N.S. 100 Lecture 3 – Biochemistry is broken up into 3 parts – this is part 3a.

1

Carbon atoms form chains

Carbon chains are backbone for molecules of life

2

1

3

4 2

6

8

7

5

Carbon atom and

carbon chain formation

3a

Diamond is a chain of

carbon atoms

3b

Organic Chemistry = Chemistry of Carbon Atoms

4

Organic MoleculesContain Carbon + Hydrogen

and maybe oxygen, and other atoms

Everything here is organic

…..oops except for the bottle

5

Biologically Important Organic Molecules

Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)

Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)

Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)

Lipids – C, H, O

Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)

6

Hydrocarbons contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

7

HC

Hydrogen atom

Carbon atom

8

H

H

H

H

C

CH4

Methane = simple

hydrocarbon

9

A simple organic molecule with 1 Carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms

Energy released when hydrogen separated from carbon during burning

10

Ethane

Propane

Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen)

11

Butane

Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen)

12

Gasoline

Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon

13

Monomers

Dimers

Polymers

14

What are monomers?Monomers = small molecules linked together to form chains.

What are polymers?Polymers = chains of monomers .

Poly = many mer = parts or units Polymer = many parts linked together

?

15

16

Like a polymer

Like monomers

17

OH HO

O

Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting)

Monomer A

HOH

(Monomer A) (Monomer B)

(Monomer B)

Dimer & Polymer formation

(Monomer A)

dimer = two monomers

18

Polymer: repeating units of monomers

Examples of polymers include:Starch = polymer in made of sugar monomers (food)

Polyethylene = polymer made of ethylene monomers (plastic bags)

Polystyrene = polymer made of styrene monomers (styrofoam cups and dishes)

Protein = polymer made of amino acid monomers (muscle tissue)

19

Biologically Important Organic Molecules

Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)

Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)

Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)

Lipids – C, H, O

Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)

20

Foods rich in Carbohydrates21

Monosaccharides = sugar

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates 22

Glucose (sugar) is a common example of a monosaccharide

C6H12O6

C1H2O1

Hydroxyl group

C6H12O6

Carbon

Hydrogen Oxygen

23

Energy for all functions, in all cells, in all living things

In humans – growth, kidney function, nerve impulses, digestion, muscle action, heart beat, and more

Glucose

24

Normal glucose and insulin levels over a 24 hour period in people without diabetes

Diabetic

25

OH HO

O

Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting)

Monomer A

Sucrose a Disaccharide (dimer = two monomers)

HOH

(Monomer A) (Monomer B)

Monosaccharide (Monomer B)

Disaccharide (dimer) formation

Monosaccharide (Monomer A)

26

Biologist’s idea of Halloween fun

Table Sugar

27

Polysaccharide (polymer) is made of many monosaccharides (monomers)

Polysaccharide

28

Monosaccharide

Examples of Polysaccharides:

Potato Starch

Cellulose leaves

Chitin exoskeletons

29

Biologically Important Organic Molecules

Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)

Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)

Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)

Lipids – C, H, O

Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)

30

PROTEINS:Structure and Function of proteins controls structure and function of all life

31

Proteins are found in all cells and in many cell products

Hair (cell product)

Skin cell

32