ा ..सवे . िपोटर स . 537(66/10/1)NSS Report No. 537(66/10/1) भारत रोजगार एवं बेरोजगारी क ः िथत Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2009-10रा . . सव . 66 वां दौर NSS 66 th ROUND ( लाई 2009 - ज न 2010) (July 2009 – June 2010) ा ीय तदशर सवे ण कायारलय National Sample Survey Office ा ीय साख यकय स गठन Na tion al Sta ti st ica l Orga ni sa tion साख यक एव कायर म कायार वयन म ऽालय Mini stry of Statisti cs & Pr og ra m m e I m pl e m e nta tion भात सका Governm e nt of I nd ia नव ब 2011Novem ber 2011
Employment and Unemployment Situation in India
2009-10
(July 2009 – June 2010)
National
Sample Survey Office
National Statistical Organisation
Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation
Government of India
2011 November 2011
2009-10
Government of India
--,
The Employment and Unemployment Surveys of National Sample Survey
(NSS) are the
primary sources of data on various indicators of labour force at
National and State levels. These are
used for planning, policy formulation, decision support and as
input for further statistical exercises by
various Government organisation , academicians, researchers and
scholars. NSS surveys on
Employment and Unemployment with large sample size of households
have been conducted
quinquennially from 27th round (October 1972 - September 1973)
onwards. The NSS 66th round
carried out during July 2009- June 2010 was the eighth quinquennial
round in the series, covering
subjects of (i) Household Consumer Expenditure and (ii) Employment
and Unemployment. Field
work of this survey as carried out by the Field Oper tions Division
(FOD) of National Sample
Survey Office (NSSO) in which the central samples were covered.
-Most of the State Governments
----
Based on the central sample, the resu ts of quinquennial surveys of
Employment and
Unemployment are brought out by NSSO in a number of reports. The
NSSO released th Key
Indicators of Employment and Unemployment in India, 2009-/0 in June
2011. Apart from this, eight
detailed reports are planne to be released on varied aspects of
employment and unemployment based
on NSS 66thround data. The present report 'Employment and
Unemployment Situation in India, 2009-
10' is the first in the serie of eight reports. It presents the
estimates pertaining to various facets of
employment-unemployment at National and State levels. This report
contains eight Chapters and four
Appendices. The main findings relating to the estimates given in
this report are presented in Chapters
Three to Eight. Since the report is voluminous, the Appendix Tables
are given in a CD along with the
report.
As the maiden achievement, the NSSO brought out the Key results of
the S rvey within one
year of completion of the Field work and released the unit level
data for further analysis and research
work by the economists, academia, scholars and all others who are
interested in this subject. This was
possible because of the efforts made by the officials of different
divisions of NSSO for meticulous
planning and execution of various activities involved and the hard
work done by the supporting
officials and staff of NSSO. However, by looking at the highly
aggregated macro level indicators
certain apprehension was observed about slow employment growth in
the quinquenium of 2004-05 to
2009-10. Some people also expressed doubts about quality o data.
But by looking at somewhat
disaggregated data one arrives at different interpretation and
conclusion. Disentangling distinct trends
in subsidiary employment and employment in the young (up to 24
years of age), specially
employment of women in that age group l ads to an insightful
comparison in the Employment
growth. The temporal structural shifts in employment leading to
reductions in subsidiary employment,
child labour and women's labour, each of which has been identified
as a form of employment would
expect to see decline in employment with increase in household
wellbeing. But if we focus only on
employment in ges 25 or more, then far from a slowdown in growth of
workers since 2004, we
actually see a sharp increase in employment. This report presents
more detailed analysis of the data
and is expected to be useful to the planners, policy makers and
researchers dispelling the earlier
apprehensions about the slow growth of employment. Suggestions for
improvement of its'content and
coverage will be highly appreciated.
I am also thankful to the National Statistical Commission (NSC) and
Working Group of the
66th round for their valuable guidance at various stages of the
survey. I specially thank Prof Ravi
Srivastav of JNU who reviewe~ the draft report and provided
valuable comments and suggestions for
improvement. .
NSSO
Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
i
HIGHLIGHTS
This report is based on the eighth quinquennial survey on
employment and unemployment conducted in the 66
th round of NSS during July, 2009 to June, 2010. The
survey was spread over 7402 villages and 5252 urban blocks covering
100957
households (59129 in rural areas and 41828 in urban areas) and
enumerating 459784 persons (281327 in rural areas and 178457
in urban areas). Employment and
Unemployment indicators are measured in three different approaches,
viz. usual status
(US) with a reference period of one year, current weekly status
(CWS) with one week
reference period and current daily status (CDS) based on the daily
activity pursued during each day of the reference week. The labour
force indicators measured in US and
CWS are in persons and in CDS in person-days. Unless otherwise
stated, ‘all’ usual
status workers will mean all workers according to the usual
principal status along with the workers according to
the subsidiary status categorized ‘not working’ in the
principal
status. Some of the key findings of the NSS 66 th
round (July, 2009 - June, 2010) are
stated below.
A Household and Population
About 70 per cent of the households in India belonged to the rural
areas and accounted for about 73 per cent of the total
population.
The average household size in India was about 4.4. It was about 4.6
in rural India and about 4.1 in urban India. The sex ratio (females
per 1000 of males) in India was 936. It was 947 in rural India and
909 in urban India.
About 12 per cent of households in both the rural and urban areas
were headed by females. Compared to all households, they had,
on an average, a relatively smaller household size (about 3.2 in
rural areas and about 3.1 in urban areas) and
a much higher sex-ratio (about 1785 in rural areas and about 1808
in urban
areas).
Among those households having at least one member of age 15 years
and above, about 5 per cent in the rural areas and 10 per cent in
the urban areas had no
usually employed member of age 15 years and above.
The population in the age group 15-59 years comprised about 59 per
cent of the rural males and 61 per cent rural females. In the urban
areas, about 66 per cent
each of the males and females belonged to this age group.
