NTandl;bNþa shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm enAkm

karBiPakSaGMBIEpñkÉkCn

elx 14

]bs½KÁnanacMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþa shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm enAkm<úCa

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]bs½KÁnanacMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþa shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm enAkm<úCa

r)aykarN_énkarsikSaEdlRbKl;eGayeFVIweday³

km μviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF)

eday

esþhVin Gwm haenI –Stephen M. Harner

naykRkumh‘un S.M. HARNER AND COMPANY

emsa 2003

2

matika buBVkfa > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

esckþIsegçb > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 5 1> esckþIepþIm > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 9

1>1> savta nigeKaledATaMgLay > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 9 1>2> karsikSaenAnwgkEnøg > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 10

2> vis½yFnaKarenAkm<úCa³ sßanPaBTUeTA > > > > > > > > > 11 2>1> karføwgEføg\NTancMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm> > > > > > > > > 11 2>2> karpþl;\NTanminGs;lT§PaB > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 12 2>3> r)ayénmUlFnGkmμTaMgLay > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 13 2>4> PaBesÞIrEtK μankarpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg > > > > > > > > 15 2>5> eKalkarpþl;\NTannanarbs;bNþaFnaKarBaNiC¢km μkm<úCa > > > > > 16

2>5>1> eKalkarnanaTak;Tgnwgry³eBl > > > > > > > > > > > > 16 2>5>2> eKalkarnanaTak;TgnwgeKalbMNg nigRbePT\NTan > > 16 2>5>3> eKalkarnanaTak;TgnwgRbePTénvtßúbBa©aM> > > > > > > > > 17 2>5>4> eKalkarnanaTak;TgnwgGgÁPaBx©I\NTan> > > > > > > > > 18

2>6> tMrUvkar\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 20 2>7> GRtakarR)ak; nigkarkMNt;tMél\NTan> > > > > > > > > > > > > > 21

2>7>1> GRtakarR)ak;x<s;Cag cMeBaH\NTansMrab;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 21 2>7>2> éføedImkñúgkarpþl;hriBaØvtßú > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 22 2>7>3> lT§PaBrkcMeNjBIkarpþl;hriBaØvtßúdl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 23

2>8> krNInanaénkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg enAkm<úCa > > > > 24

3> ]bs½KÁnanancMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKas

3

FuntUc nigmFüm edayFnaKarnana enAkm<úCa > > > > > >27 3>1> c,ab;Edlman minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_m©as;\NTan > > 27

3>1>1> c,ab;dIFøI ¬qñaM 2001¦ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 28 3>1>2> c,ab;kic©snüa ¬qñaM 1988¦ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 29 3>1>3> c,ab;Rkumh‘un ¬K μan¦ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 29 3>1>4> c,ab;kS½yFn ¬K μan¦ > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 30

3>2> RbB½n§tulakar minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_m©as;\NTan > > 30 3>3> buKÁlikFnaKarK μanCMnajRKb;RKan;sMrab;viPaK nigRKb;RKghaniP½y énkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm > > > > > > > 31 3>4> FnaKarmindwgrebobkMNt;tMélénhaniP½ynana dUcenHeKKit karR)ak;x<s;xusTMng > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 33 3>5> bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAeRkATIRkugFM² BMuGacTak;Tg CamYyFnaKarTaMgLay)aneT > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 34 3>6> KμaneRKOgelIkTwkcitþenAtamFnaKarTaMgLay sMrab;CMrujm®nþIEpñk \NTan eGaypþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgdl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümeT > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 34 3>7> shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay minRtUvtamlkçNvinicä½y Gb,brmaénkarpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKarnanaeT > > > > > > > > > > 35

3>7>1> kartMrUvtamtamlkçNvinicä½yrbs;Gñkpþl;\NTanTaMgLay 35 3>7>2> kgVHsmtßPaBkñúgkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUv > > > > > > > > 36

3>8> shRKasFuntUc nigmFümmYycMnYnFMyl;fa EbbbTkargarTaMgLay rbs;FnaKar sμ úksμajxøaMgeBk > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 36 3>9> TIpSar\NTaneRkApøÚvkarmanRbsiT§PaBCag ehIyshRKasFuntUc nigmFümCaeRcIn cUlcitþvaCag > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 37 3>10> FnaKarBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)anRKb;RKan;nUvmUlFnry³eBlEvg > > > 38 3>11> shRKasFuntUc nigmFümminRtUvkarmUlFnry³eBlEvg tamGRtakarR)ak; dUcbc©úb,nñeT > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 38 3>12> FnaKarniympþl;\NTandl;buKÁlÉkCn Cagdl;saCIvkmμnana > > 38 3>13> kgVHm®nþIEpñk\NTanenAtamFnaKarTaMgLay > > > > > > > > > > 39

4

3>14> K μanGñkÉkeTsxagpþl;\NTan nigkaremIleXIjhaniP½yx<s;én karpþl;\NTanTak;TgnwgeRKOgcRk > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 40

3>15> Bn§kat;ykmunelIkarpþl;mUlFnmkBIeRkARbeTs > > > > > > > > > 40 3>16> karsrub]bs½KÁTaMgLay > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 41

4> esckþIsnñidæan³ Gnusasn_R)aMbIRbkar > > > > > > > > > > 43 4>1> RtUvbegáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmμmYyeLIg > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 43 4>2> KYrGnuBaØateGayFanaKarTaMgLaypþl;Bt’manGMBIPaBGacTukcitþ)an rbs;Gñkx©IR)ak;TaMgLay eTAPaKITIbIsmRsbnana > > > > > > > > > 43 4>3> FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaKYrbnÞn;karTamTarGRtavilInPaBrbs;xøÜn > > > > > 44 4>4> KYrecjRbkas rWGnuRkwtüsþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IRTBüsm,tþi > > > > > > > > > 44 4>5> karbNþúHbNþalCMnajÉkeTsedIm,IbegáInsmtßPaBFnaKarkñúgkarviPaK nigkat;bnßyhaniP½y > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 46 4>6> karBRgIkesvaBieRKaHeyabl;kñúgRsukEdlGacpþl;CMnYydl; bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm EdlkmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMerag tMbn;TenøemKgÁ –MPDF kMBugeFVI > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 46 4>7> GPivDÆsßab½nhirBaØvtßúEdlmanÉkeTsEp¥kelIRTBüsm,tþi > > > > > > 47 4>8> KYrlubecalBn§kat;ykmunelIkarR)ak;beBaØI > > > > > > > > > > > > 48

]bsm<½n§TI 1³ karTamTar nigkarKNnaGRtavilInPaBrbs; FnaKarCatiénk<úCa > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 49

]bsm<½n§TI 2³ skm μPaBpþl;\NTanfμI² RtwmdMNaac;qñaM 2002 > > 51

5

esckþIsegçb

esckþIepþIm

kmμvtßúénkarsikSaGMBI]bsKÁnanacMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa EdlkmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF) )anRbKl;eGayeFIVenH maneKaledAdUcteTA 1¦ kMNt; ]bsKÁsMxan;²EdlraraMgmineGayFnaKarTaMgLaypþl;\NTanry³eBlEvg nigmFüm dl;bNþash RKasFuntUc nigmFümkñúgRsuk 2¦ kMNt;eGayc,as;fa etIeKKYreFVIdUcemþc edIm,IbMpuseGaymankar pþl;\NTanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBx<s;CagmuneTAeGayTIpSarshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm. eyIg)anRsavRCavdl;TIkEnøgsMrab;karsikSaenH enATIRkugPñMeBjGs;ry³eBlBIrs)þah_ kñúgExmifuna qñMa2002. RkumGñkRsavRCav)ansmÖasCamYyFnaKarcMnYn 12 EdlFøab; rWGacCaGñkpþl;\NTand¾sMxan;dl;Epñk shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm.

karBinitüTUeTAelIEpñkFnaKarenAkm<úCa

kñúgqñaM 2000 karvinieyaKCakarpþl;\NTanBIFnaKarenAkm<úCamanRbmaN 7/6° énplitpl kñúgRsuksrub (GDP). kñúgqñaM 2001 pleFob\NTanelImUlFnesμ Inwg 1/5 ÉpleFob\NTan elImUlFnGkmμesμ IRtwmEt 36° b:ueNÑaH ¬KWIRtwmEt 33° énRTBüsrubrbs;FnaKar¦. ebIeFobeTAnwg sþg;daGnþrCatinana KMehIjTaMgenHbgðajfa FnaKarTaMgLayenAkm<úCamanGnþrkmμFanaKartictYc nigmankarvinieyaKCakarpþl;\NTantUctac.

FnaKarTaMgLay)anepJImUlniFimYyEpñkFMrbs;xøÜn enAkñúgFnaKarCatiénkm<úCaEdlCaGaCJaFrniy½tkm μ kñúgRbeTs. mUlehtuénRbkarenHKW 1¦ RtUvbMeBjtamkarTamTard¾caM)ac;rbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa nUvvilInPaB (liquidity) kñúgkMritd¾x<s; 2¦ RtUvbMeBjtam{karTamTarmUlFn}rbs;FnaKarCatiEdles μ I nwg 10° nig 3¦ man»kas Gacrk)ancMNUlRbkbedayhaniP½yTabmYy.

eKesÞIrEtmineXIjmankarpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvg nigmFümdl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm esaH. kñúgqñaM 2001 \NTanry³eBlBIrqñaMcMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLaymanEt 1° énkarpþl;\NTansrubEtb:ueNÑaH É\NTansMrab;ry³eBl 1-2qñaM man 29° nigsMrab;ry³ eBlticCagmYyqñaM manRbmaN 70°. karviPaKeKalkarpþl;\NTannanarbs;FnaKarTaMgLay )anbgðajfa kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn FnaKarTaMgenaHminpþl;\NTansMrab;ry³eBlelIsBI 24 Ex

6

esaHEtmþg. eKkMreXIjmankarpþl;\NTansMrab;ry³eBlEvgCagenH edayEp¥kelImUldæanénkarx©ICa bnþNas;.

CaTUeTA Gñkpþl;\NTanTaMgLayEtgcg;pþl;mUlFnCaTuncgVil¬kñúgry³eBlxøI¦ Cagkarpþl;mUlFn manry³eBlkMNt;¬ry³eBlmFüm rWEvg¦. Gñkpþl;\NTanTaMgLayk¾Etgcg;)anvtßúbBa©aMCaGcln RTBü¬dI nigGKar¦ enAPñMeBj rWenAtamTIRkugFM² CagclnRTBü¬eRKOgcRk eRKOgm:asIunnana¦ TaMg LayEdr. eRkABIenH Gñkpþl;\NTanTaMgLayk¾cUlcitþpþl;\NTandl;Gñkx©ICabuKÁl CagGñkx©ITaMg LayEdlCaRkumh‘unsaCIvkmμeTot. ectnaTaMgenH GacbNþalmYyPaKFMmkBIkgVHBt’manCaklak; epÞógpÞat;rYcedaysvnkmμ nigGaceCOTukcitþ)an rbs;GñkesñIx©IEdlCashRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay nigedaysarTMlab;bc©úb,nñEdlEtgEtcuHbBa¢IGclnRTBüeTAelIeQ μaHbuKÁl CaCageTAelIeQμaHRkumh‘un.

karRsavRCav)anrkeXIjfa GRtakarR)ak;srubRbcaMqñaMénkarpþl;\NTanenAkm<úCa esμ IRbmaN 30° ehIysßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßúnanakMNt;GRtakarR)ak;elI\NTanx<s;CagenHeTAeTot. cMeBaHFnaKar TaMg12 EdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy GRtamFümmanTMgn;énkarR)ak;srubelI\NTansMrab;ry³eBlmYy qñaM esμ Inwg 19/2° kñúgenH FnaKarcMnYnBIrKitGRtaenHdl;eTA 28/5° ÉFnaKarmYyeTotKitRtwmEt 13° b:ueNÑaH sMrab;\NTanRbePTdUcKñaenH. eKeXIjmanbMErbMrYltUcCagenHenAkñúgGRtakarR)ak;elI \NTan cMeBaHbNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm k¾b:uEnþGRtakarR)ak;mFümelI\NTancMeBaHshRKas FuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay mankMritx<s;CagGRtamFümelI\NTanTUeTA. GRtakarR)ak;mFümmanTMgn; elI\NTancMeBaHbNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm es μ Inwg 22/8° eBalKW x<s;CagGRtakarR)ak; mFümelI\NTanTUeTAEdlesμInwg 19/2° RbmaN 4° . lT§PaBcMeNjBIkarpþl;\NTandl; bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm EdlCaplsgrvagGRtakarR)ak;sMrab;Gñkx©IR)ak; nigsMrab;GñkepJIR)ak; esμ Inwg 18/9°. tYelxenHmankMrit 3/4° x<s;CaglT§PaBcMeNjBIkarpþl;\NTanTUeTA Edles μ I nwg 15/5° b:ueNÑaH.

esckþIsnñidæanTak;Tgnwg]bs½KÁnanacMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKastUc nigmFüm

esckþIRtUvkar\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgrbs;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümmankMritx<s;bgÁÜr. EteTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾FnaKarTaMgLayenAEtsÞak;esÞIrmincg;pþl;\NTanRbePTenHeTAeGayshRKas FuntUc nigmFümdEdl. mUlehtuénPaBsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkarbnøayry³eBl\NTancMeBaHbNþashRKas FuntUc nigmFümenHKW 1¦ FnaKarTaMgLayyl;eXIjfa RbB½n§c,ab;bc©úb,nñminGackarBarplRbeyaCn_ rbs;BYkeK)an 2¦ karpþl;\NTanmanéføedImx<s;bgÁÜr -GRtakarR)ak;elIR)ak;beBaØImankMritx<s; 3¦ FnaKarminsUvmanlT§PaBTTYl)anmUlFnry³eBlEvg 4¦ FnaKarxVHlT§PaBRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUv

7

nigminGacTTYl)anBt’manCak;Esþgfμ I²¬dUcCasMNMuÉksarGaCIvkmμnana nigBt’manhirBaØvtßúEdlrgsvn kmμrYcehIy¦ GMBIGñkesñIsMu\NTan 5¦ FnaKarRtUvbMeBjtamkarTamTarkMritvilInPaBd¾x<s;EdlkMNt; edayFnaKarCatiénkm<úCa –sac;R)ak;tMkl;TukTaMgenHminGaceRbIkarCa\NTan)aneT 6¦ FnaKar minGac):an;s μan RKb;RKg nigkMNt;tMélhaniP½ynanaTak;Tgnwg\NTanmanry³eBlkMNt;)an eRBaH BYkeKxVHbTBiesaFn_ nigsmtßPaBÉkeTsCMnaj.

Gnusasn_

Gnusasn_TaMgR)aMbIcMNucxageRkammanlkçN³CaeKalkarsMrab;edaHRsaybBaðanana EdlCa Ca]bsKÁcMeBaHkarpþl;\NTanmanry³eBlkMNt;dl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa³

1> begáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmμ sMrab;edaHRsayy:agmanRbsiT§PaB nigpþl;pll¥ cMeBaHbNþa tMrUvkar nigkarTamTarénkargarpþl;\NTan.

2> eFVIviesaFnkmμc,ab;Edlman sþIGMBIkarrkSakarsMgat;rbs;GtifiCn edIm,IGnuBaØateGayFna KarTaMgLayGacdwgBt’manGMBIPaBGacTukcitþ)anrbs;Gñkx©I sMrab;begáInkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwm RtUvTak;TgnwgGñkesñIsMu\NTan.

3> FanaKarCatiénkm<úCa GacnwgsMrbCagmunkñúgkarkMNt;GRta vilInPaBcaM)ac;.

4> begáItkEnøgcuHbBa¢IRTBüsm,tþi edIm,IEklMGkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUvrbs;FnaKarTaMgLay elIkTwkcitþdl;kareRbIclnRTBüeFVICavtßúbBa©aM edIm,IeGayeKGaceFVIskmμPaBpþl;\NTan ÉkeTsnana dUcCakic©lIsIug (leasing) nigkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;TijeRKOgcRknana.

5> bNþúHbNþalÉkeTsdl;FnaKarTaMgLay edIm,IelIkkMBs;smtßPaBCMnajrbs;BYkeK kñúgkar ):an;sμan nigRKb;RKghaniP½yrbs;\NTanmanry³eBlkMNt;TaMgLay.

6> BRgIkesvakmμBieRKaHeyabl;GMBIGaCIvkmμkñúgRsuk EdlGacpþl;esvananadl;shRKasFun tUc nigmFüm.

7> BRgIksßab½nnanaEdlmanÉkeTsxagpþl;\NTanedayEp¥kelIRTBüsm,tþi dUcCaRkumh‘un lIsIug (Leasing) nana nig

8> lubecalnUUvBn§kat;ykmun 15° elIkarR)ak;.

8

Bt’manfμI²

kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyEx eRkayBIkarRsavRCavdl;TIkEnøgsMrab;karsikSaenH)anbBa©b; FnaKar naMmuxeKmYycMnYnxagpþl;\NTanenAkm<úCa )anbBa©úHGRtakarR)ak;CaeRcIn elI\NTancMeBaH bNþa shRKas FuntUc nigmFüm . f μ I²enH eK)anbBa©úHGRtakarR)ak;srubelI\NTancMeBaHGñkFøab;x©Idl; 15°-17/5° ¬kñúgExmifuna qñaM 2002 GRtaenHes μ Inwg 19/2°-22/8°¦. RbkarenHbNþalmkBIéføedIménkar pþl;hirBaØvtßú)anfycuH ehIykarRbkYtRbECg)anekIneLIg. FnaKarmYy)anbegáIncMnYnbuKÁlikEpñk\N Tan¼kMcIRbmaN 35° ÉFnaKarmYyeTot)anpþl;\NTansMrab;TijeRKOgcRkdl;Rkumh‘unkñúgRsukmYy. RbkarsMxan;CageKKW FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa)anbnßykarTamTarénGRtavilInPaBcaM)ac; BI 100° mk 80°.

bMErbMrYlnanaEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgry³eBld¾xøI eRkayeBlEdleKeFVIkarsikSaenH )anbgðajfa EpñkFnaKarenAkm<úCakMBugEtqøgkat;bMlas;bþÚrCaviC¢manmYy nigbnþpøas;bþÚrkñúgTisenH enAkñúgeBlGnaKt.

9

1> esckþIepþIm kmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF) KWCakmμviFImYyEdlmanGñkpþl;CMnYyCaeRcIn sMrab;

GPivDÆn_RbeTsevotNam km<úCa nigLav nigdwknaMedaysaCIvkmμhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati (IFC). Parkic© rbs;kmμviFIenH KWKaMRTdl;karGPivDÆEpñkÉkCnkñúgRsukrbs;RbeTsTaMgbI. kmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;Tenø emKgÁeFVIkarenHedaypþl;CMnYydl;Rkumh‘unkñúgRsukTaMgLay edIm,IEklMGdMeNIrkarrbs;BYkeK nigerobcM KMeragvinieyaKd¾Cak;lak;nana BRgwgsmtßPaBbNþasßab½nkñúgRsukEdlKaMRTEpñkÉkCn edaypþl;esva sMxan;²sMrab;GaCIvkmμ dl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay RBmTaMgeFVIkarRsavRCav nigsnÞna GMBIeKalneya)aysMrab;EklMGr brisßanGaCIvkmμsMrab;shRKasÉkCnTaMgLay.

kñúgkarGnuvtþGaNtþirbs;xøÜnenAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa kmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ)ankt; sMKal;eXIjfa karlM)akrbs;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm kñúgkarTTYlhirBaØvtßúsMrab;KMeragvinieyaK ry³eBlEvgTaMgLay KWCa]bs½KÁcMbgcMeBaHkarrIkcMerInrbs;BYkeK.

