effect of performance evaluation on capacity development at the UCC

30 Atukwase Casty graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University.

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3. to assess the influence of performance management feedback on service efficiency and effectiveness at the UCC.

Methodology

The research approach used for this study was the phenomenological approach. Interviews were conducted with a group of individuals who had first-hand knowledge of an event, situation, or experience. The study applied a case study design and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Primary data was obtained directly from the target sample respondents.

Study findings

The results indicated that performance planning accounted for about 79.8% of the variation in service delivery.

The results indicated that there was a strong positive relationship between performance evaluation and capacity development and that performance evaluation accounted for about 79.6% of the variation in customer satisfaction. The regression model indicated that a unit increase in performance evaluation would lead to improvement of capacity development by a factor of 1.914. This implies that improvement in capacity development will significantly contribute to improvement in capacity development.

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The findings indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between performance feedback and efficiency and effectiveness and that performance feedback explained about 90.5% of the variation in the reverse progressive decline in public service efficiency and effectiveness. The regression model indicated that a unit increase in performance feedback would lead to an improvement in efficiency and effectiveness by a factor of 2.411.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that assistance should be provided by supervisors so that realistic planning is undertaken, so too, that performance review is done from time to time.

There should be greater clarity of job descriptions to enhance the effectiveness of performance.

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Organizational compassion, employee engagement and job performance in the public sector: a case of the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority

Birungi Jean31 Keywords: Organisational compassion, engagement, job performance, Uganda Civil Aviation Authority.

Introduction

The study was about organisational compassion, employee engagement, and job performance in the public sector in general and in particular at the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority (UCAA).

Objectives The study was guided by the following research objectives:

1. to examine the relationship between organizational compassion and employee engagement at the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority,

2. to examine the relationship between organizational compassion and job performance at the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority,

3. to examine the relationship between employee engagement and job performance at the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority,

31 Birungi Jean graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Human Resource Management from Nkumba University

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4. to examine the relationship between organizational compassion, employee engagement, and job performance at the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority.

Methodology

The study used a population of 317 at the UCAA from which a sample of 177 respondents was selected using Neumann’s formula (2000). Proportional and random sampling was used to select the respondents. The study used cross-sectional, descriptive, and explanatory research designs, and both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Questionnaires were self-administered. A five-point Likert scale was used with 1= Strongly Disagree; 2= Disagree; 3= Neutral; 4= Agree and 5= Strongly Agree. The Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 25 was used to summarize the data. The descriptive statistics method was used to analyse data.

Key findings

The study found that there was a significant relationship between Organizational Compassion and Employee

attributed to the fact that in an organization where all employees have a collective feel for each other in moments of pain and joy, levels of attachment will increase.

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The study also found a significant positive relationship between Organizational Compassion and Job Performance (P=.000, r=.789). This is so because when employees tend to exhibit extra discretionary behavior at work such as helping fellow workers. Results from the study also indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between employee engagement and job performance (P=.000, r=.784).

Key recommendations

The study recommended that creating compassion in an organization increases employee engagement, therefore, the UCAA should create an environment where employees can collectively notice colleagues joys and pains, develop the spirit of care and concern for each other, disclose their challenges to colleagues without fear of embarrassment, openly express their emotions of joy to allow others celebrate with them and also create opportunities to share feelings in a relaxed way thereby creating personal connections.

Key references

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.

Campbell, J. (2015). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. Dunnette & L. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational

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psychology (pp. 686–707). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Markos, S. & Sandhya, M. S. (2015). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance International Journal of Business Management, 5 (12), 89.

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Local Government Public Accounts Committees and Financial Management at District Local Governments: A Case of Arua District Local Government

Ejua Simon32

Keywords: Local Government Public Accounts Committees, financial management, district local governments

Introduction

This study focused on the role of District Council Public Accounts Committees in the financial management of district local governments. It was carried out at Arua District Local Government.

Study objectives

1. To establish how the Local Government Public Accounts Committee of Arua District examines the reports of the Auditor-General and the head of internal audit,

2. to establish how the Local Government Public Accounts Committee of Arua District prepares

32 Ejua Simon graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Procurement and Logistics Management from Nkumba University

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reports and submits them to the District Council and the Minister responsible for local governments,

3. to examine how the Local Government Public Accounts Committee of Arua District has ensured that the chairperson of the Council and the Chief Administrative Officer implement recommendations made to them.

Methodology

The study used a case study research design. A sample of 105 respondents out of a population of 150 at Arua District Local government, out of whom 70 respondents filled and returned the questionnaires. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The questionnaire and interview guide were the major tools of data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment, multiple regression analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were employed in data analysis.

Key findings

The study found that the Local Government Public Accounts Committee of Arua District Council did not examine reports of the Auditor General and the head of internal audit appropriately; that reports were not prepared and submitted to District Council and Minister responsible for local governments as required by law; and that the Chairperson of the District Council and the Chief Administrative Officer did not implement the recommendations of LGPAC suitably for effective financial management.

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Key recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended that the Local Government Public Accounts Committee should examine reports of the auditor general and the head of internal audit appropriately, reports should be prepared and submitted to council and minister responsible for local government as required, and the chairperson of the council and the chief administrative officer should implement the recommendations of LGPAC suitably for the effective financial management.

Key references

Adamolekun, L. (1983), Public Administration: A Nigerian and Comparative Perspective, Lagos: Longman Nigeria. Ltd,

Arua District LGPAC (2010), Minutes for discussing the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd quarter Internal Audit reports.

Auditor General (2009), Report on Audit of the Financial Statements of Arua District for the year 2007/8

Auditor General (2010), Report on Audit of the Financial Statements of Arua District for the year 2008/9

Auditor General (2011), Report on Audit of the Financial Statements of Arua District for the year 2009/10

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Job rotation and employee performance in the banking industry in Uganda: a case of Stanbic bank, Kampala road branch

Fathi Dahir Ahmed33

Introduction

The study was about job rotation and employee performance in the banking industry in Uganda using Stanbic bank Kampala Road Branch as a case study.

Study objectives

1. To examine how job rotation facilitates succession planning in Stanbic Bank, Kampala road branch,

2. to assess how job rotation enables finding the right person-job fit at Stanbic Bank, Kampala road branch,

3. to examine how job rotation increases staff skills and competencies in Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited, Kampala Road Branch.

33 Fathi Dahir Ahmed graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study employed a case study research design that utilized both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and an interview guide from a sample size of 92 respondents, which was determined using Krejcie & Morgan (1970) Table. The study used both simple random sampling and purposive sampling methods to select respondents.

Key findings

The study found that job rotation facilitated succession planning in Stanbic Bank Kampala Road branch. The study also found that job rotation enabled the bank to find the right person-job fit at Stanbic Bank Kampala Road branch. Lastly, the findings also revealed that job rotation increased skills and competencies of staff and allowed flexible scheduling of work at Stanbic Bank Kampala Road branch

Key recommendations

The study recommended that the management of Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited takes the initiative to develop employee skills in various fields so that total human efforts may be displayed in the respective job tasks to enhance competencies.

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Key references

Stanbic bank Human Resource Policy Manual (2015), Stanbic Bank Uganda, Kampala

Bumba, J. (2010). Performance improvement systems and staff performance in commercial banks in Uganda. Case study of Centenary Bank. Unpublished Master’s thesis, UMI, Kampala.

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Training and development and employee performance in microfinance institutions in Uganda: a case of Pride Microfinance limited

Tumwebaze Jane34

Introduction

This study was about the effect of training and development on employee performance in microfinance institutions using Pride Microfinance Limited headquarters as a case study

Objectives The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to establish the training and development methods used at Pride Microfinance Limited,

2. to evaluate the level of compliance with the training and development policies and procedures at Pride Microfinance Limited, and

3. to establish the challenges of implementing employee training and development policies at Pride Microfinance Limited.

34 Tumwebaze Jane graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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Methodology

This study adopted a cross-sectional survey design. The study targeted a total population of 112 from Pride Microfinance Limited staff out of whom a sample of 88 respondents was selected using Neumann formula (2000). A descriptive research design was employed and both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection were used. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, an interview guide, and a documentary checklist.

Key findings

The study found an 88.9% significance level and positive relationship between Training and Development and employee performance at Pride Microfinance Limited. It was also found that there was compliance with Training and Development policies at Pride Microfinance Limited (r=0.872, P<0.005), and that some of the challenges faced in implementing Training and Development programmes are resolved (r=-0.888, P<0.005).

Key recommendations

The study recommended that for training to play a more positive role in the organisation, the policies about training and development should be clear, objective, and simple—and should be communicated to trainees.

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Key references Armstrong, M. (2009). Armstrong’s handbook of

performance management: an evidence based Guide to delivering high performance, 4th ed. London, Kogan Page.

Nassazi, A. (2013) Effects of Training on Employee Performance Business Economics and Tourism, University of Applied Sciences.

Vemic J. Employee training and development and the learning organization. FACTA UNIVERSITATIS Series: Economics and Organization. 2007; 4(2):209-216.

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Cash management and financial performance of floral companies in Uganda: a case study of Wagagai Ltd

Karenzi Ian Joram35

Keywords: Cash Management, Financial Performance, Floral Companies

Introduction

The study examined the role of cash management in the financial performance of floral companies in Uganda and focused on a case study of Wagagai Ltd

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine the effects of preparing cash budgets on financial performance at Wagagai Ltd,

2. to assess the effects of operating a bank account on financial performance at Wagagai Ltd,

3. to examine the effects of bookkeeping on financial performance at Wagagai Ltd

Methodology

The study adopted both positivism-phenomenological research philosophies and used both the quantitative and

35 Karenzi Ian Joram graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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qualitative approaches. The study population was 65 and a sample size of 65 respondents. The study used self-administered questionnaires and an interview guide form as data collection instruments.

Key findings

The study found that preparing cash budgets enabled Wagagai Ltd to attain spending goals and that the company’s departmental priority setting and resource allocation were vital parts of the internal effectiveness. It was revealed that budgetary allocations were integral components of annual financial plans.

It was also found that the company faced challenges with the allocation of funds.

Key references

Aliet, V. (2012): Relationship between Cash Management and Financial Performance of Insurance Companies in India. The Empirical Evidence. Journal of Finance, 10, 24 – 56.