In the rural areas, during 2009-10, about 71 per cent of males and
53 per cent of the females were literate. The corresponding
proportions, in the urban areas, were 84 per cent and 74 per
cent.
In 2009-10, about 35 per cent of the rural households had MGNREG
job cards. During this period, about 24 per cent of the rural
households got work in
Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
ii
B Labour Force
According to the usual status (ps+ss), about 56 per cent of rural
males and 27 per cent of rural females belonged to the labour
force. In the urban areas, the
corresponding proportions were 56 per cent of males and 15 per cent
for females.
During the period 2004-05 to 2009-10, the LFPRs according to usual
status (ps+ss) remained almost the same for rural males but
decreased by about 6 percentage points for rural females.
During that period, LFPRs according to
usual status (ps+ss) decreased by about 1 percentage point for the
urban males
and decreased by about 3 percentage points for the urban
females.
C Work Force
About 39 per cent of the population in the country was usually
employed. The proportion was 41 per cent in the rural and 35
per cent in the urban.
The gender differential in the worker population ratio (WPR) was
distinct. The WPR for rural males was 55 per cent while it was 26
per cent for rural females. In the urban areas, it was 54 per cent
for males and 14 per cent for females.
The daily status rates were slightly lower than the current weekly
status rates, which, in turn, were slightly lower than the usual
status rates. The current weekly status WPR was 53 per cent
for rural male, 22 per cent for rural females,
54 per cent for urban males and 13 per cent for urban females. The
current daily
status rates were 50 per cent, 18 per cent, 52 per cent and
12 per cent for rural males, rural females, urban males and urban
females, respectively.
Among the usually employed (ps+ss), about 54 per cent of the rural
males and
56 per cent of rural females were self-employed. In the urban
areas, corresponding proportions were 41 per cent for both males
and females. In the
urban areas, about 42 per cent of the usually employed males and 39
per cent of the usually employed females were regular
salaried/wage employees.
Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, in the rural areas, WPR in the usual
status
approach remained almost the same for the males and decreased by
about 7
percentage points for the females. In the urban areas, the
rates decreased by about 1 percentage point for the males and 3
percentage points for the females.
In rural India, the proportion of usually employed (ps+ss) male
workers engaged in the agricultural activities declined gradually
from 81 per cent in 1977-78 to 63 per cent in 2009-10 whereas
for the female workers, the decline was less - from
88 per cent to 79 per cent during the same period.
In urban India, the ‘trade, hotel and restaurant' sector engaged
about 27 per cent of the usually employed (ps+ss) male workers
while each of ‘manufacturing’
and ‘other services’ sector accounted for nearly 22 per cent of
them. On the
Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
iii
accounted for the highest proportion (39 per cent), followed by
‘manufacturing’ (28 per cent).
The proportion of urban females employed in ‘other services’ sector
increased from 36 per cent in 2004-05 to 39 percent in 2009-10 and
the ‘agriculture’ sector revealed a fall in its share by
about 4 percentage points during this period.
D Unemployment Rate
The unemployment rate (number of person unemployed per 1000 persons
in the labour force), according to usual status (ps+ss), was 16 in
the rural areas and 34
in the urban areas. It was 57 for urban females, 28 for urban males
and 16 for both males and females in the rural areas.
The unemployment rates according to the current daily status (cds)
approach are higher than the rates obtained according to usual
status approach and weekly
status approach, thereby indicating a high degree of
intermittent unemployment.
The unemployment rate according to thecurrent weekly status (cws)
approach was
33 in rural areas and 42 in the urban areas. According to the
current daily status
(cds) approach, it was 68 in the rural areas and 58 in the urban
areas.
During the period 2004-05 and 2009-10, the unemployment rate in
terms of the usual status (ps+ss), remained almost the same for
rural males and decreased by 1
percentage point for urban males. For rural females also it
remained almost the same whereas for urban females it decreased by
1 percentage point.
In both the rural and urban areas, unemployment rate among the
educated (secondary and above) persons of age 15 years and
above was higher than that
among those whose education level was lower than secondary:
for usual status
(ps+ss), unemployment rate among the educated was 4 per cent
for each of rural
and urban males while it was 12 per cent for each of rural and
urban female.
The unemployment rate was much higher among the youth (15-29) as
compared to that in the overall population. According to the usual
status (ps+ss),
unemployment rate among the youth was 5 per cent each for male and
female in rural areas, 8 per cent for urban male and 14 per cent
for urban female.
Among the educated youth (age:15-29 years and level of education:
secondary
and above), the unemployment rate was predominantly high in both
the rural and urban areas. According to the usual status (ps+ss),
the rates were 8 per cent for
rural males, 18 per cent for rural females, 10 per cent for urban
males and 23 per
cent for urban females.
E Underemployment
During 2009-10, the proportion of usually employed (ps+ss) females
who were found not to be employed during the week preceding the
date of survey was 15
per cent in rural India and nearly 6 per cent in urban India.
The corresponding
Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
iv
The proportion of person-days of the usually employed (ps+ss)
utilised for work, in the rural and urban areas, was
estimated at about 69 per cent and 85 per cent, respectively
for females, and 92 and 96 per cent, respectively for males.
During 2009-10, in the age group 15 years and above, about 11 per
cent of usually employed rural males and 6 per cent of
usually employed urban males sought or were available for
additional work. The corresponding percentages for
females were around 8 in rural areas and 6 in urban areas.
During 2009-10, in the age group 15 years and above, about 10 per
cent of rural males, 7 per cent of rural females and 5 per cent
each of urban males and
females reported availability for alternative work.
F Labour Mobility
During the two years preceding the date of survey, only a
negligible proportion (less than 1 per cent) among the usually (ps)
working persons had changed work status while change of
establishment among the usually (ps) employed was
reported for 5 per cent for rural male, 6 per cent for rural
female, 4 per cent for
urban male and 5 per cent for urban female. .