1>1> savtar nigeKaledATaMgLay

edIm,ICYyeGaykmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁGacbMerIshRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay)an RbesIrCagmun nigkñúgbribTénEpnkarf μ I² TaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al TaMgrbs;shKmn_pþl;CMnYy sMrab;Ek TMrg;EpñkhirBaØvtßúenAkm<úCa kmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ)anRbKl;eGayeKeFVIkarsikSaenHkñúgExmifuna qñaM2002 kñúgbMNgrkcMelIyeTAnwgsMNYrd¾sMxan;BIr³

1¦ etIGVIxøHCa]bs½KÁBitR)akd EdlraraMgmineGayFnaKarTaMgLaypþl;\NTanry³eBlEvg dl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümkñúgRsuk enAkm<úCa?

2¦ etIeKRtUveFVIdUcemþc edIm,ICMrujeGayman\NTanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBl¥CagmunenAkñúgTIpSar shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm enAkm<úCa?

kmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ)anbgðajTsSnvis½yrbs;xøÜn edayeRbIkarviPaK nigGnusasn_ nana EdlCaplénkarsikSaenH tamry³³

1¦ kareqøIytbpÞal;eTAnwg]bs½KÁ nigbBaðanana EdleK)ankt;sMKal;eXIj edaydwknaMvKÁ bNþúHbNþalÉkeTs nigGnuvtþviFankarsmRsbTaMgLay EdlkmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn; TenøemKgÁyl;faRtwmRtUv nig

10

2¦ karCUnBt’manGMBIlT§plnanaénkarsikSaenH dl;bNþaRksYg nigm®nþIrdæaPi)alBak;B½n§ sßab½nFnaKarnana nigPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgLay edIm,ITak;TajBYkeKeGaybegáIteKalneya )ay sMrab;eqøIytbeTAnwgbBaða nig]bs½KÁnanaEdleK)ankt;sMKal;eXIj.

1>2> karsikSaenAnwgkEnøg

RkumGñkRsavRCavmansmasPaB 4 nak; kñúgenaHmanGñkniBn§ nigbuKÁlikrbs;kmμviFIGPivDÆn_ KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁcMnYnbInak;. RkumenH)anRsavRCavenAnwgkEnøgsMrab;karsikSaenH enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj Gs;ry³eBlCagBIrs)þah_ kñúgExmifuna qñaM 2002. GñkniBn§ nigbuKÁlikénkm μviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn; TenøemKgÁ )aneFVIsmÖasn_cMnYnRbEhl 40 CamYyGñkdwknaMCan;x<s; nigbuKÁlikEpñk\NTan¼kMcIén bNþaFnaKarenAkm<úCa niy½tkrFnaKarnana Gñkc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμnana nigGñkvinieyaKhirBaØvtßúbreTs TaMgLayEdlcg;cUlmkkñúgTIpSarkm<úCa.

karsmÖasnanaCamYyFnaKarRbRBwtþeTAkñúgbIkMrit³ GKÁnayk naykEpñk\NTan nigm®nþIEpñk \NTan¼kMcI. kñúgeBlRsavRCavenAnwgkEnøgenH RkumGñksikSa)ansmÖasCamYyFnaKarcMnYn 12 kñúg cMeNamFnaKar 17 EdlRbtibtþienAkm<úCa. FnaKarTaMg 12 EdlFaøb; rWCaGñkGacpþl;\NTan d¾sMxan;dl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCaenH KW³

1- FnaKar ACLEDA mankMrit –ACLEDA Bank Ltd. 2- FnaKareCOnelOnénGasIu mankMrit –Advanced Bank of Asia Ltd. 3- FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCa –Cambodian Commercial Bank

4- FnaKarsaFarN³km<úCa –Cambodian Public Bank 5- FnaKarkaNaDIy:a mankMrit –Canadia Bank Ltd.

6- FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμeRkARbeTsénkm<úCa mankMrit -Foreign Trade Bank of Cambodia Ltd.

7- FnaKarEm –Maybank

8- FnaKaremKgÁ –Mekong Bank

9- FnaKareb:gehg eGs Gwm GIu mankMrit –Peng Heng SME Bank Ltd.

10- FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbT –Rural Development Bank

11- saCIvkm μFnaKarsigðbUrI –Singapore Banking Corporation

12- FnaKarshPaBBaNiC¢kmμ Plc –Union Commercial Bank Plc.

11

2> vis½yFnaKarenAkm<úCa³ sßanPaBTUeTA

2>1> karføwgEføg\NTancMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

c,ab;sþIGMBIbNþasßab½nFnaKar nighirBaØvtßú EdlRbkaseGayeRbIenAExvicäika qñaM1999 )anbegáInkarTamTar mUlFncuHbBa¢IGb,brma sMrab;FnaKarBaNiC¢km μTaMgLayBI 5 landuløaGaemrik eTA 5 Ban;lan erol¬RbmaNCa 13 landuløaGaemrik¦. Rbkaselx eb 700-39 (B

700-39) sþIBImUlFn Gb,brmarbs;FnaKar )anTamTarfa eKRtUvbMeBjmUlFncuHbBa¢IcMnYn 13lan duløaGaemrik enH eGay)anRtwméf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM 20011. mkTl;nwgBak;kNþal qñaM 2002 mUlFnsrub rbs;FnaKarcMnYn 12 EdleK)aneFVIGegát man 127/5lan duløaGaemrik. nacugqñaM 2001 FnaKarTaMg 12 enHmanRTBüskmμTaMgGs; 573 landuløaGaemrik ehIyR)ak;beBaØIsrubrbs;BYkeK mancMnYn 385lan duløaGaemrik.

enAcugqñaM 2001 karvinieyaKCakarpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKarcMnYn 11 manTwkR)ak;srubcMnYn 190 landuløaGaemrik. kñúgeBlsmÖasn_eK)ansMueGayFnaKarTaMg 11 enaH bgðajBIPaKryén \NTanrbs;BYkeKeGayeTAbNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm¬KitCabrimaN¦2. FnaKarTaMg 11 )anpþl;tYelxdUcxageRkam³

cMnYnFnaKar PaKryénkarvinieyaKCakarpþl;\NTan

dl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm 7 100° 2 90° 1 72° 1 30°

cMnYnPaKrysrubénkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm edayFnaKarTaMg 11 kñúgqñaM 2001 enHKW 85°. tYelxenHsrbBa¢ak;fa karpþl;\NTansrubdl;bNþashRKas FuntUc nigmFüm kñúgqñaM 2001 esμ Inwg 162lan duløaGaemrik ¬85° én 190lan 1 Rbkas KWCabTbBaØtþiecjBIGaCJaFrfñak;RksYg. 2 eKmin)anKitbBa©ÚlnUvtYelxrbs;FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbTeT eRBaHvaCaFnaKarrdæEdldMeNIrkaredaypþl;\NTan BImUlniFirbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy.

12

duløaGaemrik¦. eyagtamkarBüakrN’rbs;FanaKarTaMgenaH enAcugqñaM 2002 karvinieyaK Cakarpþl;\NTanrbs;BYkeKnwgekIneLIgBI 190lan duløaGaemrik dl; 271lan duløaGaemrik rWekIneLIg 43°. karekIneLIgd¾KYreGaykt;sMKal;enH GacrYmcMENkbMeBjesckþIRtUvkar kñúgkarbegáInmUlFnpøÚvkarrbs;FnaKar¬RbEhl 50lan duløaGaemrik¦ nigkarekIneLIgy:agrh½s én GRtaR)ak;beBaØIkñúgRbeTs.

kMeNInrMBwgTukkñúgkarvinieyaKCakarpþl;\NTanenH nwgminrayes μ Idl;EpñkshRKastUc nig mFümeT eRBaHeKrMBwgfa mYycMENkFMén\NtanbEnßm )anmkBIFnaKarnana EdlmansmamaRtpþl; \NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm Tab eFobnwgkarvinieyaKCakarpþl;\NTansrubrbs;BYkeK. eK)an):an;s μanfa karpþl;\NTansrubdl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

enAcugqñaM 2002 mancMnYn 222 landuløaGaemrik. cMnYnenHbgðajBIkMeNInd¾FM eBalKW 39° eFobnwgqñaM 2001 b:uEnþvaTabCagcMnYnPaKryénkMeNIn\NTansrub 43° EdleKrMBwgTuksMrab;qñaM2002. eK)anrMBwgfa smamaRtmanTMgn;énkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLaynwgcuHBI 85° kñúgqñaM 2001 mk 82° kñúgqñaM 2002 .

2>2> karpþl;\NTanminGs;lT§PaB

karBinitüTUeTAnanaEpñkbec©keTs rbs;viTüasßanhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati (IFI) )anbgðajfa km<úCa manGRtaGnþrkmμFnaKarmYyTabCageKenAkñúgBiPBelak. karsikSaedayFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu (ADB) EdlEp¥kelITinñn½yBIcugqñaM 2001 )anrkeXIjfa \NTansrubecjBIEpñkFnaKarenAkm<úCa man RbmaN 249lan duløaGaemrik Edlesμ Inwg 7/6° énplitplkñúgRsuksrub (GDP). kar sikSadEdlenH)ankt;sMKal;fa {ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgRbeTsepSg² RbB½n§FnaKarenAkm<úCamankMrit pþl;\NTanTabNas;}. FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμFmμtaenAkñúgRbeTsdéT mankmμviFIvinieyaKCakarpþl;\N TanBaNiC¢kmμ rhUtdl; 5 eTA 10 dgénmUlFnrbs;eK rWesμ Inwg 5 eTA 10 dgénpleFob tYelxEbbenHrbs;FnaKarTaMgLayenAkm<úCa}3.

FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIuk¾)anrkeXIjpgEdrfa mkTl;cugqñaM 2001 pleFob\NTanelImUlFn rbs;FnaKarTaMgLayenAkm<úCa¬ebIsinCaman¦)anfycuH. pleFob\NTanelImUlFnrbs;;FanaKar 3 Asian Development Bank, TA 3467 – CAM: Preparing a Financial Sector Development Program,

Aide Memoire, “Financial Sector Diagnostic Review.” (Mission visit to Cambodia from January 29 to February 9, 2001)

13

cMnYn 11 EdleK)anGegát esμ Inwg 1/5 ¬mUlFnman 127lan duløaGaemrik É\NTanTaMgGs; man 190lan duløaGaemrik¦. mUlehtucMbgénkarfycuHrbs;pleFobenH KWbNþalmkBIFnaKar BaNiC¢kmμTaMgLaymankMeNInmUlFnEtmþgb:ueNÑaH sMrab;tMrUvtamkarTamTarrbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa.

GaMg;DIkaT½rmYyeTotrbs;kMritpþl;\NTand¾Tabrbs;km<úCa KWpleFob\NTanelImUlFnGkmμsrub. enAkñúgqñaM 2001 nig 2002 FnaKarEdlTTYlkarGegátTaMg 11 mankMeNInR)ak;beBaØIKYreGaykt; sMKal;. k¾b:uEnþ pleFob\NTanelImUlFnGkmμsrub kñúgqñaM 2001 mantMélRtwmEt 36° b:ueNÑaH. CamFüm \NTanTaMgGs;mantMéles μ Inwg 33° énRTBüskmμsrubrbs;FnaKarEtb:ueNÑaH ¬sUmemIlrUb 1 xageRkam¦. RbPB³ karsmÖasEdleK)aneFVICamYyFnaKarnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgExminfuna qñaM 2002.

pleFob\NTand¾TabEbbenH man\Ti§Blminl¥eTAelIkarpþl;mUlniFidl;shRKasFuntUc nig mFümenAkm<úCa. \NTanTaMgGs;cMeBaHbNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCaEdlmanEt 162 lan duløaGaemrik kñúgqñaM 2001 nigRbmaNCa 222lan duløaGaemrik kñúgqñaM 2002 minRKb; RKan;sMrab;eGayEpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFümrIkcMerIn)aneT. bBaðaEdlRtUvedaHRsayKW etIFnaKar TaMgLayenAkm<úCaKμanbMNgpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümEtmþg rWmYyFnaKarTaMgenaHCYb RbTH]bsKÁkñúgkarGnuvtþ )anCaBYkeKmincg;pþl; \NTandl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm? ¬sUm eRbobeFobnwgvKÁ 2>6 xageRkam¦.

14

2>3> r)ayénmUlFnGkmμTaMgLay

CMerIsnanakñúgkarkarBRgaymUlFnGkmμmankarkMhitCabgÁÜr. eKeXIjfa bc©úb,nñenH enAkñúg RbeTskm<úCa KμanTIpSarmUlFnEdlGaceGayeKbeBa©j rWCYj]bkrN_hirBaØvtßúry³eBlxøI rWEvg)an eT eTaHedayeRbIrUbiyb½NÑbreTskþI rWrUbiyb½NÑkñúgRsukkþI. karbBa©aMvtßúnanarbs;GñkeRbIR)as; nigkar pþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;kic©snüaCYl¬eyIgnwgBiPakSaGMBIskþanuBlPaBrbs;vaenAkñúgvKÁxageRkayénr)aykarN_ enH¦ k¾minTan;manEdr.

kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn FnaKarTaMgLayenAkm<úCa dak;R)ak;beBaØIrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgFnaKarCatiénkm<úCa. enHCalT§plénktþabIy:ag 1¦ RtUvbMeBjtamGRtavilInPaBpøÚvkarrbs;FnaKarCatikm<úCa ¬BiPakSa lMGitxageRkam¦ 2¦ RtUvman{karFanamUlFn} 10° tamkarTamTarrbs;FnaKarCatikm<úCa nig 3¦ man»kasrk)ancMNUlRbkbedayhaniPaBTab. FnaKarmYycMnYn EdlPaKeRcInCasaxarbs; FnaKarbreTsGacdak;R)ak;beBaØIxøHrbs;xÜønenAÉkariyal½ykNþal rWenAÉsßab½nhirBaØvtßúeRkARbeTs epSg². cMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlGacTukenAkariyal½ykNþalTaMgenaHRtUvkMritedayRbkasrbs;FnaKarCati énkm<úCa ecjqñaM 2001 EdlRtYtBinitüelIkarpþl;\NTandl;GgÁPaBEdlTak;TgKñaTaMgLay. cMeBaHFnaKarkñúgRbeTs kardak;R)ak;beBaØØIenAnwgsßab½nhirBaØvtßúeRkARbeTsminEmnCaCMerIsl¥eT eRBaH GRtakarR)ak;EdlBYkeK)anpþl;sMrab;R)ak;beBaØImankMritx<s;Nas;eTAehIy EdlBuMeFVIeGayRbtibtþikarenH pþl;lT§pll¥b:unμaneT.

karTamTarF¶n;F¶rCageKcMeBaHFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLay EdlraraMgdl;karpþl;\NTan KWGRta vilInPaBrbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa. km<úCaminEmnCaRbeTsEtmYyEdlkMNt;GRtavilInPaBcaM)ac;enHeT bNþaRbB½n§FanaKarTaMgLayEdlmanrUbiyvtßúbMrugCaEpñk² EtgEtkMNt;karTamTarvilInPaBcaM)ac;elI sßanb½nTaMgLayEdlTTYlR)ak;beBaØI edIm,IFanafa FnaKarBaNiC¢km μTaMgenaHrkSaTunbgVilRKb;RKan; sMrab;tMrUvkardkR)ak;CayfaehtuTaMgLayrbs;GñkepJIR)ak;. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾GRtavilInPaB EdlkMNt;edayFnaKarCatienH mankMritx<s;elIseKEdr ebIeFobnwgsþg;daGnþrCatinana4.

GRtavilInPaBd¾x<s;rbs;km<úCa esÞIrEtsrbBa¢ak;BITsSn³rbs;FanaKarCatiénkm<úCafa R)ak;beBaØI TaMgLayCarUbiyvtßúbreTsEtgEtpSarP¢ab;CamYynwgGsßirPaB nigEp¥kelI{RBwtþikarN_Tak;TgnwghaniP½y} énkardkR)ak;RBm²KñakñúgeBlEtmYy. eKeXIjmanehtusMGagcMeBaHTsSn³enH. ]TahrN_ vibtþi neya)aykñúgExkkáda qñaM 1997 )anbgáeGaymankardkR)ak;RBm²Kñay:agclacl ehIyepJIR)ak; ecjBIFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLayeTAeRkARbeTs )anbNþaleGayFnaKarCaeRcInCYbnwg»nPaBsac;R)ak; 4 sUmemIl]bsm<½n§ 1 edIm,IemIlviFIKNnaGRtavilInPaB (liquidity) rbs;FanaKarCatiénkm<úCa.

15

TMenr. ehtusMGagmYyeTotcMeBaHGRtavilInPaBd¾x<s;KWedaysarfa enAkñúgRbB½n§hirBaØvtßúRbkbeday kareRbIR)ak;duløaGaemrikkñúgkMritd¾x<s;rbs;RbeTskm<úCa FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaminGacedIrtYCa {FnaKar \NTankNþal} sMrab;FanavilInPaBkñúgeBlmanGasnñ)aneT.

eTaHbImanehtusMGagdUcxagelIkþþI karTamTarvilInPaBbc©úb,nñmankMritx<s;elIslb; ehIyenHCa ]bs½KÁd¾FMcMeBaHskmμPaBpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKarTaMgLay CaBiesskñúgkrNIpþl;\NTanry³eBl Evg.

2>4> PaBesÞIrEtKμankarpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg

eKaledAsMxan;mYyrbs;karsikSaenH KWlT§PaBGacTTYl)an\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgBI FnaKar sMrab;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa. shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLayminsUv RtUvkarmUlFnbgVilCaR)ak;RtUvTTYl)an nigbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeT. CaTUeTA BYkeKRtUvkarkarpþl;\NTan ry³eBlmFüm nigEvg edIm,ITTYl)anCabEnßmnUvRTBüGcl½tsMrab;BRgIkskmμPaBnanaénGaCIvkmμ.

karsikSarbs;RkumRsavRCavGMBI\NTannanacMeBaHbNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa bgðajfa 70° én\NTanTaMgLay KWCa\NTansMrab;ry³eBlmYyqñaM rWxøICagenH 29° Ca\N TansMrab;ry³eBlBImYy eTABIrqñaM ehIymanEt 1° b:ueNÑaHEdlCa\NTansMrab;ry³eBlelIsBI 2 qñaM ¬sUmemIlrUb 2 xageRkam¦. edayeRbIlT§plenH eTAelI\NTansrubRBagTuk cMeBaH shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLaysMrab;qñaM 2002 ¬222lan duløaGaemrik¦ eKeXIjfa hirBaØb,TancMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm edayeyagtamry³eBlrbs;\NTan man³

hirBaØb,TansMrab;ry³eBlmYyqñaM rWxøICagenH³ 155lan duløaGaemrik. hirBaØb,TansMrab;ry³eBlBImYy eTABIrqñaM³ 64lan duløaGaemrik. hirBaØb,TansMrab;ry³eBlelIsBIBIrqñaM³ 2/2lan duløaGaemrik.

16

RbPB³ karsmÖasEdleK)aneFVICamYyFnaKarnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgExminfuna qñaM 2002.

fVIebItYelxTaMgenHRKan;EtCasnÞsSn_énFm μCatirbs;hirBaØb,TancMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm enAkm<úCa nigCakmμvtßúénkarEktMrUvCabnþeTAeTotkþI k¾vaenAEtCak;lak;sMrab;karsnñidæanfa BMumanhirBaØ b,Tanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgRKb;RKan;sMrab;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCaeT.