Attom, O. (2014): The Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability. British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 146-157

Coyle, S. (2010): Investigation on cash management on the Profitability. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, Vol. III

Fabozzi and Peterson, 2013): Effects of Working Capital Management on Profitability of Selected Firms

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Qouted in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. Journal of Financial Management & Analysis, 25–31.

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Financial accountability and non-aeronautical revenue collection at airports in Uganda: a case study of Entebbe International Airport

Kasagga Emmanuel36

Keywords: Financial accountability, Non-aeronautical revenue, Aviation

Introduction

The study was about financial accountability and non-aeronautical revenue collection at airports in Uganda. It based on a case study of Entebbe International Airport

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine how financial control has influenced non-aeronautical revenue collection at Entebbe International airport,

2. to assess how financial reporting has influenced non-aeronautical revenue collection at Entebbe International airport,

3. to examine how financial compliance has influenced non-aeronautical revenue collection at Entebbe International airport.

36 Kasagga Emmanuel graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study adopted a positivism approach, phenomenological approach, and combination approach divided into: section of research approach, research strategy, research duration, and the research classification. The study population was 150 from which a sample of 109 respondents was selected, of which 102 participated.

Key findings

The results of the study indicated that there was a statistically significant and positive relationship between financial accountability and non-aeronautical revenue collection at Entebbe International Airport represented by (r (102) = .897, P<0.05). The results also revealed that cash management of various revenue streams for non-aeronautical sources at Entebbe International Airport improved.

Key recommendations

The study suggested that Entebbe International Airport should ensure adequate transparency and should demonstrate integrity in financial accountability. Also, the study suggested that the airport should institute strong internal control measures in all departments and activities of non-aeronautical sources being managed.

Key references

Abbott, D. (2017): The control environment explored whether the audit independence and activities is related to frauds related to financial statements

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Brengman, P. (2014): The Effect of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Financial Analysts’ Information Environment”, Paper presented at the University of Hong Kong in China

Graham, O. (2017): The importance of concession revenues in the privatization of airports. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 68, 164-177.

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Local revenue management and service delivery in municipalities in Uganda: a case study of Hoima Municipal Council

Katongole Robert37

Keywords: Local revenue management, Service delivery, Municipal Council, Municipalities

Introduction

Revenue management as far as public institutions are concerned is traceable in the early 18th and later 19th when Great Britain initiated some of its projects that required continuous flow of resources from the subjects in form of taxes (Rose, 1950). The need for public revenues required that more taxes become imminent, which got subjects concerned as to how public revenues realized from taxes were managed (Agrawal & Ferguson, 2007).

Study objectives

The study objectives included the following:

1. to investigate the relationship between revenue enhancement planning and service delivery,

2. to investigate the relationship between implementation of revenue enhancement plans and service delivery, and

37 Katongole Robert graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Accounting and Finance from Nkumba University

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3. to investigate the relationship between revenue expenditure control and service delivery.

Methodology

The study adopted a cross-sectional and correlation survey design, complemented with the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study population was 95 out of which 76 formed the sample size selected using the purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Information was elicited using questionnaires, interviews, and a documentary review checklist. A response rate of 95% was obtained as recommended by Amin (2005)

Key findings

Key findings suggested a positive significant relationship between revenue enhancement planning (.530**), between the implementation of the revenue enhancement plan (.342**), and between revenue expenditure control (.472**) and service delivery.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that there should be conducting of more on-the-job training; provision of logistical support to the revenue assessment team; budgeting and identifying untapped revenue sources; conducting of more community dialogue meetings, and a more autonomous hiring process.

Key references

Luzige, J. (2008) Revenue collection and service delivery in Local Government: A case of Mpigi

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District. Unpublished Thesis, Makerere University

M bufu, A. K. (2011). The impact of revenue collection on service delivery in Local Governments: A Case study of Ilala Municipal Council, Unpublished Masters Dissertation

Miller, G. J. & Svars, J. H. (2009). Navigating the Fiscal Crisis: Tested Strategies for Local Leaders.” January 2009.

M ugenda, O. M. & Mugenda, A. G. (1999) Research Methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches, ACTS Nairobi

Odd-Helge, F. (2012). Local Government Revenue Mobilization in Anglophone Africa

Odd-H elge, F., Katera, L., Msami, J. & Ngalewa, E. (2007). Local government finances and financial management in Tanzania: Empirical evidence of trends 2000-2007., Special papers 10/2, Dar es Salaam, REPOA

Odd-Helge, F. (2006). Local revenue mobilization in Urban settings in Africa, CMI working paper WP 2012:6

Okotie, H. (2010). Evolution of Nigerian Local Government, National Open University of Nigeria

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Corporate governance and performance of commercial banks in Uganda: a case study of

centenary bank, Mapeera branch

Luvunya Moses Mugenyi38

Keywords: Corporate Governance, commercial banks, Centenary bank.

Introduction

The study examined the relationship between corporate governance and the performance of commercial banks in Uganda. It focused on Centenary Bank, Mapeera Branch.

Objectives

It was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine how the separation of duties influences performance at Centenary Bank, Mapeera Branch,

2. to examine how board composition influences performance at Centenary Bank, Mapeera Branch,

3. to examine how board compliance influences performance at Centenary Bank, Mapeera Branch.

Methodology

The study adopted a phenomenological approach which was divided into research approach, research strategy,

38 Luvunya Moses Mugenyi graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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research duration, and the research classification. The study population was 67 and a sample size of 57 respondents with a 100% response rate.

Key findings

The results of the study indicated that there was a statistically significant and positive relationship between corporate governance and performance of Centenary Bank, Mapeera Branch which was represented by (r (57) = .493, P<0.05).

Key recommendations

The study recommended that Centenary bank should intensify efforts to professionally develop booklets of ethical standards, distribute them to all employees, and undertake massive training efforts to equip all employees with knowledge having to do with the importance of ethical behaviour.

Key references

Financial Institutions Corporate Governance Regulations (2005): https://ulii.org/ug/legislation/statutory-instrument/2005/47.

Bhagat (2014): Corporate governance in international perspective: a survey of corporate control mechanisms among large firms in Lesotho

Joshua (2017:737): Corporate governance and firm performance. The case of Nigerian listed firms.

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European journal of economics finance and administrative sciences.14.16-22.

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Strategic planning and performance of petroleum companies in Uganda; a case of HASS petroleum Uganda limited

Maryan Farah Awad39

Keywords: Strategic Planning, Performance, Petroleum

Introduction

The study was about strategic planning and performance of petroleum companies in Uganda: a case of HASS Petroleum Uganda Limited.

Study objectives

1. To examine how strategic planning influences Hass petroleum Uganda limited direction,

2. to assess how strategic planning ensures Hass petroleum Uganda limited’s commitment to long term survived and growth,

3. to assess how strategic planning maintains Hass petroleum Uganda limited’s identity and distinctive abilities.

Methodology

The study utilized a case study research design that involved both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and interviews from 80 respondents.

39 Maryan Farah Awad graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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Key findings

The study found out that strategic planning explained 87.6% to variance in strategic direction. Strategic planning also explained 81% of the variance in long-term survival and growth. And strategic planning explained 96.4% of the variance in identity and distinctive capabilities of Hass Petroleum Uganda.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that Hass Petroleum should continue practising formal strategic planning for enhanced effectiveness and efficiency as well as improved organizational performance.

Key references

Aguilar, O. (2013). How strategic performance management is helping companies create business value, in Ilesanmi, O.A. (2011), the impact of strategic planning on the performance of Nigerian Banks, European Journal of Scientific Research, 65 (1), 131-143

Curristine, T (2005) Government performance: Lessons and Challenges, An OECD Journal on Planning and Budgeting, 5 (1), 127 – 151. Available online from http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/43481160.pdf

Dauda, Y. A., Akingbade, W. A. and Akinlabi, H. B. (2010) Strategic Management Practice and Corporate Performance of Selected Small Business Enterprises in Lagos Metropolis”, International

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Journal of Business and Management5(11): 97 - 105 November 2010.

Genc, Kurtulus Yilmaz. (2012), The Relationship between the Quality of the Mission Statements and the Performances of the State Universities in Turkey, Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences 58, pp. 19-28.

Gibson, B., &Cassar, G. (2005).Longitudinal analysis of relationships between planning and performance insmall firms.Small Business Economics, 25, 207-222. doi:10.1007/s11187-003-6458-4.

Grant, R. M. (1998). Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Concepts, Techniques, Applications. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Inc.

Hawthorne, Madison. (2019, March 25). The Purpose of Mission and Vision Statements in Strategic Planning.Small Business - Chron.com.

Hyndman, N., Eden, R. (2000), A study of the coordination of mission, objectives and targets in U.K. executive agencies, Management Accounting Research, Vol.11, pp.175-191.

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Effective competence planning and implementation of its outcome within the human resource professional ethics: A case study of Nkumba University

Milla Cristine40

Keywords: Competence Planning; Professional Ethics

Introduction The study was about effective competence planning and implementation of its outcome within the human resource professional ethics, a case study of Nkumba University.

Study objectives

1. To determine the different components of competence planning and how competence planning is implemented at Nkumba University,

2. to broaden the knowledge of the researcher on the concept of competence mapping.

Methodology

The study used a descriptive approach of study design whereby data were collected using the document review method of data collection. The Nkumba university human resource manual was used to obtain data on human

40 Milla Cristine graduated in February, 2021 with a Postgraduate Diploma in Human Resource Management from Nkumba University

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resource policy, human resource mapping, and staff code of conduct.

Key findings

The study found that the University used a Human Resource Policy Manual which was a handy tool for the line managers and supervisors. The study also found that creating a competency map helped to drill down skills, knowledge, abilities, and behaviors required for each unit of work. This approach made the competency map a very useful and practical tool for the University.

Recommendations

The study recommended that the University should use a stem-wide framework

for attracting and retaining talent, increasing and leveraging diversity, and creating a high-performing, engaged organisation.

Key references Alfes, K., Truss, C., & Gill, J. (2010). The HR manager

as change agent: Evidence from the public sector. Journal of Change Management,10, 109–127

Graham, M. E., & Tarbell, L. M. (2006). The importance of the employee perspective in the competency development of human resource professionals.