The proportion of persons who changed their establishment is much
less among those with education level higher secondary and above as
compared to those
with lower levels of education - be it in rural areas or in urban
areas.
During the two years preceding the date of survey, about 1 per cent
of rural
males, urban males, urban females, and negligible proportion (0.3
per cent) of
rural females who were workers in usual status (ps) reported change
in their industry of work.
During the two years preceding the date of survey, about 1 per cent
of rural males, urban males, urban females, and negligible
proportion (.3 per cent) of rural females who were workers in
usual status (ps) reported change in their
occupation.
Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
v
I. Some important employment and unemployment indicators (per 1000)
at a glance
all-India NSS 66 th
rural urban rural+urban
indicator male female person male female person male female
person
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
usual principal status
LFPR 548 208 382 556 128 352 550 186 374
WPR 537 202 374 539 119 339 538 180 365
PU 11 5 8 17 9 13 12 6 9
UR 19 24 21 30 70 37 22 33 25
usual status (ps + ss)
LFPR 556 265 414 559 146 362 557 233 400
WPR 547 261 408 543 138 350 546 228 392
PU 9 4 7 16 8 12 11 5 8
UR 16 16 16 28 57 34 20 23 20
current weekly status
LFPR 548 231 394 556 141 358 550 207 384
WPR 531 223 381 536 130 343 532 198 370
PU 17 8 13 20 10 15 18 9 14
UR 32 37 33 36 72 42 33 43 36
current daily status
LFPR 536 197 371 550 129 350 540 179 365
WPR 501 182 346 522 117 329 507 164 341
PU 35 16 25 28 12 20 33 15 24
UR 64 80 68 51 91 58 61 82 66
II. Wage rates (Rs.) per day for persons of age 15-59 years
all-India NSS 66 th
male female person male female person
Casual labour in
Casual labour in other
Casual labour in other
Regular wage/ salaried
persons 249.15 155.87 231.59 377.16 308.79 364.95
Labour force participation rate (LFPR): LFPR is defined as
the number of persons/ person-days in the labour force per
1000 persons /person-days
Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is defined as the number of
persons/person-days
employed per 1000 persons/person-days. Proportion Unemployed
(PU): It is defined as the number of persons/person-days
unemployed per 1000 persons/person-days. Unemployment Rate (UR): UR
is defined as the number of persons/person-days
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10
Contents
Page
Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions 8– 28
Summary of Findings
Chapter Four Labour Force 63 - 73
Chapter Five Employed (Work Force) 74 - 151
Chapter Six Unemployed 152 - 180
Chapter Seven Underemployment 181 – 195
Chapter Eight Labour Mobility: Change in Nature of Work 196
- 205
Appendix A Detailed Tables :Table1 to Table 75 (in CD) A-1 –
A-816
Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure B-1 – B-8
Appendix C Population Projection C-1 – C-3
Appendix D Schedule on Employment and Unemployment (Sch. 10) D-1 –
D-16
Appendix E RSEs of worker population ratio (WPR) E-1
Appendix A
Detailed Tables
Table No. Title Page
Table (1) Number of villages/ UFS blocks, households and persons
surveyed by state/ u.t.
A-1
Table (2) Number of households and persons surveyed by age and sex
for each state/ u.t.
A-2- A-4
Table (3) Estimated number of households and persons by age and sex
for each
state/ u.t.
A-5-A-10
Table (4) Distribution (per 1000) of households by decile classes
on household
monthly per capita consumer expenditure for each principal
household industry
A-11-A-12
Table (5) Distribution (per 1000) of households by decile classes
on household
monthly per capita expenditure for each principal household
occupation
A-13-A-14
Table (6R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household
type for each decile
class on household monthly per-capita consumer expenditure
A-15- A-16
Table (7R) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household type
for each size class of land owned (rural areas only)
A-17
Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10
Table No. Title Page
Table (8R) Average area of land possessed and average household
size by size class of land possessed and sex of the head of
household (rural areas only)
A-18
Table (9R) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household type
for each size
class of land cultivated for rural areas
A-19
Table (10) Number of households having MGNREG job card per 1000
households, distribution (per 1000) of households by status of
getting work in NREG works and average number of days got work
during last 365 days for each decile class on household monthly per
capita expenditure
A-20
Table (11) Number of households having MGNREG job card per 1000
households, per 1000 distribution of households by status of
getting work in NREG works and average number of days got work
during last 365 days for each household type and status of having
MGNREG job card
A-21-A-22
Table (12) Number per 1000 of households in rural areas getting
work in MGNREG
works and their per 1000 distribution by mode of payment of the
wages earned during last 365 days for each decile class on
household monthly per
capita expenditure
A-23
Table (13) Number of households with member(s) reported having
specified post
office account per 1000 of households (P), and average number of
such accounts (0.0) held by all the members per household (A) as on
the date of survey and number of households with members(s)
reported using
specified services in any post office during the last 3 months per
1000 of households for each decile class on household monthly
per capita
expenditure
A-24-A-25
Table (14) Distribution (per 1000) of households with at least one
member of age 15 years and above by number of usual status workers
(ps+ss) of age 15 years
and above for each decile class on household monthly per capita
expenditure
A-26-A-29
Table (15) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for each
decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure
A-30-A-33
Table ( 16) Per 1000 distribution of persons (of age 10 years &
above) by marital
status for each age-group
A-34-A-39
Table (17) Per 1000 distribution of persons of age 5 years &
above by general education level for each age-group
A-40-A-48
Table (18) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by principal usual
activity category for each age-group
A-49-A-57
Table (19) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age group for each
principal usual activity category
A-58-A-66
Table (20) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorized
'not working' in the principal status (ps+ss) for each
age-group
A-67-A-75
Table (21) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for each
usual activity
category also taking into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorized 'not working' in the
principal status
A-76-A-84
Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10
Table No. Title Page
Table (22) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by principal usual
activity category for each general educational level
A-85-A-129
Table (23) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by general
educational level for each
principal usual activity category
A-130-A-174
Table (24) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorised 'not working' in the principal status
for each general educational level
A-175-A-228
Table (25) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by general
educational level for each
usual activity category taking also into consideration the
subsidiary economic status of persons categorised 'not working' in
the principal status
A-229-A-282
Table (26) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorized 'not working' in the principal status
for each decile class on household
monthly per capita consumer expenditure
A-283-A-288
Table (27R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also
into consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons
categorised 'not working' in the principal status for each
household type
A-289-A-294
Table (28R) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorised 'not working' for each household land
cultivated class
A-295-A-297
Table (29) Distribution (per 1000 ) of usually working persons by
industry of work A-298-A-332
Table (30) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual subsidiary
economic activity for each usual principal activity
A-333-A-341
Table (31) Number of persons registered in employment
exchange per 1000 persons of age
15-29 years and 15-45 years and their distribution (per 1000) by
general
educational level for each usual principal activity status
A-342-A-350
Table (32) Distribution (per 1000) of persons of age 15-59 years
not pursuing any economic activity (i.e., non-workers) according to
the usual principal status by seeking/availability/suitability for
the type of occupation (NCO- 2004 sub-division) for each usual
principal activity status
A-351-A-368
Table (33) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity for each age- group
A-369-A-377
Table (34) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for each
current weekly activity
A-378-A-386
Table (35) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily
activity for each age-group
A-387-A-395
Table (36) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by age-group for
each current daily activity
A-396-A-404
Table (37) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity for each sub-
round
A-405-A-413
Table (38) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current daily
activity for each sub-
round
A-414-A-422
Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10
Table No. Title Page
Table (39) Distribution (per 1000) of persons/person-days working
according to CWS/ CDS by NIC-2004 division/section
A-423-A-428
Table (40) Distribution (per 10000) of workers by occupation
sub-division /division A-429-A-431
Table (41R) Distribution (per 1000) of working persons-days by type
of operation for each broad current daily work activity
A-432
Table (42) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity status for each general educational level
A-433-A-486
Table (43) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily
activity for each
decile class on household monthly per capita consumer
expenditure
A-487-A-492
Table (44R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current
daily activity for each
household type for rural/ urban areas
A-493-A-498
Table (45R) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily
activity for each household land cultivated class for rural
areas
A-499-A-501
Table (46) Average wage/salary earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received
by regular wage/salaried employees (31,71 & 72) of age
15-59 years by industry of
work and broad education category
A-502-A-507
Table (47) Average wage/salary earnings (Rs.0.00) per day received
by regular wage/salaried employees (31, 71 & 72) of age
15-59 years by occupation groups and broad education category
A-508-A-516
Table (48R) Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by
casual wage
labourers (activity status codes: 41, 51) by age-group, industry
and type of operation for each sub-round for rural
areas
A-517-A-525
Table (48U) Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by
casual wage labourers (activity status code: 51) by age-group and
industry for each sub- round for urban areas
A-526-A-528
Table (49) Number of days worked in a week by usual status casual
wage labourer (ps+ss) and the average wages received per
person-day worked in a week
for each casual work status and industry
A-529-A-534
Table (50) Distribution (per 1000) of working person-days of
current daily status workers who are either regular wage/salaried
or casual wage labourers by
periodicity of payment for each current daily status
work
A-535-A-540
Table (51) Distribution (per 1000) of working person-days of
workers who are either
regular wage/salaried or casual wage labourers by broad classes of
modes of payment for each current daily status work
A-541-A-546
Table (52) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons /casual
labourer/worker
according to current weekly status by number of days with nominal
work and number of days worked in a week.
A-547-A-573
Table (53) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons/casual
labourer/persons in the labour force according to usual status (ps
+ ss) by number of days
with nominal work and number of days worked in a week
A-574-A-591
Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10
Table No. Title Page
Table (54) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the labour force
according to current weekly activity status by number of days
seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week and average
number of days worked in a week for
each sub-round
A-592-A-597
Table (55) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the labour force
according to current weekly activity status by number of days
worked in a week and average number of days seeking/available for
work (unemployed) in a week for each sub-round
A-598-A-603
Table (56) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed/casual
labourer/persons in labour force according to usual activity
status (ps+ss) by number of days worked in a week and average
number of days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a
week for each sub-round
A-604-A-621
Table (57) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the age group
15-59 who were
unemployed on all the 7 days of the week by duration of
unemployment for each broad general educational level
A-622-A-630
Table (58) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the age group
15-59 years who were unemployed on all the 7 days of the week but
ever worked by duration of
last employment for each broad general educational level
A-631-A-639
Table (59) Distribution (per 1000) of unemployed (all the 7 days of
the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for break
in employment for each
broad industry (division as per NIC 2004) of last
employment
A-640-A-648
Table (60) Distribution (per 1000) of unemployed (all the 7 days of
the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for
break in employment for each occupation group (as per NCO 2004) of
last employment
A-649-A-666
Table (61) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity for each usual activity taking also into consideration the
subsidiary economic activity of persons categorised not working in
the principal status
A-667-A-672
Table (62) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily
activity for each usual activity taking also into consideration the
subsidiary economic
activity of persons categorised not working in the principal
status
A-673-A-678
Table (63) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current daily
activity for each current weekly activity
A-679-A-684
Table (64) Distribution (per 1000) of persons of age 5 years and
above who sought /were available for work by period of sought/
available for different usual
principal activity
A-685-A-690
Table (65) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers who were
without work
for at least 1 month and who sought or were available for work on
at least some days during those month(s) by availability of work
and period without work for each usual activity status and broad
industry division
A-691-A-708
Table (66) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers (ps+ss)
who were without work for at least 1 month and who sought or were
available for work on
at least some days during those month(s) by nature of efforts made
to get work for each usual activity status and broad industry
division
A-709-A-714
Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10
Table No. Title Page
Table (67) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers (15 and
