ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02 1/96

1

INTRODUCTION:

The aim of working capital management is to manage the firm‟s current assets and current

liability in such a way that maintained a satisfactory level of working capital. This is so because

if the firm cannot maintain a satisfactory level of working capital, it is likely to become insolvent

and may even be forced into bankruptcy. The current assets should be large enough to cover its

current liabilities in order to ensure a reasonable level of safety. The interaction between

currentAssets, current liabilities, and its use in best and possible way is the main theme of the

theory of working capital management.

I did my project training in Working Capital Management at National Thermal Power

Corporation (NTPC) under the title of “Study the working capital and its different

components.” I was asked to collect the information related to finance and accounting system of

the organization, for that purpose, I meet the managers of NTPC who are doing job at executive

level in the organization. I collected data from the financial statements of NTPC .

The secondary objective was to gather information about the different components of working

capital. I started my survey from bills and stores section of NTPC in financial department itself. I

went through all the eight sections of accounts department in NTPC.

What is Working Capital and why working capital is required in the organization?

Answer of the above question are as follow:-

Working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage

the current assets, the current liabilities, and the interrelationship that exist between them.

Because they are highly liquid and need to manage it in a better way for its best utilization and

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


2

meet all short-term finance and repayment of short-term debt. It manages the required funds to

carry the required levels of current assets to enable the company to carry on its operations at the

expected level without any disruption.

There are two concepts of working capital: Gross and Net.

Gross working capital: - The term Gross working capital is refers to the total current

assets of the company. In addition, the capital that includes all the detectable items likes

expenses and others.

Net Working Capital:- The term Net working capital can be defined in two ways:-

(i) The most common definition of net working capital (NWC) is the difference between

current assets and current liabilities.

(ii) Alternative definition of net working capital is that portion of current assets which is

financed with long-term funds. Since current liabilities represent sources of short-term funds, as

longs as current assets exceed the current liabilities, the excess must be finance with long-term

funds. This is more useful for the analysis of the trade-off between profitability and risk.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


3

COMPANY PROFILE:

About National Thermal Power Corporation:

NATIONAL THERMAL POWER PLANT

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


4

CORE VALUES:

(BCOMIT)

Business Ethics

Customer Focus

Organizational Pride

Mutual Respect and trust

Initiative and speed

Total Quality

NTPC VISION:

“TO BE ONE OF THE WORLD‟S LARGEST AND BEST POWER UTILITIES, POWERING

INDIA‟S GROWTH”

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


5

CORPORATE MISSION:

Make available reliable and quality power in increasingly large quantities at competitive

prices and ensure timely realization of revenues.

Adopt a broad based capacity portfolio including hydropower, LNG, nuclear power, and

non-conventional and eco-friendly fuels.

Plan and speedily implement power project using state-of the art technologies.

Be an integrated utility by implementing strategic diversifications in areas such as power

trading, distribution, transmission, coal mining, coal beneficiation etc.

Develop a strong portfolio of profitable businesses in overseas markets including

technical services, generation assets etc.

Continuously attract and develop competent and committed human resources to match

world standards.

Lead fundamental and applied research for adoption of state of the art technologies,

breakthrough efficiency improvements, and new fuels.

Lead developmental efforts in the Indian power sector including assisting stat utility

reform, policy advocacy etc.

Be a socially responsible corporate entity with thrust on environment protection, ash

utilization, community development, and energy conservation.

Speedily plan and implement power projects, with contemporize technologies.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


6

DADRI POWER PROJECT IN NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION

NTPC DADRI POWER STATION:

4 X 210MW + 2 X 490MW COAL BASED POWER PLANTS and

817 MW Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Plant

World / India / Uttar Pradesh / Dadri

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


7

NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORAION LTD:

The year 1975 witnessed the birth of an organization that went on to achieve great feats in

performance in a sector that was, until then, characterized largely by lack of investment, severe

supply shortage and operational practices that made the commercial viability of the sector

unsustainable. On November 7 1975, NTPC came into being and with it came a bold way of

looking at the power infrastructure that could support the economy, then reeling under the oil

crisis. Since then, NTPC has led the power sector with the creation of an immensely efficient and

reliable power generation infrastructure, which was until then largely in the hands of state

electricity boards. NTPC was set up in the central sector to build, own, and operate large thermal

power stations which unit size of 200 MW and 500 MW.

Capacity addition by NTPC was meant to supplement the efforts of state electricity boards

(SEBs). The first four projects namely, Singrauli, Korba, Ramagundam, Farakka, in four

different regions of the country, were already on the drawing board and were to be set up as pit-

head stations. There were challenges aplenty. The expectations were high and so were the risks.

NTPC symbolized hope

of the country suffering from crippling power black-outs, the government of India, which was

trying to put an ailing, economy back on track and the World Bank, which was supporting the

country in many development initiatives. Thus, NTPC was created not only to redraw the power

map of India but also to excel in its performance and set benchmarks for others to follow. It

succeeded on both counts.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


8

In 1978, it was a clean state. Until the first sketches of an idea were scribbled on it. In

addition, them, in no time, it seems, what was a dream became a reality – power. Today,

Singrauli stands tall among India‟s foremost power plants.

Cleared by the Government of India on eighth Dec.76, the project began to take shape in

early‟78. An intrepid group of site engineers, supervisors, and workers braved the elements to

lay the foundations of what at the time was thought to be a dream.

By mid 1978, the first T.G raft connecting, a very precise and massive task was

completed. By Nov. 78, the erection of the first steam generator had commissioned. In Nov.‟79,

the first major milestone in the erection of the main plant was reached with the boiler drum of

unit – I being lifted successfully, signaling the commencement of pressure parts erections. By

June‟80 the turbine installation work had already begun, and in Sept.‟81, the boiler was lit up

and the cleaning process completed by Oct.‟81.

Finally, on 13 Feb.‟1982, the turbine was steam rolled and the first unit of NTPC was

successfully synchronized with the Northern Grid at Dadri. The peak load of 200MW was

touched in April‟82. The fifth and the last one on 20 Feb.‟84, bringing the curtain down on stage-

I of the project.

National Thermal Power Corporation is the largest power generation company in India. The

Forbes Global 2000 ranking for 2005 ranks it as the 5th

leading company in India and the 486th

leading company in the world. It is a public listed (Bombay Stock Exchange) Indian public

sector company, with majority shares owned by the Government of India. India. At present,

Government of India holds 89.5% of the total equity shares of the company and the balance

10.5% is held by FIIs, Domestic Banks, Public and others. NTPC ranks amongst the top five

companies, in terms of market capitalizations.

http://e/wiki/India

http://e/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000

http://e/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange

http://e/wiki/Public_sector


http://e/wiki/Government_of_India

http://e/wiki/Market_capitalisation

http://e/wiki/Market_capitalisation

http://e/wiki/Government_of_India



http://e/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange

http://e/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000

http://e/wiki/India

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


9

NTPC‟s core business is engineering, construction, and operation of power generating plants and

providing consultancy to power utilities in India and abroad. As on date the installed capacity of

NTPC is 26, 404 MW through its 14 coal based (21,395 MW), seven gas based (3,955 MW) and

4 Joint Venture Projects (1,054 MW).

NTPC‟s share on 31 Mar 2006 in the total installed capacity of the country was 19.51% and it

contributed 27.68% of the total power generation of the country during 2005-06. Thus, every

fourth home in India is enlightened by NTPC. A total of 170.88 Bus of electricity was produced

across all the stations of the company in the financial year 2005-2006. The Net Profit after Tax

on March 31, 2006 was INR 58, 202 million. Net Profit after Tax for the quarter ended June 30,

2006 was INR 15528 million, which is 18.65% more than the same quarter in the previous

financial year (2004-2005) where the profit was INR 13087 million.

Pursuant to special resolution passed by the Shareholders at the Company‟s Annual General

Meeting held on September 23, 2005 and the approval of the Central Government under section

21 of the Companies Act, 1956, the name of the Company “National Thermal Power Corporation

Limited” has been changed to “NTPC Limited” with effect from October 28, 2005.

The company, which has completed its thirty years of existence on November 7, 2005, has made

its foray into hydropower and is planning to go into nuclear too). Within a span of 31 years,

NTPC has emerged as a truly national power company, with power generating facilities in all the

major regions of the country. Based on 1998 data, carried out by Data monitor UK, NTPC is the

6th

largest in terms of thermal power generation and the second most efficient in terms of

capacity utilization amongst the thermal utilities in the world

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


10

NTPC‟s core business is engineering, construction, and operation of power generating plants and

providing consultancy to power utilities in India and abroad. As on date the installed capacity Of

NTPC is 24,954 MW through its 14 coal based (20,685MW), seven gas based (3,955 MW) and 3

Joint Venture Projects (314 MW). NTPC acquired 50% equity of the SAIL Power Supply

Corporation Ltd. (SPSCL). This JV company operates the captive power plants of Durgapur (120

MW), Rourkela (120 MW) and Bhilai (74 MW).

NTPC‟s share on 31 Mar 2006 in the total installed capacity of the country was 19.51% and it

contributed 27.68% of the total power generation of the country during 2005-06.NTPC has set

new benchmarks for the power industry both in the area of power plant construction and

operations. It is providing power at the cheapest average tariff in the country. With its experience

and expertise in the power sector, NTPC is extending consultancy services to various

organizations in the power business.TPC is committed to the environment, generating power at

minimal environmental cost and preserving the ecology approximately the plants. NTPC has

undertaken massive a forestation near its plants. Plantations have increased forest area and

http://www.ntpcindia.com/operations/operations.shtml

http://www.ntpcindia.com/Services_Offered/services_offered.shtml

http://www.ntpcindia.com/infocus/environment.shtml

http://www.ntpcindia.com/infocus/environment.shtml

http://www.ntpcindia.com/Services_Offered/services_offered.shtml

http://www.ntpcindia.com/operations/operations.shtml

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


11

reduced barren land. The massive forestation by NTPC in and around its Ramagundam Power

station (2100 MW) has contributed reducing the temperature in the areas by about 3°c. NTPC

has also taken proactive steps for ash utilization. In 1991, it set up Ash Utilization Division to

manage efficient use of the ash produced at its coal stations. This quality of ash produced is ideal

for use in cement, concrete, cellular concrete, building material.