Morse, J. M. (2002). Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation. Nursing Research, 40, 120–123.

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Motivation and staff performance in tertiary institutions in Kano State, Nigeria: a case study of Kano State Polytechnic

Muhammad Mujitapha41

Keywords: Motivation, Staff Performance, Tertiary Institutions

Introduction

The study was about establishing the relationship between motivation and staff performance in Kano state using Kano state polytechnic as a case study.

Study objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine the extent to which promotions enhanced staff performance in Kano State Polytechnic,

2. to assess the extent to which financial rewards enhanced staff performance in Kano State Polytechnic,

3. to establish the relationship between training and staff performance in Kano State Polytechnic.

41 Muhammad Mujitapha graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Management from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and used a sample size of 83 respondents, of whom 76 participated in the study. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources. Data were then cleaned, coded, and cross-checked using Ms. Excel before being exported to SPSS for analysis.

Key findings

It is also shown that the Adjusted R square was .773 which is an indication that 77.3% of the changes that do occur in staff performance at Kano State Polytechnic are due to changes in motivation.

Key recommendations

It was recommended that Kano State Polytechnic should invest more capital in supporting employees through career development and that Kano State Polytechnic should commit to motivating and promoting employees who have exceptional performance levels.

Key references

Daft 2015): Impact of Reward and Recognition on job Satisfaction and Motivation: An Empirical Study from Pakistan. International Journal of Business

Dhate (2017): Impact of Rewards and Motivation on Job Satisfaction in Banking Sector of Saudi Arabia. Accessed on 5th December, 2016. Available

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Kroehnert (2015): Job motivation and attitude to work as correlates of productivity among workers in the manufacturing companies.

Quarles (2014): The impact of motivation on job satisfaction in community based organisations in Uganda basing on a case study of HOPE (CBO)

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Taxpayer compliance and income tax revenue collection in Uganda: a case study of Uganda Revenue Authority, Busia branch

Mukama Richard42

Keywords: Taxpayer, Taxpayer compliance, income tax, income tax revenue collection

Introduction

The study examined the influence of taxpayer compliance on income tax revenue collection by URA, Busia branch.

Study objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine how tax filing enhances income tax revenue collection in URA Busia Branch,

2. to assess how taxpayer payments enhance income tax revenue collection in the URA Busia branch,

3. to examine how taxpayer education enhances income tax revenue collection in the URA Busia branch.

Methodology

The study adopted both positivism-phenomenological approaches called “the combination approach”, using

42 Mukama Richard graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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hypothesis testing and explaining. The study also used both quantitative and qualitative information. The study population was 72 with a sample size of 61 respondents of which 60 participated.

Key findings

The study found that the Adjusted R square was .700 which is an indication that 70.0% of the changes that do occur in income tax revenue collection at the URA Busia branch are due to changes in taxpayer compliance.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that tax offices should be established region-wide as well as countrywide to enable URA to provide advice regarding interpretation and application of tax laws, procedures for filing returns, and applications

Key references

Ali and Hassan. (2013): Impact of Tax Administration on Government Revenue in a Developing Economy- A Case Study of Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science

Makanga and Torgler, 2014): An Assessment of the Contributions of Tax Revenue to Economic Development in Nigeria. International Journal of Business, Management and Allied Sciences

Mulindwa, 2011): Mobilising Revenue: Strengthening domestic Revenue Bases is Key to Creating Fiscal Space for Africa ‘s Developmental Needs .

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Risk management and financial performance of insurance companies in Uganda: a case study Of Jubilee Insurance Company Limited

Musubire Martin43

Keywords: Risk, Risk Management, Financial performance, Insurance, Insurance companies

Introduction

The study examined the relationship between risk management and the financial performance of Jubilee Insurance Company Uganda.

Study objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to assess the extent to which risk identification influences financial performance at Jubilee Insurance Company,

2. to assess how risk measurement affects financial performance at Jubilee Insurance Company,

3. to assess how risk control influences financial performance at Jubilee Insurance Company.

43 Musubire Martin graduated in February, 2021 Msc. Accounting and Finance from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study adopted both positivism-phenomenological philosophies and used both quantitative and qualitative information. The study population was 130 with a sample size of 98 respondents.

Key findings

The study found that the highest contributor to financial performance was risk identification with an Adjusted R Square of .71.4 (71.8%), followed by risk measurement with an Adjusted R Square of .671 (67.1%) and the least contributor to financial performance was risk control with an Adjusted R Square of .428 (42.8%).

Key recommendations

The study recommended that insurance companies should effectively manage their risk, and they should review their risk management policies, procedures, and practices and calibrate them to global standards.

Key references

Al-Tamimi and Al-Mazrooei (2017): Operational risk exposures of Islamic Insurance companies", in Archer, S., Karim, R.A. (Eds), Islamic Finance: Regulatory Challenges, Wiley, Singapore

Birindelli and Ferretti, 2018): Principles of Managerial Finance, 11th ed., Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia, Delhi

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Dannie et al, 2014): Insurance companies, knowledge and crisis: a case of knowledge and learning failure", Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 18 (2), 87-105

Gajewska & Ropel, 2011): Management accounting and risk management in Malaysian financial institutions (an exploratory study)”, Managerial Auditing Journal, 26 (7), 566-85

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Reward management and teachers’ performance in private secondary schools in Entebbe Municipality: a case of selected secondary schools

Nabiranda Nalusiba Rose44

Keywords: Reward Management, Teachers’ Performance, Secondary Schools

Introduction

The study was about the role of reward management in the performance of teachers in private secondary schools in Entebbe Municipality.

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine how promotion influences teachers’ competencies in selected private secondary schools in Entebbe Municipality,

2. to examine how remuneration influences teachers’ attitudes towards work in selected private secondary schools in Entebbe Municipality,

3. to examine how opportunities for career development influences teachers’ efficiency in

44 Nabiranda Nalusiba Rose graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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selected private secondary schools in Entebbe Municipality.

Methodology

The study adopted the cross-sectional survey design and used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The study used a sample size of 124 respondents.

Key findings

The study found that the Adjusted R square was .709 which is an indication that 70.9% of the changes that do occur in teachers’ performance are due to changes in reward management. The test also revealed that reward management had a positive relationship with teachers’ performance.

Key recommendations

The study suggested that heads of the school should develop a sense of responsibility among teachers and that they should pivot to teacher training and development.

Key references

Ali, (2012): Performance appraisal, performance management and improving individual performance: a motivational framework. Management and organization review, Vol. 2

Bodden, (2015): The impact of Human Resource Management practices on Turnover, Productivity and Corporate Financial Performance. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, Issue 3

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Kinicki et al (2003): Impact of Reward on Employees Performance in Selected Manufacturing Companies. Journal of Business Strategies, Vol 2, Issue 2

Lukeera (2016): Rewards and teachers’ commitment in secondary schools in Uganda. Successful Management by Motivation - Balancing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Incentives.

Competitive bidding and service delivery in parastatal organisations in Uganda: a case of Uganda

Printing and Publishing Corporation (UPPC)

Nabukalu Florence45

Keywords: Competitive Bidding, Service Delivery, Parastatal Organisations, Corporation

Introduction

The study examined the contribution of competitive bidding to service delivery in parastatals in Uganda. It focused on Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation.

Study objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

45 Nabukalu Florence graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Procurement and Logistics Management from Nkumba University

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1. to examine how bid solicitation enhances decision making at Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation,

2. to examine the bid evaluation process used at Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation,

3. to examine the relationship between contract management and service delivery at Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation.

Methodology

The study adopted a phenomenological design divided into research approach, research strategy, research duration, and the research classification. The study population was 110 and a sample size of 100 respondents of which 89 participated.

Key findings

Results revealed that the most effective contributor to service delivery is contract management (Adjusted R Square of 78.1%), followed by bid solicitation (Adjusted R Square of 71.2%) and the least contributor is the bid evaluation process (Adjusted R Square of 49.8%).

Key recommendations

The study suggests that UPPC should endeavor to give its suppliers enough time to execute the contracts and plan procurement in time such that suppliers’ performance can be enhanced. Besides, UPPC should engage qualified personnel during the bid evaluation process to ensure that there is organised examination and comparison of bids for selecting the best supplier/offer.

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Key references

Adnan E. and Sami K. (2010): Improving procurement practices in developing country health programs. Ann Arbor: William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan.

Chien and Liang (2013): Exploring Contractor’s Opportunistic Bidding Behavior and its Impacts on Construction Market” International system dynamic.

Gailmard, G. (2012): Accountability and principal-agent models. Chapter prepared for the Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability.

Jones, D. (2017): Construction Contractor's Project Selection: Decision Making Within a Portfolio Framework.” In Proceedings International Seminar on Optimum Systems for Construction Management

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Financial management and performance of Uganda Revenue Authority stations: a case study of Entebbe Airport station

Nakiwala Sarah46

Keywords: Financial Management, revenue performance

Introduction

The study about financial management and performance is important because it has been established that inefficient financial management, combined with the uncertainty of the business environment often led business enterprises to serious problems. Nisar (2013) asserts that financial management by the Uganda Revenue Authority greatly determines the quality and kind of services provided by the Authority.

Study objectives

1. To establish how URA-Entebbe Airport Station has applied budgeting and budgetary control to ensure performance,

46 Nakiwala Sarah graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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2. to establish how URA-Entebbe Airport Station has maintained sound and appropriate cash management to meet performance targets.

3. to establish how URA-Entebbe Airport Station complies with the Authority’s financial policies and procedures to ensure performance.

Methodology

The study used a population of 60 selected from URA-Entebbe Airport Station out of which a sample of 52 respondents was selected using Neumann’s formula (2000). The descriptive design was employed and both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection were used. Purposive and random sampling methods were used in selecting the respondents. The study used both primary and secondary methods to collect data. Primary data were collected and sorted specifically for this study through the use of questionnaires and an interview guide. Secondary data entailed studying relevant literature on the financial management and performance of URA-Entebbe Station.

Key findings

Hypothesis testing proved that there was a positive relationship between financial management and performance at URA-Entebbe Station. The study findings revealed that URA-Entebbe Airport Station applied budgeting and budgetary control to ensure performance; maintained sound and appropriate cash management and

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URA-Entebbe Airport Station, and complied with URA’s financial policies and procedures to ensure performance.