2>5> eKalkarpþl;\NTannanarbs;bNþaFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCa

CaTUeTA eKalkarpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKarmYyKYrEtqøúHbBa©aMgGMBI³ 1¦ smtßPaBkt;sMKal; eXIjhaniP½yénkarpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKar 2¦ smtßPaBRKb;RKghaniP½yrbs;FnaKar nig 3¦ plcMeNjEdlFnaKarGacrk)an eFobnwghaniP½yEdleKTTYlyk¬pleFobhaniP½yelIrgVan;¦.

eKalkarpþl;\NTanpÞal;rbs;FnaKar GacBnül;)anBIPaBkMrénkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgcMeBaHshRKasTaMgLayenAkm<úCa. kñúgbribTénbBaðananarbs;{PaKIpÁt;pÁg;} EdlkMhitkarpþl; \NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa karviPaK)anepþateTAelIcMNucnanaéneKalkarpþl; \NTan³ 1¦ kalkMNt;rbs;\NTan 2¦ \NTaneFobnwgeKalbMNg nigRbePT 3¦ RbePT énvtßúbBa©aM nig 4¦ RbePTénGgÁPaBEdlx©I.

2>5>1> eKalkarnanaTak;Tgnwgry³eBl

kñúgcMeNamFnaKarcMnYn 10 EdleK)anGegát manFnaKar 7 Edlminpþl;\NTansMrab;ry³ eBlelIsBI 24Ex5 eT. manEtFnaKarbIb:ueNÑaHEdlerobcMpþl;\NTansMrab;ry³eBldl; 36Ex. KμanFnaKarEdleK)anGegátNamYycg;pþl;\NTansMrab;ry³eBl 3-5qñaM eT. fVIebImankMrgeKal karpþl;\NTanEbbenHkþI FnaKarmYycMnYn)anpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg edayEp¥kelIkrNI elIkElg. xageRkamenH CataragkrNIelIkElgénkarpþl;\NTanTaMgenaH.

dl; 9Ex dl; 12Ex dl; 24Ex dl; 36Ex 2 FnaKar 2 FnaKar 3 FnaKar 3 FnaKar

2>5>2> eKalkarnanaTak;TgnwgeKalbMNg nigRbePT\NTan 5 EpñkenHénr)aykarN_ viPaKcMelIyGMBIFnaKarcMnYn 10. eK)andkFnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbTecjBIkarviPaKenH.

17

Bak;kNþalénFanaKarEdleyIg)anGegát pþl;EtmUlFnCaTunbgVilEtb:ueNÑaH ÉFnaKarR)aMeTot manbMNgpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;bMeBjesckþIRtUvkarCaTunbgVilpg nigCaGclnRTBüpg. k¾b:uEnþeKeXIjfa BYkeKcg;pþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;CaTunbgVilrbs;Gñkx©I CaCagbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarhirBaØvtßúsMrab;BRgIkGcln RTBü. naykEpñk\NTanrbs;saxaFnaKarmYy)anniyayfa {eKalbMNgén\NTanTaMgLay KW pþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;skmμPaBnanaEdlpþl;mUlniFisMrab;vilInPaBy:agqab;rh½s. Gñkx©IPaKeRcIn KWCaGñk EsVgrkGaCIvkmμEdlqab;pþl;cMNUlmkvij}.

2>5>3> eKalkarnanaTak;TgnwgRbePTénvtßúbBa©aM

karpþl;\NTanedayEp¥kelIvtßúbBa©aM KWCaTMlab;TUeTArbs;FnaKarEdlpþl;\NTanenAkm<úCa. k¾b:uEnþ FanaKarepSgKña KittMélénvtßúbBa©aMxusKña dUckñúgkarbgðajxageRkam³

TTYlykvtßúbBa©aM EtkMNt;tMél rbs;vaTab rWK μantMél¼ minTam TarvtßúbBa©aM

TTYlykEtvtßúbBa©aMCadI¼ GKar TTYlykvtßúbBa©aMCadI¼ GKar¼ nigeRKOgcRk

3 FnaKar 4 FnaKar 3 FnaKar

eyagtameKalkarrbs;BYkeK FnaKarTaMgGs;suT§EtRtUvkarvtßúbBa©aMsMrab;\NTan. tamFmμta vtßúbBa©aMCaGclnRTBü dUcCadI rWGKar. TMlab;enHGacqøúHbBa©aMgBIRbB½n§c,ab;bc©úb,nñEdlEcgGMBIkarcuH bBa¢IvtßúFanaGaCIvkmμCaGlnRTBü. eKalkarkMrCagenHKWmanFnaKarxøHTTYlykclnRTBü¬eRKOgcRk¦ eFVICavtßúbBa©aM ehIymanEtkñúgkal³eTs³Biessb:ueNÑaH EdlFnaKarminTamTarvtßúbBa©aM. eyabl; xageRkamrbs;m®nþIFnaKarnana srbBa¢ak;GMBIeKalkarénkarpþl;\NTan nigTMlab;nana³

{CaTUeTA eyIgTTYlEtdI nigGKar fVIt,itEtkñúgkrNIxøH eyIg)anykeRKOgcRkeFVICavtßúbBa©aMkþI. Canic©kal eyIgEtgTamTarvtßúbBa©aMBIbuKÁlTaMgLay CapÞHenATIRkugPñMeBj rWenAtamextþxøHEt b:ueNÑaH. tMél\NTanes μ Inwg 30°-50° éntMélvtßúbBa©aM.}

{eyIgminTTYleRKOgcRkeFVICavtßúbBa©aMeT eRBaHeKminGaccuHbBa¢Iva)an.}

{eyIgTTYlpÞHElVg pÞHPUmiRKwH nigdITeT¬CavtßúbBa©aM¦. eyIgTTYlykEtdI nigGKarenAPñMeBj nigenAkNþalRkugnana. eyIgGacTTYlykeRKOgcRkCabEnßm kalNapþl;\NTaneGayeTA RbtibtþikreragcRk. ¬tMél\NTanKW 40° éntMélvtßúbBa©aM¦.}

18

{eyIgykdI GKar nigeRKOgcRk¬CavtßúbBa©aM¦. b:uEnþ eTaHbIeyIgykkm μsiT§ikþI eyIgkMNt;fa vaKμantMélenAkñúgkar):an;s μanhaniP½yén\NTaneT. \tmanRckecjTIBIrKYreGayTukcitþCagenH eT. karvaytMélhaniP½yrbs;eyIg Ep¥kelIsmμtikmμénkareGayx©I{TeT}.}

{vtßúbBa©aMsMxan;Nas;enAkm<úCa ehIyeKEtgEtTamTareGaymanCanic©. ¬eKEtgpþl;\NTanes μ I nwg 30° éntMélvtßúbBa©aM.¦ ¬eyIgTTYl¦ dI nigGKarenATIRkugPñMeBj esomrab nig kMBg;camEtb:ueNÑaH. eyIgminTTYlykeRKOgcRkeT KWykEtGclnRTBü.}

{vtßúbBa©aMRKan;EtCameFüa)ayTIBIrb:ueNÑaH. ¬eKpþl;\NTan¦ 30°-60° én¬tMél¦dI pÞH rWGKar¬EdlCavtßúbBa©aM¦. eyIgk¾TTYlykeRKOgcRkkmμnþsalpgEdr.}

{eKBi)aknwgFanaedayvtßúbBa©aMNas; eTaHeKKitEt 30° k¾eday. PaKeRcInénkarpþl;\NTan rbs;eyIg Ep¥kelImUldæan{TeT}.}

{¬eyIgTTYl¦karbBa©aMdI nigGKar EtminTTYleRKOgcRkeT eRBaHKμanc,ab;sMrab;karBareRKOg cRk. eyIgk¾yklixitFanaBIRkumh‘unemEdr¬BIRkumh‘unemenAbreTs¦.}

{Gñkx©IR)ak;EtgmanTMenarsgR)ak;vij ebIsinCaeK)andak;vtßúbBa©aM. eyIgTTYlykdI nigGKarenA kñúgTIRkugnana. tMél\NTanesμ Inwg 50° éntMélvtßúbBa©aMEdleKdak;eGay.}

2>5>4> eKalkarnanaTak;TgnwgGgÁPaBx©I\NTan

Gñkpþl;\NTanskmμCageKTaMgLayenAkm<úCa KWGñkEdlpþl;\NTandl;buKÁlÉkCnnana rWdl; buKÁlÉkCn¼saCIvkmμ ehIyeKsgát;F¶n;eTAelIGclnRTBüsMrab;eFVICavtßúbBa©aM. FnaKarTaMgLayEdl pþl;\NTanPaKeRcIn rWTaMgRsugeGayEtsaCIvkmμnana eRcInEtCaFnaKarmanm©as;breTs EdlsMedA bMerIeGaysaxananarbs;GtifiCnGnþrCatirbs;xøÜn.

pþl;\NTanPaKeRcIn rWTaMg RsugeGayEtbuKÁlÉkCnnana

pþl;\NTandl;buKÁlÉkCn nigsaCIvkmμnana

pþl;\NTanPaKeRcIn rWTaMgRsug eGayEtsaCIvkmμnana

3 FnaKar 4 FnaKar 3 FnaKar

eyabl;xageRkamrbs;m®nþIFnaKarnana srbBa¢ak;GMBIeKalkarpþl;\NTan nigTMlab;TaMgenH³

19

{eyIgpþl;\NTaneGaybuKÁlÉkCnpg nigRkumh‘unTaMgLaypg b:uEnþtamFmμta eyIgeGayeTA buKÁlÉkCn rWtMNagRkumh‘unnana. buKÁlÉkCncUlmkesñI edaymanvtßúbBa©aMeRkameQμaH rbs;eK minEmnCaeQμaHRkumh‘uneT. eKminGacTukcitþ)an rWTTYl)anbBa¢IÉksarhirBaØvtßúrbs; Rkumh‘uneT.}

{enARbeTskm<úCa Rkumh‘unmankMritPaKeRcInCarbs;emRKYsar Ékm μsiT§idI nigpÞHeRcIncuHbBa¢I eRkameQμaHbuKÁl. enAeBlEdleyIgsikSamaRtananasþIBIRkumh‘unrbs;smaKm eyIgeXIjfa cMENkh‘un 90° rbs;Rkumh‘un CakmμsiT§irbs;buKÁlÉkCn.}

{tamFmμta GaCIvkmμmanCIvitEtBIrqñaMb:ueNÑaH eRBaHshRKinRtUvbgçMcitþpøas;bþÚrmuxCMnYj. eday ehtuenHehIy eTIbeyIgcUlcitþpþl;\NTandl;buKÁlÉkCn CaCagdl;Rkumh‘unnana. eTaHbI Rkumh‘un)ancuHbBa¢IRtwmRtUvkþI k¾vtßúbBa©aMCakmμsiT§irbs;buKÁlÉkCnEdr. enAkm<úCa kmμsiT§iTaMg LaykMrCarbs;Rkumh‘unNas;.}

{eyIgpþl;\NTaneGayRkumh‘un rWmYyeGayeTAbuKÁlÉkCnTaMgLay b:uEnþ eyIgcUlcitþpþl; \NTaneGayeTARkumh‘unnanaCag. Rkumh‘unTaMgLayEtgmanmnusSeRcIncUlrYmkñúgkarsMerccitþ dUcenH eKeFVIkaredayRbugRby½tñCag.}

{eyIgcUlcitþRkumh‘unCag. sBVéf¶ Gñkx©IR)ak;CabuKÁlÉkCnrbs;eyIg mancMnYnticCag 10°. eyIgpþl;\NTaneTAeGayRkumh‘unkan;EteRcIneLIg² b:uEnþ eyIgRbkan;ykkarcuHhtßelxaFana rbs;buKÁl faCahtßelxasMxan;CageK.

edaysarbc©úb,nñenH km<úCaxVHc,ab;nanasMrab;RKb;RKgTMnak;TMngrvagPaKITaMgLay naykTaMg Lay KN³RKb;RKg nigPaKITIbITaMgLay enaHCaTUeTA nayk rWm©as;TaMgLay KWCam©as;elIGcln RTBü dUcCadI nigGKarEdlGacykmkeFVICavtßúbBa©aM ÉRkumh‘unKWCam©as;elIclnRTBüTaMgLay dUcCa eRKOgcRk eRKOgm:asIun KNnIcMNUl BaNiC¢sBaØa GaCJab½NÑ .l.}

ebIKμanRbB½n§cuHbBa¢I eKBi)aknwgkMNt;kmμsiT§ielIeRKOgcRk nigeRKOgm:asIunNas;. kic©snüa rbs;{Rkumh‘un}CaeRcInRbtibtþikñúgnamm©as;PaKh‘un rWnaykNamYy. kñúgkrNIEbbenH m©as;PaKh‘un rWmYynaykGacGHGag)anfa eRKOgcRk rWkic©snüaKWCakmμsiT§irbs;BYkeK EteRbIR)as;edayRkumh‘un. kalNaFnaKarcg;)anGclnRTBüeFVICavtßúbBa©aM eKEtgEtpþl;\NTaneTAeGaybuKÁlÉkCnEdlmanb½NÑ kmμsiT§ielIGclnRTBüTaMgenaH.

20

GñkniBn§yl;fa eKGacCMnHPaBminc,as;las; nigminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarRKb;RKgRkumh‘unrbs;km<úCa sBVéf¶ )anmYyPaKFM edayeRbIBRgagÉksarnanaTak;Tgnwg\NTanEdlFnaKarTaMgLaykMBugeFVI. FnaKarTaMgLayGac nigKYrEtpþÜcepþImKMnitedIm,Ibnßy rWbM)at;PaBminc,as;las; rWbM)at;haniP½ytam ry³karcgRkgÉksar.

2>6> tMrUvkar\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg

RkumGñkRsavRCavk¾)ansikSapgEdrGMBI{esckþIRtUvkar}\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg rbs; bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa. k¾b:uEnþ edaysarkarsikSaenHepþateTAelIFnaKarTaMgLay enaHeKTTYl)anBt’man nigkaryl;GMBIesckþIRtUvkar\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgrbs;bNþash RKasFuntUc nigmFüm CaRbeyaltamry³eyabl;nanarbs;m®nþIFnaKarTaMgLay nigkarvaytMél rbs;FnaKarTaMgLayeTAvij minEmn)anmkBIxagshRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay edaypÞal;eT.

eyabl;xøH²xageRkam rbs;GñktMNagFnaKarnana)anbgðajfa {esckþIRtUvkar}\NTanry³ eBlmFüm nigEvg edaybNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa manTMhMFMbgÁÜr³

{tMrUvkarmanTMhMFM. b:uEnþeyIg)anbdiesFsMeNIRbmaN 50° eRBaHvaBMumanvtßúbBa©aMRKb;RKan; sMrab;karpþl;km©I rW¬edaysar¦bBaðaepSg²eTot.}

{tMrUvkar\NTanmanTMhMFM b:uEnþGñkx©Il¥² mantic.}

{RbmaN 50° énGñkesñIsMu\NTan)anesñI\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg b:uEnþeyIgesñIpþl;Et \NTanry³eBlxøIRtwmmYyqñaMEtb:ueNÑaH.}

{eKBi)aknwgrkGtifiCnEdlRtUvkar\NTanry³eBl 3-5 qñaMNas;. bc©úb,nñ GñkvinieyaK TaMgLayminvinieyaKsMrab;ry³eBlEvgeT. BYkeKrg;caMemIllT§plénkare)aHeqñatqñaM 2003.}

{Gñkx©IR)ak;ry³eBlEvgTaMgLay minGacTTYlyl;RBmtamGRtakarR)ak;rbs;eyIg)aneT. eyIg kMresñIpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgNas;.}

GaMgDIkaT½rmYyeTot EdlbBa¢ak;BItMrUvkar\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg d¾xøaMgbgÁÜrBIsMNak; shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay KWeRbkg;d¾x<s;KYrkt;sMKal;énkarx©IbnþmþgehIymþgeTot rWkarbnøay

21

\NTanry³eBlxøI. FnaKarmYy)aneGayeyIgdwgfa 60° én\NTanry³eBlmYyqñaMRtUveKbnøay ehIyCaTUeTA eKbnøayEfm 6Ex.

eTaHy:agNak¾eday RbkarsMxan;mYyEdlKYrkt;sMKal;KW GRtakarR)ak;d¾x<s;EdlkMNt;eday FnaKarTaMgLay GacraraMgshRKasFuntUc nigmFümCaeRcInEdlEsVgrk\NTanBIFnaKar. eday ehtuenH eKBi)aknwg):an;sμantMrUvkarBitR)akdén\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg enAkñúgcMNucenH Nas;.

2>7> GRtakarR)ak; nigkarkMNt;tMél\NTan

GRtakarR)ak;elI\NTanx©IBIFnaKarenAkm<úCa RtUveKkMNt;edayEp¥kelImUldæanénGRtakarR)ak; RbcaMEx. CaTUeTA GRtaenHesμ Inwg 1°-2° kñúgmYyEx. éføsrubénesvapþl;\NTan ERbRbYlBI 0/5° eTA 2° éntMél\NTankñúgeBlx©I. GRtaTaMgenHeFVIeGayGRtakarR)ak;srubelI\NTanesμ I RbEhl 30° kñúgmYyqñaM. sßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßúnana KitGRtasrubénkarR)ak;éføCagenHeTAeTot.

cMeBaHFnaKarTaMg 12 EdleyIg)anGegát GRtakarR)ak;srubCamFümelI\NTansMrab;ry³eBl mYyqñaM esμ Inwg 19/19° kñúgmYyqñaM¬sUmemIlrUb 3 xageRkam¦. manFnaKarcMnYnBIrEdlKitGRta karR)ak;srubx<s;CageK KW 28/5° ehIymanFnaKarmYyKitTabCageK KW 13° kñúgmYyqñaM. RbPB³ karsmÖasEdleK)aneFVICamYyFnaKarnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgExmifuna qñaM 2002.

PaBxusKñaKYreGayBicarNa énGRtakarR)ak;EdlKitedayFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLayenAkm<úCa GacCabc©½yénktþaBIr³ 1¦ éføedImkñúgkarpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKarnimYy² xus²Kña nig 2¦ Epñkén TIpSarxusKña ¬GRtakarR)ak;x<s;CagGacbgðajfa eKaledArbs;FnaKarKWTIpSarRbkbedayhaniP½y x<s;¦. ktþaTaMgBIrGacmanTMnak;TMngrvagKña. mann½yfa edaysaréføedImkñúgkarpþl;\NTanx<s;

22

CageK FnaKarGacRtUvKitGRtakarR)ak;elI\NTanx<s;CageK edIm,ITTYl)ancMNUlsmRsbmkvij edayehtuenHehIy eTIbeKRtUvepþateTAelIGñkx©IRbkbedayhaniP½yx<s;.

2>7>1> GRtakarR)ak;x<s;Cag cMeBaH\NTansMrab;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

eKeXIjfa GRtakarR)ak;elI\NTancMeBaHEpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm minsUvxusKñaeRcIn dUcGRtakarR)ak;elI\NTanTUeTAeT. k¾b:uEnþ GRtamFüménkarR)ak;elI\NTancMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nig mFüm x<s;CagGRtamFümelI\NTanTUeTA. tamkarKNna GRtakarR)ak;elI\NTancMeBaH bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm edayEp¥kelImUldæanKNnatamTMgn; ¬edayeRbIbrimaNCak;Esþgén \NTanTaMgLaycMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm¦ eyIgrkeXIjfa mFümmanTMgn;énGRtakarR)ak; srubelI\NTancMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay es μ Inwg 22/81°. RbkarenHsrbBa¢ak; BIPaBlb;énbNþaGñkpþl;\NTantMélx<s; enAkñúgTIpSar\NTansMrab;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm ¬sUmemIlrUb 4 xageRkam¦.

RbPB³ karsmÖasEdleK)aneFVICamYyFnaKarnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgExmifuna qñaM 2002.