A “Centre for Power Efficiency and Environment Protection (CENPEEP)” has been established

in NTPC with the assistance of United States Agency for International Development.

(USAID).Cenpeep is efficiency oriented, eco-friendly and eco-nurturing initiative – a symbol of

NTPC‟s concern towards environmental protection and continued commitment to sustainable

power development in India.

As a responsible corporate citizen, NTPC is making constant efforts to improve the socio-

economic status of the people affected by the projects. NTPC was among the first Public Sector

Enterprises to enter into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Government in

1987-88. NTPC has been Placed under the „Excellent category‟ (the best category) every year

since the MOU system became operative. Recognizing its excellent performance and vast

potential, Government of the India has identified NTPC as one of the jewels of Public Sector

„Navratnas‟- a potential global giant.

http://www.ntpcindia.com/infocus/ashutilisation.shtml

http://www.ntpcindia.com/otherlinks/cenpeep.shtml



http://www.ntpcindia.com/infocus/ashutilisation.shtml

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


12

INSTALLED CAPICITY:

Projects No. of Projects

Commissioned

Capacity

(MW)

NTPC OWNED

COAL 14 22,395

GAS/LIQ. FUEL 07 3,955

TOTAL 21 26,350

OWNED BY JVCs

Coal 3 314*

Gas/LIQ. FUEL 1 740**

GRAND TOTAL 25 27,404

* Captive Power Plant under JVs with SAIL

** Power Plant under JV with GAIL, & MSEB

Table: 1.1

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


13

Coal based State

Commissioned

Capacity

(MW)

1. Singrauli Uttar Pradesh 2,000

2. Korba Chhattisgarh 2,100

3. Ramagundam Andhra Pradesh 2,600

4. Farakka West Bengal 1,600

5. Vindhyachal Madhya Pradesh 3,260

6. Rihand Uttar Pradesh 2,000

7. Kahalgaon Bihar 1,340

8. NTCPP Uttar Pradesh 840

9. TalcherKaniha Orissa 3,000

10. Unchahar Uttar Pradesh 1,050

11. Talcher Thermal Orissa 460

12. Simhadri Andhra Pradesh 1,000

13. Tanda Uttar Pradesh 440

14. Badarpur Delhi 705

Total (Coal) 22,395

Coal Based Power Stations table – 1.2

http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_singrauli1.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_korba.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_ramagundam.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_farakka.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_vindhyachal.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_rihand.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_kahalgaon.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_dadricoal.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_kaniha.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_unchahar.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_talcher.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_simhadri.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_tanda.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_badarpur.shtml
















8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


14

Gas/Liq. Fuel Based Power Stations:

Gas based State

Commissioned

Capacity

(MW)

1 Anta Rajasthan 413

2 Auraiya Uttar Pradesh 652

3 Kawas Gujarat 645

4 Dadri Uttar Pradesh 817

5 Jhanor-Gandhar Gujarat 648

6 Rajiv Gandhi CCPP

Kayamkulam Kerala 350

7 Faridabad Haryana 430

Total (Gas) 3,955

Table 1.3

http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_anta.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_auraiya.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_kawas.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_dadri.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_Jhanor.shtml


http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_kayamkulam.shtml



http://www.ntpc.co.in/powerplants/ntpc_pw_faridabad.shtml










8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


15

Projects under Implementation:

Coal / Hydro State Fuel

Additional

Capacity Under

Implementation

(MW)

1.

Kahalgaon Stage II

(Phase I) (Phase II)

Bihar Coal

500

500

2. Sipat (Stage I) (Stage II) Chhattisgarh Coal1980

1000

3. Barh Bihar Coal 1980

4.

Bhilai (Exp. Power

Project-JV with SAIL)

Chhattisgarh Coal 500

5. Korba (Stage III) Chhattisgarh Coal 500

6. Farakka (Stage III) West Bengal Coal 500

7. NCTPP (Stage II)

Uttar

Pradesh

Coal 980

8. Simhadri (Stage II)

Andhra

Pradesh

Coal 1000

9. Koldam (HEPP)

Himachal

Pradesh

Hydro 800

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


16

10. Loharinag Pala (HEPP) Uttarakhand Hydro 600

11.

TapovanVishnugad

(HEPP)

Uttarakhand Hydro 520

Total (Coal + Hydro) 11,360

Table 1.4

Power Plants with Joint Ventures:

Coal

Based

State Fuel

Commissioned

Capacity

(MW)

22. Durgapur West Bengal Coal 120

23. Rourkela Orissa Coal 120

24. Bhilai Chhattisgarh Coal 74

25. RGPPL Maharastra Naptha/LNG 740

Total(JV) 1054

Grand Total (Coal + Gas + JV) 27,404

Table -1.5

http://www.ntpc.co.in/aboutus/installed_capac.shtml









8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


17

ACHIEVEMENTS:

Recognizing its excellent performance and vast potential, Government of the India has identified

NTPC as one of the jewels of Public Sector 'Navratnas'- a potential global giant.

NTPC ranked 317th in the „2009, Forbes Global 2000‟ ranking of the World‟s biggest

companies.

NTPC has been rated as one of the top most “Best Employer” of the country for the year

2003, 2004 & 2005 in a row.

It has also been rated as one of the “Best Companies to Work for in India” by Mercer

HR Consulting- Business Today Survey 2004, it has developed into a multi-location and

multi-fuel company over the past three decades.

NTPC has been awarded No.1, Best Workplace in India among large organizations for

the year 2008, by the Great Places to Work Institute, India Chapter in collaboration with

The Economic Times.

Leadership Award for CMD, NTPC in the fourth Global Leadership Summit by Amity

University for Sect oral Excellence in Power industry for his outstanding contribution to

the growth of Indian business & bringing glory to the country through his pioneering

leadership.

Ranked #1 independent power producer in Asia in the THIRD ANNUAL PLANTS TOP

250 GLOBAL ENERGY COMPANY AWARDS 2008 for outstanding Global financial

& Industrial performance at the award ceremony in Singapore. The corporation has been

simultaneously ranked #15, overall in Asia amongst the energy companies.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


18

NTPC‟s excellence in executing power projects & its initiative in Decentralized

Distributed Power Generation has been recognized and awarded at IEEMA Power

Awards 2008. NTPC Vindhyachal Stage-III (2x 500MW) has been conferred the IPMA

SILVER MEDAL for Project Excellence by International Project Management

Association, at the IPMA Congress, held in Rome, Italy, for implementation of project

in record time & achieving excellent environmental, economic performance and giving

outstanding support to the local community.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


19

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF NTPC :

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


20

LOCATION OF NTPC PLANTS:

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


21

FINANCIAL DEPARTMENTS IN DADRI:

Dadri is also having their own separate financial department and FAS (Online Integrated

Material and Financial Accounting System). This department does all the function, which is

related to the finance or fund of the company. It use a specific language in the computer for

manage zing all the work or communicating with other department and this language is ingress.

DADRI SECTIONS:-

There are various section are working in the NTPC Dadri for managing all the work in better

way this section are divided according to the nature of work . It is organized into following

ways:-

I. Establishments

II. Works and Bills section

III. Store, Bills and PSL (Price Store Ledger) Section

IV. Commercial Section

V. Weighting and Concurrences

VI. Cash and Bank

VII. Books and Budget section

VIII. Miscellaneous

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


22

ESTABLISHMENT SECTION:

The establishment Section of F&A is mainly involved into two activities viz. Salary Preparation

or processing & payment of Establishment or Employee Bills like Medical, LTC, TA etc. The

section is processing the salary for the employees of Dadri Thermal, Dadri Gas and

Muradnagar.The monthly Salary is processed based on inputs provided by Site HR, C&M

Department. (Stores) etc. The data can be either master data or temporary data. The latter is

temporary while the former is permanent in nature. The statutory deductions like PF, Pension are

made as per the prevailing law while the income tax at source is deducted based on estimated

Establishment Section

Salary Processing

Input Data from

HR Department

Processing of the Salary

Input Data from

C&M Department

Other Input likeMedical, Bill,

Deduction etc.

Monthly Salary Slip

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


23

Gross Income/Savings of the employee and as per the prevailing Income tax rules/act. The TDS

certificate in the Form 16 is issued, at the end of each Financial Year, to the concerned

employee. Similarly, employees are issued pension & PF Slips/ statements, at the year end, based

on the deductions made from their salary as per procedure.

Besides, above, the sections also pay/reimburse TA, LTC and medical bill payments as per the

prevailing rules, policies & procedure of the NTPC.

ACCOUNTING BOOKS:

The Books Section of Finance Department is mainly involved in the following activities:-

Preparation of Balance Sheet and P&L A/C, based on available/prevailing accounting

guidelines/policies.

Coordination with other sections of finance for review of Sectional Accounts.

Preparation & review of General Ledger.

Preparation & review of Trial Balance.

Coordination with corporate accounts for preparation of final accounts viz. B/Sheet and

P&L A/c.

Coordination with various Auditors viz. Internal, Statutory and Government Auditors.

Reconciliation of Inter Unit Accounts with Corporate Centre/Other Units of NTPC.