Key recommendations The study recommended that management should establish appropriate control activities in all policies and relevant procedures to help ensure that management’s directives to mitigate risks are executed. The study also recommended that heads of unit and department should be more involved in the preparation of budgets.

Key references Arnold and wearing (1988) Fundamentals of financial

management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. Amani C (2005) World’s best treasury and cash

management providers. Global Finance Journal, 14(7), 35-40.

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Internal controls and financial performance Of Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies (SACCOS): A Case Study of Wazalendo SACCO

Nambi Robinah47

Keywords: Internal Controls, Segregation of Duties, Authorization of Controls, Risk Assessment, Financial Performance.

Introduction The study examined the effect of internal controls on the financial performance of Wazalendo SACCO in Entebbe.

Study objectives

1. To examine the impact of segregation of duties on the financial performance of Wazalendo SACCO,

2. to determine the effect of authorization controls on the financial performance of Wazalendo SACCO

3. to evaluate the effect of risk assessment on the financial performance of Wazalendo SACCO.

47 Nambi Robinah graduated in February, 2021 Msc. Accounting and Finance from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study used a case study research design involving both quantitative and qualitative data. The study sampled 60 respondents from a target population of 100. Out of the 60 questionnaires distributed, only 54 were returned giving a response rate of 90%. The study used both questionnaire surveys and interviews as the data collection methods. Cleaned data were analysed using both statistical and narrative methods. Tables were used to interpret, summarize, justify and conclude the study. Inferential statistics from each objective were analysed. Qualitative data analysis was made using content analysis technique

Key findings

The study found that segregation of duties had a weak positive influence on the performance of the SACCO, which was established as (beta value=008, t=19.417, P<.000). The study also revealed that authorization controls had a weak positive influence on the performance of the SACCO, which was established as (beta value=.041, t=11.027, P<.000). The study finally revealed that risk assessment had a weak positive influence on the performance of the SACCO, which was established as (beta value=.312, t=3.489, P<.001).

Key recommendations

The study recommended that the internal audit section should be responsible to the organization audit committees and audit management with sufficient authority, to promote independence and to ensure the

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organization’s broad audit coverage, adequate consideration of audit reports, and appropriate action on auditor’s recommendations.

Key references

ACCA Text Books (1998). Managerial Finance. AT. Foulks Lynch.

Adams, M. B. (1994), ‘Agency theory and the internal audit’, Managerial Auditing Journal.

Anderson, D., Francis, J. R. & Stokes, D. J. (1993), ‘Auditing, directorships and the demand for monitoring’, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.

B.K. Sebbowa Bamweyana, (2009), the role of internal audit function in organizations

Boakye-Bonsu, V., (1997). Developing internal Audit Approach, Vol. 5, No. 6,

Brennan, N. M., and J. Soloman. 2008. Corporate governance, accountability, and mechanisms of accountability: An overview. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO). 1985. Organization background information. Available at: http://www.coso.org/.

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Corporate social responsibility and community relations among government projects in Uganda: a

case study of Isimba dam project

Othieni Julius48

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Community Relations, Government Projects

Introduction

The study examined the contribution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities on community relations among government projects in Uganda. It focused on a case study of Isimba dam project.

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine the effect of charitable CSR activities on community relations at Isimba dam project,

2. to assess the effect of environmental CSR activities on community relations at Isimba dam project,

3. to examine the effect of ethical CSR activities on community relations at Isimba dam project.

48 Othieni Julius graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study adopted a phenomenological design divided into research approach, research strategy, research duration, and the research classification. The study population was 135 and a sample size of 129 respondents of which only 101 participated.

Key findings

The study showed that the Adjusted R square was .710 which is an indication that 71.0% of the changes that occurred in community relations were due to changes in corporate social responsibility. The test also revealed that Isimba dam’s CSR activities had a positive relationship with community relations.

Recommendations

The study recommended that the management of Isimba dam project conducts further research into public opinion of a bigger population of the community, having to do with their perception of the project’s CSR activities.

Key references

Achan .E. (2015): The effects of corporate social

responsibility on community relations in government aided projects in Gulu District. Makerere University Press

Amin .S. (2015): Residential satisfaction and the community question. Sociology and Social Research, 70(2), 139–142.

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Anand .M. (2002): Building Blocks of Corporate reputation- Social Responsibility Initiatives, Corporate Reputation Review, vol.5, No.1 (Spring)

Andrea (2014): Constructing questions for interviews and questionnaires: Theory and practice in social research (New ed.) Published by Cambridge University Press

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Outsourcing and Service Delivery in Public Universities in Uganda: A Case Study of Kyambogo University

Rubangakene Innocent49

Keywords: Outsourcing, Service Delivery, Public Universities

Introduction

The study examined the influence of outsourcing on service delivery in public universities in Uganda based on a case study of Kyambogo University.

Study objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine the influence of outsourcing techniques on service delivery in Kyambogo University,

2. to evaluate the influence of supplier selection on service delivery in Kyambogo University,

3. to examine how the selection of target areas influences service delivery in Kyambogo University.

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Methodology

The study adopted a design encompassing a phenomenological and positivist philosophy, mixed methods, cross-sectional duration, and case study strategy to establish the relationship between outsourcing and service delivery. The study used a sample size of 118 respondents and registered a response rate of 93.2%.

Key findings

Findings yielded regress value r = 0.699 with Adjusted R square at 0.475 which is an indication that 47.5% of the changes that occurred in service delivery were due to changes in outsourcing. The test also revealed that Kyambogo University’s outsourcing had a statistically significant positive relationship with service delivery.

Key recommendations

The study suggested that Kyambogo University should deliberately re-design its internal outsourcing policy to enable the University to relate its operations properly to its competencies and resource base to ensure improved service delivery. It also recommended that the University adopts good practical techniques of outsourcing as way of obtaining value for money and of registering general improvement in service delivery.

Key references

Bartlett, 2014): Information Systems Outsourcing: A Survey and Analysis of the Literature. The Database for Advances” In Information Systems 34 (4): 6-102

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Helper et al. (2017): "Outsourcing: a corporate competitiveness strategy, not a search for low wages", Journal of Labour Research, Vol. XVIII No.4, pp.503-519.

Klepper (2014): The Outsourcing of Training and Development: Factors Impacting Client Satisfaction. Journal of Management, 29(2), 207 – 229.

Nyameino (2010): Higher education in India: Vision and action country paper,” in UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education in the 21st Century.

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Service quality and customer loyalty in the service industry: a case Of City Tyres Uganda

Shamsa Halifan50

Keywords: service Quality, Customer Loyalty, Reliability, Responsiveness, Empathy, Tangibility

Introduction

The study examined the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty, a case of City Tyres Uganda limited—Bombo road branch.

Study objectives

The study was guided by the following objectives:

1. to examine the relationship between reliability and customer loyalty at City Tyres Uganda, Bombo Road branch,

2. to establish the relationship between responsiveness and customer loyalty at City Tyres Uganda limited Bombo Road branch

3. to investigate the relationship between empathy and customer loyalty of City Tyres Uganda customers at the Bombo Road branch

50 Shamsa Halifan graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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4. to determine the relationship between tangibility and customer loyalty of City Tyres Uganda customers at the Bombo Road branch

Methodology

The study used a case study research design involving both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The researcher employed simple random sampling alongside the purposive sampling method.

A sample of 100 respondents was selected out of a target population of 133. Of the 100 questionnaires distributed, only 70 were returned giving a response rate of 70.0%. The researcher used self-administered questionnaire and interview guides in the study to collect data. Data collected from the primary source were compiled, sorted, and edited for accuracy and clarity. They were classified, coded into a coding sheet, and analysed using SPSS 25.

Quantitative data were analysed through the use of correlations and regression analysis to measure the relationship and qualitative data were analyzed through the use of thematic and content analysis.

Key findings

The study revealed that reliability significantly influenced customer loyalty which was established as (beta value=.295, t=10.158, P<.000). The study also revealed that responsiveness significantly influenced customer loyalty which was established as (beta value=.529, t=6.581, P<.000). The study further revealed that empathy significantly influenced customer loyalty which

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was established as (beta value=.295, t=10.158, P<.000). The study revealed that tangibility significantly influenced customer loyalty which was established as (beta value=.395, t=8.484, P<.000).

Key recommendations

The management should establish clear customer feedback mechanisms where customers can ably feed management with complaints and suggestions. Staff members need to be closely monitored to limit gaps in service provision.

Key references

Aga, M., &Safakli, O. V. (2007). An empirical investigation of service quality and customer satisfaction in professional accounting firms: Evidence from North Cyprus. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 5(3), 84-98

Arlen, S. (2008). The 5 Service Dimensions All Customers care about CCK. 2012. Report on the quality of service (QoS) performance assessment for cellular mobile networks period awards and ISO 9000 certification Core concepts and comparative analysis, International

Bedi, M. (2010). An integrated framework for service quality, customer satisfaction and behavioral responses in Indian banking industry--a comparison of public and private sector banks. Journal of Services Research, 10(1)

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Performance management practices and employee performance in financial institutions in Uganda: A case study of ABSA bank, Kitoro branch—Entebbe

Ssebwalunyo Julius Justus51

Keywords: Performance, Performance management, Employee Performance, Financial Institutions

Introduction

The study examined the role of performance management practices in employee performance of financial institutions in Uganda. It focused on a case study of ABSA Bank, Kitoro Branch.

Study objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to examine how performance appraisal influenced employee competence at ABSA, Kitoro Branch,

2. to examine how reward systems influenced employee creativity at ABSA, Kitoro Branch,

51 Ssebwalunyo Julius Justus graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Business Administration from Nkumba University

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3. to examine how performance feedback influenced the attitudes of employees at ABSA, Kitoro Branch.

Methodology

The study adopted a positivism approach, phenomenological approach, and combination approach. The study population was 85 and a sample size of 70 respondents with a 100% response rate.

Key findings

The results of the study indicated that the Adjusted R square was .610 which is an indication that 61.0% of the changes that occurred in employee performance were due to changes in performance management practices. The test also revealed that ABSA bank’s performance management practices had a positive relationship with employee performance.