2>7>2> éføedImkñúgkarpþl;hriBaØvtßú ebIeFobnwgéføedImkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú FnaKarnana)aneRbIGRtakarR)ak;énR)ak;beBaØIry³eBlbIEx

eFVICaGaMgDIkaT½rénéføedImkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúrbs;BYkeK ¬sUmemIlrUb 5 xageRkam¦6. éføedImkñúgkar

6 FnaKarBIrkñúgcMeNamFnaKarEdleyIg)ansmÖas BMumanGRtakarR)ak;sMrab;R)ak;beBaØIry³eBlbIExeT eRBaHBYk

eKCaFnaKarÉkeTs EdlTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;mUlniFiCaPaKh‘un rWesÞIrEtCaPaKh‘un. sMrab;karviPaKenH eyIg

23

pþl;hirBaØvtßúERbRbYlBI 6° eTA 1/5° cMeBaHFnaKarbreTsTaMgLaypþl;GRtakarR)ak;beBaØITabCag. éføedImCamFümkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúrbs;FnaKarcMnYn 12 EdleyIg)ansmÖas es μ Inwg 3/65°.

eKkMNt;R)ak;cMeNjrbs;FnaKaredayeRbI{plsgsrub}rvagéføedImkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú nigéfø esvapþl;\NTan nigGRtakarR)ak;nanaelI\NTan. éføRbtibtþikar¬rYmTaMgR)ak;bMrugsMrab;karxatbg; \NTan¦RtUveKdkecjBI{plsgsrub}. cMeBaHFnaKarTaMg 12 EdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy pl sgx<s;CageKKW 24/5° ÉTabCageKKW 8/55°. plsgsrubmFümKW 15/54° ¬sUmemIlrUb 6 xageRkam¦. RbPB³ karsmÖasEdleK)aneFVICamYyFnaKarnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgExminfuna 2002. RbPB³ karsmÖasEdleK)aneFVICamYyFnaKarnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgExmifuna qñaM 2002.

)ankMNt;ykGRtakarR)ak; 4/5° nig 5/0° sMrab;BYkeK eRBaHenHCaGRtakñúgTIpSarEdlesñIpþl;eday FnaKarRbhak;RbEhlKña.

24

2>7>3> lT§PaBcMeNjBIkarpþl;hriBaØvtßúdl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßúEdle)aHBum<pSayedaybNþaGñkpþl;\NTanskm μCageKenAkm<úCa )anbgðaj fa karpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm KWCaskmμPaBGaCIvkm μEdlpþl;cMNUldl;FnaKar TaMgenaH. lT§PaBrkcMeNjBIkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþaashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm køayCac,as; las;Cagmun enAeBlEdleKBicarNaedayEp¥kelImUldæanénmFümmanTMgn;¬sUmemIlrUb 7 xag eRkam¦. eyagtammUldæanénmFümmanTMgn; R)ak;cMeNjBIkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nig mFüm)anekIneLIgdl; 18/94° eBalKW 3/4° x<s;CagR)ak;cMeNjmFüm¬Fm μta¦ Edles μ Inwg 15/54°. R)ak;cMeNjEdleKsikSaenAkñúgvKÁenH Tak;Tgnwg\NTanry³eBlxøITaMgLay EtminTak;Tg nwg\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgeT.

RbPB³ karsmÖasEdleK)aneFVICamYyFnaKarnanaenATIRkugPñMeBj kñúgExmifuna qñaM 2002.

mansMNYrmYy)anpuseLIgfa ebIkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümpþl;cMeNj eRcIndUcenH ehtuGVI)anCaFnaKarTaMgLayminsUvcg;BRgIkkarpþl;\NTan? eyIgBiPakSalMGitGMBIehtu plnanaénkgVHectnaEbbenH enAkñúgvKÁTI 3 xageRkam.

2>8> krNInanaénkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg enAkm<úCa

FnaKarTaMg 12 EdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy )anpþl;dl;RkumGñkRsavRCav nUvkarBN’naGMBI \NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgnana dl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm dUcteTA³

lr Gñkx©I ¼ KMerag TMhM\NTan nigry³eBl RbkarlMGit

25

lr Gñkx©I ¼ KMerag TMhM\NTan nigry³eBl RbkarlMGit 1 sNæaKarmYyenAesomrab 150 000 duløaGaemrik vtßúbBa©aMCapÞHPUmiRKwHmYy. eK)an

bBa©úHBIsMeNIsMu\NTanEdlesμ Inwg 500 000 duløaGaemrik

2 sNæaKarmYyenAPñMeBj 2lan duløaGaemrik/ \NTanry³eBl 4 qñaM

Gñkx©ICaRkumh‘unkUermYy. karR)ak; kñúgkMritsm,Tan 15/6°

3 karBRgIkePaCnIydæan 20 000 duløaGaemrik/ \NTanry³eBl 3 qñaM

GtifiCnesñIsMu\NTanedIm,ITijGKar enACab;KñatMél 80 000 duløaGaemrik. GKarenHCavtßúbBa©aM.

4 ehdæarcnasm<½n§-sMNg; s<anlycUlsmuRTenA RkugRBHsIuhnu

2lan duløaGaemrik/ sBV éf¶)anbg;cuHdl; 300 000 duløaGaemrik

Gñkx©ICaRkumh‘unsMNg;EdlesñIsMu \NTansMrab;TijeRKOgcRk

5 eRKOgm:asIunsMrab;eragcRk kat;edr

500 000 duløaGaemrik/ \NTanry³eBl 3 qñaM

GKar nigeRKOgcRknanaCavtßúbBa©aM

6 sNæaKarmYy 300 000 duløaGaemrik GKarCavtßúbBa©aM 7 karBRgIksNæaKarsMrab;

GñkeTscrs<ayfg; enA TIRkugPñMeBj


\NTanrgkarrMls; nigmanGKar CavtßúbBa©aM

8 eRKOgcRksMrab;eragcRk cMNIRtIenAkMBg;cam


dI nigeRKOgm:asIunCavtßúbBa©aM

9 m:asIunsMrab;sMGatenAkñúg eragcRkkat;edr


KμanlT§PaBsg. eRKOgm:asIunCa vtßúbBa©aMRtUvGñkpþl;\NTanÉeTot² rwbGUsyk.

10 eragcRkkinRsUvenAextþ taEkv


KμanlT§PaBsg. RbeTsevotNam bþÚreKalkareTATTYlykEtRsUvnaM cUlEdlminTan;kin. eRKOgm:asIun plitenARbeTscinlk;ecjmin)an.

11 KMeragTwk 5 000 duløaGaemrik/ \NTanry³eBl 5 qñaM

FnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbTEdlpþl; \NTanBImUlniFirbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy.

26

RbkarTImYyKYrkt;sMKal; KWkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgEdlpþl;edayFnaKarEdl TTYlkarGegát manticEmnETn –manEt 11 \NTanb:ueNÑaH. RbkarenHKaMRTdl;karyl;eXIj CaTUeTAfa karpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa manlkçN³xusRbRktI.

eKeXIjmankarpþúM\NTaneTAelIbNþaKMeragsNæaKar. enHRbEhlmkBIkarN_fa KMeragsNæa KarTaMgLayGacpþl;GclnRTBüeFVICavtßúbBa©aM edayminKitBIhaniP½yd¾x<s;xusFmμta kñúgkarTTYlyk KMeragminTan;cb;CasßaBreFVICavtßúbBa©aMeLIy. eKeTIbnwgpþl;\NTanFMCageKtMél 2lan duløaGaemrik kñúgeBlf μ I²enH.

enAkñúgtaragxagelI eK)anpþl;\NTanBIreTAeGayGñkx©InanaBIEpñk]sSahkm μkat;edr. kñúgkrNI mYyEdlvtßúbBa©aMCaeRKOgcRk eRkayBIGñkx©I)at;bg;lT§PaBsg FnaKarCam©as;\NTanminGackMNt;)an GMBIGaTiPaBeFobnwgm©as;\NTanÉeTot² kñúgkarbþwgpþl; eRBaHvtßúFanamin)an nigminGaccuHbBa¢I)an. \NTanBIreTot RtUv)aneKpþl;eGayGñkx©ImkBIEpñkksikmμ. kñúg\NTanmYyEdlmanvtßúbBa©aMCaeRKOgcRk kinRsUv eRkayBIGñkx©I)at;bg;lT§PaBsg FnaKarCam©as;bMNule)aHbg;karTamTarrbs;xøÜnecal eRBaH KμanTIpSarsMrab;eRKOgcRkmkBIRbeTscinEdlRtUveKeRbIehIy ÉkarrwbGUseRKOgcRkGacbNþaleGayb:H Bal;dl;CIvPaBrbs;GñkPUmiCaeRcIn.

27

3> ]bs½KÁnanancMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm edayFnaKarnana enAkm<úCa eKeXIjmanvismPaBrvagkgVHkarpÁt;pÁg;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgdl;bNþashRKasFuntUc

nigmFüm CamYynwgesckþIRtUvkar\NTanBIFnaKard¾xøaMgbgÁÜrrbs;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay enAkm<úCa. bBaðaCakmμvtßúrbs;karsikSaenH KWkarkMNt;]bs½KÁsMxan;² cMeBaHkarpþl;\NTaneday FnaKardl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay. RkumGñksikSa)anrkeXIj]bs½KÁTaMgenH nigeXIjfa ]bs½KÁxøHCabc½©yxøaMgCag]bs½KÁÉeTot² ehIyeKk¾)anrkeXIj]bs½KÁmYycMnYn EdleKBMu)ankt;sMKal; eXIjBIdMbUgEdr. eK)anelIkyk]bs½KÁCabc©½yTaMgenaHmkBiPakSaenAkñúgvKÁenH.

3>1> c,ab;Edlman minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_m©as;\NTan

FnaKarTaMgGs;EdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy )anGHGagfa RbB½n§c,ab;d¾exSayrbs;km<úCa nigpl vi)akrbs;vakñúgrUbPaBCaGsmtßPaBkñúgkarkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;m©as;\NTan KWCa]bs½KÁd¾FMcMbg cMeBaHskmμPaBpþl;\NTan¬\NTanry³eBlxøI mFüm nigEvgsMrab;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm RBmTaMgGñkx©IÉeTot²¦ rbs;BYkeK. eKkt;sMKal;eXIjc,as;nUvPaBminRKb;RKan;Epñkc,ab; enAkñúgkar pþl;\NTansMrab;TijeRKOgcRk nigm:asIun EdlminGaceRbIkareFVICavtßúbBa©aM)an. r)aykarN_mYy rbs;saCIvkmμhirBaØvtßúGnþrCati (IFC) sþIGMBIkarCYl¬cuHéf¶TI15 Exvicäika qñaM 2000¦)anGHGagfa {eyagtamc,ab;kic©snüarbs;km<úCabc©úb,nñ edIm,IeGaykarbBa©aMmansuBlPaB enaHm©as;kmμsiT§iCYl GñkeGayeKx©I nigm©as;\NTan RtUvEtykeRKOgcRkrUbv½nþ¬kmμsiT§idak;bBa©aM¦mkeFVICakmμsiT§irbs;xøÜn.}

RbB½n§nitikmμkm<úCabc©úb,nñBMu)anpþl;viFINamYysMrab;karcuHbBa¢I rWbegáInkMriténkarFanaplRbeyaCn_ edayclnRTBüeT. eKkMBugRBagc,ab;mYysþIBIRbtibtþikard¾mansuvtßiPaBEdlbegáItEbbbT nigsßab½n nana sMrab;cuHbBa¢IvtßúFanaplRbeyaCn_CaclnRTBü ehIybc©úbnñ kMBugsßitenAÉRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ. k¾b:uEnþ karcUlCaFrman nigkarRbtibtþic,ab;enHnwgRbRBwtþeTA)ankñúgmYyry³xagmux.

m©as;\NTanTaMgLayeCOfa BYkeKminGackMNt;GaTiPaBelIm©as;\NTanÉeTot²eT eTaHbIelI eRKOgm:asIun nigeRKOgcRkEdleK)anpþl;hirBaØvtßúeGayTijkþI. kgVHCMenOcitþenHEp¥kelIkrNIbþwgpþl;KñamYy cMnYntUc EdlkñúgenaH eKminTTYlsÁal;karTamTartamkic©snüarbs;m©as;\NTan. enAkñúgkþImYy tulakar)anbenÞasFnaKarmYy edaysareK)anTTYlykEpñknanaénclnRTBüeFVICavtßúbBa©aM. CMhr rbs;tulakarKW edaysarKμanc,ab; rWRbkasCak;lak;sþIBIerOgenH enaHtamc,ab;kic©snüa RTBüsm,tþi

28

TaMgLayrbs;kUnbMNul elIkElgEtGclnRTBüEdlFanaRtwmRtUvedayc,ab;dIFøI rWclnRTBüEdlFana RtwmRtUv¬eBalKWRTBüCakmμsiT§i¦ nwgRtUvRbKl;eGayeTAm©as;\NTanTaMgLaytameKalkar {GñkNa mkmun)anmun}. enHmann½yfa m©as;\NTanNaEdl)anTTYlkarvinicä½yedaytulakarmun nigman siT§iTTYl)anRTBüenaHmun.

cenøaHRbehagsMxan;²kñúgRbB½n§nitikm μkm<úCaEdlTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;\NTan ekItecjmkBIc,ab;dIFøI ¬qñaM 2001¦ c,ab;kic©snüa¬qñaM 1988¦ Gvtþmanénc,ab;Rkumh‘un ehIykñúgkMritTabCagenH KWGvtþ manénc,ab;kS½yFn.

3>1>1> c,ab;dIFøI ¬qñaM 2001¦

c,ab;dIFøIGnuBaØateGaymanplRbeyaCn_bIy:agBIvtßúFana³ vtßúbBa©aMbMNul¬GIub:UEtk¦ vtßúbBa©aM nig vtßúbBa©aMEdlmancuHEtkñúgkic©snüa (Antichresis) ¬RbePTén{vtßúbBa©aM}mü:ag EdlenAkñúgRbB½nÞc,ab; RbeTsGg;eKøasak;sug (Common Law) KμancMNucNasmmUlCamYy¦ [vKÁTI5 maRta192-225 ]. c,ab;dIFøIk¾)anGnuBaØatdl;karcuHbBa¢I elIplRbeyaCn_BI{vtßúFana}EdlCadI ¬eBalKWkarCYlry³eBl Evgnana siT§ieRbIR)as;dIrbs; GñkdéT dIsm,Tannana.l.¦ nigkarbegáItCavtßúFana GMBI plRbeyaCn_lMdab;TIBIrEdlCadI¬maRta 197¦. eTaHy:agNak¾eday plRbeyaCn_BivtßúFanaTaMgbI y:ageRbIR)as;)anEtkñúgEpñkxøHb:ueNÑaH ehIy )anTukbBaðaCaeRcInsMrab;eGaytulakarbkRsay. eKRtUvbegáItviFanmYycMnYn sMrab;bkRsaybMPøWbBaða TaMgenH.

GtßiPaB nigkarcuHbBa¢IplRbeyaCn_lMdab;TIBIrEdl)anmkBIdI niglT§PaBrbs;m©as;\NTankñúg karkan;kab;ykplRbeyaCn_BIvtßúFanaEdleK)ancuHbBa¢I kñúgTMrg;CaplRbeyaCn_lMdab;TIBIrenH KWCa Rbkard¾sMxan;cMeBaHm©as;\NTanTaMgLay. eKRtUvEtdak;ecjnUvRbB½n§TaMgmUlenAkñúgviFannana Edl RtUvGnuvtþ eRBaHc,ab;RKan;EtniyayGMBIlT§PaBGtßiPaBrbs;vab:ueNÑaH. kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ eKmineXIj maneRKagkarbegáItviFanEbbenHeT.

c,ab;dIFøIk¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrGMBIkic©snüaCYlry³eBlEvg edaycat;TukvadUcCaplRbeyaCn_ Edl)anmkBIdI ¬EpñkTI 4 maRta 106-113¦. enHCabMErbMrYlCamUldæanenAkñúgc,ab;rbs;km<úCa EdlBImunenH RKan;Etniyayfa kic©snüaCYlTaMgLayCasiT§itamkic©snüarbs;buKÁl. enHmann½yfa Gñkpþl;\NTanTaMgLayGacTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIvtßúFanaCakic©snüaCYl eRBaHkic©snüaCYlCaRbePT plRbeyaCn_BIdI –EdlCasiT§id¾sMxan;mYy kñúgkrNIEdlGñkvinieyaKCaGgÁPaBbreTs. k¾b:uEnþ c,ab; kñúgvKÁenaHTamTarkarbkRsaybBa¢ak; nigkarBnül;CabEnßmeTotenAkñúgGnuRkwtüNamYy. eRkABIenH

29

eKRtUvEterobrab;lMGitGMBIRbB½n§sMrab;kargarcuHbBa¢Ikic©snüaCYlry³eBlEvgTaMgLay nigkarcuHbBa¢Ipl RbeyaCn_BIvtßúFana kñúgTMrg;Cakic©snüaCYlenH ehIykMNt;ecjCaFrmanedayviFan.

c,ab;dIFøI)anGnuBaØateGaymansiT§iCam©as;elIGKarnana¬edayCnbreTs rWCnkm<úCa¦ edayELkBI siT§iCam©as;elIdI¬maRta 8¦. RbkarenHsMxan;Nas;cMeBaHGñkmankic©snüaCYlTaMgLayEdlmanbMNg ecjR)ak;sg;sMNg;GVImYyenAelIdICYl. k¾b:uEnþ eKRtUvkarviFannanasMrab;bMPøÅ nigGnuvtþmaRtaenH.

esckþIRBagc,ab;rdæb,evNI EdlRBagedayGñkÉkeTsCb:un rYmCamYyRksYgyutþiFm’ k¾)andak; ecjnUvsiT§ikan;kab;Cam©as;elIvtßúFanaepSg² CaGclnRTBüEdr. esckþIRBagc,ab;rdæb,evNIk¾manmaRta nana sþIBIkarTTYlyk nigkarGnuvtþc,ab;plRbeyaCn_BIvtßúFanaEdlCaclnRTBüpgEdr.

3>1>2> c,ab;kic©snüa ¬qñaM 1988¦

vKÁTI 3 énc,ab;kic©snüaTak;TgnwgelIvtßúbBa©aMCaclnRTBü. k¾b:uEnþ vaTamTareGaymankm μ siT§ielIvtßúbBa©aM nigbBa¢ak;fa PaKITTYlkarFanaminGackøayeTACam©as;elIvtßúbBa©aMedayKμansalRkmBI tulakareT ehIyRbkarenHCabnÞúkd¾F¶n;F¶r¬sUmemIlcMNuc 4>2 xageRkam¦. eKcat;TuksiT§ikan; kab;Cam©as;edaym©as;\NTanfaCaRbB½n§énkarcuHbBa¢I tamkarBit.

3>1>3> c,ab;Rkumh‘un ¬Kμan¦

bc©úb,nñ eKmineXIjmanc,ab;sþIBIkarRKb;RKgRkumh‘un nigbBaØtþinanasMrab;RKb;RKgTMnak;TMngrvag m©as;PaKh‘unnana nayk GñkRKb;RKg nigPaKITIbIeT. plvi)alénPaBcenøaHenHKW FnaKarBi)aknwg TTYl)annUvPaBR)akdRbCaTak;TgnwgkarRKb;RKgRkumhu‘n dUcCakaryl;RBmnanarbs;KN³RKb;RKg rW m©as;PaKh‘un htßelxIEdleK)anRbKl;siT§ieGay.l. eKk¾eXIjmanpgEdrnUvPaBminc,as;las;KYr eGaycab;GarmμN_enAkñúgbBaðasMxan;²eTot dUcCaviFansþIBIkarrYmbBa©ÚlKña viFansMrab;karrMsayRkum h‘un viFanTak;Tgnwgm©as;PaKh‘un karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;naykcMeBaHkarEkøgbnøM nigkMhusqÁgd¾sμ úk sμajÉeTot² rW]Rkidækm μ.

eRkABIenH tamkarGnuvtþ nigkaryl;eXIjCaEbbbT eK)anTamTareGayRkumh‘uneRbIlkçnþik³KMrU rbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ. lkçnþik³TaMgenaH)anbegáIttaMgBIeBlcab;epþIm nUvrcnasm<½n§EdlminGaceGayeK Gnuvtþ)an eFVIeGayRkumh‘unCaeRcInRtUvbgçMcitþbMBanelIenaH edIm,IGacdMeNIrkar)an ehIy)aneFVIeGay FnaKarPaKeRcInbdiesFminpþl;\NTaneGay. rdæaPi)alGacmin)andwgGMBI\T§iBlGviC¢mand¾F¶n;F¶rénkar

30

TamTarenHeTAelIkarpþl;\NTandl;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay nigeTAelIkarTTYlykvtßúbBa©aMCakmμsiT§irbs;Rkum h‘un edayFnaKarTaMgLayeT.