Tax Audit

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


24

The Books Section at NCPS, Dadri is engaged in preparation of Three Balance Sheets, namely

Dadri Thermal, Dadri Gas &Muradnagar that is a unique accomplishment by any station of

NTPC. Besides, above, it is also maintaining various documents what are required as per the

various prevailing laws & procedures. For instance, it is maintaining fixed assets register, which

contains all the relevant details of various fixed assets in the station/projects. The books section

also prepares/controls DCO (Capital) budget and MBOA budget in consultation with site P&S.

CASH & BANK (TREASURY):

Fund management

Payment of cash transactions

Preparation of cash book

Payment of Cheque/DD transactions

Receipt of cash

Receipt of outstation cheque/DD etc.

Preparation of Bank Book

Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statements with various banks viz. SBI, PNB, OBC,

ICICI.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


25

WORKS & MISC SECTION:

Payment to various work contractors for capital works, as per LOA/WO issued by

site/corporate contracts deptartment. & measurements recorded in the Measurement Book

by the executing deptartment.

Payment to various O&M contractors for various operation & maintenance jobs carried

out in plant & township. The payment is released based on LOA/WO issued by contracts

Department. & measurements recorded by the executing Department in the

Measurement Book.

Accounting for the payments made to various works & O&M contractors.

Preparation of material reconciliation statement.

Deduction of Income Tax from the payments made to various contractors and issues of

TDS certificate(s) thereon.

Payment of Final Bill and contract closing.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


26

STORES BILL SECTION:

Payment to various suppliers for procurements made, based on SRV/Purchase

order/invoices issued /authenticated by the materials department.

Accounting for the payments made to various suppliers.

Reconciliation & Audit of accounts with various suppliers.

Preparation and filing of sales tax return.

FINANCIAL CONCURRENCE:

Vetting of cost estimates for civil, procurements and O&M works as per laid down

guidelines regarding availability of Budget(s), canons of financial proprietary, delegation

of powers etc.

Vetting of deviation statements viz.

o Extra item statement

o Substituted item statement

o Interim deviation statement

o Final deviation statement

o Modification of any terms & conditions in the LOA/P.O/W.O. with financial

implication

Vetting of time extension proposals as per laid down guidelines.

Interpretation of delegations of powers.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


27

PRICED STORES LEDGER (PSL):

Accounting for material issued by the central stores.

Accounting for material received by the central stores from the suppliers.

Accounting for the material returned to the stores deptartment by the executing

department.

Accounting for material transferred from the station/project to other projects/stations of

NTPC.

Accounting for scrap material

Physical verification of central stores items as per the available/existing guidelines lay

down by the corporation.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


28

COMMERCIAL SECTION:

At the operating stage of a power plant, Commercial, which mainly involves selling of electricity

to various SEBs, is the main activity of the station. The NCPS occupies a unique position among

all the power stations of NTPC. For, it has twin projects of Gas & Coal based units. The Gas

Project has dual fuel capability of using HSD as well as gas for power generation. The total

installed capacity of the twin project is 1669 MW. The sheer size and complexity of operations

make it imperative that an effective system of internal controls is in place to ensure accuracy of

record and reduce the scope for the interests of the corporation being compromised in any

manner. To achieve this end, a comprehensive internal control system has been devised for all

aspects of the corporation working in the Commercial Section. The system for fuel accounting is

summarized below-

1. Coal:-

The supply of coal is linked up with the Piparwar mine at Jharkhand. The coal is

mainly washed coal in nature. Total quantity of coal supplies in a year/ quarter/month

are done based on linkage committee of the ministry of coal. The price of washed

coal and terms & conditions are determined by the various MOMs between NTPC &

CCL, while that of raw coal is based on various price notifications. The various steps

in coal accounting are enumerated below-

a) Quantity:-

Coal is dispatched from the mines by railway wagons after weighment at the

loading point with the help of weight meters. The latter are kept under joint seal

and have to be recalibrated in the presence of representatives of both the parties as

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


29

and when desired by either party. For accounting purposes, a Store Receipt

Voucher (SRV) is made out for entry into the Priced Stores Ledger (PSL) for

quantity determined as above. There is adjustment on A/c of moisture content.

b) Grade variances:-

Both supplier & third party conduct chemical analysis of their respective samples

in order to ascertain the actual grade of the coal received. Credit/Debit

adjustments are passed on by the supplier based on the grade determined.

c) Billing and payment:-

Bills are initially raised by the coal company based on declared grade. Payment to

the coal company is released after making adjustments for grade difference,

moisture content etc.

d) Consumption :-

Coal from the track hopper or the stockyard is passed thru crushers before being

sent to the pulverized mills, which convert it to a fine powder. The pulverized

coal is then loaded into the coalbunkers from where it is fed into the boilers thru

the Gravimetric feeders. It is at this point that the weight of coal actually being

fed into the Gravimetric/Merrick feeders is recorded. A Stores Issue Voucher

(SIV) is then prepared and entry made in the Priced Stores Ledger (PSL) as the

quantity consumed.

e) Periodic Stock verification

Stock verification of coal is done on six monthly/ annually basis as per the

guidelines issued by the corporate centre. Actual quantity in stock is compared

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


30

with book stocks and adjustments are made in the books of account after the

approval of the Competent Authority.

f) Recovery of Coal Cost Through Tariff:-

Coal cost is recovered through tariff under two heads: Basic Cost Recovery and

Fuel Price Adjustment. Basic coal recovery is built into notified tariff based on

coal price and Gross Calorific Value (GCV) on fired basis at the time of

calculation of basic tariff. Fuel Price Adjustments are billed on a monthly basis

by taking into account the weighted average cost of coal and actual GCV in that

particular month. In the computation of weighted average cost of coal for a

particular month, all costs that are attributable to the purchase of coal are taken

into account in the priced stores ledger (PSL). Such costs include basic price,

royalty, excise duty, surface transportation charges, Sales Tax, railway freight,

debit, credit, note etc.

Gas:-

Similar to the case of coal, gas linkage are also linked up with the source at the time of project

identification itself. Daily availability of gas is intimated in advance. Gas Price is fixed by the

Govt. of India whereas the Commercial terms and conditions of supplies are laid down in the

Gas supply agreement entered into with GAIL. However, if the actual calorific value of the Gas

supplied is less than the specified GCV in the agreement, a rebate proportionate to the difference

between the actual and standard calorific value is given to NTPC. In the same fashion, a

premium proportionate to the difference between the actual & standard calorific value is payable

by NTPC.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


31

Billing and payment:-

In accordance with the terms of the Gas supply agreement, billing for gas is fortnightly and

payments are to be made within three working days of presentation of invoice. In case of

discrepancy/dispute, a claim is to the lodged with the seller within fourteen days of receipt of the

invoice under question.

Recovery of Gas Cost Through Tariff:-

Gas cost is recovered thru tariff under two heads:

Basic Gas Recovery and Fuel Price Adjustment. Basic Gas Recovery is built into notified tariff

based on Gas Price and Gross calorific value (GCV) at the time of computation of basic tariff.

Fuel Price Adjustments are billed on a monthly basis by taking into account the weighted

average cost of gas and actual GCV in that particular month. In the computation of weighted

average cost of gas for a particular month all costs that can be attributed to the purchase of gas

are taken into account.

Liquid Fuels:-

In case of gas station while gas is the primary fuel, HSD is the alternate fuel under the dual fuel

provisions. Since liquid firing is a very costly option, it is done only at the specific instruction of

the Regional Board/Ministry. Handling and accounting for all liquid fuels being procured is done

based on purchase order placed on the various oil companies.

The other activities are being carried out in the commercial section are summarized below:

Payment and accounting of various kinds of fuel viz. solid; liquid; and gas.

Preparation & control of O&M budget in consultation with respective deportments, site

P&S/MTP; Regional HQ & Corporate Office.

Computation of Fuel Price Adjustment.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


32

Preparation of monthly cost sheet and cost sheet as per cost accounting record rules.

Interface with suppliers of various fuels viz.

o IOCL

o BPCL

o HPCL

o GAIL

o CCL

o Eastern

o Railways: Eastern Central,

o Northern Railway

Interface with other departments at NCPS, Dadri

o C&M

o O&M: Thermal & Gas

o P&S

o HR

o TS

o EDP & Communication

o TA

Preparation of various MIS Reports as per the requirement of Site/Regional

HQ/Corporate Office.

Reconciliation of Accounts with Coal Companies/Oil Companies/Railways

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


33

Sales Reconciliation with Regional Office/Corporate Office for Sale of Electricity to

different SEBs.

Interaction with various auditors viz. Internal/Statutory/Government.

JOINT VENTURES:

NTPC has identified Joint Ventures, strategic alliances as well as acquisitions & diversifications

as viable and desired options for its business development.

NTPC looks for opportunity to create such joint ventures & strategic alliances, in the entire value

chain of the power business. NTPC as a partner endows the Joint Venture Alliances with a

winning edge. Acquisitions & Diversifications in the areas related to the core business not only

ensure growth but also add to the robustness of the company. Diversification is carried out either

directly or through subsidiaries/JV.

SUBSIDIARIES OF NTPC:

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


34

COMPETITORS:

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


35

NEED OF THE STUDY:

The financial parameters are the ultimate performance indicator of any company. This is because

variability inall costs and efficiency activities and solvency position of the company will reflect

the financial status of the company.

The following are stated to be in the need for the study:-

To enhance the financial performance of the NTPC Company.

To know the proper utilization of working capital.

In order to know the working capital management.

To know the operating efficiency of company.

To identify liquidity position of the company.

In order to understand the movement of profit over a period of time

To know the reason for the variation of profit.

In short, this study is conducted so that the financial performance evaluation serves as an eye

opener to the company.

The need for working capital (Gross) or current assets cannot be overemphasized. The objective

of financial decision making to maximize the shareholder‟s wealth, it is necessary to generate

sufficient profits.

