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m m m m ; ; ~ m m m : - ; l ~ m m t n m m m m m m m m m m m CHAPTER - VII m m m m m m SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION m m m mmn~mmm~m;-j r n~r,rnrnmmrnrnmmmrnmnmm~mmmmm
There a re many views on the o r i g i n of the Agnikula
Kshatriyas. According t o one version the P a l l i e s o r
Pal lavas of South India once held a very high pos i t i on
as r u l e r s of our country. A t the time of invasion of
Chalukyas, the Vannikulas of the T a m i l country o r
P a l l i e s of Telugu country are descendants of Agnikula
Kshatriyas and they have gradually f a l l e n t o their pre-
s e n t pos i t i on owing t o the downfall of t h e i r dominim
though there a re some, here and there , who hold very
respectable pos i t i on as landlords etc. By God's grace,
they regained t h e i r o r i g i n a l pos i t ion during the Br i t i sh
ru l e i n our country.
Actcording to Rekhada Samudra Rao the i e h a t r i y a s have
divided i n t o th ree divis ions . One is the s o l a r dynasty,
second the lunar dynasty and the t h i r d fire dynasty. The
Agnikula Kshatriyas do belong to f i r e dynasty., Again the
Agnikula Kshatriyas i n t e r n a l l y divided i n t o f o u r s u b
groups. They are Gangapallavalu, ~ a l a m b a ~ a d e p a l l a v a l u ~
Dravida Pa l l ava lu and Andhra Pallavalu. In Tamil Nadu
they a r e c a l l e d a s Vanikula Kshatriyas whereas i n t h e
S t a t e of Andhra Pradesh they a r e c a l l e d as Agnikula
Kshatriyas.
I n t h i s study the researcher has examined and
interviewed 480 respondents of Agnikula Kshatr iya caste
i n t h e d i s t r i c t of Nellore of Andhra Pradesh i n South
India.
The ob jec t ives of the study a r e t o make a d e t a i l e d
study of the Agnikula Kshatriyas and t h e i r s o c i a l , economi=,
p o l i t i c a l , r e l i g i o u s and welfare programmes of Agnikula
Ksha t r i y a s .
Se lec t ion of respondents was done according to the
method of purposive sampling, The primary as wsll as
the secondary method of da ta c o l l e c t Lon were adopted.
An interview schedule was administered t o c o l l e c t the
necessary information from the 480 respondents f o r t h i s
research work.
The observat ion method a l s o used to record his obser-
va t ion and reac t ions t o the cond i t ion of t h e Aqnikula
Kshatriyas. The secondary method of d a t a c o l l e c t i o n was
a l s o adopted regarding the m a t e r i a l of s o c i a l s e c u r i t y
and welfare programmes i n Ind ia p a r t i c u l a r l y d e a l i n g
with t he Agnikula Kshatr iyas. S t a t i s t i c a l method has
been used t o p r e s e n t and analyse t o q u a l i t a t i v e responses.
The data a r e presented i n the t a b l e s which have been
o a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n the a n a l y s i s of the respondents
views, a t t i t u d e and opinions, Besides the c o l l e c t e d d a t a
were poded through the keysquaire method.
The resea rcher has examined and interviewed 430 res-
pondencs belonging to Aqnikula ICshatriyas of Nellore dis-
t r i c t i n the S t a t e of Andhra Pradesh and c o l l e c t e d the
d a t a f o r t h i s work.
Age and sex wise o u t of 480 t o t a l respondents of
Agnikula Kshatr iyas, 260 i . e . 54.17 per c e n t of Agnikula
U h a t r i y a s were between age group of 31 - 45. 95 i .e.
19.79 per c e n t of Agnikula Kshatr iyas were found between
16 - 30 years . 82 i .e . 17.08 per cent were found between
46 - 60 years . 31 i . e . 6.46 p e r c e n t of respondents were
found beyond 61 years and 1 2 i , e . 2.50 p e r c e n t under the
category of below 15 years .
Education is one of the important de terminants of
person 's s o c i a1 s t a t u s . I l l i t e r a c y is most pronounced
among urban and r u r a l Agnikula Kshatr iyas. Out of 240
urban respondents 68.75 p e r c e n t were found ill i t e r a t e s
and remaining 31.25 p e r c e n t were found l i t e r a t e s .
Among the r u r a l Agnikula Kshatr iyas 16.67 p e r c e n t
were l i t e r a t e s and 83.33 were found under the ca-
gory of i l l i t e r a t e s . Therefore i l l i t e r a c y i s most pro-
found among Agnikula Kshatr iyas.