3>1>4> c,ab;kS½yFn ¬Kμan¦

mUlehtumYyeTotEdleFVIeGayFnaKar)armÖGMBIkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþaGgÁPaBCaRkumh‘un KWPaB gayRsYlcMeBaHRkumh‘unCab;bMNulkñúgkarbiTRkumh‘un edaymincaM)ac;sgR)ak;dl;m©as;\NTan epÞr rWlak;bMBYnRTBüsm,tþiTaMgLay nigebIkRkumh‘unCafμ IeRkameQμaHepSg. eKmineXIjmankarENnaMNa mYyTak;TgnwgzananuRkménbNþam©as;\NTanEdlman nigKμankarFana eRkABIbTbBaØtþinanaénc,ab;dI EdlTak;TgnwgvtßúFanaCaGclnRTBüeLIy. bBaðaenHman\T§iBlGviC¢manKYreGaykt;sMKal;eTAelIkar RbkbGaCIvkmμnanaenAkm<úCa. ]TahrN_ ebIsinCaFnaKarTTYlykvtßúFanaCadI b:uEnþeKmin)aneGay FnaKardwgfa GñkTijdIenaHminTan;bg;éføTijdIRKb;enAeLIy enaHbBaðaekIteLIgkñúgTMrg;fa etIGñklk;dIman siT§itamlkçnþik³ rWsiT§ikan;kab;kmμsiT§idIvijCasV½yRbvtþirWeT fVIbIeKmin)ancuHbBa¢IbBa¢ak;fa eKman GaTiPaBelIkarcuHbBa¢IvtßúFanarbs;FanaKarkþI. eKeXIjmanbBaðadUcKñaTak;TgnwgsiT§irwbGUsyksMNg; rWBn§nana. tulakarnana)ankat;kþIxus²KñacMeBaHbBaðaenH ehIyFnaKarTaMgLaymanGarmμN_RcbUk Rcbl;Nas; enAkñúgbriyakasc,ab;EbbenH.

3>2> RbB½n§tulakar minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_m©as;\NTan

RbB½n§tularbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCabNþaleGayman]bsKÁrcnasm<½n§cMeBaHhirBaØb,Tan. extþ nigTI RkugnimYy²manEttulakarCan;TabEdlehAfa{saladMbUg}. kþITaMgGs; ¬rdæb,evNI RBhμT½NÐ nig BaNiC¢kmμ¦RtUvkat;edaytulakarenHEtmYy. tamFmμta ecARkmeFVIsvnakar nigkat;kþIelIRKb;krNI. kUnkþIGacbþwg]T§rN_GMBIesckþIsMercrbs;saladMbUgeTAsala]T§rN_ ehIyGacbþwg]T§rN_CabnþbnÞab; eTotGMBIesckþIsMercrbs;sala]T§rN_eTAtulakarCan;x<s;. enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgmUl mansala]T§rN_ EtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlsßitenAkñúgRksYgyutþiFm’. ÉmUlehtuénkarbþwg]T§rN_GacmanlkçN³y:agsamBaØ kñúgrUbPaBCakarmineBjcitþcMeBaHsalRkm.

RbB½n§tulakarbc©úb,nñ mantulakarTMhMtUc² nigmancMnYntic ehIymanecARkmTaMgLayEdlmin GaceFVIkarTan;kargarkþInanaEdlmanTMhMFM nigmancMnYneRcIn. eRkABIenH tamkaryl;eXIjCa saFarN³ sBVéf¶enH esckþIsMerccitþ nigsalRkmTaMgLay minRbRktI nigminGacsμanTuk)an. ehtusMGagpøÚvc,ab;nana nigkarTajehtupl sßitkñúglMdab;TIBIreFobnwgsMNUk nigGMeBIBukrlYy.

31

eyagtambBa¢IkargarEdleFVIminTan; nigkaryl;eXIjGMBIPaBminGacsμanTuk)an Gñkbþwgpþl;Kña hak;dUcCarkeXIjfa karbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkareTAeGaym®nþItulakarTaMgLay GaceGayeKsMerc)an eKaledABIr³ 2¦ CMrujkþIrbs;eKeGay)aneTAmunerOgkþIÉeTot²EdlsßitkñúgCYrd¾Evgénkarrg;caM nig 2¦ CH\T§iBleTAelIkarkat;kþIrbs;tulakar. eKyl;eXIjfa dMeNIrkarrbs;tulakarKWCa{karlk;eTA eGayGñkEdleGayéføx<s;Cag} ehIykñúgkrNI)at;bg;lT§PaBsg\NTan CaerOy² FnaKarTaMgLay Ca{GñkEdleGayéføx<s;Cag}. k¾b:uEnþ CaerOy² enAeBlEdleKbUkéføcMNayRsbc,ab; nigeRkApøÚv karTaMgLayEdleK)ancaykñúgerOgkþIeTA tMéltamkarTamTarvtßúbBa©aMrbs;BYkeK Føak;cuHTabCagtMél bMNulcMeBaHFnaKar. dUcenH FnaKarTaMgLayEtgeFVIy:agNaedIm,IecosvagerOgkþIenAtulakar eday minpþl;\NTaneTAeGayGñkesñIx©INaEdleKyl;fa GaceFVIeGayeKCYbnwghaniP½yEbbNamYy.

eyagtamFnaKarTaMgLayEdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy bBaðaFM²epSgeTot EdlkMBugRbQmuxCa mYyRbB½n§tulakarbc©úb,nñ KWkgVHc,ab;ÉkeTs nigc,ab;lMGitnana RBmTaMgPaBminRtUvKñaénEbbbTkargar TaMgLayrbs;tulakar. eKmineXIjmanc,ab;kMNt;BIEbbbTkargar EdltulakarRtUveRbIkñúgkarvinicä½y kþIBaNiC¢kmμ rWkþIrdæb,evNITaMgLayeT. dUcenH edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðad¾sMxan;enH eKKYrGnumti nig Rbtibtþic,ab;mYysþIBInitiviFIrdæb,evNI. eKTTYl)andMNwgfa TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþIkMBugBicarNaGMBIc,ab; EbbenH. bc©úb,nñ tulakarGnuvtþc,ab;nitiviFIRBh μT½NÐ cMeBaHerOgkþIBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLayedayeyagtam PaBdUcKña ¬ehIyxus²BIKñamineTogTat;¦. eKRtUvEtGnumti nigRbtibtþic,ab;mYysþIBInitiviFIrdæb,evNI.

CabEnßmelIenaH Rkwtüelx 51 {c,ab;sþIBIkarGnuvtþsalRkmrdæb,evNI} )anGs;suBlPaB ¬eBalKW karedjéføRtUvEtkMNt;eBledaycMehHeTon¦ ehIyminGacGnuvtþy:aggaycMeBaHerOgkþITaMg LayTak;Tgnwgkarkat;ykCakmμsiT§iedaym©as;\NTaneT.

CabBa©b; karGnuvtþsalRkmCaRbkarminc,as;las;. karGnuvtþsalRkmBaNiC¢km μnana RbEhlCaRbRBwtþeTAjwkjab;Cagkarkat;kþIRBh μT½NÐpg. k¾b:uEnþ CaerOy² ry³eBl nigeKalkar cMhsMrab;karbþwg]T§rN_ ¬karbþwg]T§rN_GacmanlkçN³samBaØkñúgrUbPaBCakarmineBjcitþcMeBaHsal Rkm¦ raraMgmineGaykarGnuvtþc,ab;RbRBwtþeTA)anrh½s nigmanRbsiT§PaBeLIy.

3>3> buKÁlikFnaKarKμanCMnajRKb;RKan;sMrab;viPaK nigRKb;RKghaniP½yénkarpþl; \NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

RkumGñkRsavRCav)anrkeXIjfa buKÁlikrbs;FnaKarTaMgLayEdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy BMu)an TTYlkarhVwkhVWnRKb;RKan;sMrab;viPaK ):an;s μan nigRKb;RKghaniP½ynanaTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;\NTan ry³eBlmFüm nigEvgdl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFümeT. fVIebIFnaKarmin)anelIkbBaðaenHfaCa

32

]bs½KÁcMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümkþI PaBCMnajd¾mankMritTabrbs; buKÁlikFnaKar BitCa]bs½KÁd¾sMxan;cMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümPaKeRcIn.

enAkñúgFnaKarskmμCageKkñúgkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm karRtYtBinitüPaB RtwmRtUv pSMeLIgedaykarxitxMbegáItbBa¢Icracrsac;R)ak;suT§ (cash flow) RbcaMEx rWRbcaMqñaMrbs;GtifiCn ¬cMNUlsrub dkcMNaysrub¦. eKBMu)anxitxM rWxitxMtictYc edIm,Iyl;GMBIvdþRbtibtþikarrbs;GtifiCn nighaniP½ynanaénGñkTTYleT. CaTUeTA vaCakarRKb;RKan;ehIy ebIsinCacracrsac;R)ak;suT§rbs; GtifiCnbgðajBIsmtßPaBrbs;eKkñúgkargarbMNul ehIyfa \NTanmankarFanaedayvtßúbBa©aM¬Edl esÞIrEtCanic©kal Cakm μsiTi§rbs;buKÁl¦. eKBinitüeXIjfa karFana\NTanedaykmμsiT§irbs;buKÁl CakarCMrujd¾xøaMg eGayGñkx©Isg\NTanvij.

edIm,I)aneCaKC½y karpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgsMrab;vinieyaKelIRTBüGkm μnana TamTarkarvay tMélRbkbedaykarBicarNaelIskm μPaBGaCIvkm μrbs;Gñkx©I haniP½ynanaénGñkTTYl nigyl;)an RbesIrCagmunGMBIviFIkat;bnßyhaniP½yTaMgenaH. kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn vtßúbBa©aMKYrEtCaeRKOgcRkEdlTak; TgnwgGaCIvkmμ CaCagkmμsiT§ibuKÁl ehIyKYrvaytMélvtßúbBa©aNTaMgenaHfaCaeRKOgedaHTal;TIBI rWTIbI ebIsinCaGñkx©IbgðajCabnþbnÞab;faeKminGacsg\NTan)an.

Ca]TahrN_ kñúgkrNIxagelIsþIGMBI\NTanry³eBlmFümEdleK)anpþl;eGayKMeragksikmμmYy Gñkpþl;\NTan)anTTYlyky:aggaynUvkarKn;KUrTukmun nigsm μtikmμrbs;Gñkx©I ehIymin)anGnuvtþkar RtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUveT. Gñkpþl;\NTanenaH min)ancat;viFankard¾manRbsiT§PaBNamYy sMrab; kat;bnßyhaniP½y rWmeFüa)ayTIBIrsMrab;edaHTal;eT. viFIpþl;\NTanEbbenH )anqøúHbBa©aMgy:ag c,as;GMBIdMeNIrkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm edayFnaKarnanaenAkm<úCa.

eKKYrkt;sMKal;fa muneBlEdleK)antMelIgmUlFncaM)ac;rbs;FnaKarkñúgqñaM 2001 FnaKarPaK eRcInenAkm<úCargkarkMhitTaMgmUlFn TaMgvilInPaB. CalT§pl BYkeKRKan;EtGacBRgayFnFanR)ak; kMcIsMrab;\NTanry³eBlxøI²Etb:ueNÑaH. dUcenH karpþl;\NTanBIFnaKarmunqñaM 2001 manTMenar minKitBI\NTanry³eBlEvgeT. eyagtamsavtaenH rhUtmkTl;nwgeBlf μ I²enH FnaKarminEdl Føab;)anviPaK rWcat;viFankarpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgeT. Cavi)ak BYkeKmanbTBiesaFn_tictYcNas; kñúgkarviPaK nigcat;Ecgpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg enAkm<úCa. ebIKμanbTBiesaFn_EbbenH rWkarbNþúHbNþalÉkeTsCMnajedayGñkpþl;\NTanmanbTBiesaFn_NamYyeT enaHFnaKarBaNiC¢km μ TaMgLayenAkm<úCa BMuTan;manCMnajcaM)ac;sMrab;viPaK nigRKb;RKghaniP½yenAeLIyeT.

33

edIm,ICMnH)annUvkgVHbTBiesaFn_ nigkMritCMnajd¾TabenH km μviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF) )ancab;epþImesñIpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþaldl;buKÁlikEpñkkMcI¼\NTanrbs;FnaKar nigpþl;pgEdrnUv esckþIENnaMpÞal;GMBIEpnkarGaCIvkmμdl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm. karpþÜcepþImKMnitrbs;km μviFI GPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁTaMgenHmanplRbeyaCn_Nas; EtedaysarvaCaKMnitf μ I nigkñúgeBlfμ I²enH vaBMuTan;Gackat;bnßykrNITaMgLay EdlCaTUeTA FnaKarBaNiC¢km μnanaenAkm<úCa enAEtbnþsÞak;esÞIr kñúgkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgeTAeGaybNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm dEdl.

3>4> FnaKarmindwgrebobkMNt;tMélénhaniP½ynana dUcenHeKKitkarR)ak;x<s;xus TMng

FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLayenAkm<úCa mankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;tMélhaniP½ynana. CalT§pl BYkeKGacKitkarR)ak;x<s;CagPaBsmRsb. bc©úb,nñ BMueXIjmanTinñn½yRKb;RKan;¬nigkrNICak;Esþgén \NTand¾tictYc¦ EdlGaceFVICamUldæaneGayFnaKarTaMgLayGacKNna)any:agCak;lak; nUvRbU)a b‘ÍlIetén)at;bg;lT§PaBsgbMNul nigtMélénhaniP½yrbs;\NTanry³eBlEvgnana. karGnumtiyk viFImanRbB½n§kMNt; EdlsþIBIkarvaytMélhaniP½ynanarbs;\NTanenAkm<úCa GacRbRBwtþeTAkñúgGna KtBIrbIqñaMeTot rWyUrCagenH. CaTUeTA FnaKarTaMgLayEdlskm μCageKkñúgkarpþl;\NTan BitCa nwgeRbIviFIqk;»kaskñúgkarkMNt;tMélGRtakarR)ak;Caminxan ehIyeKKitGRtakarR)ak;enHkñúgtMély:agx<s; mYy EdllμmEteGayTIpSarenAGacRTaM)an.

eKk¾minsUveXIjmankarviPaKEvkEjkhaniP½ynanaenAkñúgEpñkFnaKarénRbeTskm<úCaEdr. bNþa FnaKarEdlskmμCageK EtgRbkan;ykviFIsßiti rWviFIplb½Rt EdlkñúgenaH eKeRbIplcMNUlRbkbeday karR)ak;x<s;TaMgLay edIm,IRsUbykkMhatnanaén\NTan ehIyenAsl;plcMeNjmYycMnYnFMeTot pg. eKminsUvykcitþTukdak;y:agditdl;elIkarRtYtBinitü nigRKb;RKghaniP½ynanaénkarpþl;\NTan dl;buKÁlÉkCntamviFIEdlGacbkRsayBIPaBRtwmRtUvénkarKitkarR)ak;TabCag cMeBaHkarpþl;\NTan CabnþbnÞab;eT. Gñkpþl;\NTanxøHeTot saxamYycMnYnénbNþaFnaKarbreTs EdlmanCMnajxag karRKb;RKghaniP½yxøaMgbgÁÜr EtgmanbMNgxøaMgCagkñúgkarerobcM\NTan nigRKb;RKghaniP½ynanaelI mUldæankrNIbnþbnÞab;Kña. Cavi)ak FanaKarbreTsTaMgLayGacesñIpþl;\NTanEdlmankarR)ak;Tab Cag¬ehIyeKeFVIdUcenHmþgmáal¦ k¾b:uEnþ karcUlrYmrbs;eKeTAkñúgTIpSar\NTankñúgRsukmanTMhMragtUc bnþic¬CaBiess kñúgEpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm¦.

GRtakarR)ak;x<s;²énkarpþl;\NTansMrab;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm)anbnßycMnYnsrubénKMerag GaCIvkmμEdlGacTTYlhirBaØb,Tan. éføedImd¾x<s;énmUlFn¬tamry³karkMNt;tMél\NTanx<s;¦ )an

34

tMelIgGRtaplcMNUlEdleKcg;)anBIKMeragnana. Ca]TahrN_ bNþaRkumh‘un nigKMeragEdlGacx©I )ansMerckñúgGRtakarR)ak;Bit 18-20° mancMnYnticCagRkumh‘unEdlGacx©I)ankñúgGRtakarR)ak;Bit 12-15° sMrab;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg. edayehtuenH ral;kMeNInkñúgkarpþl;\NTan dl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm CaBiesscMeBaHry³eBlmFüm nigEvg sMrab;karvinieyakelI RTBüGkmμ GaRs½yCaxøaMgnwgkarbBa©úHGRtakarR)ak;énkarpþl;\NTanbc©úb,nñ.

3>5> bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAeRkATIRkugFM² BMuGacTak;TgCamYyFnaKar TaMgLay)aneT

vaminTMngeTEdlfa bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümminGacTak;TgCamYyFnaKarnanaenAtam TIRkugFM² b:uEnþvaBitCaTMngNas;fa enAtamTIRkugtUc rWenAtamextþ BYkeKminGacTak;TgCamYyFnaKar nana)aneT eRBaHkMrmansaxa rWkariyal½yFnaKarenATIenaHNas;. FnaKar ACLEDA CaFna KarmIRkUhirBaØvtßú nig]sSahkmμFuntUcmYy EdlmanbNþajsaxaFMCageK enARbeTskm<úCa. fVIebI manbuKÁlikdl;eTA 750nak; nigsaxacMnYn 50 FnaKar ACLEDA GacbMerI)anEt 14 extþ b:ueNÑaH kñúgcMeNamextþTaMg 21 enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. FnaKarkaNaDIy:amanbNþajsaxaFMbnÞab; edaymansaxacMnYn 10. FnaKarÉeTot² mansaxaenAEtkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjb:ueNÑaH ehIyFnaKar xøHmansaxaenAeextþesomrab. edayehtufa K μanbNþajsaxaFnaKarCati enaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFümmYycMnYnGacCYbkarlM)ak kñúgkarTak;TgCamYyFnaKaredIm,IesñIsMu\NTan enAtamtMbn;xøH²kñúg RbeTs.

eKKYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa bNþaFnaKarEdlKμankariyal½yenAtammUldæan nigbuKÁliksMrab;tam danBinitüGñkx©I nig\NTanTaMgLay minsUvcg;Rbfuypþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nig mFüm EdlsßitenAq¶ay²eT. RkumGñkRsavRCav)anrkeXIjfa FnaKarmYycMnYnTTYlEtvtßúbBa©aMEdl sßitenAkñúgTIRkugFM² rWwenAPñMeBj Etb:ueNÑaH.