The amount of such profits largely depends upon the magnitude of sales. However, sales do not

convert into cash instantaneously. There is always a time gap between of goods and receipt of

cash. Working capital is required for this period in order to sustain the sales activity. In case

adequate working capacity is not available for this period, the company will not be in a position

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


36

of sustaining the sales, since it may not be in an opposition to purchase raw materials, pay wages

and other expenses required for manufacturing the good to be sold.

Working capital is required because of the time gap between the sales and their actual realization

in cash. This time gap is technically termed as operating cycle of the business. In other words,

the term cash cycle of operating cycle refers to the length of time necessary to complete the

following cycle of events.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


37

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

This project is vital to me in a significant way. It does have some importance for the company

too. These are as follows –

This project will be a learning device for the finance student. Through this project I would study the various methods of the working capital

management.

The project will be a learning of planning and financing working capital.

The project would also be an effective tool for credit policies of the companies. This will show different methods of holding inventory and dealing with cash and

receivables. This will show the liquidity position of the company and also how do they maintain a

particular liquidity position.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


38

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

The objective of this project is to study and analyze the inventory, cash, receivables at NTPC

Ltd, But they are some more and they are - The main purpose of my project training is to render

a better understanding of the concept “Working Capital Management” theoretically and

practically.

To know about the working capital management in NTPC

To study working capital and its different components.

To study the working capital requirement at NTPC.

To focus on problem areas of working capital management at NTPC.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


39

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Research can also define as a systematic & scientific search for pertinent information on a

specific topic. In fact, it is art of scientific investigation.

“Systematic effort to gain new knowledge” Redman &Mory

“The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generally to extend, correct

or verify knowledge whether that knowledge aids in constructing of theory or in the practice of

an art” Clifford woody

Types of research: - The basic types are-

Descriptive & Analytical

Applied & Fundamental

Qualitative & Quantitative

Conceptual & empirical

As such, the term “Research” refers to the systematic method consisting often uncrating of the

problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analyzing the fact for finding the

solution.

Sampling:

There are following steps in my sampling design:-

1. Type of universe: The first step in developing any sample design is to clearly define the

set of objects, technically called the universe, to be studied. It is the finite universe

because the numbers of items is certain.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


40

2. Sampling unit: Decision has to be taken concerning a sampling unit before selecting

sample. Sampling unit is following;-

Financial Department, Township Administration, Finance & Account, Civil/ Electrical

Maintenance Department, Control & Instrumentation, Fuel Management, Human

Resources and Electrical Office.

Above all the sampling units that are used by me for study. I do the study through Questionnaire

Method & Interview method.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS:

When I do the research on working capital management, then I use some tools that are

given below -

ANNOVA

Correlation

Accounting research tools like ratio analysis etc.

Regression

DATA COLLECTION:

SECONDARY DATA:

While doing the research on working capital, i collected the following things:

1. I got the knowledge of working capital management, NTPC through reading the

Financial Policy file.

2. Reading of annual reports of NTPC:-

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


41

i. 29th

Edition

ii. 30th

Edition

3- Reading of NTPC Financial Reports.

4- Reading of Journals of NTPC.

5- Reading of NTPC Magazine like

DakshinDhwani

AlokBharti

Uttar Jyoti

Roshni

Damini

6- Reading of Reports of NTPC.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


42

LIMITIONS:

The research study focuses on working capital management only and does not include

other areas of financial management.

Data used at various places for this research studyare basically from published sources

and thus, any error in data may have significant effects on the results arrived in this study.

Working capital management is also effected by several environmental variables in

managing working capital due to lack of time and resources.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


43

DISCRIPTIVE WORK ON SUB TOPIC OF STUDY:

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN NTPC:

National Thermal Power Corporation is the largest power generation company in India. The

Forbes Global 2000 ranking for 2005 ranks it as the 5th leading company in India and the 486th

leading company in the world. It is a public listed (Bombay Stock Exchange) Indian public

sector company, with majority shares owned by the Government of India.

Its main business of this company is to generate electricity. Therefore, according to its nature it is

clear that this company required hues Working capital for the fulfillments of basic need of the

company.

The company engage to producing electricity which not having physical existence, so there are

not any types of raw material in term of finished goods for the company are present, which are

use by other company as a raw material. In addition, the company does not having any types of

semi-finished goods in their production cycle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


44

CASH MANAGEMENT:

Cash management has existed in business since the initial use of money as medium of exchange.

Cash to an organization is what food to human bodies. It is both the means and ends of an

organization. For cash management purposes cash is used broadly to cash and generally accepted

equivalents of cash such as demand and time deposit in banks, claques, drafts, etc. and also

marketable security i.e. short-term investment of cash.

Cash management is simple terminology means forecasting cash requirement and marketing

arrangements thereof. In other words, it refers to his manageability to forecast cash problems and

to solve them when they arise with help of an expert in this field. The system of cash

management, thus, aims at making the optimum use of the cash resources. Though, the specific

nature of cash management of an organization depends upon the nature of the business

enterprise, the internal organization structure and the nature of the concerned finance executive,

yet he is expected to carry out certain specific generalized functions in the fields of cash

management which are as enumerated below:-

Collection and Custody of cash and securities.

Control of disbursements e.g. providing sufficient cash at the time Place required

meeting obligations.

Maintenance of adequate supply of cash to meet projected cash requirement, cash-

budgets, and day-to-day demands.

Investment of surplus cash in marketable security to keep it fully employed and

working towards greater profits.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


45

Maintenance of sound relations and adequate deposits to meet operating needs

and to compensate the banks for their services.

Cash management is equally important of both small concerns and big concerns. Even a fast

growing concern yielding handsome profit may face shortage of cash posing threat to the

interrupter flow of production.

So deducing adequate fund requirement for the operating needs of the organization happens to be

the perennial objective of finance executive.

MOTIVES OF HOLDING CASH:

A distinguishing futures of cash as an assets irrespective of the firm in which it is held, is that it

does not earn any substantial return for the business. In spite of this fact cash in held by the firm

and with the following motives.

(1) Transaction Motives

The transaction motives for holding cash arise to enable the concern to conduct its business

in the normal course. A firm needs cash to make payment for purchases, wages, operating

expense, taxes, dividend etc.

(2) Precautionary Motive

A firm keeps cash balance to meet unexpected cash needs arising out of unexpected

contingencies such as floods, presentment of bills of payment earlier than the expected data,

unexpected slowing down of collection of account receivable, sharp increase in price of raw

materials etc.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


46

(3) Speculative Motive

The speculative motive for holding cash is deriving benefits out of changes in security price,

material prices etc.

The concern may postpone the purchase of material when its prices are high or it may go to

more than the required material when its prices fall down.

(4) Compensation Motive

Banks provide certain services to their clients free of charge. They, there for, usually require

clients to keep minimum cash balances with them, which help them to earn interest, and thus

compensate them free services so provided.

OBJECTIVE OF CASH MANAGEMENT:

Cash is the vital component of the working capital of a firm, as every transaction results in either

an inflow or an outflow of cash. The main objectives behind effective management of cash are:

(a) The precision of cash needed to meet operational requirement.

(b) The provision of reserves liquidity against the forecast outflows and expected payments

of cash and.

(c) Minimum balance of cash to be held to channelizing otherwise used cash into earning

assets. A part of cash required as compensating balance with the banks.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


47

MANAGEMENT OF CASH AT NTPC:

Cash section is an important section of finance and accounts department. It deals with the

employees, contractors and suppliers for their payments.

Corporate office plays a dominant role in cash management. The corporate office allocates

different amount of each to different coalmines as per its requirements. Corporate office acts as a

linkage between the NTPC and main book. The state bank of India, Corporate office has

determined the credit facility for every units of NTPC. No one unit of NTPC can get the credit

facility more than ones limit. The credit facility is known as rolling cash limit. This keeps on

changing from year to year depending upon company‟s position transactions, profitability and

inventory position.

Although corporate office provides credit limit facilities, yet NTPC is fully dependent on the

corporate office. The sale of scrap materials of defective at plant level generates the cash. Thus,

at a time, plant can also pay liabilities and then the balance amount is only intimated to the

corporate office. NTPC gives priority in cash payment, which is urgent, and sends the report to

corporate office.

FUND ALLOCATION:

Here the initial allocation for funds at NTPC is done by corporate office and all supplementary

requirements are to look by NTPC itself. The corporate office allocates the funds for all

coalmines and particularly about NTPC.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


48

FUND UTILISATION:

NTPC operates an annual cash budget and a rolling cash plan drawn up every month. Although

specific forecasting technique is used, funds are deployed to different departments as per their

requirements. A daily report on cash transaction is prepared by cash section to keep a track of all

payment in the days work. Every month, cash transaction report is sent to corporate office

showing the all transaction of cash, actual utilization of cash and allocation of fund is compared.

If the utilization of cash is more then, the allocation of funds, then the plant has to justify its

more utilization and if the justifications are not found satisfactory then the corporate office gives

the letter of improvement.

CASH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT:

Cash planning is an important technique of operation. It becomes the prime responsibility of the

financial controller to make adequate arrangements of the payment of operating expenses,

inventories, fixed assets, creditors etc. Even a profit-earning concern may face shortage of cash

with its growing needs. The basic objective of cash planning is to enable the concern to meet

cash disbars committed for this purpose because holding of cash involves cost in the form of

opportunity cost.

Cash planning may be done on daily, weekly or monthly basis depending upon the size concern

and management‟s Normally, large concern prepare daily or weekly plan, medium size concern

go for weekly or monthly plan and small firms go for monthly plan. The periodicity of cash

planning (i.e. Daily, Weekly, monthly) depends upon the position of funds i.e. whether funds

position is tight, normal, or liberal.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


49

CASH FORECASTING AND BUDGETING:

Cash budget is the more significant device to plan for and control the cash receipts. Cash budget

is a summary of NTPC expected cash inflows and outflows. Again, this cash budget is broken

into month wise budget where allocation of cash done on month basis with the help of projection

of cash on month wise it becomes easier to allocate the amount. The information of expected

cash flows and cash balance helps to financial managers of NTPC to determine the future cash

need of the firm, plan for the financing of these needs and exercise control over the cash and

liquidity of NTPC.