I n response to the reasons f o r no t a t t end ing the
school major i ty of f a m i l i e s quoted the reasons of
poverty and t h e necess i ty of ea rn ing money b~ suppor t
their f a m i l i e s was the main reason.
Concerning with type of f a m i l i e s , ma jo r i ty of
Agnikula Kshatr iyas l i v e d i n nuclear f a m i l i e s i. e.
55.41 p e r c e n t , 41.46 were l i v i n g i n j o i n t farn i l ies and
only 3.13 p e r c e n t were l i v i n g i n s i n g l e f ami l i e s .
Regarding t h e family s i z e o u t of 480 t o t a l fami-
l i e s 39.79 p e r cent of the f a m i l i e s were found between
the size 4 - 5, 27.91 per c e n t were between the s i z e of
6 - 7, 17.71 per c e n t were found between the size of
2 - 3, and 7.92 p e r c e n t were found beyond 8 - 9.
With re fe rence t o accommodation of Pa t t apus and
P a l l i e s 135 i.e. 56.25 p e r c e n t , 9 i.e. 3.75 p e r c e n t
and 5 i . e . 2.08 p e r c e n t o u t of 240 urban responded to
the query i n p o s i t i v e (i.e, s u i t a b l e accommodation) and
the remaining 43 i .e . 17.92 p e r c e n t and 49 i .e. 20.00
p e r c e n t of t h e respondents comes under the category
of unsu i t ab le accommodation.
f n r u r a l a r e a 3 . 3 4 per cen t , 27.08 p e r c e n t and
10.00 p e r c e n t were represented t o s u i t a b l e and t h e re-
maining 49,17 p e r c e n t , 9.58 p e r c e n t and 0.83 per c e n t
were found under the categgry of unsui table accommoda-
t ion .
Concerning with occupational s t a t u s majority of
urban respondents mainly depend on non-farm labour as
a g a i n s t a major i ty of the mral respondents working as
a n a g r i c u l t u r a l labours and in f i s h e r i e s .
Coming t o the a t t i t u d e towards the t r a d i t i o n a l
occupation among the urban and r u r a l 45.42 p e r c e n t
claimed fa i th i n t r a d i t i o n a l occupation and 54.58 p e r
c e n t claimed no f a i t h i n t r a d i t i o n a l occupation.
Among the urban and r u r a l Agnikula Kshatr iyas a
major i ty (namely 59.54%) of those w i t h income of t h e i r
own f i e l d under the income group of less than Rs.400 p e r
rnofith, The remaining respondents ea rn ing more than Rs.430,
I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t major i ty of them comes under the
low income group.
I n a d i scuss ion of l i v i n g arrangements among the
Agnikula Kshatr iyas 390 i.e. 81.25 p e r c e n t of the res-
pondents l i v e d i n t h e i r own houses. 80 i .e . 16.67 per
c e n t of t h e respondents were l i v i n g i n r en ted houses and
1 0 i . e . 2.08 p e r c e n t of t h e respondents were l i v i n g i n
r e n t f r e e and r e l a t i v e s houses,
Type of the houses i n urban a r e a among t h e Agnikula
Kshatriyas o u t of 2 4 0 t o t a l f a m i l i e s 175 i , ~ , 72.92 per
c e n t were l i v i n g i n pucca h ~ u s e s and 65 i .e. 27.08 per
c e n t l i v e i n kucha houses. I n rural c o n t r o l 2 4 0 , 33 i , e
34 .59 p e r c e n t were l i v i n g i n aucca h ~ u s e s and 1 5 7 i . e .
65.42 per c e n t l i v e d i n kucha houses,
Regarding the pattern of rent house i n urban a r e a
o u t of 8 0 f a m i l i e s 16 i .e . 20.00 p e r c e n t of the respo*
den t s were paying l e s s than % , S O p e r month. 33 i .e.
41.25 per c e n t comes under the ca tegory of b.51-100.
The remaining 31 houses were found by on the 8 ,100 and
above p e r month.
Concerning d e b t s 22.56 p e r c e n t o f the urban res-
pondents have d e b t s below Rs.250 and 30.08 p e r c e n t were
found between b.250 - 500. B u t i n r u r a l areas 25; 00 per
c e n t have d e b t s below Rs.250, and 44.37 p e r c e n t f a l l unde r
t he c a t e g o r y of %.250 - 500. 4.51 p e r cent of urban res-
pondents a r e having mare t han 8.1000 and o n l y 3.35 per
c e n t of t h e r u r a l respondents f a l l under t h i s ca t ego ry .