above) who had sought or were available for additional work by
duration and reason for seeking work/ availability for work
for each activity status
A-715-A-723
Table (68) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers (15 and
above) who had sought or were available for alternative work by
duration and reason for
seeking work/ availability for work for each activity status
A-724-A-732
Table (69) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons
according to the usual
status (ps+ss) reporting their earning from self-employment as
remunerative/ non-remunerative by amount of earning regarded as
remunerative for each decile class on household monthly per capita
expenditure
A-733-A-738
Table (70) Number per 1000 usual status workers of age 15 years and
above i) with
mostly full time work and ii) who have worked more or less
regularly by activity status and broad industry division
A-739-A-765
Table (71) Distribution (per 1000) of permanent workers (ps+ss) of
age 15 years & above by level of education for different
activity status and industry
A-766-A-771
Table (72) Number of usual principal status workers who changed
establishment of work, status of work during last 2 years per
1000 workers of age 15 years & above and distribution (per
1000) of those who changed their status of work by the last
work activity status for each broad general education level and
usual activity status
A-772-A-780
Table (73) Number of usual principal status workers who changed
industry (division) of work during last two years per 1000 workers
of age 15 years & above and their distribution (per 1000) by
industry of last work
activity for each broad present usual principal status and broad
industry division
A-781-A-789
Table (74) Number of usual principal status workers who changed
occupation (division) of work during last two years per 1000
workers of age 15 years
and above and their distribution (per 1000) by occupation of last
work activity for each broad present usual principal status
and occupation division
A-790-A-807
Table (75) Distribution (per 1000) of usual principal status
workers of age 15 years and above who have changed industry or
occupation during last 2 years
by reason for such change of job for each broad education and
age group
A-808-A-816
Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10
NOTES ON TABLES
1. Estimates are provided separately for rural and urban areas and
for males and
females.
2. The estimates presented in the report, in general, refer to the
mid-point of the
survey period (July 2009 – June 2010) of NSS 66 th
round, i.e., 01.01.2010.
3. It may be noted that as the tables are generally presented as
‘per 1000 distribution’
or ‘estimates per 1000’, the figures are rounded off. Thus, while
using the ratios
from the survey results, it is to be noted that the accuracy of
these derived aggre-
gates will be limited to the number of significant digits available
in the ratio or
percentage estimates presented in the report. The estimated
aggregates, wherever
possible, can be used to get ratios with more significant
digits.
4. If there are no sample households/persons in a particular
category, the
estimates/estimated proportions of households/persons in that
category becomes 0.
Estimated numbers per 1000 are also shown as 0, when they are
greater than 0 but
less than 0.5.
5. In the detailed tables, in some of the deeper classifications,
some sample sizes may
be small and this may have a bearing on the precision of the
corresponding
estimates.
6. The cell-level figures in the tables, when added up, may not
exactly be equal to the
figure shown against the ‘total’ column (or line) due to (i)
rounding off and/or (ii)
presence of non-response cases.
Introduction
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
1
1.0 The Report in Perspective
1.0.1 The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), as a part of its 66
th
round survey
programme during the period July 2009 - June 2010, carried
out an all-India household
survey on the subject of employment and unemployment in India. In
this survey, the
nation-wide enquiry was conducted to generate estimates of various
characteristics
pertaining to employment and unemployment and labour force
characteristics at the
national and State levels. Information on various facets of
employment and unemployment
in India was collected through a schedule of enquiry (Schedule 10)
adopting the
established concepts, definitions and procedures. Based on the data
collected during the
entire period of survey, estimates pertaining to
employment-unemployment in India along
with various characteristics associated with them have been
presented in this report.
1.1 Objective of the survey on employment and unemployment
1.1.1 The main objective of the employment-unemployment surveys
conducted by NSSO
at periodic interval is to generate estimates of level parameters
of various employment and
unemployment characteristics at national and State level. These
statistical indicators on
labour market are required for planning, policy and decision making
at various levels, both
within the government and outside. The critical issues in the
context of labour force
enquiries pertain to defining the labour force and measuring
participation of labour force
in different economic activities. The activity participation of the
people is not only
dynamic but also multidimensional: it varies with region, age,
education, gender, level of
living, industry and occupational category. These aspects of the
labour force are captured
in detail in the NSS survey on employment and unemployment and
estimates are
generated for labour force participation rate, worker population
ratio, unemployment rate,
wages of employees, etc. The indicators of the structural aspects
of the workforce such as
status in employment, industrial distribution and occupational
distribution are also derived
from the survey. Besides, from the data collected on the
particulars of enterprises and
conditions of employment, the aspects of employment in the informal
sector and informal
employment are reflected through the conceptual framework of the
survey.
1.2 Genesis of NSS Employment and Unemployment Survey
1.2.1 The quinquennial survey on employment-unemployment is one of
the important
surveys conducted regularly by the NSSO. The first such survey was
done during
September 1972 - October 1973 corresponding to the 27 th
round of NSSO. The present
survey is the eighth in the series.
Introduction
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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2
1.2.2 Past Quinquennial Surveys: The assessment of the volume
and structure of
employment and unemployment using large scale household surveys
commenced with the
NSS 9 th
round (May - September, 1955). Subsequently NSSO conducted a number
of
surveys on this subject to firm up the concepts and methods. The
core conceptual
framework for conducting such surveys was put in place by an
“Expert Committee on
Unemployment Estimates” (popularly known as the Dantwala
Committee), set up by the
Planning Commission. The Expert Committee reviewed these surveys
and the indicators
generated from such surveys conducted by NSS in the past. The
concepts and definitions
recommended by this committee formed the basis of the first
quinquennial survey on
employment and unemployment conducted in the 27 th
round of NSS (September 1972 –
October 1973). Since then, six comprehensive quinquennial surveys
on employment and
unemployment situation in India have been carried out in the past
by the NSSO prior to the
present quinquennial survey. These were carried out during
the 32 nd
round (July 1977 –
June 1978), 38th round (January 1983 – December 1983), 43rd round
(July 1987 – June
1988), 50 th
round
(July 2004- June 2005) in which concepts, definitions and
procedures were based
primarily on the recommendations of the Dantwala Committee.