NTPC needs cash to carry out the day-to-day functions of business just as the level of operations

affects working capital requirements; it affects the need for cash. These days the direct sale of

billets and merchant products are increasing cash. Cash has been receiving from customers and

has been providing for adequate cash for their liabilities.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


50

Fig: 9 Parties involved in working capital managements

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


51

EVALUATION OF CASH MANAGEMENT:

Composition and growth of cash:

Cash balance represents the aggregate of cash in hand, cheques in hand, remittances in transit,

and balances with banks in current accounts and in fixed deposits with others. To bring

uniformity on the components of cash, cash balances of the selected undertakings have been

divided into two segments. Cash in hand and cheques on hand.

Cash management at NTPC includes the discussion on size of each, cash flow statement, and

liquidity position of the firm.

On the bases of above points it is clear that cash is to important term for the organization, and I

clear the importance of cash management with the help of following graph representation which

are based on the formula of ration analysis

I. current ratio:- Current Assets

Current Liabilities

II. Acid Test ratio:- Liquid Current Assets

Current liabilities

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


52

3- Cash Turnover Ratio:-

Cash Turnover Ratio are the two known about the relationship between how much company hold

the ideal balance of the cash in the organization.

Cash Turnover Ratios:-Interest & Finance Charges

Average Cash Balance

4-Cash Holding Period:-

This ratio show the actually, no. of days on which company holds the cash in the organization:

Cash Holding Period:-Average Balance of Cash

Interest & Finance Charges

5- Cash to Current Assets:-

This cash to current assets ration show the relationship between cash and current assets in the

organization and show that how much cash affect to the current assets:

Cash to Current Assets:-CashCurrent Assets

6- Cash to Receivables Ratio:-Cash

Receivables

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


53

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

Inventory is an integral part of every business origination. The role of inventory has grown with

advances in production technology.

Inventory management is the vital area of management covering the sum total of activities need

for the acquisition, storage, and raw materials. It is a technique of controlling the purchase, use,

and transformation of materials in an optimal manner. In sample words inventory refers to the

stock of products that a concern is offering for sale and the components that make up the

product. The various forms in which inventory are exists in the company.

MEANING OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

Inventory management can be defined that co-coordinated function responsible to plan for,

acquire, store, move and control materials and final products to optimize usage of facilities,

personnel, capital goods and to provide customer service in line with corporate goal.

The following arc the important factors affecting inventory management.

Availability of credit in the economy.

Government policy in procurement and distribution of materials.

Complexities of business.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


54

MOTIVES FOR HOLDING INVENTORIES:

The transaction motives emphasize the need to maintain inventories to facilitate smooth

production and sales operation.

Precautionary motive which necessities holding of inventories to guard against the risk of

unpredictable changes in demand and supply forces and other factors.

Speculative motives influence the decision to increase or reduce inventory level to take

advantage of price fluctuations.

OBJECTIVES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

The objective of the inventory management is therefore, to determine and maintain the optimum

level of investment in inventories, which help in achieving the following objectives.

Ensuring a continuous supply of materials of production department facilitating

uninterrupted production.

Maintaining sufficient stock of raw material in periods of short supply.

Maintaining sufficient stock of finished goods for smooth sales operations.

Minimizing the carrying costs.

Investment in Inventories at the optimum level.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


55

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AT NTPC:

Inventory is stock of a company, which is manufacturing for sale and component that make up

the product. Inventory means, “A schedule of items held at a particular point of time.”

In managing inventories, the objective of NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LTD. is

to determine and maintain optimum level of inventory investment.

The optimum level of inventory lies between two-danger point of excess and inadequate

inventories.

INVENTORY:

The inventory of NTPC is unique for not having semi-finished goods, finished goods or raw

materials. Fuel is some way could be considering raw material but by most definitions it would

not qualify to be raw material because the product is intangible. The inventory of NTPC consist

of fuel, spare parts, loose tools and components, chemicals consumables and some other

material. The inventory of NTPC is very large comprising 73000 material codes. The inventory

at Singrauli alone consist of 53000 material codes. Being a large inventory some of which is to

be maintained permanently for to continuity and security of generation, the inventory is valued

by the monthly weighted moving average method.

The inventory of NTPC is subject to several analysis including ABC, XYZ, VED, FSN, ICU.

The consumption is valued at PSL rate. Whereas at the point of induction at the store it is valued

at the invoice price. The inventory is regularly verified for a match between the Bin Card

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


56

balances and the physical stock as with the PSL run. This inventory in NTPC is also subject to

regular checks and control exercises.

RAW MATERIAL:

Raw materials are the inputs used by the concern for products of finished goods through

manufacturing process. Raw material inventory are those, which have been purchased and are

stored for future production.

In NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LTD. raw material is purchased by central

procurement and regional procurement unit of central marketing organization as per the

requirement of the individual coal plant.

The bulk purchase are procured and sent to the place of the need.

Basic objectives in holding raw materials inventory is turn separate purchase and production

activities. If raw material inventories were not held, purchase would have to be made

continuously at the usage rate in production.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


57

Inventory Turnover Ratio:

1. Average Holding Period

Average Holding Period:-Average InventoryCost of Goods Sold

2. Cash to Inventory Ratio

Cash to Inventory:-Cash

Inventory

RECEIVABLES MANAGEMENT:

The term receivable is defined as "Debt own to the firm by customer arising from sale of goods

or services in ordinary course of business.”

Account receivable management is also an important aspect of working capital management.

When a firm sells its products and services and does not receive cash for it is immediately, the

firm is said to have granted trade credit to the customer and the customer from whom receivables

or took debt have to be collected in future are called trade debtor. Account receivable represents

the extension of credit on an open account by the firm to its customers. In order to keep current

customer and attract new ones, most manufacturing firms find it necessary to offer credit. The

practices give birth to accounts receivables. Receivable constitute a substantial portion of current

assets of several firms.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


58

MANAGEMENT OF RECEIVABLES IN NTPC:

Receivables of NTPC are very important because of the nature of a product and the credit

policy followed by NTPC. NTPC produce electricity which have no any physical existence like

other finished goods and it sale their goods to the customers on the only credit bases. NTPC

gives 60 days (two months) time to their customer for making payment, its means all the sales of

the NTPC are on the credit bases.

MANAGEMENT OF PAYBLE:

Management of account payable is as much important as management of account receivables.

Whereas the underlying objectives in cash accounts receivable is to maximize the acceleration of

the collection process, the objectives in cash of account payables is to slow down the payment

process much as possible. However, it should be noted the delay in payment of account payable

may result in saving of some interest cost but it can prove costly to the firm in the form of loss of

credit in market. The finance manager has therefore, to insure that the payment to the creditors is

made at the stipulated times after obtaining the best credit terms possible.

MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNT PAYABLES AT NTPC:

The creditors are managed at plant level only. Mostly the creditor comprises of contractors to

whom payment are to be given and the capital works. This is done as per terms and condition

with respective parties. In case of small-scale industries, it is done within 30 days.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


59

There is also a scheme of earnests money deposits for the registered small-scale industries. The

schemes allow having a security deposits which is refundable at the end of contract. In case of

statutory payment that is the income tax, excise tax one month due is there.

When the final payment is to be made to ex-employee, it is only done after the file reaches the

department as per the individual case. Major chunk is from statutory liabilities, which are rapid

as per act that is one month due is given.

1.Cash to Inventory Ratio

Cash to Inventory Ratio:-CashInventory

2.Average Collection Period

Average Collection Period:-Average Receivables

Sales

3.Receivables to Current Assets Ratio

Receivables to Current Assets Ratio:-Receivables

Current Assets

4.Receivables to Current Liability Ratio

Receivables to Current Liability Ratio:-Receivables

Current Liabilities

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


60

Loan and Advances Management:

Although current assets traditionally comprise inventory, receivables and Cash, in an

organization like NTPC which provides loans to its employees and also advances both to the

employees and supplier as well as contractors, the loan and advances are also an important part

of the company. The advances given to contractor are mainly the nature of mobilization

advances and to the employees with the purpose of providing assistant to them by way facilities

to help in the discharge of their duties. Their loans are included in the category of current assets

for their regular recovery from the employees adjust and recovery from supplier within a very

short period.

The loan and advances given by the company to its suppliers, contractor, and its

employees are the major part of its current assets. These other mainly on interest or free of

charge advances given to suppliers and contactor are mostly free two of the advances given to

employees are interest free, multipurpose advances and furniture advance recoverable in 12 and

60 installment respectively. Beside these all other loan and advances are on interest. The

recovery of these interests bearing loan done as such a way that the principal is recovered first

and the interest there after. The interest is levied on the diminishing balance of principal and

there is no interest on interest.

These loan and advances are categorized as current assets because their recovery is

continuous immediately from the after the drawn month and the principal is first recovered.

Loan and Advances to Current Assets Ratio

Loan and Advances to Current Assets Ratios:-Loan & Advances

Current Assets

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


61

CURRENT LIABILITIES MANAGEMENT:

Current Liability shows the different combination of liabilities, which includes various liabilities.

It generally shows on the liability side in the balance sheet under the head of liabilities. Others

liabilities represent amount of income tax deducted at source, redemption amount payable on

maturity of bonds, sales tax payable, development surcharge amount to be transferred to

customers etc.

Besides current assets, current liabilities also count in framing the structure of working capital.

Bank over-draft, creditors for goods supplied, unpaid dividend, and taxes are the main

constituents of current liabilities. The share of each constituent to total current liabilities

determines to some extent the availability of current liabilities, the management remains more

concerned with the administration of current assets.