3>6> KμaneRKOgelIkTwkcitþenAtamFnaKarTaMgLay sMrab;CMrujm®nþIEpñk\NTan eGaypþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgdl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümeT

kñúgcMeNamFnaKarEdleyIg)ansmÖasCamYy manEtmYyb:ueNÑaHEdlGnuvtþviFIelIkTwkcitþdl;bNþa m®nþIEpñk\NTan Edlrk)anGñkesñIsuM\NTanfμ I². viFIenHRtUvFnaKarfμ ImYybegáIteLIg edIm,Isakl,g begáInkarvinieyaKCakarpþl;\NTanrbs;eK. FnaKarenH)anbegáIteLIg)anedayeCaKC½y nUvkmμviFIpSBV pSaymYyEdlerobKMeragcuHeTAkan;TIpSar nigRkumh‘unedIm,IeXasnaGMBIGaCIvkm μ\NTanf μ I. eyagtam

35

viFIenH m®nþIEpñk\NTanNa EdlTak;Taj)anGtifiCneGayx©IBIFnaKarelIsBI 20 000 duløaGaemrik nwg)aneLIgR)ak;ExBI 40 duløaGaemrik sMrab;RbtibtþikarnimYy² dl;kMritGtibrma 400 duløa. eRkayBIeLIgR)ak;Exdl;kMritGtibrmaehIy eKnwgpþl;eRKOgelIkTwkcitþCaR)ak;bEnßmRbcaMry³eBlkMNt; mYy.

FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμxøHeTot enAkm<úCa mankarRbugRby½tñCaTUeTA cMeBaHkarpþl;eKOgelIkTwkcitþenH dl;m®nþIEpñk\NTanTaMgLay eRBaHCYnkal vaCaTMlab;enAkm<úCa EdlGñkx©Ipþl;{R)ak;TwkEt}dl;m®nþI Epñk\NTan.

3>7> shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay minRtUvtamlkçNvinicä½yGb,brmaén karpþl;\NTan rbs;FnaKarnanaeT

vaCakarBitEdlfa GñkesñIsMu\NTanCashRKasFuntUc nigmFümCaeRcIn¬ebIminEmnPaKeRcIn¦ minRtUvtamlkçNvinicä½yGb,brmananaEdlkMNt;edayFnaKarTaMgLay. GñkTTYlkarsmÖasmñak;)an niyayfa {esckþIRtUvkar\NTanmanTMhMFM b:uEnþGñkx©IEdlmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;mantic}. eTaHy:ag enHkþI eKmandMeNaHRsayGaceRbIsMrab;CMnHelI]bs½KÁenHehIy.

ktþasMxan;²BIrEdlnaMeGaybNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay minGacRtUvtamlkçN vinic©½yrbs;FnaKarnanaKW³ 1¦ lkçNvinicä½yénkarpþl;\NTanGb,brmarbs;FnaKar nig 2¦ smtßPaBmankMritrbs;FnaKarTaMgLay kñúgkarGnuvtþkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUv cMeBaHbNþashRKas FuntUc nigmFüm nigkñúgkartamdanBinitü\NTanEdleK)anpþl;rYcehIy.

3>7>1> kartMrUvtamtamlkçNvinicä½yrbs;Gñkpþl;\NTanTaMgLay

dUcKñanwgenAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIndéTEdr EdnKuNPaB nigPaBGacTTYl)anBt’manhirBaØ vtßúsþIBIGñkx©ICashRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLayenAkm<úCa ERbRbYlBIGacTTYl)anCaGb,brma eTAGt; manGVIesaH. shRKasFuntUc nigmFümPaKeRcInRbkbGaCIvkm μrbs;BYkeKedayEp¥kelIsac;R)ak;suT§ dUcenH ral;bMNgcg;epÞógpÞat;plcMNUlrbs;BYkeKesÞIrEtminGacRbRBwtþeTA)an. eKminGacrMBwgfa FnaKarTaMgLayGacpþl;\NTandl;bNþaGñkx©ICashRKas EdlmanP½sþútagminRKb;RKan;sþIBInirnþrPaB hirBaØvtßú nigKYreGayGaceCOTukcitþ )aneLIy.

taMgBIqñaM 1999 mk eK)anTamTareGayRkumh‘un)ancuHbBa¢ITaMgLayenAkm<úCaerobcM nigEfrkSa r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßúRbcaMqñaMnana. k¾b:uEnþ kñúgcMeNamRkumh‘uncMnYn 7000 Edl)ancuHbBa¢IenARksYg

36

BaNiC¢kmμ eKeCOfa manRkumh‘unmindl; 110 pg Edl)anbegáIt nigEfrkSar)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú RbcaMqñaMnana. c,ab;KNenyüf μ I ¬qñaM 2002¦ tMrUveGaymansvnkmμRbcaMqñaMmYyelIral;Rkumh‘un. k¾b:uEnþ eKBMuTan;)anGnumtielIviFannanasMrab;Gnuvtþc,ab;enHenAeLIyeT.

FnaKarPaKeRcInenAkm<úCa TamTarvtßúbBa©aMsMrab;\NTanTaMgLay. k¾b:uEnþ karkMNt;tMél rbs;FnaKarnimYy²elIvtßúbBa©aMkñúgnamCaktþabnßyhaniP½y xusBIKña. CaTUeTA FnaKarTaMgLayEdl skmμCageKkñúgkarpþl;\NTan )ankMNt;y:agCak;lak;GMBIvtßúbBa©aMEdlGacTTYlyk)an –dI nigGKar ¬rYmmanpÞHElVg nigPUmiRKwH¦EdlCakmμsiT§irbs;buKÁlÉkCn enAkñúgTIRkugFM². CaerOy² bNþash RKasFuntUc nigmFümEdlEsVgrk\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg sMrab;vinieyaKelIRTBüGkmμ minGac tMrUvtambBa¢IvtßúbBa©aMGacTTYlyk)anRbkbedaykarkMritd¾x<s;enH)aneT. edayehtuenH eK)anTamTar eGayFnaKarTaMgLayTTYlykRTBüEdleK)anpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;TijedaypÞal; eFVICavtßúbBa©aM¬karpþl; \NTanelImUldæan{TeT}¦ rWmYyFnaKarRtUvcab;epþImTTYlykvtßúbBa©aMkñúgTMrg;epSg²eTot. dMeNaH RsaymYyEdlGaceRbI)ansMrab;edaHRsaybBaðaenHKW viFIpþl;\NTanedayEp¥kelIRTBüskmμ dUcCa lIsIug (leasing). bBaðaenHRtUveKelIkykeTABiPakSay:aglMGitenAkñúgvKÁ 4>7.

3>7>2> kgVHsmtßPaBkñúgkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUv r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßúnanarbs;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm ebIsinCaman k¾kMrnwgRtUveKeFVI

svnkmμNas;. ebIeTaHCavaRtUveKeFVIsvnkmμkþI k¾enAEtmanmnÞilfa svnkmμenaHRbRBwtþeTAmin)anRtwm RtUvEdr. enHedaysarfa tamFmμta KμanPaKITIbIÉkraCNamYyepÞógpÞat;PaBGaceCOTukcitþ)anrbs; bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgenaHeT.

c,ab;sþIBIkarsMgat;rbs;GtifiCn EdlcUlCaFrmanenABak;kNþalénbNþaqñaM 1990 )anham Xat;mineGaybegðIbBt’manrbs;GtifiCn EdlkMhitdl;karpøas;bþÚrBt’manrvagFnaKarnana. bc©úb,nñenH eKGacEckrMElkBt’manGMBIGtifiCnrvagFnaKarnana)an EtRtUvmankaryl;RBmCalaylkçGkSrBIGtifi Cn. KμanGgÁPaBÉkCnNa rWTIPñak;garrbs;rdæaPi)alNa )anbegáItkariyal½y\NTan rWTinñn½y sMrab;cgRkgBt’manTak;TgnwgbMNul rWPaBGaceCOTukcitþ)anrbs;GtifiCnTaMgLayeT CaBiess GMBI bMNulrbs;BYkeKcMeBaHFnaKar.

37

3>8> shRKasFuntUc nigmFümmYycMnYnFMyl;fa EbbbTkargarTaMgLay rbs;FnaKar sμúksμajxøaMgeBk

FnaKarbreTsnanaEdleRbIEbbbTvaytMél\NTan EdlbegáItedayTIsñak;karkNþal EtgesñI eGayGñkx©ITaMgLaypþl;Éksar dUcCaEpnkarGaCIvkmμ karBüakrnana Bt’manGMBI]sSahkm μ nig KURbECg. tamFmμta FnaKarkñúgRbeTsTaMgLayminEdlTamTarrkB’‘manEbbenHeT. kñúgeBlesñIsMu \NTan bNþashRKaskñúgRsukyl;fa karTamTarEbbenHCaPar³d¾F¶n;.

cMeBaHFnaKarEdlskmμCageKTaMgLay kñúgkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm EbbbTkargarEdleKFujRTan;CageK KWkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUv nigkarcuHbBa¢IvtßúbBa©aM. CaTUeTA FnaKarTaMgenaHRtUvcuHBinitübrievNkmμsiT§idI¼GKarrbs;Gñkx©I nigvtßúbBa©aMnanaEdleKdak;eGay. Gñkx©I TaMgLayRtUvbMeBjÉksaresñIsMu\NTan nigpþl;P½sþútagénkarcuHbBa¢Irbs;Rkumh‘un nigGaCJab½NÑnana ÉFnaKar eKeFVIkarcuHbBa¢IsiT§ikan;kab;Cam©as;elIvtßúFana nigelIvtßúbBa©aMedaypÞal;. tamFm μta PaB sμ úksμajekIteLIgenAeBlEdlb½NÑkm μsiT§ielIvtßúbBa©aMminc,as;las; rWKYreGay)armÖ rWenAeBlEdlGñkx©I manbBaðaepSgeTotTak;TgnwgvtßúbBa©aMenH.

fVIebIÉksarEdleKTamTarenHGaceFVIeGayGñkEdleTIbnwgcUlmkesñIsMux©IelIkTImYy P½yRBYyeday RbkarNamYykþI vaCamUldæand¾RtwmRtUv ehIysamBaØbgÁÜr ebIeFobnwgkarGnuvtþEbbbTfñak;GnþrCati nana. EbbbTkargarpþl;\NTanTaMgenH sμ úksμajEtenAeBlEdleKeRbobeFobvaCamYynwg{kargarGt; Éksar} énTIpSar\NTaneRkApøÚvkarEtb:ueNÑaH.

3>9> TIpSar\NTaneRkApøÚvkarmanRbsiT§PaBCag ehIyshRKasFuntUc nigmFümCaeRcIn cUlcitþvaCag

tameyabl;rbs;m®nþIFnaKarmñak;EdlmanjatiCaeRcInx©IR)ak;eKenA{TIpSartampøÚv} Gñkpþl;\N TanenAkñúgTIpSareRkApøÚvkarmanR)ak;eRtomeRsc² nigcab;epþImesñIkarR)ak;Rbhak;RbEhlnwgkarR)ak;x<s; bMputEdlesñIedayFnaKarnana. sMBaFénkarRbkYtRbECgEdlFnaKarTaMgLayTTYlBITIpSar\NTan eRkApøÚvkar KWCa)atuPUtf μ ImYy ehIyeKGacrMBwgfa vaCaPaBbeNþaHGasnñb:ueNÑaH. tamry³kar esñIpþl;\NTaneday{KμanÉksarGVITaMgGs;} TIpSar\NTaneRkApøÚvkarRtUvRbQmmuxnwghaniP½yx<s; Cag. ebIsinCasNæanhaniP½yénGñkx©IrgkarEklMG eFVIeGayTIpSarpþl;\NTaneRkApøÚvkarmaneCaKC½y enaH eKrMBwgfa FnaKarTaMgLayEdleFVIkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUv nigTamTarkarbMeBjÉksarEbbbT

38

nana nwgRtUvbnÞabGRtakarR)ak;énkarpþl;\NTanedIm,ITak;TajGñkx©IBI{TIpSartampøÚv}. Etbc©úb,nñenH eKmineXIjmanPsþútagNamYyEdlbgðajfa )atuPUtenHkMBugekItmaneT.

tamRTwsþI KYrEtmankarRbkYtRbECgpÞal;EtbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH rvagTIpSar\NTaneRkApøÚvkar nig FnaKarTaMgLay kñúgkarTak;TajGtifiCn eRBaHBYkeKbMerIeGayRkumGtifiCnepSg²Kña. kMriténkarRbkYt RbECgKñabc©úb,nñ rvagFnaKar nigTIpSar\NTaneRkApøÚvkar eFVIeGayeKKitfa TIpSar\NTankMBug sMrbxøÜnCabeNþaHGasnñ eTAnwgktþatulüPaBf μ I²én{karpÁt;pÁg;-tMrUvkar}.

3>10> FnaKarBMumanlT§PaBTTYl)anRKb;RKan;nUvmUlFnry³eBlEvg

R)ak;beBaIØTaMgLayEdlbNþaFnaKarTTYl esÞIrEtCabeBaØIry³eBlxøITaMgGs; ¬ry³eBlmYyqñaM rWxøICagenH¦ ehIyPaKeRcInCabeBaØIry³eBlR)aMmYyEx rWxøICagenH. edayehtufa R)ak;beBaÍØTaMgenH PaKeRcInbMputCaR)ak;duløaGaemrik enaHvagaynwgrgkardkecjRBm²Kña edaysarmanehtukarN_GVImYy Nas; ]TahrN_ PaBvwkvrEpñkneya)ay. karRbkan;CMhrd¾mWugm:at;kñúgkarrkSaGRtavilInPaB 100° rbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa ¬100° énR)ak;beBaØÍmankMNt;eBlTaMgLay EdlenAsl;eBlticCagmYy Ex¦ KWCakarkMhitd¾c,as;las;eTAelIkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgrbs;FnaKarnana.

muneBlmankarTamTareGaybegáInmUlFn nacugqñaM 2001 ¬BI 5lan duløaGaemrik dl; 13lan duløaGaemrik¦ karkMhitGRtavilInPaB nigmUlFnd¾sþÜcesþIgrbs;m©as;h‘unTaMgLay esÞIrEt hamXat;karpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvg eGaydac;BITsSnvis½yénkarRKb;RKgRTBüskmμ-RTBüGkmμd¾ RbugRby½tñmYy. edaysarmankarkMhitd¾F¶n;kñúgkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvg eGaydac;ecjBITsSn vis½yénkarpþl;mUlniFimYy KμanehtusMGagFMdMuNamYy EdlCMrujeGayFnaKarkñúgRsuknanaerobcMyuT§ sa®sþ EbbbTkargar nigBRgwgsmtßPaBsMrab;pþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgeT. fVIebIfμ I²enH eK)anbn§Úr karkMhitenHxøH tamry³karbegáInCacaM)ac;nUvmUlFnénm©as;h‘unkþI mrtkénkarniymCMhr nigeKalkar pþl;\NTanry³eBlxøIenAmanCabnþ.

3>11> shRKasFuntUc nigmFümminRtUvkarmUlFnry³eBlEvg tamGRtakarR)ak; dUcbc©úb,nñeT

RkumGñkRsavRCav)anrkeXIjfa Gñkx©ITaMgLay)anmkrk\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgBIFnaKar b:uEnþtamFmμta FnaKarTaMgLaybdiesFminyl;RBmpþl;\NTanEbbenHeT. GñkRKb;RKgFnaKarCaeRcIn Rbkan;TsSn³fa manGñkx©ItictYcb:ueNÑaHEdlcg;)an\NTanry³eBlEvg eRBaHvamanGRtakarR)ak; x<s;. karyl;eXIjenHBitCaRtwmRtUvcMeBaHGñkmanbMNgx©ITaMgLay ehIyéføedImd¾x<s;énbMNulhirBaØ

39

vtßúenAkm<úCaenH kMBugbg¥ak;karvinieyaKnana nigtMrUvkar\NTan. dUcenH meFüa)ayd¾RtwmRtUvsMrab; CMnHelIcMNucexSaykñúgtMrUvkar\NTanenH GacCakarbegáInkarpÁt;pÁg;mUlFnRbkbedaykarR)ak;Tab.

3>12> FnaKarniympþl;\NTandl;buKÁlÉkCn Cagdl;saCIvkmμnana

eKeXIjmanTMlab;pþl;\NTandl;buKÁlÉkCn Cagdl;GgÁPaBsaCIvkm μ enAkñúgviFICaRbéBNI sMrab;Tb;Tl;nwgkarRKb;RKghaniP½y EdlGnuvtþedayFnaKarkñúgRsuknana. viFIenHbnþGnuvtþkarRtYt BinitüCaGb,brmaelIPaBRtwmRtUvénGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñkx©I nighaniP½yTaMgLay ehIyeKEbrCaepþatsar sMxan;eTAbuKÁliklkçN³rbs;Gñkx©I kMNt;Éksar\NTan nigCaBiess eTAelIvtßúbBa©aMrbs;eKeTA vij. cMENkÉRbePTénvtßúbBa©aMEdlFnaKarTaMgLayniymTTYlyk –dI GKar nigpÞH- CaerOy² k¾manb½NÑkmμsiT§ielIeQμaHbuKÁlÉkCnnanaEdr.

viFICaRbéBNIsMrab;pþl;\NTanenH KWCa]bs½KÁ cMeBaHkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;karvinieyaKelI GclnRTBünana. FnaKarKYrEtelIkykbBaðapþl;\NTanEbbenHmkBicarNa nigvaytMél kñúgbribT énGaCIvkmμ nighaniP½ynanarbs;GgÁPaBCaRkumh‘un EdlCaEpñkrYmKñaTaMgmUlmYy rbs;karvinieyaK enH. eKRtUvkMNt;eGay)anc,as;GMBIrMhUrsac;R)ak;sMrab;sg\NTan¬tamFmμta vaCaplitplénkar RbRBwtþieTArbs;GaCIvkmμ¦. karRbkan;ykviFIpþl;\NTanEbbenHTamTareGayGgÁPaBCaRkumh‘un KWCa m©as;elIGclnRTBüEdleKpþl;\NTaneGay nigCaGgÁPaBx©I. ebIsinCaeKRtUvkarvtßúbBa©aMCabEnßm enaHeKGacesñIeGaybuKÁlCashRKinsnüadak;RTBüpÞal;xøÜneGayFnaKar.

3>13> kgVHm®nþIEpñk\NTanenAtamFnaKarTaMgLay

RkumGñkRsavRCav)anrkeXIjy:agKYreGayPJak;ep¥IlnUvkgVHm®nþIEpñk\NTan enAtambNþaFnaKar BaNiC¢kmμenAkm<úCa. enAkñúgFnaKarmYycMnYn manbuKÁlikEtBIr rWbInak;b:ueNÑaH EdlTTYlxusRtUvelI skmμPaBpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKarTaMgmUl. sUm,IEtFnaKarCaGñkpþl;\NTand¾skmμCageK Edlman saxadl;eTAdb; k¾manbuKÁlikEt 20 nak;b:ueNÑaH EdleFVIkarkñúgskmμPaBpþl;\NTanTaMgLay. enAkñúgFnaKarmYycMnYneTot karpþl;\NTanRKan;EtCaParkic©mYykñúgcMeNamtYnaTIÉeTot²rbs;buKÁlik.

cMnYnbuKÁlikminRKb;RKan;sMrab;kargarkMcI nigpþl;\NTanenH BitCaeFVIeGaycuHexSaydl;smtß PaBviPaK cat;Ecg nigtamdanBinitüGVI²TaMgLayEdlCabNþahaniP½yCatYy:agbMputcMeBaH\NTan. vaTb;bg¥ak;mineGayFnaKarGaccat;Ecg nigerobcMkarpþl;\NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvgd¾RKb;RCugeRCay sMrab;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm)aneLIy.