Key recommendations

The study suggested that the reward system should be varied to encourage the staff to be creative to meet the organization’s goals. It was also suggested that performance reviews should be focused on the contributions of the individual employees to meet the organizational goals

Key references

Bannister and Balkin (2010): Positive Effects of Rewards and Performance Standards on Intrinsic Motivation. The Psychological Record 53 (1), 561-579.

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Ciner, L. (2019): Performance Appraisal and Review Systems: The Identification, Measurement and Development of Performance in Organizations. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Erdogan, B. (2012): Effective Performance Appraisal: A Study into the Relation Between Employer Satisfaction and Optimizing Business Results.

Kreitner, P. (2017): Effect of Performance Appraisal On Employee Productivity: A Case Study of Supermarkets in Nakuru Town, Kenya. Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences 2 (11), 42-58.

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Mobile banking and performance of financial institutions in Uganda: a case of Stanbic Bank Ltd, Masaka branch

Andrew Ssekamanya52

Keywords: Mobile banking, Performance, Financial Institutions

Introduction

The study focused on the influence of mobile banking on the performance of financial institutions in Uganda, taking the case of Stanbic Bank, Masaka Branch.

Objectives

The study was guided by three objectives:

1. to establish how funds transfer influenced the performance of Stanbic Bank, Masaka Branch,

2. to find out how the security of funds influenced the performance of Stanbic Bank, Masaka Branch,

3. to establish how the complexity of the system influenced the performance of Stanbic Bank, Masaka Branch.

52 Andrew Ssekamanya graduated in February, 2021 with a Master Information Technology from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study used both qualitative and quantitative data. A sample size of 133 selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques, out of a target population of 200 individuals, was used. The study used two research instruments, that is, self-administered questionnaires and interview guides.

Key findings

The study findings revealed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between funds transfer and performance of the bank, represented with (r (128) = .722, P<.05). The study findings also revealed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the security of funds and performance of the bank represented by (r (128) = .894, P<.005). The findings also revealed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the complexity of the system and the performance of the bank, represented by (r (128) = .372, P<.005); the complexity of the system was the lowest contributor to the performance of Stanbic bank with a score of 13.0% compared to the security of funds which was the highest at 89.4% followed by funds transfer which was at 72.2%.

Key recommendations

The study suggested that Stanbic Bank should pay attention to ensure that clients are provided with the necessary skills as to how to use information technology

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within the banking system to increase the financial performance of the bank.

Key references

Al-Alawi, A. I. (2014). Cybercrimes, computer forensics and their impact in business climate: Bahrain status. Research Journal of Business Management, 8(3), 139-156.

Hoppe, R., Newman, P., &Mugera, P. (2001). Factors affecting the adoption of internet banking in South Africa: a comparative study. Department of Information Systems, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 17.

Lin., H. (2011). An Empirical Investigation of Mobile Banking Adoption: The effect of Innovation Attributes and Knowledge-based Trust. International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 31, No. 3: 252-260.

Turkish Consumers “Acceptance of Internet Banking Services”, International Journal of Bank marketing’,Vol. 4, No.2, pp. 236-248.4.

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Geospatial analysis of the factors affecting access to water for livestock in the drylands of Uganda: a case of upper Lokere catchment in Karamoja sub-region

Mugisha Abubakar53

Keywords: Geospatial analysis, access to water; livestock; drylands.

Introduction

This study was done to investigate the factors affecting access to water for livestock in the Upper Lokere catchment, Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. Access to water was analysed in terms of its availability, distribution, and functionality of water sources using geospatial analysis of secondary spatial data including hydrologic modelling with SWAT.

Study objectives

1. To study spatial and temporal variability in access to water for livestock in upper Lokere catchment,

2. to examine how environmental factors affected access to water for livestock in upper Lokere catchment,

3. to study how technical factors affected access to water for livestock in Upper Lokere catchment,

4. to investigate the effect of social factors on access to water for livestock in Upper Lokere catchment.

53 Mugisha Abubakar graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Natural Resources Management from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The sample size for the study was 245 households that keep livestock, out of which 247 respondents were interviewed. The target population constituted all households within the Upper Lokere catchment. A sample was drawn from the 51,299 households in the entire Lokere catchment (MWE, 2017.

Key findings

The study indicated a declining growth trend in livestock numbers attributed to inadequate access to water despite an annual water yield of 162MCM determined from hydrological modelling with SWAT). This potential is under-exploited due to the limited storage capacity of developed water sources with an overall potential harvest of 6.9MCM/yr., if maintained and at 100% functionality. This is against a livestock water demand of 9MCM/yr., implying a deficit of 2.1 MCM/yr.

The study also found variability in access to water for livestock in the study area due to unevenly distributed water sources with high concentrations around settlements and away from grazing areas and pastoral migratory corridors, indicating a domestic water supply oriented approach to water development which increases distances moved by pastoralists in search for water, especially in dry seasons. The average distance to water sources varied from 2km during the wet season to 7km during dry seasons. Access to water for livestock was strongly affected by environmental factors especially

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unevenly distributed and irregular rainfall and high temperatures.

Key recommendations

The government of Uganda should improve the spatial coverage of livestock water sources based on a participatory and holistic spatial planning approach that focuses on high-capacity, multi-purpose facilities through a collaborative water development framework with development partners. The Ministry of Water and Environment needs to standardize water source designs especially sizes /capacity of sources/ troughs as well as ensure integration of water source protection measures into overall water source planning and construction project budgets. The government of Uganda should undertake a strategic environment and social impact assessment of the mining sector in Karamoja to study how the growing mining sector affects pastoralists.

Key references

ACTED. (2016, 2016). Pastoralism in Karamoja: Assessment of factors affecting pastoralist lifestyles in Moroto, Amudat and Kaabong. ACTED

Baumann, P. (2002). Improving access to natural resources for rural poor. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Dieter, P., & Singh, A. K. (2000). water resources in arid regions and their sustainable management. Annals of Arid Lands, Special Issue on Research., 1.

onker, L. (2014). Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM): From theory to ppractice,

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From policy to outcomes. GEZINA: Water Research Commission.

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Exploring public participation and level of engagement in solid waste management and control: a case of Kawaala Town Council, Uganda

Faustin Buteera54 Keywords: Solid Waste Management, Public Participation, Level of Stakeholder Engagement, Solid Waste Management Challenges.

Introduction

The term solid waste (SW) may be used to refer to municipal waste and it can be defined as the waste in solid-state generated by human activities in municipal centers. This includes soil, debris, metal scrap, paper, plastics such as (basins and cups), textiles and leather, broken bottles, glass as well as electrical and electronic equipment. It can be categorised into several groups. They are residential (or household or domestic waste), commercial, institutional, street sweeping, construction and demolition, sanitation, and industrial wastes (Rush, 1999). Whereas municipal solid waste refers to solid wastes from houses, streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals, which are very often the responsibility of municipal or other governmental authorities (NEMA, 2007); solid waste from industrial processes is generally not considered municipal.

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Study objectives

1. To investigate the nature of solid waste that was generated in Kawaala Town Council and their sources,

2. to investigate the roles played by the public and other stakeholders in solid waste management and control in Kawaala Town Council,

3. to identify major challenges associated with waste collection and disposal in Kawaala Town Council.

Methodology

The study was qualitative and quantitative. The unit of analysis was the individuals who are the residents and non-residents of Kawaala Town Council in Wakiso district. The study targeted a population of 300 people and drew a sample size of 165 respondents from it. A set of self-administered questionnaires was prepared and administered directly to the respondents to fill. The respondents consisted of residents (household representatives) from each area, who were randomly selected. The respondents included businessmen and women, market vendors, residents, and a few non-residents who operated various businesses in Kawaala Town Council.

Key findings The findings showed that solid waste generation in Kawaala Town Council is very high characterised by

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paper boxes, plastic bottles, banana peels, and other organic food waste, as well as polythene materials among others. The study revealed that public participation in solid waste management took several forms ranging from waste collection, sorting, transportation, and waste disposal. From the regression analysis on the roles of the public in solid waste management, the results showed an R Square value of 0.011 and Adjusted R Square value of 0.005, (R= 0.106, R2= 0.011, P-value < 0.005) this indicates that level of education was a significant predictor of public participation in solid waste management and contributed 10% of the variation of participants’ understanding of the need for sorting waste. A positive t- value of 9.364 with (P- value =0.00< 0.05) indicates that a relationship exists between respondents choice of a waste control strategy. However, selling of plastics to recycling companies has been identified as a viable waste control method in Kawaala as viewed from a positive ß = 0.118. This means that the educated individuals are more willing to sell waste to a recycling company than merely participating in sorting and collecting it. The challenges in waste management included: lack of proper dumping sites, ignorance of some people of the dangers of indiscriminate waste disposal, distant disposal facilities, inadequate financing among others.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that there should be stakeholder engagement and consultations at all levels of waste management to eliminate the gaps in information flow;

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that there should be participatory and inclusive decision making about waste management; that Kawaala Town Council should strategically plan for sensitization of the public so that several solutions concerning solid waste management can be brought to the table; that Kampala Capital Authority should make sure that local people are assisted to understand the different alternatives so that they can make informed decisions on the choice of waste management strategies.

Key references

Abba, A. H., Babagana, U. M., Atiku, A. A., & Burmamu, B. R. (2019). Evaluation of Energy Potentials from Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of Yola, Nigeria. FUTY Journal of the Environment, 13(1), 36-45.

Ahluwalia, P. K., & Nema, A. K. (2007). A life cycle based multi-objective optimization model for the management of computer waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 51(4), 792-826.

Barr, S. (2004). What we buy, what we throw away and how we use our voice. Sustainable household waste management in the UK. Sustainable Development, 12(1), 32-44.

Bekin, C., Carrigan, M., & Szmigin, I. (2007). Beyond recycl uction at new consumption communities. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review, 6(5), 271-286.

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Thomas-Hope; Elizabeth, Ed, (1998).Solid waste management: critical issues for developing countries. Kingston: Canoe Press.

Tsai, W. T. (2007). Bioenergy from landfill gas (LFG) in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(2), 331-344.

Tumuhairwe, J. B., Tenywa, J. S., Otabbong, E., & Ledin, S. (2009). Comparison of four low-technology composting methods for market crop wastes. Waste Management, 29(8), 2274-2281.