Other liabilities have increased due to transfer of as amount of Rs. 2,426 million from

Development Surcharge Fund. In the previous years as per the regulations of central electricity

regulatory commission (CERC) development surcharge was being charged from customer and

kept invested in instruments as required by the regulations. CERC vide its order dated

09//11/2008 discontinued the billing and realization of development surcharge. It further directed

that the amount collected earlier from the state utilities and invested in instruments

corresponding to the amount contributed by each of the state utilities shall be transferred in the

name of the concerned utility.

Current Liabilities to Inventory:-

This is a way to show the relationship between Inventory and total Current Liabilities.

Current Liabilities to current Inventory:-Current Liability

Inventory

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


62

EVALUATION OF CASH MANAGEMENT:

Composition and growth of cash

Cash balance represents the aggregate of cash in hand, cheques on hand, remittances in transit,

and balances with banks in current accounts and in fixed deposits with others. To bring

uniformity on the components of cash, cash balances of the selected undertakings have been

divided into two segments. Cash in hand and cherubs on hand.

Cash management at NTPC includes the discussion on size of each, cash flow statement and

liquidity position of the firm.

On the bases of above points it is clear that cash is to important term for the organization, and I

clear the importance of cash management with the help of following graph representation which

are based on the formula of ration analysis

1. Current ratio:-Current Assets

Current liabilities

(Current assets includes Inventory, Bills Receivables, Debtors, Cash in hand, Cash at bank etc.)

(A current asset includes Bills payable, Bank Overdraft, Creditors etc.)

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


63

2. Acid Test ratio:- Liquid Current Assets

Current liabilities

3. Cash Turnover Ratio:-

Cash Turnover Ratio is known about the relationship between how much company hold the ideal

balance of the cash in the organization.

Cash Turnover Ratio:-Interest & Finance ChargesAverage Cash Balance

4. Cash Holding Period:-

This ratio show the actually, no. of days on which company holds the cash in the organization:

Cash Holding Period:-Average Balance of Cash

Interest & Finance Charges

5.Cash to Current Assets:-

This cash to current assets ration show the relationship between cash and current assets in the

organization and show that how much cash affect to the current assets:

Cash to Current Assets:-Cash

Current Assets

6.Cash to Receivables Ratio:-Cash

Receivables

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


64

MOTIVES FOR HOLDING INVENTORIES:

The transaction motive emphasizes the need to maintain inventories to facilitate smooth

production and sales operation.

Precautionary motive which necessities holding of inventories to guard against the risk of

unpredictable changes in demand and supply forces and other factors.

Speculative motives influence the decision to increase or reduce inventory level to take

advantage of price fluctuations.

OBJECTIVES OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT:

The objective of the inventory management is therefore, to determine and maintain the optimum

level of investment in inventories, which help in achieving the following objectives.

Ensuring a continuous supply of materials of production department facilitating

uninterrupted production.

Maintaining sufficient stock of raw material in periods of short supply.

Maintaining sufficient stock of finished goods for smooth sales operations.

Minimizing the carrying costs.

Investment in Inventories at the optimum level.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


65

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AT NTPC:

Inventory is stock of a company, which is manufacturing for sale and component that make up

the product. Inventory means, “A schedule of items held at a particular point of time.”

In managing inventories, the objective of NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION

LTD. is to determine and maintain optimum level of inventory investment.

The optimum level of inventory lies between two-danger point of excess and inadequate

inventories.

INVENTORY:

The inventory of NTPC is unique for not having semi finishedShed goods, finished goods, or

raw materials. Fuel is some way could be considering raw material but by most definitions it

would not qualify to be raw material because the product is intangible. The inventory of NTPC

consist of fuel, spare parts, loose tools and components, chemicals consumables and some other

material. The inventory of NTPC is very large comprising 73000 material codes. The inventory

at Singrauli alone, consist of 53000 material codes. Being a large inventory some of those, are to

be maintained permanently for continuity and security of generation, the inventory is valued by

the monthly weighted moving average method. The valued inventory are called priced stores

ledger (PSL). PSL is run on monthly basis. This is regulated by the four instruments.

(1) MRN

(2) MTN

(3) SRV

(4) SIV.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


66

The inventory of NTPC is subject to several analysis including ABC, XYZ, VED, FSN, ICU.

The consumption is valued at PSL rate. At the point of induction at the store, it is valued at the

invoice price. The inventory is regularly verified for a match between the Bin Card balances and

the physical stock is with the PSL run. This inventory in NTPC is also subject to regular checks

and control exercises.

RAW MATERIAL:

Raw materials are the inputs used by the concern for products of finished goods through

manufacturing process. Raw material inventory are those, which have been purchased and are

stored for future production.

In NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION LTD. raw material is purchased by

central procurement and regional procurement unit of central marketing organization as per the

requirement of the individual coal plant.

The bulk purchase are procured and sent to the place of the need.

Basic objectives in holding raw materials inventory is turn separate purchase and production

activities. If raw material inventories were not held, purchase would have to be made

continuously at the usage rate in production.

Inventory Turnover Ratio

Average Holding Period:- Average Inventory

Cost of Goods Sold

Cash to Inventory :- CashInventory

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


67

RECEIVABLES MANAGEMENT:

The term receivable is defined as "Debt own to the firm by customer arising from sale of goods

or services in ordinary course of business.”

Account receivable management is also an important aspect of working capital management.

When a firm sells its products and services and does not receive cash for it is immediately, the

firm is said to have granted trade credit to the customer and the customer from whom receivables

or took debt have to be collected in future are called trade debtor. Account receivable represents

the extension of credit on an open account by the firm to its customers. In order to keep current

customer and attract new ones, most manufacturing firms find it necessary to offer credit. The

practices give birth to accounts receivables. Receivable constitute a substantial portion of current

assets of several firms.

MANAGEMENT OF RECEIVABLES IN NTPC:

Receivables of NTPC are very important because of the nature of a product and the credit

policy followed by NTPC. NTPC produce electricity which have no any physical existence like

other finished goods and it sale their goods to the customers on the only credit bases. NTPC

gives 60 days (two months) time to their customer for making payment, its means all the sales of

the NTPC are on the credit bases.

There is a rebate on early or prompt payment. The present system of Tariff is

Availability Based Tariff (ABC) where as the previous tariff system called the KP Rae Tariff

was a two part Tariff essentially rewarding efficiency or PLF, the present system is a three part

Tariff.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


68

(1) Fixed charge

(2) Variable charge (now called energy charge)

(3) Unscheduled interchange charge rewarding availability between the power producers

i.e. NTPC and the customer.

SEBE there is a monitor in the institution of the regional electricity board which coordinates the

Availability schedule awarded to each of power producer in the region as well as the joint meter

reading and both the ends. In addition, implement the new resume. The billing is completed

during the first five days of the month following and therefore the billing cycle of NTPC comes

to be 35 days.

MANAGEMENT OF PAYBLE:

Management of account payable is as much important as management of account receivables.

Whereas the underlying objectives in cash accounts receivable is to maximize the acceleration of

the collection process, the objectives in cash of account payables is to slow down the payment

process much as possible. However, it should be noted the delay in payment of account payable

may result in saving of some interest cost but it can prove costly to the firm in the form of loss of

credit in market. The finance manager has therefore, to insure that the payment to the creditors is

made at the stipulated time periods after obtaining the best credit terms possible.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


69

MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNT PAYABLES AT NTPC:

The creditors are managed at plant level only. Mostly the creditor comprises of contractors to

whom payment are to be given and the capital works. This is done as per terms and condition

with respective parties. In case of small-scale industries, it is done within 30 days.

There is also a scheme of earnests money deposits for the registered small-scale industries. The

schemes allow having a security deposits which is refundable at the end of contract. In case of

statutory payment that is the income tax, excise tax one month due is there.

When the final payment is to be made to ex-employee, it is only done after the file reaches the

department as per the individual case. Major chunk is from statutory liabilities, which are rapid

as per act that is one month due is given.

Cash to Inventory Ratio

Cash to Inventory Ratios:-Cash

Inventory

Average Collection Period

Average Collection Period:-Average ReceivablesSales

Receivables to Current Assets Ratio

Receivables to Current Assets Ratio:-Receivable

Current Assets

Receivables to Current Liability Ratio

Receivables to Current Liability Ratio:-Receivable

Current Liability

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


70

Investment to Receivable Ratio

Investment to Receivable Ratio:-Investment

Receivables

Loan and Advances Management :

Although current assets traditionally comprise inventory, receivables and Cash, in an

organization like NTPC which provides loans to its employees and also advances both to the

employees and supplier as well as contractors, the loan and advances are also an important part

of the company. The advances given to contractor are mainly the nature of mobilization

advances and to the employees with the purpose of providing assistant to them by way facilities

to help in the discharge of their duties. Their loans are included in the category of current assets

for their regular recovery from the employees adjust and recovery from supplier within a very

short period.

The loan and advances given by the company to its suppliers, contractor, and its

employees are the major part of its current assets. These other mainly on interest or free of

charge advances given to suppliers and contactor are mostly free two of the advances given to

employees are interest free, multipurpose advances and furniture advance recoverable in 12 and

60 installment respectively. Beside these all other loan and advances are on interest. The

recovery of these interests bearing loan done as such a way that the principal is recovered first

and the interest there after. The interest is levied on the diminishing balance of principal and

there is no interest on interest.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


71

These loan and advances are categorized as current assets because their recovery is

continuous immediately from the after the drawn month and the principal is first recovered.

Loan and Advances To Current Assets Ratio

Loan and Advances to Current Assets Ratios: Loan & AdvancesCurrent Assets

CURRENT LIABILITIES MANAGEMENT:

Current Liability shows the different combination of liabilities, which includes various liabilities.