An a n a l y s i s of t h e reasons of debts 55.64 p e r c e n t
of urban P a t t a p u s and P a l l i e s have r a i s e d l oans t o t h e
domestic purpose whereas 57.69 p e r r:ent of t h e r u r a l
P a t t a p u s and Pal i i e s have taker] t o the domestic p u m o s e
i. e m , marr iages , medicines , e d u c a t i o n and b u s i ~ e s s .
Regarding t h e savicg of t h e Agnikula Ksha t r iyas of
both r u r a l and urban areas t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e respo*
d e n t s a r e having very less sav ings .
Regarding the m a r i t a l s t a t u s of the Agnikula
Ksha t r iyas o u t of 480 whose p a r t i c u l a r s have been men-
t i oned below, the mar r i ed respondents 401 i .e. 83.54 p e r
c e n t whi le 63 i.s. 14.17 p e r cent were widows o r widowers.
The remaining r,espondents 11 i . e . 2 .29 per c e n t i s a
s m a l l e s t group belongs to t h e s i n g l e pe r sons (unmarr ied) .
Coming t o the age a t marriage 284 i . e . 60.55 per c e n t
were f a l l e n under the age group of 16-18. The second fre-
quency found 70 i .e . 14.93 p e r c e n t between the age of
13 - 15, 28 i .e. 5.97 per c e n t were found between 22-24
years . 1 2 i .e . 2.56 p e r cent f a l l between 0 - 1 2 years
and the rest of 4 i.e. 0.35 per c e n t f a l l under t h e age
group of 2 8 years .
Regarding a t t i t u d e towards i n t e r c a s t e marriage among
the Agnikula Ibhatriyecs i n r u r a l a reas , o u t of 2 4 0 fami-
lies 8 2 (34.17) were acce~tecl and 153 ( 6 5 . 5 3 ) were not
accepted. I n urban 117 (48.75) were accepted and 123
were no t accepted.
I n the p r e s e n t study urban respondents have been
found more encouraged t h a n t h e r u r a l respondents.
Concerning to the a t t i t u d e towards family planning
methods among the 480 t o t a l respondents 290 i.e. 60.42
per cent respondents were found aware of t h i s method.
The remaining 190 i . e . 39.52 p e r c e n t were not having
any idea about the family p l a n n i n g methods.
Among the t o t a l respondents, it is observed t h a t
major i ty of them used tubectamy method i , e , 117 i . a . 60.31
p e r cent . T r a d i t i o n a l methods are not more predominant
i n both areas.
Regarding t h e p a r t i c u l a r s i n the community affairs
o u t of 480 respondents 135 i .e . 28 .13 per c e n t were i n t e
r e s t ed and the r e s t of 345 i.e. 71.87 p e r c e n t were no t
i n t e r e s t e d i n the community a f f a i r s .
An ana lys i s of r e l i g i o s i t y among t h e urban and r u r a l
79.58 p e r c e n t claimed t h e i r f a i t h i n r e l i g i o u s prayers
o r a c t i v i t i e s and t h e remaining 20 .42 Der c e n t claimed no
faith i n r e l i g i o u s a c t i v i t i e s .
As regards t o p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n r e l i g i o u s gervices ,
o u t of 430 respondents of 352 i.e. 73.58 per c e n t claimed
t h e i r f a i t h i n r ~ l i g i a u s a c t i v i t i e s .
Coming t o the a t t i t u d e towards l i f e a f t e r death, as
compared t o urban responilents with t h a t of the r u r a l of
the fol lowing a r e warranted. The r u r a l respondents a r e
having h igher percentage regarding the b e l i e f i n l i f e
a£ ter death when compared t o the urban respondents.
An a n a l y s i s reasons towards the choice of p o l i t i c a l
l eader s , 60.42 per c e n t of the urban were giving t h e i r
reasons t o t h e aPf i l i a t e d t o the p o l i t i c a l p a r t y whereas
40.00 p e r c e n t of the r u r a l respondents f a l l e n under the
same category. 13.33 p e r c e n t ant9 9.58 per c e n t of the
urban and r u r a l respondents r e spec t ive chose t h e i r l e a d e r
on the b a s i s of high education.
Corning t o vot ing percentage of Agnikula Kshat r iyas
near ly 87.08 p e r c e n t of the respondents were p a r t i c i p a -
ted i n r ecen t e l e c t i o n s and the remaining 8.96 per c e n t
did not p a r t i c ipate. Remaining 3.96 percentage n e i t h e r
p a r t i c i p a t e d nor p a r t i c i p a t e d i n votinq.