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The impact of customer service on customer satisfaction: a case of Doctina Beach Mayuge District, Uganda

Nabwire Justine55

Keywords: Customer Service, customer satisfaction

Introduction

The study investigated the impact of Customer Service on Customer Satisfaction in Uganda with a particular focus on Doctina Beach Resort in Mayuge District.

Study objectives

1. To find out the customer service practices at Doctina Beach,

2. to examine the relationship between customer service and customer satisfaction,

3. to examine the challenges encountered by the management of Doctina Beach in customer service on customer satisfaction.

Methodology

The researcher collected primary data and secondary data. The researcher used descriptive statistics to present the

55 Nabwire Justine graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Tourism Planning and Management from Nkumba University

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results of the study. A sample of 121 respondents categorized into 101 beach customers and 20 Doctina Beach employees participated in the study. These were selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques respectively.

Key findings The research findings showed that Doctina Beach in Mayuge District had good customer handling procedures. The study also found that the premises of Doctina Beach were tidy, clean and hygienic, and that staff showed a clear understanding of the services offered. The premises were safe for the guests and their valuables. Further, the study found that the majority of the customers were satisfied with the services offered at the beach.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that the management of Doctina Beach should: effectively advertise the services through the available social media platforms, consult customers when designing customer care service policies and emphasise market research.

Key references Griffiths, D., House, C., Rangel-Buitrago, N., & Thomas,

T. (2018). An assessment of areal and transect-based historic shoreline changes in the context of coastal planning. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 1-16.

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Gronroos, C. (2007). Service management and marketing. Third edition. John Wiley. & Sons, Ltd. England.

Guchait, P., Namasivayam, K. & Lei, P. (2010). Knowledge management in service encounters: Impact on customers satisfaction evaluations. Knowledge Management.

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The potential of Kinyankore culture as a tourism product

Mackline Ninsiima56 Keywords: Culture, Cultural tourism, Cultural Resources, Tourism product.

Introduction

The kinyankore culture is one of the cultures of Uganda shared by two groups of people: the Bahima (pastoralist) and also Bairu (cultivators) altogether referred to as Banyankore. People in this culture speak a Bantu language called Runyankore of Niger-Congo family. This culture exists among the people of Mbarara, Rwampara, Bushenyi, Sheema, Buhweju, Ntungamo, Kiruhura, Mitoma, Ibanda, and Isingiro districts (former Ankole Kingdom) situated in western Uganda. The Banyankore engage in numerous artistic activities involving music, literature, sports, weaving, and dancing. The kinyankore culture has features like the traditional dress, dance, music, and the long-horned cattle which are the most treasured possession in their lives; providing milk, ghee, beef, and hides. The Ankole long-horned cow is still most treasured possession in the lives of banyankore although it is threatened by the introduction of exotic cows. Cows

56 Mackline Ninsiima graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Tourism Planning and Management from Nkumba University

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are also a mode of payment of bride price but the bride price amongst banyankore is not a serious problem as the groom’s side receives emihingiro (gifts) which in most cases is much more than what the groom’s parents give the bride’s (Kirindi, 2008).

Study objectives

1. To identify the Kinyankore tourism cultural resources,

2. to find out the potential of Kinyankore cultural practices in cultural tourism development,

3. to identify the unexploited potential of Kinyankore culture for tourism,

4. to recommend strategies needed to unlock the full potential of Kinyankore culture for Tourism

Methodology

The study utilized an exploratory research design using the qualitative research approach. The sample size of the study was forty-six respondents who included archeological attendants, tourism officers, and the elderly. Purposive sampling, as well as snowball sampling, were used to collect information from respondents. In-depth interviews were carried out alongside observation.

Key findings

The findings of the research revealed that Banyankore people have a variety of cultural resources particularly the Ankole long-horned cattle, art and handicrafts, cultural sites like Nkonkojeru Tombs, Igongo Cultural Center,

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Mugore Rocks, and Itaaba Kyabanyoro that are integrated into tourism products. It also revealed that the Banyankore are engaged in cultural activities that are integrated into some of the tourism products like beer brewing, hunting, handcraft making, marriage practices, music, dance, and drama. It also found that there aware some Banyankore cultural resources and practices that were not fully exploited for tourism and some which were unexploited for tourism yet they could be developed, marketed, and promoted for tourism because they have the potential of attracting tourists.

Key recommendations

The study recommended strategies for full exploitation of cultural resources and practices including the development of new products for guests through direct collaboration, support for local networks and expansion of cultural and heritage activities, integration of local cultural elements into the business environment, and thinking laterally in exploring the cultural products potential

Key references Ashley .C. etal (2005) Stimulating local cultural and

heritage products. Produced by Overseas Development Institute Business Linkages in Tourism Edward B. Tylor’s (1870) Primitive Culture, researches

into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art, and custom. London:

Gordon Press

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Kirindi, G.N.P. (2008). History and Culture of the Kingdom of Ankole, Fountain Publishers.

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Participation of local communities in the protection and management strategies of wildlife in Queen Elizabeth National Park

Muzoora Sliverstri57

Keywords: Local Community, wildlife protection and management, National Park.

Introduction

Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) has immense natural resources including wetlands, aquatic and terrestrial birds that should be well protected and conserved to promote sustainable eco-tourism in Uganda. This research focused on the participation of local communities towards the protection and management strategies of wildlife in QENP.

Study objectives

1. To determine the wildlife protection strategies used by local communities at Queen Elizabeth National Park,

57 Muzoora Sliverstri graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Tourism Planning and Management from Nkumba University

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2. to determine the wildlife management strategies used by local communities at Queen Elizabeth National Park,

3. to investigate factors that affected effective wildlife protection and management strategies at Queen Elizabeth National Park,

4. to identify strategies that could be suitable for the sustainable protection of wildlife in Queen Elizabeth National Park.

Methodology

This study used a cross-sectional survey design was combined with the qualitative approach. The sample size was 220 respondents selected using the simple random sampling technique to select respondents from among the members of local communities, and purposive sampling technique to choose key informants. The research methods include observation, interview method, and questionnaire.

Key findings

The study found that local populations participated in protection and management strategies including engaging in dialogues between park officials and the locals, participating in finding solutions to problematic animals, and to human-wildlife conflicts, as well as sharing part of the Park’s revenue.

The study found that the factors that affected effective wildlife protection and management strategies were: lack of adequate compensation, failure to enforce Park

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policies, and inadequate consultation with local communities.

The study identified the following strategies: addressing conservation challenges such as poaching, encroachment, and illegal grazing through; placing patrols in all protected areas, arresting people who encroach on the park’s land without permission from the Uganda Wildlife Authority.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that the Uganda Wildlife Authority should provide substantive provisions which could be used to facilitate communities; that at a national level, community involvement in wildlife protection initiatives should be well provided for in wildlife protection initiatives; that the government should emphasize increased awareness and education on the importance of wildlife conservation to the community and the country.

Key references

Benjaminsen, T. A., &Bryceson, I. (2012). Conservation, green/blue grabbing and accumulation by dispossession in Tanzania. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 335-355.

Brashares, J. S., Golden, C. D., Weinbaum, K. Z., Barrett, C. B., &Okello, G. V. (2011). Economic and geographic drivers of wildlife consumption in rural

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Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(34), 13931-13936.

Bromely, .T. (2011). Woodlots, Woodfuel, and Wildlife: Life Lessons from Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Intenratioanl Institute of Economics and Development, Gatekeeper Series No. SA90. IIED.

Bush, G, Nampindo , .S. Aguti, .C. and Plumptre, A.J. (2011). The value of Uganda of Uganda’s forests: A livelihoods and ecosystems approach. Draft report submitted by WCS to European Union Forest Resources Management and Conservation Program, National Forest Authority. May 2004. Kampala, Uganda: WCS.

Care Uganda. (2013). Queen Elizabeth Protected Area Community Conservation Project. Perceptions, and Attitudes and Practices Survey of Communities in and around QECA. CU.

Cooney R. (2016) From Poachers to Protectors: Engaging Local Communities in Solutions to Illegal Wildlife Trade. Conservation Letter.

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Assessment of the implementation of “green” practices in selected beverage industries in Kampala, Uganda

Anita Ainomugisha58 Keywords: green practices, beverage industries

Introduction The study aimed at assessing the drivers of the implementation of “green” practices in selected beverage industries in Kampala, including; Mukwano Industries Limited, Crown Beverages Limited, Riham Beverages Limited, and Delight Supplies Uganda Limited.

Study objectives The study was guided by the following objectives:

1. to ascertain the types of “green” practices implemented in selected beverage industries in Kampala district,

2. to examine the influence of drivers on the implementation of “green” practices in selected industries in Kampala district,

3. to determine the costs and benefits of “green” practices implementation in selected beverage industries in Kampala district

58 Anita Ainomugisha graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Natural Resources Management from Nkumba University

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Methodology

This study used the cross-sectional research design. In this study, numerical figures and descriptive information were obtained, giving it both quantitative and qualitative research dimensions. The study then used both qualitative and quantitative approaches during sampling, data collection, quality control, and analysis. At data the collection stage, the qualitative design involved administering open-ended interviews and questionnaire questions to the respondents, whilst the quantitative design involved administering closed-ended interviews and questionnaire questions to respondents.

The study population comprised a total of 140 officials as obtained from (Uganda Manufacturers Association (2018), managers, supervisors, and corporate customers of the beverage industry in Uganda. From this population, a sample of 119 respondents was obtained. Questionnaires were used to collect data from lower, middle-range managers, supervisory staff, and customers. The researcher prepared and used a semi-structured interview guide to conduct in-depth interviews with top-level managers. The interview guide was used to collect data related to managers, and among the areas of discussion included; implementation of green practices and drivers of implementation of green practices. The study also used document review and observation methods for data collection.

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Key findings

The study established that to large extent the implementation of green practices in selected beverage industries in Kampala district was effective especially, energy management, water conservation, and other green practices; however, it is only the implementation of waste management practices that was not been effective.

The study discovered that there was a significant influence of drivers in the implementation of green practices in selected industries in Kampala District. It was found out that for every unit change in the implementation of green practices in selected industries in Kampala district. The study discovered that customer pressure was very effective in the implementation of green practices.

Last but not least, the study findings revealed that the cost of green practices’ implementation in selected beverage industries in Kampala District was very effective with a mean average of 4.33.