It generally shows on the liability side in the balance sheet under the head of liabilities. Others

liabilities represent amount of income tax deducted at source, redemption amount payable on

maturity of bonds, sales tax payable, development surcharge amount to be transferred to

customers etc.

Besides current assets, current liabilities also count in framing the structure of working capital.

Bank over-draft, creditors for goods supplied, unpaid dividend, and taxes are the main

constituents of current liabilities. The share of each constituent to total current liabilities

determines to some extent the availability of current liabilities, the management remains more

concerned with the administration of current assets.

Other liabilities have increased due to transfer of as amount of Rs. 2,426 million from

Development Surcharge Fund. In the previous years as per the regulations of central electricity

regulatory commission (CERC) development surcharge was being charged from customer and

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


72

kept invested in instruments as required by the regulations. CERC vide its order dated

09//11/2008 discontinued the billing and realization of development surcharge.

Current Liabilities to Inventory:-

This is a way to show the relationship between Inventory and total Current Liabilities.

Current Liabilities to currentInventory:-Current Liability

Inventory

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


73

Balance Sheet of NTPC

Mar '12 Mar '11 Mar '10 Mar '09 Mar '08

Sources Of Funds

Total Share Capital 8,245.46 8,245.46 8,245.50 8,245.50 8,245.50

Equity Share

Capital

8,245.46 8,245.46 8,245.50 8,245.50 8,245.50

Share Application

Money

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Preference Share

Capital

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Reserves 65,045.71 60,138.66 55,478.60 50,749.40 46,021.90

Revaluation

Reserves

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Net worth 73,291.17 68,384.12 63,724.10 58,994.90 54,267.40

Secured Loans 9,156.30 9,910.68 9,079.90 8,969.60 7,314.70

Unsecured Loans 38,182.03 33,277.56 28,717.10 25,598.20 19,875.90

Total Debt 47,338.33 43,188.24 37,797.00 34,567.80 27,190.60

Total Liabilities 120,629.50 111,572.36 101,521.10 93,562.70 81,458.00

Financial Statements of NTPC

Mar '12 Mar '11 Mar '10 Mar '09 Mar '08

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


74

Application Of Funds (Rs. In Crores)

Gross Block 81,723.52 72,583.94 66,663.80 62,353.00 53,368.00

Less:

Accumulated

Depreciation

36,465.12 33,519.19 32,088.80 29,415.30 27,274.30

Net Block 45,258.40 39,064.75 34,575.00 32,937.70 26,093.70

Capital Work in

Progress

41,827.82 38,441.84 32,290.60 26,404.90 22,478.30

Investments 11,206.38 12,344.84 14,807.10 13,983.50 15,267.20

Inventories 3,702.85 3,639.12 3,347.70 3,243.40 2,675.70

Sundry Debtors 5,832.51 7,924.31 6,651.40 3,584.20 2,982.70

Cash and Bank

Balance

16,146.11 326.34 634.00 271.80 473.00

Total Current

Assets

25,681.47 11,889.77 10,633.10 7,099.40 6,131.40

Loans and

Advances

16,863.73 7,648.10 6,357.10 7,826.10 9,936.20

Fixed Deposits 0.00 15,858.92 13,825.50 15,999.80 14,460.20

Total CA, Loans

& Advances

42,545.20 35,396.79 30,815.70 30,925.30 30,527.80

Deffered Credit 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Current

Liabilities

16,388.98 10,945.55 7,896.80 7,439.20 5,548.40

Provisions 3,819.32 2,730.31 3,070.50 3,249.50 7,360.60

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


75

Total CL &

Provisions

20,208.30 13,675.86 10,967.30 10,688.70 12,909.00

Net Current

Assets

22,336.90 21,720.93 19,848.40 20,236.60 17,618.80

Miscellaneous

Expenses

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total Assets 120,629.50 111,572.36 101,521.10 93,562.70 81,458.00

Contingent

Liabilities

42,308.16 33,227.29 40,044.00 66,083.20 29,361.80

Book Value

(Rs)

88.89 82.94 77.28 71.55 65.81

Competitors of NTPC

Name List price Market Cap.

(Rs. cr.)

Sales

Turnover

Net Profit Total Assets

NTPC 171.20 141,162.35 62,053.58 9,223.73 120,629.50

Power Grid Corp 117.35 54,329.83 10,035.33 3,254.95 62,092.11

Reliance Power 84.55 23,717.34 66.12 310.86 16,101.33

Tata Power 99.90 23,706.99 8,495.84 1,169.73 20,954.12

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/ntpc/NTP

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/powergridcorporationindia/PGC

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/reliancepower/RP

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/tatapowercompany/TPC

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/tatapowercompany/TPC

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/reliancepower/RP

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/powergridcorporationindia/PGC

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/ntpc/NTP

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


76

NHPC 18.25 22,448.86 5,654.69 2,771.77 39,153.15

Neyveli Lignite 81.50 13,673.33 4,866.85 1,411.33 15,178.57

Reliance Infra 505.90 13,304.66 17,906.67 2,000.26 27,688.61

Adani Power 41.60 9,068.95 3,948.90 -293.92 30,832.27

SJVN 20.70 8,562.82 1,927.50 1,068.68 9,326.68

JaiprakashPow 31.75 8,333.60 1,615.56 402.95 17,551.83

JSW Energy 48.85 8,011.67 5,016.42 234.64 11,119.71

Torrent Power 153.00 7,228.46 7,917.82 1,237.46 8,931.15

CESC 320.00 4,032.00 4,669.00 565.00 8,611.66

IndiaBPower 11.70 3,091.99 1.15 52.42 4,829.01

The operating cycle consists five phases:-

I phase - Cash are converted into raw material.

II phase: - Raw material is converted into work-in-progress.

III phase: - Work-in-Progress is converted into finished goods.

IV phase: - Finished goods are converted into sales.

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/nhpc/N07

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/neyvelilignitecorporation/NLC

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/relianceinfrastructure/RI38

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/adanipower/AP11

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/sjvn/S11

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/jaiprakashpowerventures/JHP01

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/jswenergy/JE01

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/torrentpower/TP14

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/cesc/CES

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/indiabullspower/IP09

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/indiabullspower/IP09

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/cesc/CES

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/torrentpower/TP14

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/jswenergy/JE01

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/jaiprakashpowerventures/JHP01

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/sjvn/S11

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/adanipower/AP11

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/relianceinfrastructure/RI38

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/neyvelilignitecorporation/NLC

http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/powergenerationdistribution/nhpc/N07

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


77

V phase: - Sales are converted into debtors.

OPERATING CYCLE:-

If it were possible to complete the sequences instantaneously, there would be n-o need for

current assets (working capital). However, since it is not possible, the firm is forced to have

current assets. If cash inflows and outflows do not match, firm have to necessarily keep cash or

invest in short term liquid securities so that they will be in a position to meet obligations when

they become due.

Therefore, due to above statement it is clear that why the companies are needed working capital.

There are mainly three part of Working Capital in the company, which is as follow:-

A) Cash

B) Inventory

C) Bills Receivable

CASH:

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


78

Cash is the most important component of current assets. All other components such as debtors and

inventories ultimately are converted into cash and this fact further emphasizes the importance of

management of cash.

The goal of cash management is to maintain the minimum cash balance that provides the firm

with sufficient liquidity needed to meet its financial objectives.

The term cash includes not only currency but also near cash assets such as marketable securities

and demand deposits in bank.

Cash section is an important section of finance and accounts department. It deals with the

employees, contractors and suppliers for their payments.

Corporate office plays a dominant role in cash management. The corporate office allocates

different amount of each to different coalmines as per its requirements. Corporate office acts as a

linkage between the NTPC and main book. The state bank of India, Corporate office has

determined the credit facility for every units of NTPC. No one unit of NTPC can get the credit

facility more than ones limit. The credit facility is known as rolling cash limit. This keeps on

changing from year to year depending upon company‟s position transactions, profitability, and

inventory position.

Although corporate office provides credit limit facilities, yet NTPC is not fully dependent on the

corporate office. The sale of scrap materials of defective at plant level generates the cash. Thus,

at a time, plant can also pay liabilities and then the balance amount is only intimated to the

corporate office. NTPC gives priority in cash payment, which is urgent, and sends the report to

corporate office.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


79

In brief, the main uses of the cash in organization are as follow:-

It required paying for the fuel and coal charges to the supplier.

It also use to making payment for other construction in organization like building, road,

etc. on every day or week or monthly bases.

It use to buying loose tools, spare parts, etc.

In addition, making payment to the employees in the organization.

STRUCTURE OF WORKING CAPITAL:

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


80

CIRCULATION SYSTEM OF WORKING CAPITAL

The structural study of working capital involves the analysis of composition of current

assets and current liabilities. The current assets consist of inventory, cash, receivables,

and marketable securities. Current liabilities usually comprise the borrowings, trade

credits, assessed tax and unpaid dividend or any other things.

TYPES OF WORKING CAPITAL:

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


81

Working capital can be divided into two categories of the basis of time.

I. Permanent or long-termworking capital

This refers to that minimum amount of investment in all current assets, which is required at all

times to carry out minimum level of business activities. In other words, it represents the current

assets required on a continuing basis over the entire year. Tondon committee has referred to

this type of working capital as “CORE CURRENT ASSETS.” The following are the

characteristics of this type of working capital.

Amount of payment working capital remains in the business in one from another. This is

particularly from the point of view of financing. The suppliers of such working capitals should

not accept its return during the lifetime of the firm.

It also grows with the size of the business. In other words greater the size of the business

greater is the amount of such working capital and vice versa. Permanent working capital is

permanently needed for the business and therefore it should be financed out of long-term

funds.