40

Cavi)ak shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay RtUvEtRbugeRbobxøÜny:agl¥ edayerobcMsMNMu ÉksarcaM)ac;nanaeGay)anRtwmRtUv munnwgcUlmkrkGnaKtm©as;\NTanrbs;xøÜn. sMeNIEdlcgRkg eLIg nigcat;Ecgy:agBinitüBic½yedayshRKasFuntUc nigmFümEdlCaGñkesñI\NTan nwgsMrYldl; RbsiT§PaB nigPaBviC¢man éndMeNIrkarpþl;\NTan. CMnYyrbs;kmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ cMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFümnimYy² enAkñúgvis½yenH GacCaCMnYyd¾manRbsiT§PaB nigd¾man RbeyaCn_.

3>14> KμanGñkÉkeTsxagpþl;\NTan nigkaremIleXIjhaniP½yx<s;énkarpþl; \NTanTak;TgnwgeRKOgcRk

elIkElgEtsßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßúÉkeTsmYycMnYn nig{TIpSarenAtampøÚv}ecj karpþl;\NTan PaKeRcInenAkm<úCaRbRBwtþeTAtamry³FnaKarBaNiC¢km μnana. eKGackMNt;viFIpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKar TaMgenaHfaCa {GñkTUeTAniym}. bc©úb,nñ eKmineXIjmanFnaKar EpñkNamYyrbs;FnaKar rWRkumh‘un hirBaØvtßúsMrab;eKaledABiessNamYy¬dUcCaRkumh‘unlIsIug (leasing)¦ EdleRCIserIsykÉkeTsxag pþl;hirBaØvtßúTak;TgnwgeRKOgcRkeT. karpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;TijeRKOgcRkmansm<½n§CamYyhaniP½y Biess² nigTamTarkarRKb;RKgcMcMNuc nigcMeNHdwgBiess. kgVHÉkeTskm μenH KWCa]bs½KÁmYy eTotcMeBaH karpþl;hirBaØvtßúry³eBlmFüm nigEvgdl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa.

enAkñúgTIpSarénkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;BRgIkRTBünana esvaÉkeTsnana nigFnFanmnusSnana dUcCa svnkr Gñk):an;tMél TIpSarlk;edjéfø nigBaNiC¢kreRKOgcRkÉkeTs mantYnaTICaCMnYyd¾ sMxan;cMeBaHFnaKarkñúgkar):an;tMél RtYtBinitü nigRKb;RKghaniP½y. bec©keTsRKb;RKghaniP½y TamTarsmtßPaB):an;s μantMélKMeragy:agRtwmRtUv TaMgEpñkhirBaØvtßú TaMgEpñkTsSnvis½ybec©keTs RBmTaMgsmtßPaBykeRKOgcRkmkCakm μsiT§ivij nige)aHbg;vaecalecjBITIpSarkñúgRsuk. enAkm<úCa eKminsUveXIjmansmtßPaBEbbenHeT. edayehtuenH edIm,Icab;yky:agRbugRby½tñnUvskm μPaBpþl; hirBaØvtßúEbbenH FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLay KYrEtBRgIkFnFanÉkeTsTaMgenHBIépÞkñúgrbs;xøÜn. min Tan;manFnaKarNamYyenAkm<úCa eFVIdUcenHeT.

eKKYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa CaTUeTA FnaKarTaMgLayenAkm<úCaemIleXIjkarpþl;\NTanTak;Tgnwg eRKOgcRk nigeRKOgm:asIun Bak;B½n§nwghaniP½yx<s;minGacTTYlyk)an. haniP½yTaMgenaHman³

• karlM)akkñúgkar):an;tMél nigTUTat;eRKOgcRk nigeRKOgm:asIun CaBiess enAeBlEdleKCYj eRKOgcRkÉkeTs nig¼rWeRKOgcRkCMnM.

• GñkeRbIcugéd rWGñkx©IxkxanCaerOy² min)anEfTaMeRKOgcRkeGay)anRtwmRtUv.

41

42

• karlM)akkñúgkarEfTaM nigRtYtBinitüeRKOgcRk.

3>15> Bn§kat;ykmunelIkarpþl;mUlFnmkBIeRkARbeTs

c,ab;Bn§km<úCa)ankMNt;Bn§kat;ykmun 15° elIkarR)ak;EdleKbg;eGayGñkepJIR)ak;TaMgLay. c,ab;enHhak;dUcCaBMu)anEbgEckrvagkarR)ak;elImUlFnnanaEdlbNþaFnaKar rWsaxaenAkm<úCa x©ImkBI bNþasßab½nhirBaØvtßú enAbreTseT¬rYmTaMgTIsñak;karkNþalénbNþaFnaKarbreTs¦.

eKalkarykBn§enH xusBITMlab;GnþrCati nigbegáItCa]bs½KÁd¾FMcMeBaHkarTTYlykmUlFnry³ eBlEvgedaysßab½nhirBaØvtßúkm<úCa. eyageTAelIkarkMhitvilInPaBdUc)anerobrab;rYcmkehIy karTTYl )anFnFanf μ ICamUlniFiry³eBlEvg GacCaktþad¾sMxan;edIm,IbegáInkarpÁt;pÁg;sMrab;pþl;hirBaØvtßúry³eBl Evgdl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm.

éføcMNayCakarkMhitKnøwHeTAelIesckþIRtUvkar\NTanedayEpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFümenA km<úCa edayehtuenH vaCaRbkarsMxan;Nas; EdleKGacrk)anmUlniFiry³eBlEvgedayRtUvcMNay éføedImTabsmlμm. karTamTarBn§kat;ykmun 15° )andak;bnÞúkbEnßm nigTMgn;d¾mincaM)ac;eTAelI Gñkx©ITaMgLay ehIytamry³enH va)anbnßytMrUvkar\NTanBIFnaKar.

3>16> karsrub]bs½KÁTaMgLay

taragxageRkamenH Cakarsrub]bs½KÁnanacMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nig mFümenAkm<úCa. vak¾)anbgðajpgEdr nUvTMhMén\T§iBlrbs;]bs½KÁnimYy²EdleKemIleXIj¬FM mFüm nigtUc¦ \T§iBlén]bs½KÁcMeBaHEpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm nigEdnén]bs½KÁTaMgLay edayeyag tamkarerobrab;rbs;bNþaFnaKarEdleK)ansmÖasCamYy kñúgkarsikSaenH.

lr ]bsKÁ TMhMénkar b:HBal;

etIb:HBal;dl;shRKas FuntUc nigmFümrWeT?

karGHGagrbs;FnaKar EdleK)anGegát

1 shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay minRtUvtamlkçNvinicä½yGb,brmaénkarpþl;\NTanrbs; FnaKarnana.

eRcIn Emn FnaKarTaMgGs;

2 KμanGñkÉkeTsEpñkpþl;\NTan CaBiesskarpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;TijeRKOgcRk. eRcIn Emn FnaKarTaMgGs; 3 karpþl;\NTanEdlTak;TgnwgeRKÓgcRk nigeRKÓgm:asIun RtUveKTTYlsÁal;faCakar RbQmmuxnwghaniP½ynana EdleKminGacTTYlyk)an.

eRcIn Emn FnaKarTaMgGs;

4 buKÁlikFnaKarmanCMnajÉkeTsminRKb;RKan; edIm,IviPaK nigRKb;RKgbNþahaniP½yén karpþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgdl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümTaMgLay.

eRcIn Emn 50° énFnaKarTaMgGs;

5 c,ab;Edlman minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;Gñkpþl;\NTan. eRcIn minEmn FnaKarTaMgGs; 6 RbB½n§tulakarminmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;sMrab;karBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;Gñkpþl;\NTan. eRcIn minEmn FnaKarTaMgGs; 7 FnaKarBuMmanlT§PaBTTYl)anRKb;RKan;nUvmUlFnry³eBlEvg. eRcIn minEmn FnaKarTaMgGs; 8 xVHm®nþIbec©keTsEpñkpþl;\NTanenAtamFnaKarnana. eRcIn minEmn FnaKarTaMgGs; 9 Bn§kat;ykmunelIkarpþl;mUlFnmkBIeRkARbeTs. eRcIn minEmn 30° énFnaKarTaMgGs; 10 shRKasFuntUc nigmFümmYycMnYnK μanlT§PaBTak;TgFnaKar. mFüm Emn Kμan 11 FnaKarniympþl;\NTaneGaybuKÁlÉkCn CageGayeTAsaCIvkmμTaMgLay. mFüm Emn 50° énFnaKarTaMgGs; 12 FnaKarnanaminecHrebob)a:n;tMélhaniP½ynana dUcenHBYkeKKitéføkarR)ak;x<s;xusTMng. mFüm minEmn K μan 13 shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm minRtUvkarmUlFnry³eBlEvgtamkMritGRtakarR)ak;sBVéf¶eT. tic Emn 75° énFnaKarTaMgGs; 14 TIpSar\NTaneRkApøÚvkarmanRbsiT§PaBx<s;Cag ehIyshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm

cUlcitþvaCagFnaKarTaMgLay. tic Emn 25° énFnaKarTaMgGs;

15 EbbbTkargarnanarbs;FnaKarmanPaBsμ úKsμajxøaMgeBk. tic minEmn Kμan 16 rgVan;epSg²enAkñúgFnaKar min)anCMrujm®nþIEpñk\NTan eGaypþl;\NTanry³eBlEvgeT. tic minEmn Kμan

esckþIsegçbGMBI]bsKÁTaMgLay cMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa

43

4> esckþIsnñidæan³ Gnusasn_R)aMbIRbkar enAkñúgesckþIbBa©b;enH manGnusasn_R)aMbIRbkarEdleK)ankt;sMKal;eXIj EdlmanlkçN³Ca eKalkarsMrab;RbQmmux nigCMnH]bs½KÁTaMgLaycMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nig mFümenAkm<úCa. eKaledA KWkarpþl;Gnusasn_nanasMrab;rkdMeNaHRsay bBaðaTUeTAnanaEdl raraMgcMeBaHkarpþl;\NTanBIFnaKar k¾dUcCararaMgcMeBaHkarpþl;\NTanedayELkdl;bNþashRKas FuntUc nigmFümEdr.

4>1 RtUvbegáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmμmYyeLIg

dMeNIrkarnitikmμbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCaKWCaRbtibtþikarRtUvcMNayx<s;pg nigminGacTukcitþ)anpg ehIy eKRtUvEtEktMrUvvaCabnÞan;. rebobEktMrUvmYy KWWkarbegáIteLIgnUvtularkarBaNiC¢km μmYysMrab;vinicä½yEt bNþwg nigCMelaHBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLay CaBiesskartv:a nigCMelaHTaMgLayTak;Tgnwgkic©snüa nig katBVkic©bMNul. tulakarenHKYrEtmanGgÁecARkmmYyEdlCaGñkBinitükarBiténerOgkþI RBmTaMgGnuvtþ lkçnþik³ nigc,ab; CaCagecARkmEdlCaGñkbkRsayc,ab;. karsMerccitþéntulakarenHRtUvCab;katBV kic© nigbBa©b;edayKμansiT§ibþwg]TÞrN_. CamYyKñaenH eKRtUvpþl;siT§idl;tulakarenHeGaymanGMNac Gnuvtþc,ab;. ykl¥ eKKYrbegáIttulakarBaNiC¢kmμf μ ImYyenAtambNþaextþ nigRkugsMxan;².

drabNaeKminTan;edaHRsay)annUvbBaðamUldæannana dUcCakgVHc,ab; nigviFanTak;Tgnwgkarpþl; \NTand¾mansuvtßiPaB nitiviFInanasMrab;vinicä½yCMelaHRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigbBaðabuKÁliktulakar enaHtulakarBaNiC¢kmμf μ I²ÉeTotnwgCYbRbTHbBaðadUcKñanwgbBaðanana EdlRbB½n§tulakarbc©úb,nñkMBugCYb RbTHEdr. eKRbEhlCaGacrk)annUvecARkmÉkeTsBaNiC¢km μmYyRkumtUc. Gñkpþl;smÖasn_CaeRcIn maneyabl;fa RbB½n§tulakarBaNiC¢kmμBImunqñaM 1975 rbs;RbeTskm<úCa¬mrtkmYyénRbB½n§GaNa niKm)araMg¦ manTaMgRbsiT§PaB TaMg\T§iBl. eKRbEhlCaGacbegáIteLIgnUvRbB½n§dUcKñaenH.

4>2 KYrGnuBaØateGayFanaKarTaMgLaypþl;Bt’manGMBIPaBGacTukcitþ)anrbs; Gñkx©IR)ak;TaMgLay eTAPaKITIbIsmRsbnana

karlM)akbc©úb,nñrbs;FnaKakñúgkarRtYtBinitüPaBRtwmRtUvy:agmanRbsiT§PaB sþIGMBI;Gñkx©ITaMgLay )anbegáInhaniP½yd¾BitR)akd nigGacyl;)an kñúgkarpþl;\NTan CaBiessRbkarTaMgLayTak;Tgnwg \NTanry³eBlmFüm nigEvg. c,ab;EdlmanRsab;sþIBIkarrkSakarsMgat;rbs;GtifiCn KYrEtEktMrUv eLIgvij edIm,IGnuBaØateGayFnaKarBaNiC¢km μTaMgLayenAkm<úCaGacpþl;dl;PaKITIbIsmRsb nUvBt’man

44

nanaTak;TgnwgPaBGacTukcitþ)anrbs;Gñkx©IR)ak; edaymincaM)ac;TTYlkaryl;RBmCamunBIGtifiCnCasamI xøÜn. eKKYrR)ab;GtifiCnGMBIkaresñIsMuenaH nigkarpþl;Bt’manGMBIKat;eTAPaKITIbI b:uEnþeKmincaM)ac;sMukar yl;RBmBIKat;eLIy.

eKKYrGnuBaØateGayGgÁPaBÉkCn rWsaFarN³ dUcCasmaKmFnaKar7 rWFnaKaCatiénkm<úCa RbmUlpúMþTinñ½yGMBIPaBGacTukcitþ)anrbs;GtifiCnTaMgLay CaBiess GñkEdlBak;B½n§nwg\NTannana CamYyFnaKar. eKenAEtGacrkSaPaBsMgat;énBt’manrbs;GtifiCn)andEdltamry³karpþl;elxsMKal; xøÜn. esckþIraykarN_BIkMNt;ehtuTaMgLayénkarx©IR)ak;rbs;GtifiCn eTAeGayRbB½n§Edl)anesñIeRbI edayFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμnana KWCakarcaM)ac;.

4>3 FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaKYrbnÞn;karTamTarGRtavilInPaBrbs;xøÜn

karTamTarGRtavilInPaBd¾x<s;rbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCakñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ manGMeBICakarkMhity:ag manRbsiT§PaBdl;karpþl;\NTanry³eBlyUrBIFnaKarenAkm<úCa. kñúgeBlkMNt;karTamTarGRtavilIn PaBcaM)ac;cMeBaHFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμTaMgLay FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaKYrEbgEckrvagFnaKarTaMgLay Edl mansñak;karkNþal nigRbPBvilInPaBBIbreTs RBmTaMgFanaKardéTeTotEdlKμan.

FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaKYrBicarNapgEdrelIPaBCaédKUCamYyFnaKarkñúgRsukTaMgLay EdlnaMmuxeK edIm,IelIkTwkcitþkarpþl;\NTan CaBiesskarpþl;\NTanmanry³eBlkMNt;. elIsBIenHeTot FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaGacbegáItkmμviFI\NTanry³eBlEvgmYy sMrab;pþl;hirBaØvtßúvijdl;FnaKarBaNiC¢ kmμnana Edlpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm sMrab;eKaledAplitkmμ. GRtakar R)ak;énhirBaØb,TanenHKYrmankMritTab edIm,ICakarelIkTwkcitþdl;Gñkx©I nigGñkpþl;\NTaneGaycUlrYm.

4>4 KYrecjRbkas rWGnuRkwtüsþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IRTBüsm,tþi

bc©úb,nñ FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμCaeRcInGl;EGkmincg;TTYlykeRKOgm:asIun eRKOgcRk rWclnRTBü déTeToteFVICavtßúbBa©aMeT. edayehtuenHehIyeTIbmankarxkxanKμankarpþl;\NTansMrab;karvinieyaK elIGclnRTBü. edIm,IeGaykarpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;RTBüskmμenAkm<úCaGacrIkcMerIneTA)an RtUvEtmankar EktMrUvmYy cMeBaHkgVHlT§PaBrbs;m©as;\NTanTaMgLaykñúgkarGnuvtþsiT§irbs;BYkeK cMeBaHvtßúFanaCa {clnRTBü}. k¾b:uEnþ eKKYrkt;sMKal;fa m:asIun nigeRKOgcRkCaeRcInEdleK)aneRbIR)as;CavtßúbBa©aM

7 smaKmFnaKarenARbeTskm<úCakekIteLIgCaGgÁminpøÚvkarmYy enABak;kNþalénbNþaqñaM 1990. k¾b:uEnþ

mkTl;nwgExFñÚ 2001 FnaKarCatiénkm<úCaminTan;)anTTYlsÁal;smaKmenHenAeLIyeT.

45

eRcInCarbs;CMnM ehIymYycMnYneTot esÞIrEtCarbs;eRbIElgekIteTAehIy. fVIebImanTIpSarlk;rbs;CMnMd¾ mankMrit sMrab;eRKOgcRk]sSahkmμRbePTepSg²kþI k¾vtßúbBa©aMsMrab;karpþl;hirBaØvtßúEbbenHmantYnaTI kMNt; EtsMxan; kñúgskmμPaBpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCaEdr.

eyagtamsarsMxan;én]bsKÁenH cMeBaHkMeNInénkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm karrg;caMkarGnumtic,ab;kic©karCMnYjedaymankarFana minEmnCaCMerIsEdlnaMeTAkan;eCaKC½yenaHeT ehIyeKRtUvkardMeNaHRsaybnÞan;CagenaH. dMeNaHRsayGaceRbIkar)anmYy GacCaRbkasén esckþIENnaMkargarecjBIfñak;RksYg rWGnuRkwtüecjBIxuTÞkal½ynaykrdæmRnþI sþIBIkarcuHbBa¢IRTBü sm,tþi8. Rbkas rWGnuRkwtübkRsay nigBnül;GMBIc,ab; ehIyGacbegáItGaCJaFrmansmtßkic©mYy ¬RbEhlCaRksYgBaNiC¢kmμ¦ Edlm©as;\NTanGaccuHbBa¢IsiT§ikan;kab;Cam©as;elIvtßúFanaenATIenaH.