The results of these
surveys have been brought out in the form of NSS reports. In NSS 55
th
round, the aspects
of enterprise characteristic of employment and in NSS 61 st
round the qualitative aspects of
informal employment was added in the survey module of the
quinquennial round.
1.2.3 Other surveys on employment-unemployment : Apart from
these quinquennial surveys
on employment and unemployment, NSSO had also been collecting
information on certain
key items on employment and unemployment, as a part of annual
series, from a smaller
sample of households in each round since its 45 th
round (July 1989 - June 1990) through
the schedule on Household Consumer Expenditure (Schedule 1.0). The
objective of data
collected in the annual series was to measure employment and
unemployment indicators in
terms of the usual and current weekly statuses only and study of
these indicators in respect
of category of employment, industrial distribution of the usually
employed, etc. These
procedures continued till the 59 th
round (January-December 2003) of NSS. In the annual
rounds, only activity status and industry of work according to
usual principal status,
subsidiary status and current weekly status approach were collected
through a few
columns of the demographic block of the Consumer Expenditure
Schedule (Schedule 1.0).
Particulars of employment and unemployment according to the usual
principal status and
usual subsidiary status were collected in the annual rounds by
following a similar
approach as in the quinquennial rounds. In the quinquennial rounds,
particulars of current
daily status of the household members are collected and current
weekly status is derived
from them, whereas in the annual rounds, current weekly status has
been obtained through
a direct query. In the 60 th
round (January-June 2004), a separate schedule on employment
and unemployment was canvassed for the first time in an annual
round and particulars on
employment and unemployment was collected in the same manner as
that of the
quinquennial rounds. In NSS 62 nd
round (July 2005 - June 2006) and in NSS 64 th
round
Introduction
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
3
round, was canvassed and particulars on
labour force were collected in the manner similar to the
quinquennial rounds.
1.3 Scope of NSS 66 th
round Survey on Employment and Unemployment
1.3.1 The critical issues in the context of labour force enquiries
pertain to defining the
labour force and measuring participation of labour force in
different economic activities.
The activity participation of the people is not only dynamic but
also multidimensional; it
varies over regions, age, education, gender, industry and
occupational categories. In NSS
surveys, persons are classified into various activity categories on
the basis of activities
pursued by them during certain specified reference periods.
Three reference periods are
used in NSS surveys, viz. (i) one year, (ii) one week and (iii)
each day of the reference
week. Based on these three periods, three different measures of
activity status are arrived
at. The activity status determined on the basis of the reference
period of one year is known
as the usual activity status (US) of a person, that determined on
the basis of a reference
period of one week is known as the current weekly status
(CWS) of the person and the
activity status determined on the basis of the engagement on each
day during the reference
week is known as the current daily status (CDS) of the
person.
1.3.2 In NSS 66 th
round Employment & Unemployment schedule, the major features
of
data collected in NSS 61 st
round were retained. In addition, some information on ‘Home
based workers’ was collected. There is another specific
importance associated with the
period of NSS 66 th
round. The present quinquennial round is the first one, since the
major
public intervention in the rural labour market made with the
enactment of the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005. The survey
instruments for NSS
66 th
round appropriately incorporated the assimilation of data on some
salient aspects
relating to MGNREGA.
round, data on employment-unemployment characteristics were
collected through Schedule 10. The schedule captured a range of
information on the
following aspects:
i) Household characteristics, like household size, religion,
social group, land
possessed, land cultivated, etc. For the rural households
information was collected, on
whether the household had Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee
(MGNREG) job card, whether got work in MGNREG works during the last
365 days,
number of days got work in MGNREG works and mode of payment of the
wages
earned in MGNREG works. Information on household monthly consumer
expenditure
was also collected through a worksheet to study the
employment-unemployment
characteristics with the level of living of the population.
ii) Demographic particulars, like age, sex, educational
level, status of current
attendance and vocational training.
iii) Usual principal activity status and subsidiary economic
activity status of the all
persons.
Introduction
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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4
iv) Particulars of the enterprise for all the usual status
workers (excluding those
engaged in growing of crops and growing of crops combined with
farming of animals)
viz., location of work place, type of enterprises, number of
workers in the enterprise
etc. and some particulars on the conditions of
employment for the employees, like type
of job contract, eligibility for paid leave, availability of social
security benefits, etc.
For self-employed persons in the usual status, some particulars
were collected for
identification of home-based workers.
v) Extent of underutilization of the labour time and on the
qualitative aspects of
employment, like changes in activity status, occupation /industry,
existence of trade
unions/associations, nature of employment (permanent/temporary),
etc.
vi) Participation in specified activities by the
household members who are classified
as engaged in domestic duties in the usual principal activity
status.
1.4 The survey outline of NSS 66 th
round survey
1.4.1 Geographical coverage: The survey covered the whole of the
Indian Union except (i)
interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of
the bus route and (ii)
villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remained inaccessible
throughout the
year. However, all the sample first stage units of both rural and
urban areas of Leh, Kargil
and Poonch districts of Jammu & Kashmir became casualty and
therefore these districts
were outside the survey coverage.