II. Temporary or short-term working capital

The amount of such working capital keeps on fluctuating from time to time because of

business activities. In other words, it represents additional current assets required at different

times during the operating years. For example, extra inventory has to be maintained to support

cells during peak sales period. Similarly receivable also increase and must be financed during

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


82

period of high sales. On the other hand, investments in inventories, receivable etc will decrease

in period of depreciation.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


83

ADVANTAGES OF WORKING CAPITAL:

I Cash Discount- If proper cash balance is maintained the business can avail the

advantages of cash discount by paying cash for the purchase of raw materials and

the merchandise. It will result in reducing the cost of production

II. It creates a feeling of security and confidence – Adequate working capital

creates a sense of security, confidence, and loyalty not only throughout the

business itself but also among its customer‟s creditors and business associates.

III. Sound goodwill and debt capacity - The promptness of payment in business

creates goodwill and increases the debt capacity of business.

IV. Easy loans for the banks – An adequate working capital helps the company to

borrow insecure loans from the banks because the access provides a good security

to the insecure loans. Banks favor in generating seasonal loans, if business has a

good credit standing and reputation.

V. Distribution of dividend – If company is sort of working capital it cannot

distribute the good dividend to its shareholders in spite of sufficient profits. On

the contrary, if the working capital is sufficient, ample dividend can be declared.

VI. Exploitation of good opportunities- In case of adequacy of capital in a concern,

good opportunities can be exploited. Company may make off-season purchase

resulting in substantial savings or it can fetch big supply orders resulting in good

profits.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


84

VII. Meeting unseen contingencies – Financial crisis due to heavy losses, business

oscillations etc can easily be overcome if company maintains adequate working

capital.

VIII. It increases fixed assets efficiency – Adequate working capital increases the

efficiency of fixed assets of the business because of its proper maintenance.

IX. High moral- The provision of adequate working capital improves the moral of

the executive because they have an environment of certainty, security, and

confidence, which is a great psychological, factor in improving the overall

efficiency of the business and of the person who is at helm of affairs in the

company.

X. Increased Production efficiency – A continuous supply of raw materials

research programme innovations and technical developments and expansion

programmes can successfully carried out if adequate working capital is

maintained in the business.

XI. Maintaining Solvency and containing production – In order to maintain the

solvency of the business, it is necessary that sufficient amount of funds be

available to make all the payments in time and when they are due. Without ample

working capital, productions will suffer particularly in the era of cutthroat

competition and business can never flourish in the absence of adequate working

capital.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


85

FINANCING OF WORKING CAPITAL:

Sources of financing of working capital differ as per the classification of working capital into

permanent working capital and variable working capital.

Sources of permanent working capital:

(a) Owner’s funds- are the main source sale of equity or preference stock could

provide a permanent working capital to the business with no burden of repayment

particularly during short period. These funds can be retained in the business

permanently. Permanent working capital provides more strength to the business.

(b) Bond financing-Another source of permanent working capital is bond financing

but it has a fixed maturity period and ultimately repayment has to be made. For

repayment of his source, company provides sinking funds for retirement of bonds

issued for permanent working capital.

(c) Term loan- from banks of financial institutions has the same characteristics as the

bond financing or permanent working capital.

(d) Short term- Borrowing is also a source of working capital finance on permanent

basis.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


86

Sources of temporary working capital:

(a) Trade creditors- Trade creditors provide a quite effective source of financing variable

working capital for the period falling between the point when goods are purchased and

the point when payment is made.

(b) Bank loan- bank loan is used for variable or temporary working capital such loans run

for 30 days to several months with renewals being very common.

(c) Commercial paper- It can be defined as a short-term money market instrument issued in

the form of promissory notes for a fixed maturity. It will be much unsecured and will

have a maturity period running from 90 days to 180 days. It will meet the short-term

finance requirements of the companies and will be good short-term investment for

parking temporary surpluses by corporate bodies.

(d) Depreciation as a source of working capital- The entire amount deducted towards

depreciation to fixed assets is not invested in the acquisition of fixed assets and is saved

and utilized in business as working capitals.

(e) Tax liabilities- Differed payment of taxes is also a source of working capital. Taxes are

not paid from day to day but estimated liability for taxes is indicated in balance sheets.

Besides it, business organizations collect taxes by way of income tax payable on salaries,

providend fund, staff deducted at source, old age retirement benefits excise taxes, sales

taxes, etc. and retain them for some period in business to be used as working capital.

(f) Other miscellaneous sources are Dealer‟s Deposits, Customer‟s Advances, etc.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


87

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities

Rs. In cores

year Mar '12 Mar’11 Mar’10 mar'09 Mar'08

Total Current Assets 42,545.20 35,396.79 30,815.70 30,925.30 30,527.80

Total Current Liabilities 20,208.30 13,675.86 13,675.86 10,688.70 12,909.00

Working capital 22,336.90 21,720.93 17,139.84 20,236.60 17,618.80

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


88

Working capital management:

year Mar '12 Mar’11 Mar’10 mar'09 Mar'08

current ratio 2.105333 2.5882679 2.2532916 2.8932705 2.364846231

Working Capital is comparatively good in the year 2012. Therefore, we can conclude that

the organization is growing faster than previous years.

Current ratio of the organization match to the standard ratio i.e. 2:1

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


89

SWOT ANALYSIS OF NTPC:

STRENGHTS

Good corporate image.

Established brand name.

Strong and wide networks of manpower across India.

The company has kept with itself sufficient liquid funds to meet any kind of cash

requirement.

Company with an excellent record and high profits.

An early starter – more than 32 years of experience in power sector.

Highly motivated and dedicated workers and officers and no industrial problems.

Efficient and timely completion of projects.

Excellent growth prospects with significant additions, modifications and replacements.

WEAKNESS

Depleting raw materials.

Some of the plants have become old and need investment in renovation and

modernization.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


90

OPPORTUNITY

Huge investment leading to greater demand of goods and services.

Upcoming hydro and nuclear sector.

Huge opportunity in consultancy services.

THREATS

Rising prices of raw materials.

Increase in number of small contractors leading to price war.

Emergence of competitors in the market like Reliance energy, Tata power and other

private development.

Huge capital requirement for expansion and diversification.

Change in government policies for open trade or stock trading or energy trading.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


91

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS:

CONCLUSION:

The tools applied in the study to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness in financial

management is most appropriate ones.

The firm‟s Liquidity position in terms of short term and long term are good.

The above analysis enables the company to understand the financial position and

financial soundness of NTPC, Dadri.

The main thing, I got that most of the employees are having some satisfaction and few

are not satisfied in NTPC as some employees are getting more salary than they deserve,

based on their educational qualification.

FINDINGS AND INFERENCES:

Blockage of high cash and bank balances in government securities.

Consistently maintaining higher inventories.

High credit payable period.

Excessive working capital during rising cost of materials.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


92

SUGGESTIONS TO THE COMPANY:

Effective computerization:

All the departments should be computerized and SAP should be properly implemented..

Improved coordination:

A proper co-ordination between all the departments should be improved

Training:

All the employee should properly trained about the technologies which are being implemented

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


93

RECOMMENDATIONS:

The Company should pump more money into business through debt or equity and should

reduce reliance on short term creditors.

The Company should try to focus on avoiding wastage of raw materials i.e. coal during

inbound transportation.

The Company should try to control its cost to enhance its profit margins.

High cost cutting measures should be adopted.

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


94

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Books:

Mukherjee. Financial accounting for management (1st edition): Sultan Chand & Sons

New Delhi(2009)

Maheshwari S.N &Maheshwari S.K. An introduction to accountancy (9th

edition: Vikas)

Publishing House New Delhi (2008)

Panday /I.M. Financial management (9th

edition). New Delhi: Vikash Publishing House

Khan and Jain. Financial management (5th

edition Ed). : Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing

Company Limited New Delhi (2009)

R.P. Rostagi. Financial management (5th

edition Ed): GalGotia Publishing Company

New Delhi(2008)

KrishRangarajan& Anil Mishra. Working Capital Management (Ist edition). New Delhi:

Excel Publication (2005)

Websites:

www.ntpc.co.in

www.moneycontrol.com

www.indiabudget.nic.in

www.indianfoline.com.

www.rbi.org.in

http://www.ntpc.co.in/


http://www.moneycontrol.com/


http://www.indiabudget.nic.in/


http://www.indianfoline.com/


http://www.rbi.org.in/







8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


95

Financial Information from the Company:

Financial policy report of different years issued by NTPC.

Performance highlights book.

NTPC news Magazine of different years.

Employee‟s hand book.

Annual reports of NTPC:

o 28th

Edition- 2007-08

o 29th

Edition- 2008-09

o 30th

Edition -2009-10

o 31th Edition -2010-11

o 32th Edition -2011-12

News flash – NTPC journal.

Horizon journal.

References:

Woolf, Tanna and Karam Singh, Financial Management, MacDonald and Evans,

Plymouth, First Edition, p.245.

C.J.SlayBaugh, “Inventory Management Program” Management Accounting, Vol.53

(July 1971), p.13

Richard I. Levin&Charles A Kirkpatrick, Quantitative Approaches to Management,

3rd

Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill 1975) Chapter 7 & 8

Happy Pierce, “Learning& the Lessee,: Management, Vol.57(December 1975) p.33

8/12/2019 ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02


Dr.S.N. Maheswari, Financial management: Principles & Practice, Sultan chand&

sons (9th

edition), New Delhi, 2004, ch.9.

Solomon,E.andPringle,J.J.,an introduction to financial management,Prentic-Hall of

India,1977 p.182

K.B.Smith and S.B.Sell,”Working capital management in practice,” in readings on

the management of working capital, 2nd

edition. K.B.Smith (St. Paul, Minn.: West

publishing 1980, pp.

R.J.Tersiree, Material management & inventory control (New York : Elsevier North

Holland 1976)

RajmaniRajan& Ajay Shah, “ New directions in Indian financial sector policy‟,

October 2003

Documents

ntpc-130701051716-phpapp02