GñkGtßaFib,aymYycMnYneCOfa c,ab;kic©snüaEdlmanenH KWCamUldæand¾RKb;RKan; nigKYreGay eBjcitþya:gxøaMgsRmab;karpþÜcepþImenH9. GñkniBn§enHeCOfa karP¢ab;c,ab;énkarpþl;hirBaØkic© nigkar TTYlxusRtUvTaMgLay eTAkñúgc,ab;kic©snüa nwgpþl;eGayPaKInanaénkic©snüanUvlT§PaBbt;Ebn)an Cagmun kñúgRbtibtþikarhirBaØvtßúrbs;BYkeK CagkarkMNt;c,ab;sMrab;eKaledABiessedayELkCagenH ¬nigmankMritCagenH¦ dUcCac,ab;kic©snüaCYlEdleK)anesñIeLIg. vanwgGnuBaØateGayGñkpþl;\NTan TaMgLay eRCIserIsdMeNaHRsaysmRsbtamkal³eTs³sMrab;GnuvtþeTAelIRbtibtþikar EdlmankMrit haniP½yxus²Kña.

c,ab;kic©snüasBVéf¶tRmUveGaymankarkan;kab;km μsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi edayPaKIEdlTTYlkarFana nigtRmUveGaymanesckþIseRmcBItulakarsMrab;epÞrsiT§iCam©as;elIRTBüenaH RsbeTAtamkkar)at;bg; lT§PaBsgbMNul. manEtc,ab;mYyepSgeTotEdl)anGnumtiedaysPaCatib:ueNÑaH EdlGacEkERbc,ab; kMBugenACaFrmansBVéf¶)an. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday tamkarbkRsay nigBnül;c,ab;rbs;Rbkas rWGnuRkwtü eKeXIjfa eKGactak;EtgRbkasmYyeLIg edIm,IbkRsayGMBI{karkan;kab;km μsiTÞi} Edl mann½yfa PaBCam©as;rUbv½nþelIb½NÑkmμsiT§i rWÉksarcuHbBa¢I minEmnPaBCam©as;rUbv½nþelIRTBüenaHeT. elIsBIenHeTAeTot eKGacbkRsayvafa cMeBaHRTBüGrUbI {karkan;kab;kmμsiT§i} KWCakarkMNt;énkic© snüa rWCasiT§idéTeTot. CabBa©b; viFanGacbkRsayc,ab;eGaymann½yfa eKRtUvkaresckþIseRmc

8 GnuRkwtüGacecjedayxuTÞkal½ynaykrdæmRnþI ehIyCakmμvtßúsMrab;GnumtiedayKN³rdæmRnþI. 9 c,ab;kic©snüasBVéf¶KW{Rkwtüelx 38 sþIBIkic©snüaTaMgLay nigbBaðananaTak;Tgnwgkic©snüa} ¬Exvicäika

1988¦. eyagtamRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú c,ab;kic©snüaeBjeljmYynwgekIteLIgenAcugqñaM 2003.

46

nanabs;tulakarEtenAeBlNaEdlRTBüsm,tþienaHCakm μsiT§irUbv½nþEtb:ueNÑaH KWxusBIb½NÑkmμsiT§i¼Éksar cuHbBa¢Inana rWkarkMNt;siT§ikñúgkic©snüa.

edIm,IseRmc)annUvdMeNaHRsayPøam²eTAnwg]bsKÁ cMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümenH eK)anENnaMfa RtUvykbBaðaenHeTABiPakSaCamYyRkumkargarénEpñkÉkCnxagc,ab; nig GPi)alkic©l¥ edIm,IbgðajkarpþÜcepþImKMnitenH eTARksYgBak;B½n§nanarbs; rdæaPi)al.

4>5 karbNþúHbNþalCMnajÉkeTsedIm,IbegáInsmtßPaBFnaKarkñúgkarviPaK nigkat;bnßyhaniP½y

bc©úb,nñ FnaKarTaMgLayenAkm<úCacg;pþl;\NTaneTAeGaybuKÁlÉkCn CaCageTAeGaybNþa GgÁPaBCaRkumh‘un. eKGacCMnH]bsKÁcMeBaHkarpþl;\NTandl;shRKasFuntUc nigmFümenH eday karbNþúHbNþalCMnajÉkeTsdl;buKÁlikFanaKar ¬dUcCavKÁbNþúHbNþalnana EdlkmμviFIGPivDÆn_ KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ –MPDF kMBugeFVI¦. karbNþúHbNþalenHKYrEtepþateTAelIkarpþl;\NTanEbb rMhUrsac;R)ak; karviPaKhaniP½yénGaCIvkm μ¬CaBiess karviPaKhaniP½yénvdþRbtibtiþkar¦ nigkar kat;bnßyhaniP½y EdlTak;Tgnwgkarpþl;\NTandl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm.

karbNþúHbNþal rWkarCYydl;EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm elIkargarrkSaÉksarhirBaØvtßú nigkarEfTaMÉksar nigbBa¢IKNenyüTaMgLayrbs;Rkumh‘un eRbobdUcCakarCYyshRKasFuntUc nig mFümeGayecHbgðajxøÜncMeBaHFnaKarnana )anRbesIrCagmun kñúgnamxøÜnCaGñkesñIsMu\NTan.

4>6 karBRgIkesvaBieRKaHeyabl;kñúgRsukEdlGacpþl;CMnYydl;bNþashRKas FuntUc nigmFüm EdlkmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF) kMBugeFVI

vis½yshRKasFuntUc nigmFümenARbeTskm<úCamin)anrkSaTuk rWmanBt’manRKb;RKan;¬KuNPaB nigRbePTBt’man¦ EdlcaM)ac;sMrab;eGayFnaKarTaMgLayGacsMerccitþpþl;\NTan)aneT. dUcenH eKeXIjman»kas¬sBVéf¶ kMBugbMeBjedaykmμviFIGPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF) nigGgÁkareRkA rdæaPi)almYycMnYntUc¦ edIm,ICYybNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm kñúgkaeerobcMbegáItEpnkarGaCIvkm μ nighirBaØvtßú. CaTUeTA vis½yshRKasFuntUc nigmFümenH mineBjcitþnwgbg;éføsMrab;dMbUnμanEbbenH eT k¾b:uEnþ eKGacCMnHkarmineBjcitþenH)an enAeBlEdlesvaEbbenHpþl;lT§plCahirBaØb,Tan.

EpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFümenAkm<úCa TMngCaGacKaMRTdl;karBRgIkskm μPaBd¾KYreGaykt; sMKal;mYyénesvaBieRKaHeyabl;EpñkhirBaØvtßú RbsinebI eKbegáItRkumhu‘nmYy Edlmansm<½n§PaB

47

CamYynwgkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúd¾manskþanuBl. elIsBIenHeTot karbegáIntmøaPaB nigPaBCMnajÉkeTs kñúgkarkt;RtaÉksarhirBaØvtßúrbs;Gñkx©II GacbegáIteGaymankMeNIn\NTanBIFnaKarEdleGaylT§pl Ca{vdþKuNFm’x<s;mYy}10 nigRcasmkvij. eRkABIenH edIm,Iyl;BIkargarenHedaypÞal; kmμviFI GPivDÆn_KMeragtMbn;TenøemKgÁ (MPDF) GacKaMRTdl;karrIkcMerInénRkumh‘unkñúgRsuk Edlpþl;esvaGPivDÆ GaCIvkmμ eGayRbkan;yktYnaTIenH.

4>7 GPivDÆsßab½nhirBaØvtßúEdlmanÉkeTsEp¥kelIRTBüsm,tþi

FanaKarBaNiC¢kmμCaeRcIndwgfa karpþl;\NTanFanaedayeRKOgm:asIun nigeRKOgcRk Etg RbkbedayhaniP½yCabEnßmEdlminGacTTYlyk)an ¬BIelIPaBsÞak;esÞIr kñúgkarTTYlykclnRTBüeFVI CavtßúbBa©aM¦. kñúgkarsikSaenH RkumGñkRsavRCav)anlWCajwkjyBIkarlM)aknanaEdlFnaKarBaNiC¢ kmμ)anCYbRbTH ¬sßab½n\NTanKμanÉkeTs¦ kñúgkarRKb;RKghaniP½yTaMgLayénkarpþl;\NTan edayEp¥kelIRTBüsm,tþi. haniP½yTaMgLay nigkarlM)akEdl)anerobrab;mkenH many:agBitR)akd cMeBaHsßab½nnanaRbePTenaH eRBaHkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúEdlEp¥kelIRTBüsm,tþi TamTarPaBCMnajÉkeTs nigsmtßPaBRKb;RKghaniP½y.

dMeNaHRsaymYyGacCakarbegáItsßab½nnana EdlmanÉkeTsCMnajxagpþl;hirBaØvtßúedayEp¥k elIRTBüsm,tþienARbeTskm<úCa dUcCaRkumh‘unlIsIug (leasing) nana. maRta 2 énc,ab;FnaKar km<úCa)anEcgfa lIsIugKWCaskmμPaBmYyrbs;FnaKar. eKGaceRbImaRtaenH)ansMrab;sMrbsMrYlkar cab;epþIménskmμPaBlIsIugTaMgLayedayFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμNamYy. KYrkt;sMKal;fa edIm,IeGay FnaKarkñúgRsuknanaGaccUlkñúgGaCIvkmμlIsIug rWkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØvtßúry³eBlEvg)an BYkeKRbEhlCa RtUvnaMcUlnUvcMeNHdwg nigÉkeTskm μBIRkumh‘unbreTsEdlmanÉkeTsxaglIsIugenH. KMrUEdlman lT§PaBGnuvtþx<s;CageK sMrab;karerobcMenH GacCakic©shkarvismFm’rvagRkumh‘unlIsIugbreTsnana CamYynwgFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCaTaMgLay.

10 GñksmÖasmñak;)anelIk]TahrN_GMBIRkumh‘unpþl;esvaBieRKaHeyabl;elIkarRKb;RKgGaCivkm μenA esogéh

EdlbegáIteLIgedayrdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk nigFnaKaresogéh. Rkumh‘unenH)anCYyGtifiCnCabNþashRKas FuntUc nigmFümeGaykøayCaGñkGacTTYl\NTanBIFnaKar)an RBmTaMgpþl;nUvkarFanaedayPaKelI\NTan CamYyFnaKarrbs;bNþamUlniFienA esogéh. Rkumh‘unrkmUlniFiedayxøÜnÉgedayykkMérBIesvapþl;kar BieRKaHeyabl;EbbenHdl;bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm.

48

4>8 KYrlubecalBn§kat;ykmunelIkarR)ak;beBaØI

CacugbBa©b;enH Bn§kat;ykmun 15° KWCa]bs½KÁd¾sMxan; cMeBaHkrNIpþl;mUlniFiry³eBlEvg EdlmanRbPBmkBIbreTs. enAeBlEdlFnaKarTaMgLayx©IR)ak;mkBIbreTs Bn§kat;ykmunenH)an begáInéføedIménkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú. éføcMNayCabEnßmenHnwgqøgeTAkan;Gñkx©ITaMgLay kñúgrUbPaBCakMrit GRtakarR)ak;elI\NTanx<s;Cagmun. edIm,ICYybnÞabGRtakarR)ak;enH nigCMrujeGaymanrMhUrmUlFn cUlmkkñúgvis½yhirBaØvtßú eKKYrEtp¥ak rWlubecalBn§kat;ykmunenH sMrab;karRbmUlmUlniFirvagsßab½n hirBaØvtßúnana rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgbNþasßab½nminEmnFanaKar.

49

]bsm<½n§TI 1³ karTamTar nigkarKNnaGRtavilInPaBrbs; FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa

enAkñúgRbB½n§FnaKarCatiénRbeTskm<úCaEdlRbkbedaykareRbIduløaGaemrikkñúgkMritd¾x<s;¬90° én R)ak;beBaØITaMgLay KWCaduløaGaemrik¦ FnaKarCatiénkm<úCabdiesFya:gc,as; minRbkan;tYnaTINamYy kñúgnamCa{FnaKa\NTankNþal}sMrab;FnaKarBaNiC¢km μTaMgLayEdleRbtibtþienAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeT.

karTamTarGRtavilInPaBEdlkMNt;edayFanaKarCatiénkm<úCa

FnaKarTaMgLayRtUvEtrkSaGRtavilInPaB 100°. karKNnaRtUvEp¥kelIr)aykarN_KNenyü hirBaØvtßúRbcaMExrbs;FnaKarTaMgenaH. eKkMNt;PaKyk nigPaKEbg tamrebobdUcxageRkam³

PaKyk

1> smtulüénrtnaKar¬sßanPaBrbs;Gñkpþl;\NTan¦ enAeBlEdlEpñk\NBn§ ¬EpñkcMNay¦ elIsBIEpñkcMNUl³

Epñk\NBn§³ sac;R)ak; nigmas. R)ak;tMkl;enAFnaKarCatiénkm<úCa. R)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKarnana. cMENkénkarpþl;\NTaneTAeGayFnaKar nigsßab½nhirBaØvtßúnana EdlenAsl;ry³eBlticCag mYyEx.

EpñkcMNUl³ smtulü\NTannanaEdleXIjmanenAkñúgKNnICamYyFnaKarCatiénkm<úCa FnaKar rWsßab½n hirBaØvtßúnana. R)ak;kMcInanaBIFnaKarCatiénkm<úCa nigFnaKarnana EdlenAsl;eBlsMrab;dMeNIrkarminelIsBI mYyEx.

2> cMENkénkarpþl;\NTanEdlenAsl;eBlticCagmYyEx.

3> b½NÑrtnaKarEdlenAsl;eBlticCagmYyEx.

50

PaKEbg

1> smtulürtnaKar¬sßanPaBrbs;GñkxI©¦ enAeBlEdlEpñkcMNUlelIsBIEpñk\NBn§¬sUmemIlxag elI¦.

2> 80° éncMENkrbs;R)ak;beBaØImanry³eBlkMNt; nigb½NÑepJIR)ak;TaMgLay EdlenAsl;eBl ticCagmYyEx.

3> 50° éncMENkrbs;R)ak;beBaØImanry³eBlkMNt; nigb½NÑepJIR)ak;TaMgLay EdlenAsl;eBl ticCagmYyEx.

4> 50° énR)ak;beBaIØCaKNnIsnSM.

5> 60° énR)ak;beBaØIEdlGacdkecjBIFnaKar)anRKb;eBl.

51

]bsm<½n§TI 2³ skmμPaBpþl;\NTanfμI² RtwmdMNaac;qñaM 2002 bnÞab;BIeK)anbBa©b;esckIþRBagTImYyénr)aykarN_enH enAExsIha qñaM 2002 eKeXIjman

RBwtiþkarN_nanadUcxageRkam)anekIteLIg³

1> GRtakarR)ak;elI\NTan)ancuHTabCagmun

enAkñúgBak;kNþalTIBIrénqñaM 2002 GRtakarR)ak;elI\NTancMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm Edlpþl;edayFnaKarnaMmuxeKTaMgLay )anfycuHCaxøaMg. eK)anbnßyGRtasrubénkarR)ak;elI\N Tannana cMeBaHGñkx©IBImunRsab;BI 19/2°-22/8° mkenARtwm 15°-17/50°. enHCakarrIk cMerInviC¢manCaxøaMgcMeBaHshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm nigGaceRbIeFVICakarEktMrUvcMeBaHkarkMhitmYy Edl eyIg)ansMKal;eXIjenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;eyIg ¬tMélx<s;KYreGayjejIt kñúgkarsgbMNul cMeBaH shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm¦.

2> karRbkYtRbECg¼skm μPaBenAkñúgcMeNamGñkpþl;\NTan)anekIneLIg

FnaKarrikTaMgLay)anGHGagfa mYyPaKFMénkarbBa©úHGRtakarR)ak;elI\NTanrbs;BYkeK KWCa kareqøIytbeTAnwgsMBaFénkarRbkYtRbECg. GtifiCnTaMgLayEtgTamTareGayGRtakarR)ak;cuHTabCag mun BIeRBaHBYkeKesñIsuM rWsÁal;Gñkpþl;\NTanepSgeTot EdleRtomnwgesñIGRtakarR)ak;TabCag. ehtusMGagmYyeTotcMeBaHkarbBa©úHGRtakarR)ak; KWéføedIménkarpþl;mUlniFi)anfycuH¬eRBaHGRtakarR)ak; beBaØIcuHTabCagmun¦.

Gñkpþl;\NTanmñak;R)ab;eyIgfa enAeBlfIμ²enH eK)anbegáIncMnYnmRnIþEpñk\NTan¼kMcI 9 nak; sMrab;Rbtibtiþkarpþl;\NTan. tYelxenHbgðajfa buKÁlikEpñk\NTanrbs;eK)anekIneLIg 35°. bMErbMrYlEbbenHTMngCanwgmanbnþeTAeTot¬EtEbbminEmnkñúgel,Ón nigTMhMdUcKñaenHeT¦ ehIyenHCasBaØa viC¢mancMeBaHbNþaGñkxI© cMeBaHEpñkshRKasFuntUc nigmFüm nigcMeBaHEpñkFnaKar.

3> FnaKarfI μmYy

kñúgRtImasTIbYnénqñaM 2002 FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμbMerIesvaRKb;muxfI μmYy eQμaHFnaKarvDÆn³ RtUv)aneKbegIáteLIg. enHCaFnaKarmYyrbs;Cnkm<úCa ehIyeRKagnwgpþl;\NTany:agskmμdl;sh RKasFuntUc nigmFümkñúgRsuk. karRbkYtRbECgfI μEbbenHenAkñúgkarpþl;\NTansMrab;shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm KYrEtTTYl)ankarsVaKmn_.

52

4> FnaKarCati)ansMralGRtavilInPaB

ktþamYyepSgeTotEdlrYmcMENkbnÞabGRtakarR)ak;elI\NTan KWFnaKarCati)anbnßyGRtavilIn PaBrbs;eKBI 100° eTA 80°. enAeBlRsavRCavenAnwgkEnøg GRtavilInPaBenHes μ Inwg 100° ehIyRtUvFnaKarTaMgGs;sMKal;eXIjfa CakarkMhitmYycMeBaHkarpþl;\NTan. CakareqøIytbeTAnwg esckþIGMBavnavrbs;shKmn_FnaKar enAéf¶TI 13 ExkBaØa qñaM 2002 FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa)an bnÞabkarTamTarGRtavilInPaBcaM)ac;.

buKÁlikrbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa)ankt;sMKal;fa FnaKarCati)anerobcMbnßyGRtavilInPaBCabnþ eTAeTot. RbkarenHRtUvKñanwgGnusasn_EdlmanenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH ehIyshKmn_FnaKar)an sVaKmn_CaxøaMg.

FnaKarCatiénkm<úCasnüakat;bnßyGRtalTæPaBsgbMNul

tMNagrbs;FnaKarCatiénkm<úCa)anR)ab;eyIgCabEnßmeTotfa FnaKarCatiRbugnwgbnßyGRtalTæPaB sgbMNul¬PaBRKb;RKan;énmUlFnsMrab;haniP½yKn;KUrTuk¦ enAkñúgqñaM 2003. GRtalTæPaBsg bMNul Føab;CakarkMhitmYycMeBaHGñkpþl;\NTanTaMgLay. GRtalTæPaBsgbMNulbc©úb,nñKW 20° ehIyeK)ankMNt;vaenAkñúgqñaM 1999 EdlCaplvi)akénvibtiþhirBaØvtßúenAGasIu. karTamTarenHx<s; CaxøaMg ebIeFobnwgkarTamTarCaGb,brmarbs;kic©RBmeRBogTIRkug)aEs‘l -Basel Accord Edlesμ Inwg 8° ehIyvax<s;xøaMgCagkarTamTarénFnaKarkNþalenAkñúgRbeTsCitxag.

enAkñúgRbB½næbc©úb,nñ FnaKarTaMgLayEdlepJImUlniFienAnwgsßab½nhirBaØvtßúnana ¬eRkABIFnaKar Catiénkm<úCa¦ RtUveKTamTareGaymanmUlFnsMrab;{haniP½yRBagTuk} EdlCYnkal es μ Inwg 100° éncMnYnR)ak;EdleKepJI. karsikSaenH)ankt;sMKal;eXIjsßanPaBénkarpþl;\NTanminGs;lT§PaBrbs; FnaKarTaMgLay ehIyGñkniBn§eCOfa karTamTarGRtalT§PaBsgbMNul enAEtCakarkMhitmYyenA kñúgbNþaskmμPaBpþl;\NTanrbs;FnaKar.

5> FnaKarmYycab;epIþmpþl;hirBaØvtßúdl;kic©snüaCYl

eK)anraykarN_fa f μ I²enH manRkumh‘unÉkeTsxagpþl;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;TijeRKOgcRkmYy )an cuHkic©Vkic©RBmeRBogshkarCamYyRkumh‘unkñúgRsukmYy Edltamry³enaH FnaKarnwgpþl;hirBaØvtßúry³ eBlmFümsMrab;TijeRKOgcRktamlkçx½NÐ niglkçN³vinicä½ykMNt;.

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