Coming with p o l i t i c a l judgement given to p o l i t i c a l
p a r t i e s by Agnikula Kshatr lyas, i n rural a rea it is found
t h a t 55.19 per c e n t favoured t o Telugu Desam Party. I n
the s i m i l a r manner i n urban a r e a majori ty of them favou-
red Congress Pa r ty i . e . 65.53 p e r cent .
Regarding f i s h i n g ac t i v i t i s s , more o r less family
members are actively engaged d i r e c t l y o r i c d i r e c t l y i n
f i s h i n g occupation whereas i n urban a rea no one is found
among Agnikula Kshatr iyas i n t h i s category.
The p a t t e r n of f i s h i n g s a l e s o u t of 191 respondents
57.07, 23,04 and 19.99 per cent have found under the
ca tegory of Government s a l e s , s e l f o r individual and s a l e s
on the b a s i s of c o n t r a c t respect ive ly .
Concerning wi th awareness manufacture of boats among
t h e r u r a l Agnikula Kshatr iyas the women are having lower
awareness 11 i.e. 1 1 , 2 2 per c e n t than t h a t of men having
high 8 7 i , e . 88,78 p e r cent .
Regarding the ownership of t he boats 49.22 p e r c e n t
a r e not having any boats , a few r e s ~ o n d e n t s having t h e i r
own boats Lee . 21.29'per cen t . Those who a r e no t having
own boats f o r f i s h i n g purpose they take boats from their
f r i e n d s on r e n t a l basis.
Regarding awareness of the manufacturing ne t s i n r u r a l
a reas , 62.83 p e r c e n t were having awareness of manufacture
of nets and 37.17 per c e n t a r e not having any awareness
t o manufacture the ns ts.
Coming t o the problems of p r e s e n t l i f e of the Agnikula
Kshatr iyas, majority (28.13%) of t h e respondents were no t
y e t f r d e from the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y about f inance 26.24 p e r
c e n t pf t h e r e s ~ o n d e n t s were found under t h e problems of
debts due t o cons t ruc t ion of house, c e l e b r a t i n g t ? e mar-
r i ages of t h e i r chi lr l ren e*.
S o c i a l chanqes and susqes t ions
1. I n a n c i e n t per iod they were c a l l e d as
Pal lavas . A t p r e s e n t those who a r e
speaking Tamil they a r e c a l l e d
Vahnikula Kshatriyas. I n Andhra
those who are speaking Telugu they
a r e c a l l e d Agnikula Kshatriyas.
2 . The Agnikula K s h a t r i y a s have d i v i d e d into
f o u r c a t e g o r i e s (a) Gangupal lavalu , (b)
Dravida P a l l a v a l u , ( c ) Nalambavade
P a l l a v a l u , and ( 4 ) Andhra P a l l a v a l u .
3. I n this r e s e a r c h s t u d y , i t is examined
t h a t t h e y a r e two c a t e g o r i e s - one is
P a t t a p u s and t h e second one i s c a l l e d
P a l l i e s .
4. The i n v e s t i g a t i a n shows that out of 480
responden t s of Agnikula K s h a t r i y a s 2 6 0
i.e. 54.17 per c e n t w e r e found between
the age group of 31 - 45 y e a r s i s t h e
h i g h e s t f requancy.
5. I n e d u c a t i o n l i t e r a c y r a t e is very low
i . e . 23.96 p e r c e n t , and the i l l i t e r a c y
is v e l y h i g h 1 . w . 76.04 per c e n t . M a j e
r i t y of the responden t s have completed
o n l y primary e d u c a t i o n .
6 . Both i n r u r a l and urban a r e a s o n l y three
f a m i l i e s have been w e l l educated .
7. Out of 480 f a m i l i e s 2 6 6 i.e. 55.41 per
c e n t of t h e f a m i l i e s f a l l u n d e r the
c a t e g o r y o f n u c l e a r i n Agnikula
K s h a t r i y a community.
8. The housing accommodation problem among the
Pat tapus and P a l l i e s i s not s u f f i c i e n t i n
urban area. I n rural among the Agnikula
Kshatriyas majori ty of them a r e having
t h e i r own houses.
9 , Most of them i n r u r a l areas a r e depending
upon t r a d i t i o n a l occupation.
10. I n urban area , the Agnikula Kshatriyas
follows mainly non-tradi t Conal occupation
when compared w i t h those of rural areas
majority of them follow t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l
occupation i . e . f i sh ing.