1.4.2 Sub-round : The fieldwork of the 66 th
round of NSSO started from 1 st
July, 2009 and
continued till 30 th
June, 2010. As usual, the survey period of this round was divided
into
four sub-rounds, each with a duration of three months, the 1
st
sub-round period ranging
sub-round period from October to December 2009
and so on. An equal number of sample villages/blocks (FSUs) was
allotted for survey in
each of these four sub-rounds. The survey used the interview method
of data collection
from a sample of randomly selected households.
1.5 Sample Design
1.5.1 A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the 66
th
round survey. The first stage
units (FSU) were the 2001 census villages (Panchayat wards in case
of Kerala) in the rural
sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. In
addition, two non-
UFS towns of Leh and Kargil of Jammu & Kashmir were also
treated as FSUs in the urban
sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) were households in both the
sectors. Hamlet-
groups/sub-blocks constituted the intermediate stage whenever these
were formed in the
sample FSUs. For the rural sector , the list of 2001
census villages (Panchayat wards in
case of Kerala) constituted the sampling frame. For the urban
sector, the list of latest
available UFS blocks constituted the sampling frame. For non-UFS
towns, frame consisted
of the individual towns (only two towns, viz., Leh & Kargil
constituted this frame). Within
Introduction
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
5
comprising all rural areas of the district and urban stratum
comprising all the urban areas
of the district. However, within the urban areas of a district, if
there were one or more
towns with population 10 lakhs or more as per population census
2001 in a district, each of
them formed a separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas
of the district were
considered as another basic stratum. There was no
sub-stratification in the urban sector.
However, to net adequate number of child workers, for all rural
strata, each stratum was
divided into 2 sub-strata. These were, sub-stratum 1: all villages
with proportion of child
workers (p) >2P (where P is the average proportion of child
workers for the sate/ UT as
per Census 2001) and sub-stratum 2: remaining villages.
1.5.2 At the all-India level, a total number of 12784 FSUs were
allocated for survey in the
central sample. This sample size was at par with the sample size of
NSS 61 st
round. In
addition, 24 State sample FSUs (16 for rural sector and 8 for urban
sector) of Leh and
Kargil districts of J & K were included in the central sample.
The total number of sample
FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to
population as per census 2001
subject to the availability of investigators and ensuring minimum
sample allocation to each
State/ UT. The State/ UT level sample size was allocated between
two sectors in
proportion to population as per census 2001 with double
weightage to urban sector subject
to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
etc. did not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 16 FSUs (to
the extent possible)
was allocated to each state/ UT separately for rural and urban
areas. Further the State level
allocations for both rural and urban areas were adjusted marginally
in a few cases to
ensure that each stratum/ sub-stratum got a minimum allocation of 4
FSUs. Within each
sector of a State/ UT, the respective sample size was allocated to
the different strata/ sub-
strata in proportion to the population as per census 2001.
Allocations at stratum/ sub-
stratum level were adjusted to multiples of 4 with a minimum sample
size of 4 and equal
number of samples was allocated among the four sub rounds.
1.5.3 For the rural sector, from each stratum/ sub-stratum,
required number of sample
villages were selected by probability proportional to size with
replacement (PPSWR), size
being the population of the village as per Census 2001. For
urban sector, from each
stratum FSUs were selected by using Simple Random Sampling Without
Replacement
(SRSWOR). Both rural and urban samples were drawn in the form of
two independent
sub-samples. All households listed in the selected village/block/
hamlet-groups/sub-blocks
were stratified into three second stage strata (SSS). A total of 8
households were selected
from each sample village/block for canvassing the employment and
un-employment
schedule. The sample households from each of the second stage
strata were selected by
SRSWOR.
Introduction
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
6
1.5.4 Out of the total number of 12,808 FSUs (7,524 villages and
5,284 urban blocks)
allotted for the central sample 1
(including 24 state sample FSUs of Leh and Kargil districts
of J & K: 16 for rural sector and 8 for urban sector), 12,654
FSUs (7,402 villages and
5,252 urban blocks) could be surveyed at the all-India level for
canvassing Schedule 10.
The number of households surveyed was 1,00,957 (59,129 in rural
areas and 41,828 in
urban areas) and number of persons surveyed was 4,59,784 (2,81,327
in rural areas and
1,78,457 in urban areas). The sample design and estimation
procedure used for the survey
is given in Appendix B of this report.
1.5.5 The domains of rural and urban sector in the survey are
co-terminus with the
criterion adopted in census. The urban frame used in the survey is
the latest updated UFS
that takes into account the newly declared towns after the last
census 2001.Accordingly
the rural sector is the one that is not urban.
1.6 Contents of this report
1.6.1 This report contains eight chapters, including the present
introductory chapter, and
four appendices. Chapter Two describes the concepts and definitions
of those terms used
in the survey in connection with the various items covered in this
report. The main
findings relating to the estimates given in this report are
presented and discussed in
Chapters Three to Eight. To start with, Chapter Three is on
household and population
characteristics. Discussions on the labour force, the work force
and the unemployed are
presented in Chapters Four, Five and Six, respectively. The
next chapter, viz. Chapter
Seven, deals with underemployment while the last chapter discusses
the feature of labour
mobility. In Chapters Three to Eight, wherever state level tables
have been presented,
those have been placed at the end of the respective chapters. The
detailed tables forming
the basis of this report are presented in Appendix A. Appendix B
gives a detailed
description of the sample design and estimation procedure used for
the survey. In
Appendix C, the Projected Population as on 1 st
March 2009 and 1 st
March 2010 supplied
by RGI Office have been presented along with those projected
for 1 st
January 2010 using
compound rate of growth. The projections have been given for, male
and female,
separately, for rural and urban for each State/U.T. Appendix D
gives a facsimile of the
schedule canvassed in the survey. The RSEs of worker population
ratio (WPR) according
to usual status (PS+SS) and current weekly status (CWS) have been
presented in
Appendix E for the major States.
1.6.2 The detailed tables turned out to be very voluminous. Hence,
the hard-copy of the
detailed tables (Appendix A) does not form a part of the Report and
Appendix A of the
report is provided in CD.