Key recommendations

There is a need to increase “green” waste management practices by beverage industries in Kampala. With regards to regulatory pressure, the government should consider reviewing the current regulatory framework to make it more enforceable

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Key references

Al-Khidir, A. A. and Zailani (2011). The Relationship between Environmental Management Practices (EMP) and Hotel Performance: EMP Drivers and the Moderating Role of Perceived Benefits. PhD thesis, University Sains Malaysia.

Argandona, A. (2011). Stakeholder theory and value creation. IESE Business School. Working Paper. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61460-9.

Azevedo, S. G., Carvalho, H., & Marchado, V. C. (2011). The influence of green practices on supply performance: A case study approach. Transportation Research Part E, 47, 850-871. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3.

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The effects of undertaking “green” practices on the performance of selected hotels in Kampala, Uganda

Paapa Christopher59

Keywords: Green practices, water conservation, energy conservation, waste production, hotel performance, cost reduction, profitability, and environment.

Introduction

Green practices are environmentally friendly practices that promote efficient use of water, energy and minimizing solid waste production while ensuring that quality service is provided in hotels. Green practices are based on the belief that establishing sustainable and responsible business practices is a basis for cutting down costs and obtaining loyal customers. Many hotels today are investing in environmentally friendly practices for various reasons, including environmental purity and sustainability for altruistic reasons, but most importantly for profitable reasons.

Objectives The study objectives were:

1. to assess the green practices undertaken by the selected hotels in Kampala,

59 Paapa Christopher graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Tourism Planning and Management from Nkumba University

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2. to determine the barriers hindering the implementation of green practices,

3. to find out the benefits of undertaking green practices in the selected hotels, and

4. to determine the relationship between green practices and the performance of the selected hotels in Kampala.

Methodology

The study was conducted in five-star hotels i.e. Kampala Serena Hotel, Sheraton Hotel, Commonwealth Resort Munyonyo, and Pearl of Africa Hotel. A sample of 197 respondents from the hotels was selected for the study. The study employed purposive sampling and simple random sampling. The study employed a cross-sectional survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A semi-structured questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect data. The data were organized and presented quantitatively in form of frequency tables and percentages. Interview responses were reported qualitatively and were used to compare and enrich the responses from the structured items. The quantitative findings were analyzed using the linear regression model in SPSS.

Key findings

The findings showed that there was a significant effect (r =.486, p-value <.05) of undertaking green practices on the performance of selected hotels in Kampala. The study also found the key green practices had enormous advantages

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such as cost reduction, competitiveness, customer retention, and environmental purity. The barriers associated with their adoption were: high costs of implementation, uncooperative staff and guests, among others.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that hotels should train all staff and sensitize guests on green practices, install water-saving equipment, harvest water, install solar systems and energy-saving bulbs and equipment, recycle waste and donate usable waste to those in need, employ green purchasing and use locally grown organic foods. The government should put in place a mechanism for promoting the implementation of green practices in the hospitality sector as well as in training institutions.

Key references

Deraman, F., Ismail, N., Arifin, M., Izzat, A., & Mostafa, M. I. A. (2017). Green practices in hotel industry: Factors influencing the implementation. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 9(2), 1-12.

Dodds, R., & Holmes, M. (2016). Is there a Benefit from being Green. Assessing Benefits from Marketing Sustainability by North American Hotels. J Hotel Bus Manage, 5(145), 2169-0286. DOI: 10.4172/2169-0286.1000145

Doody, H. (2010). What are the barriers to implementing environmental practices in the Irish hospitality industry. In Tourism and Hospitality Research in Ireland Conference (THRIC).

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Han, H., Lee, J. S., Trang, H. L. T., & Kim, W. (2018). Water conservation and waste reduction management for increasing guest loyalty and green hotel practices. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 75, 58-66. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.03.012

Mbasera, M., Du Plessis, E., Saayman, M., & Kruger, M. (2016). Environmentally-friendly practices in hotels. Acta Commercii, 16(1), 1-8. DOI: 10.4102/ac.v16i1.362

Mensah, I. (2019). Environmental Management Concepts and Practices for the Hospitality Industry. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN-13: 978-1-5275-3630-2

Pham Phu, S. T., Hoang, M. G., & Fujiwara, T. (2018). Analyzing solid waste management practices for the hotel industry. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 4(1), 19-30. DOI: 10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.01.003

Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175

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Ecological and socio-economic effects of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) on Lake Victoria: a case study of Buvuma District

Mubiru David60

Keywords: Water Hyacinth, Ecological and Socio-economic effects, Fish Catch Composition, Water Quality.

Introduction

Lake Victoria was once home to unique and diverse fish fauna that formed a special delicacy to the fishing communities (Graharm, 1984). Until the 1970s the Lake supported a multi-species fishery. However, the introduction of aquatic vegetation presents the largest threat to socio-economic development.

Study objectives

Study (a) assessed the invasion, distribution, and coverage of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria, Buvuma District; (b) determined the effects of water hyacinth on water quality concerning oxygen concentration, nutrients, the abundance of zooplankton, and fish catch composition in Lake Victoria, Buvuma District; (c) identified effects of

60 Mubiru David graduated in February, 2021 with Msc. Natural Resources Management from Nkumba University

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water hyacinth on the fishing communities of Lake Victoria-Buvuma District.

Methodology

The study employed qualitative and quantitative research approaches and the sample size of 346 respondents determined using the Slovene’s formula was used. Simple random sampling was used. The purposive method was also used for some categories of respondents such as technical staff and political heads of the District. Interviews were also used not only to answer the research questions under the study but also to acquire ideas of individuals being interviewed to have their feelings about the ecological and socio-economic effects of water hyacinth. 1960.

Key findings

The study findings revealed that the distribution and coverage of the water hyacinth in Buvuma District included stationary/residential 54%, patch mobile 26%, shallow residential 15%, open water 5% that had greatly affected fish productivity; causing a reduction in fish catches 30%, destruction of fishing grounds 20%, loss of breeding grounds 15%, loss of nursery grounds 30% and other effects 5%. The weed also affected the fishing communities through the loss of recreation sites 6.65%, causing diseases 10.69%, threatening food security 10.98%, threatening residential areas in Lubya, Kirongo, Namiti and Kirewe 3.76%, causing a rise in transport costs 35.84%, affecting domestic water quality and quantity 10%, limiting access to baptism and other cultural events

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2.02%, causing loss of fishing gears 13.87%, and resulting in a reduction in fish catches 16.19%.

Key recommendations Finally, the study recommended having sustainable management and control of the weed by the District local government authority, the fishing communities, and other stakeholders through continuous sensitization to have sense of ownership of the Lake and control of the weed for the improvement of the fish catches and the livelihood of the fishing communities.

Key references

Spencer, W., & Bowes, G. (1986). Photosynthesis and growth of water hyacinth under CO2 enrichment. Plant physiology, 82(2), 528-533.

Ellison, C. A., & Barreto, R. W. (2004). Prospects for the management of invasive alien weeds using co-evolved fungal pathogens: a Latin American perspective. Biological Invasions, 6(1), 23-45.

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The influence of corporal punishment in shaping the discipline of pupils in Kyegegwa District: a case study of Kyegegwa Town Council primary schools

Banura Adrona Faith61 Keywords: influence, corporal punishment, pupil’s discipline

Introduction The study investigated the influence of corporal punishment on improving pupils’ discipline in Kyegegwa Town Council primary schools. It was guided by the following objectives:

The study objectives

1. To identify the different views of teachers and pupils

on the efficacy of corporal punishment in reducing indiscipline in Kyegegwa Town Council Primary schools,

2. to identify teachers’ alternatives to corporal punishment on improving pupils’ discipline in Kyegegwa Town Council Primary schools,

61 Banura Adrona Faith graduated in February, 2021 with a Master

of Education Management and Planning from Nkumba University

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3. to analySe the effect of corporal punishment on pupils' discipline in Kyegegwa Town Council primary schools.

Methodology

The study used a cross-sectional research design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Based on purposive and random sampling techniques, the study selected 136 respondents.

Key findings The study discovered that corporal punishment reduced indiscipline among pupils. Teachers’ identified alternatives to corporal punishment contributed immensely to the improvement of pupils’ discipline and corporal punishment had a great effect, both positive and negative on pupils' discipline in Kyegegwa Town Council primary schools.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that: The government through the Ministry of Education and Sports should make a follow up on the Policy Regulations Act 24 of 2020; concerning corporal punishment in schools, villages and find out if it is being implemented, Teachers need to create space and enable pupils to decide their behavior, give up their controlling behavior, to develop a sense of belonging in their classrooms where pupils feel safe and fully

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involve their opinions towards solutions that benefit the whole class.

Key references

Franzoi, ( 2002). Social Psychology, ( 3rd edition). McGraw – Hill, U.S.A.

Frederickson & Mulligan, (1972). The child and his welfare, Freeman and Company, San Francisco, U.S.A.

Hicks-Pass, S. (2009). Corporal punishment in America today: Spare the rod, spoil the child? A systematic review of the literature. Best Practice in Mental Health International Journal, 5(2), 71-88.

Holmes, (1997). The role of parental disciplinary practices in the development of depression and alcoholism: psychiatry Vol 51 pp 24 -35.

Irby, D. J. (2014). Trouble at school: Understanding school discipline systems as nets of social control. Equity & Excellence in Education, (47)4,

Johnston, T., (2004). Gender Series: The abuse of Nairobi School Children, Nairobi: Population Communication Africa, in O’ Sullivan, M., (2005), Corporal Punishment in Kenya, Juvenile Quarterly, 2, 1. Journal of Family Violence, 5(2)b177-186

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Kaur, S. Wounded Innocence. The Tribune (Spectrum), 9, 1. 2005.

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The role of human resource development in service delivery in public service: a case study of Kyegegwa Town Council, Kyegegwa District

Wabwire Billy62

Keywords: human resource development, service delivery, public service

Introduction

Human resource development is the framework for helping employees to develop their personal and professional skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human resource development includes such aspects as employee training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance, and organization development.