11. Among the 480 of the t o t a l respondents 8 0
i.e. 16.67 per cen t w e r e l i v e i n rented
houses.
1 2 . Regarding the debts pos i t ion of the
Agnikula Kshatriyas ou t of 480 t o t a l res-
pondents 44.87 per c e n t f a l l s under the
category of Rs.250 - $00. 13. Savings a r e very l imited among the Agnikula
Kshatriyas i n both urban and ru r a l areas.
14 . In this study marital s ta tus out of 480
t o t a l respondents 8 3 . 5 4 per cent comes
under the group of married.
15 . The ideal age of the marriage for boys
and g i r l s also changed among the Agnikula
Kshatriyas. Most of them say the ideal
aga is for boys 2C years, and for g i r l s
la years.
1 6 . Attitude towards the intercas te marriage
also changed among the Agni?.:ula Kshatriyas.
Low percentage i n rur a1 areas accep tancs
of urban i s high pos i t ion .
17 . Grasshapper of Thali Bhottu i n P a l l i e s of
urban centres . Lunar shape of ' t ha l i
bhottu' the remaining i n a l l the people
of Agnikula Kshatriyas.
18 . Majority of people have followed family
planning methods.
19 . 7 1 . 8 7 per c e n t were not interested i n
community a f f a i r s .
2 0 . P o l i t i c a l p o s i t i o n of Agnikula K s h a t r i y a s
was i n r e c e n t e l e c t i o n s i n u rban a r e a majo-
r i t y o f them c a s t i n g t h e i r v o t e t o Congress
Party whereas i n r u r a l m a j o r i t y o f them
favoured t o Telugu Desam P a r t y .
2 1. A number of w e l f a r e schemes have imple-
mented by S t a t e an8 C e n t r a l Governments
f o r t h e i r u p l i f t m e n t .
2 2 . I n the f i e l d of i n v e s t i g a t i o n both urban
and r u r a l p r imary o r s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t e d
p e o p l e s . I n u rban o n l y two f a r n i l i e s a r e
w e 11 educated.
2 3 . Both u rban and rural ma . jo r i ty o f respon-
d e n t s a r e very poor and t h e i r economic
c o n d i t i o n s are a l s o low l e v e l .
2 4 . M a j o r i t y of the Agnikula K s h a t r i y a s c o u l d
n o t get any b e n e f i t s , due t o m a l p r a c t i c e
and c o n c e p t i o n by the god and the domi-
n a n t c a s t e .
25. M a j o r i t y of f a m i l i e s are hav ing o n l y one
man e a r n i n g and depending among the Agnikula
K s h a t r i y a s is v e r y h i g h when compared t o the
other caste peoples. I n this way they have
to face many problems.
2 6 . In t h e educational aspect t he Government
have s a n c t i o n e d many w e l f a r e schemes, b u t
they c o u l d no t u t i l i s e the b e n e f i t s due
t o their ignorance .
2 7 , I n t h e s e a - s h o r e a r e a 40 responden t s have
been t r a i n e d i n mechanised b o a t s a t
Visakhapatnam but they have n o t yet get
any f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e from the
Government.
29. Housing con8it ions is a l so ,Jery v u l n e r a b l e .
I n Mypadu area t h e y l i v e beside sea - shore
area.
2 9. Among t h e Agnikula G h a t r i y a s , awareness
towards fami ly p l a n n i n g methods is a major
change n o t only i n u rban b u t a l s o i n r u r a l
areas.
30. The f i s h e r i e s f r e q u e n t l y go t o urban cen-
tres for s e l l i n g their f is141esr owing to
this they a l s o change i n mode of d r e s s
pattern, s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n and food
habi ts .
31 31. P a t t e r n of housing cond i t ions also change
among the Agnikula Kshatr iyas p a r t i c u l a r l y
i n r u r a l a reas . The Government also sanc-
t ioned and const ructed more than 2 00
houses f o r this p a r t i c u l a r caste .
32. Majori ty of the f i s h e r i e s exp lo i t ed by the
dominant caste i n the case oE s e l l i n g
t h e i r fishes. NOW there i s a ' ' u n i ~ n among
the f i s h e r i e s namely f i s h e r i e s youth
a s s o c i a t i o n " and mainly so! ve t h e i r
pr2blems a t t h e i r reasonable r a t e s f o r
their f i s h e s .
3 3 . Those who come from Tamil Nadu S t a t e
t h e i r main language i s Tamil, bes ides they
a l s o speak Telugu language and c a l l e d as
Pat tapus . The person who speak only the
Telugu language i s c a l l e d as a P a l l i .