1.6.3 The estimates of key employment and unemployment
characteristics are generally
presented, as ratios. However, the estimates of aggregates
are also given in the margin of
the detailed tables presented for all-India levels. It may be noted
that estimates of ratios are
1 The sample selected for NSS 66th round which was surveyed by NSSO
is termed “Central sample”. As is usual in the
regular NSS rounds, most States and Union Territories participated
in the survey: the sample surveyed by State
Government officials is termed as “State sample”.
Introduction
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
7
generally expected to be robust and the estimates of aggregates may
be used only to
combine the ratios. However, to arrive at estimated absolute number
in any category, the
users may apply the survey estimates of ratios to the census
population or projections 2 . It
may also be noted that as the tables are generally presented as
‘per 1000 distribution’ or rates
‘per 1000’, the figures are rounded off. Thus, while using the
ratios from the survey results,
it is to be noted that the accuracy of these derived aggregates
will be limited to the number of
significant digits available in such ratios. The estimates
presented in this report, in general,
refer to the mid-point of the survey period (July 2009 – June 2010)
of NSS 66 th
round, i.e.,
01.01.2010.
1.6.4 The estimates of key indicators of employment and
unemployment have been
presented for all the States and U.Ts. While using the
estimates for the smaller States, it
may be kept in mind that the sample sizes for them may not be
adequate enough for
getting sufficiently reliable estimates.
1.7 NSS 66 th
Round Reports on Employment and Unemployment
1.7.1 The results of NSS rounds are released in reports based on
comprehensive tabulation
of subject parameters and indicators in various cross
classifications generated from the
central sample data. Corresponding to NSS 66 th
round quinquennial survey on
Employment and Unemployment, the results are planned for release in
eight reports. In
addition to these eight reports planned, a document on Key
Indicators of Employment and
Unemployment in India, 2009-10 has already been released in June
2011. Of the eight
reports, the present one - first in the series of reports - deals
in some detail, with the
employment-unemployment estimates measured in terms of the three
basic approaches of
usual status, current weekly status and current daily status and
their patterns along with
their correlates. It also covers some aspects of underemployment.
The report gives the
results generated at all-India level and some important results for
different states/union
territories. The tentative titles of the other seven reports
planned to be released are:
(i) Informal Sector and Conditions of Employment in India: 2009 –
10
(ii) Employment and Unemployment situation among Social Groups in
India: 2009 – 10
(iii) Status of Education and Vocational Training in India: 2009 –
10
(iv) Participation of Women in Specified Activities along with
Domestic Duties: 2009 - 10
(v) Employment and Unemployment situation in Cities and Towns in
India: 2009 – 10
(vi) Home-based Workers in India 2009-10
(vii) Employment and Unemployment situation among Major Religious
groups in India:
2009 – 10.
2 In Appendix C, the Projected Population as on 1st March
2009 and 1st March 2010 supplied by RGI Office have been
Chapter Two
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
8
Concepts and Definitions
2.0 The concepts and definitions of some important terms used in
the survey and relevant
to this report are explained in the following paragraphs.
2.1 Household : A group of persons who normally lived
together and took food from a
common kitchen constituted a household. The adverb “normally” means
that temporary
visitors and guests (whose total period of stay in the household
was expected to be less
than 6 months) were excluded but temporary stay-aways (whose total
period of absence
from the household was expected to be less than 6 months) were
included. Thus a child
residing in a hostel for studies was excluded from the household of
his/her parents, but a
resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in
the house) was included
in the employer’s/host’s household. “Living together” was given
more importance than
“sharing food from a common kitchen” in drawing the boundaries of a
household in case
the two criteria were in conflict. However, in the special case of
a person taking food with
his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different
house) due to shortage of
space, the household formed by such a person’s family members was
taken to include the
person also. Each inmate of a hotel, mess, boarding-lodging
house, hostel, etc., was
considered to be a single-member household except that a family
living in a hotel (say)
was considered one household only. The same principle was
applicable for the residential
staff of such establishments. The size of a household is the total
number of persons in the
household.
2.2 Age (years): The age in completed years, as on the date
of survey, of the household
members were recorded.
2.3 Land owned by the household as on date of survey : A piece of
land was considered
as 'owned by the household' if permanent heritable possession with
or without the right to
transfer the title was vested in a member or members of the
household. Land held in
owner-like possession say, under perpetual lease, hereditary
tenure, long-term lease for 30
years or more, etc., was also considered as land owned.
2.4 Land possessed by the household as on date of survey :
The area of land possessed
included land ‘owned’, ‘leased in’ and ‘land neither owned nor
leased in’ (i.e. encroached)
by the household but excluded land 'leased out'. For a piece
of land under the possession
of the household, if the household did not have the title of
ownership and also did not have
lease agreement for the use of land transacted, either orally or in
writing, such land was
considered as ‘neither owned nor leased in’. In collecting
information regarding land
possessed, the actual position as obtained on the date of
survey was considered. The ‘area
Chapter Two
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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9
servants/paying guests who were considered as normal members of the
household, as per
the definition of household taken up for the survey.
2.5 Land cultivated (including orchard and
plantation) during July 2008-June 2009 :
Land cultivated (including orchard and plantation) during the
agricultural year 2008-2009,
i.e., July 2008 to June 2009 was recorded considering cultivation
of land from the land
'owned', 'land leased-in' or from 'land neither owned nor
leased-in'. Area with field crops
and area under orchards and plantations was counted only once in
the same year/ season. It
may be noted that information on land owned, possessed or
cultivated as described above
was collected in hectares upto 3 places of decimals.
2.6 General educational level : A person was considered as
literate if he/she could both
read and write a simple message with understanding in at least one
language. For all the
individuals who were found to be literate, the general level of
education was collected in
terms of highest level of education successfully completed. Highest
le