Study objectives

The study was guided by the following specific objectives:

1. to find out if Kyegegwa Town Council had a human resource development program,

2. to assess the impact of the human resource program on the performance of the Town council,

62 Wabwire Billy graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of

Education Management and Planning from Nkumba University

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3. to identify challenges that human resource development programs face

Methodology

The study was qualitative research design. The study used a sample size of 56 respondents who were drawn from management and staff from different departments: finance, human resource, administration, operations, and maintenance. The study used simple random sampling and convenience methods for selecting respondents for the study. The study also used the questionnaire, interviews, and document review methods of research to collect data.

Key findings

The study found that Kyegwegwa Town council had a Human resource development programme. The study also found that human resource development had an impact on performance. However, the study also showed that training often lacked focus, as it was not always planned or conducted systematically. The study also showed that the Town Council delayed paying salaries to the employees, which demoralized them and encouraged absenteeism.

Key recommendations

Kyegegwa Town Council should put in place proper and clear policies for the development of workers’ careers.

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Key references

Armstrong M, (1988), A handbook of personal Management Practice 3rd Ed, Kogan page Ltd London.

Armstrong, Michael (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 10th edition, London: Kogan. ISBN 0-7494-4631-5, OCLC 62282248

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Salary payment and staff retention in the teaching profession among primary teachers: a case of private primary schools in Kampala City

Amuge Vincencia63

Keywords: Teachers, Salary, Payment, Retention, Private Primary Schools, Kampala City,

Introduction

This study was carried out to examine the effect of salary payment on staff retention in the private primary schools within Kampala City. This trails the Kampala District education annual report of 2016 which highlighted that many teachers in private primary schools were constantly changing schools or quitting the teaching profession, were involved in rampant part-timing, lacked a sense of belonging, and had a low commitment at school.

Study objectives

The specific study objectives were:

1. to analyze the status of private primary school teachers’ salary payment in Kampala City.

2. to examine the level of teacher staff retention in private primary schools in Kampala City.

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3. to evaluate the relationship between teachers’ salary payment and retention in private primary schools in Kampala City.

Methodology

The research was conducted using a Cross-Sectional Survey design that employed the convenient random sampling technique for the selection of schools and simple random sampling to choose the participants within the selected private primary schools in Kampala City. Four (4) schools were selected and 204 individuals were chosen as respondents. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data which were entered into and analyzed by SPSS at Univariate and Inferential levels.

Key findings

The results indicate that teachers considered their pay as moderate (M = 2.83, StD = 0.86), unable to fully cover all the needs, which implies that there is a need to enhance salary payment.

The overall results indicate a moderate level of staff retention among teachers in the selected private primary schools in Kampala City (M = 2.91, StD = 0.82), and the level of uncertainty on belonging to a school was high (43%).

There is sufficient evidence that the level salary pay related to the level of retention demonstrated amongst the teachers in private primary schools in Kampala City (r = 0.867; n = 193; p = 0.000 < 0.05), such that the higher the salary pay, the higher the retention levels and vice versa

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Key recommendations

Schools should give above-average salary payments to teachers if they are to retain their teachers. This can be achieved by lobbying government aid to private schools organising fundraising activities, lobbying local and international organization to provide financial assistance to schools, creating income-generating projects for schools.

It is recommended that the private primary schools take measures to improve the levels of salary payment to teachers by undertaking salary reviews regularly and effectively.

Although rewards in form of salaries are being addressed by the private primary schools, the study recommends enhancement of existing allowances offered to teachers to boost the teachers’ salaries.

Key References

Abubaker, O. (2020). "COVID-19: Why Teachers will Quit Jobs?". Retrieved from https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1521495/covid-19-teachers-quit-jobs

Ahimbisibwe (2019). No money for teachers’ salary raise; government. Retrieved from https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/n

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Amutuhaire,T. (2010). Terms of service and job retention among academic staff in Makerere University. (Unpublished master dissertation).Makerere University, Kampala.

Benon, C. B. (2017, May). A Teacher Incentive Framework (TIF) for Uganda. Radix Management Consulting Ltd.

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Primary school dropout and its’ influence on the economic growth of Kyegegwa District: a case study of Kakabara Sub-county

Kajumba Peluce64 Keywords: Primary school dropouts, Influence, Economic growth

Introduction

This study examined the effects of a high rate of primary school dropout on the economic growth of Kyegegwa District.

Study objectives

The study objectives were:

1. to find out the effect of primary school drop-out on communities in Kakabara Sub-County.

2. to identify the causes of primary school drop out in Kakabara Sub-County.

3. to analyse the socioeconomic effects resulting from dropping out of primary school on the economic growth in Kakabara Sub-County.

64 Kajumba Peluce graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Education Management and Planning from Nkumba University

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Methodology

The study used a descriptive case study design involving both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were obtained from 78 respondents who were randomly and purposively selected. Data collection tools used were self-administered questionnaire and interview guide.

Key findings

The study found that primary school drop-out threatened future economic growth and the development of families, communities. Due to primary school drop-outs, the economic growth is affected in many ways. The study also found that the major causes of pupils drop-out were: weak financial background of families, physical violence against pupils at school and home, poor attitudes of both parents and children to wards education, long distance from home to school, early pregnancies and marriages, death of parents, poor academic performance, unemployment and peer influence.

Key recommendations

The study recommended that parents should be sensitized more about the importance of sending their children to school. Community awareness seminars should be launched to change the attitudes of parents and pupils towards education.

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Key references

Sasaoka, Y. (2005). Impacts of the Universal Primary Education Policy on Education attainment and Private Costs in Rural Uganda.

Swada Y., and Lokshin M., (2001). “Household Schooling Decisions in Rural Pakistan”. Policy Research Working paper series no.2541. The World Bank, Washington D.C.

Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Report, (2000). Learning from the Poor. Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development, Kampala Uganda.

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Influence of absenteeism on pupils’ performance in government-aided primary schools: a case of Kyenjojo Town Council, Kyenjojo District, Uganda

Robert Sanyu65

Keywords: influence, absenteeism, pupils’ performance

Introduction

The research set out to ascertain the influence of absenteeism on pupil’s performance in government aided primary schools in Kyenjojo Town council, Kyenjojo District. The research was guided by the following objectives:

1. to ascertain how home-based factors that cause pupil absenteeism influence pupils’ performance in primary schools of Kyenjojo Town Council,

2. to establish how school-based factors that cause absenteeism influence pupils’ performance in Kyenjojo Town Council,

3. to establish the effect of absenteeism on academic performance of the pupils in Kyenjojo Town Council.

65 Robert Sanyu graduated in February, 2021 with a Master of Education Management and Planning from Nkumba University

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Methodology

This research employed a descriptive cross sectional survey design and used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Data were collected using document reviews, self-administered questionnaires, and interview guides.

Key findings The findings revealed that the causes of absenteeism were teachers’ absenteeism (75%), corporal punishment (82%) location of a school (54%), high number of pupils in class (56%), teacher-pupil relationship (71%). The results of the correlation revealed a significant positive relationship between absenteeism and pupils’ academic performance at 0.554.

Key recommendations

It was recommended that to avert increasing levels of absenteeism, school managers and inspectors should ensure teachers’ attendance and improvement of their relationship with pupils by involving all teachers in co-curricular activities; should improve school environment so that its all-inclusive and all parents should be guided to increase support for their.

Key references

Attwood, G., & Croll, P. (2006). Truancy in secondary school pupils: Prevalence, trajectories and pupil perspectives. Research Papers in Education, 21, 467–484.

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Dejung, J.K, Duckworth, K., (1986). Measuring pupil absences in the high schools, paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Education Research Association, San Francisco.

Devadoss, S., & Foltz, J. (1996) Evaluation of factors influencing student class attendance and performance. American Journal of Agriculture Economics, 78, 499–507.

Durden, G.C. & Ellis, L.V, (2003) is class attendance a proxy variable for pupil motivation in Economics class? An Empirical Analysis, Institutional Social Science review, 78 (1&2) 42, 46.

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Experimenting with typography in fashion design to create teenage female garments at Nkumba University

Namuwonge Grace66 Key words: Typography, teenage female, stench and cotton fabric, garment construction, creativity, fashion design

Introduction

This study focused on the experimenting with typography in fashion to create teenage female wear at Nkumba University. The purpose of this study was to create innovative teenage female garments influenced by typographic elements and principles using stench and cotton fabric, at Nkumba University. Four objectives were set in order to achieve the main focus of the study.

Study objectives

1. To collect and study different types of typography that could influence teenage female wear,

2. to identify and compare visually, the teenage female wear materials influenced by typography and those which were free from typography,

3. to involve selected elements and principles of design in teenage female garment construction as it related to typography,

66 Namuwonge Grace graduated in February, 2021 with M.A. Commercial Industrial Art and Design from Nkumba University

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4. to execute teenage female wear enhanced by typography.

Methodology

The researcher used an exploratory and experimentation research in which qualitatively and quantitatively approaches were used to collect and analyze data in accordance with the four research questions. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection, processing and analysis were used. Observation and qualitative descriptions were used to collect and analyze data for objective one. Studio experimentation was carried out for objective two, three and four in which five (5) teenage female garments influenced by typography, and objective five (5) those who were free from typography involving the selected elements and principles of design. The researcher worked with the sampling strategies including the following: random, purposive, stratified sampling strategies. The researcher compiled, tabulated and analyzed data that were collected and presented in form of technique, total and material below

Key findings

The researcher found out that the typographic designs were fully used to create the teenage female garments in Nkumba University. The study further revealed that colour played a very big role in fashion design. Colour is used for its emotional effects in conveying the tone and nature of the subject matter.

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Key recommendations

The research has only covered typography in fashion design using screen printing, stencil printing, block printing, hand sewing technique. There is a possibility of researching further on the same designs using digital printing and embroidery techniques

Teenage female garments were executed to enhance typography as earlier pointed out. Therefore, the researcher encourages other fashion designers to go ahead and discover, through experimentation with other typefaces which seem less or not attractive at all, and justify the artists’ feeling that everything is aesthetic.

Key references

Preeti Yadar, Prof. Debkumar Chakrabarti, Dandeswar Bisyi, 2014 Typography as a statement of Design Dept of Design, Indian Institute of Technology.

Nabin Pandyal 2016 8 Reasons Why Typography Is Important, Verizon Media

Jacqueline Shaw 2011 “ Fashion African” Printed and bound in Spain by Graficas Estella

Daniele Tamagni 2015 “ Fashion Tribes” Printed and bound in Singapore

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