— —

S

R8 22

NP 88

Promotion and Support for Women’s Participation

in the International Drinking Water Supply and

Sanitation Decade

ICP CWS 005

UNDP ~INT/83/003 - PROWWESS

CASE STUDY

ON

PROMOTION OF WOMENTS PARTICIPATION IN

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMMES

PreparedBy

Integrated Development Systems

P.O. Box 2254

Baneshwor

Kathmandu

-Nepal

~c- ;~t~1- World Health Organization-~i-;~~ ~

Squth-East Asia Regional Office--,-~•_-c- ;~~- ~ - --‘ -r~ ~-. - — -a - - ~ t-~__’nLL~3r

~ India~~ T4~88 - - T-• ~j:- ~

1 - -

- R822—NP--6759

~

—

—

1111111111111111

l~ 4

Promotion and Support for Women’s Participation

in the International Drinking Water Supply and

Sanitation Decade

ICP CWS 005

tJNDP INT/83/003 — PROWWESS

CASE STUDY

ON

PROMOTION OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN

WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROGRAMMES

Preparedby

Integrated Development Systems

Wârld Hea1th~Qrinization

South-East Asia Regional Office

New Delhi, India

The issue of this documentdoes not constitute formal publication.It should not be reviewed, abstractedor quoted without theagreementof the World Health Organization. Authors alone areresponsible for views appearingunder their nawes.

P.O. Box 2254

Baneshwor

Kathmandu

Nepal

LIBRARY, INTERNATIONAL REFERENCECENTRE FOR COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLYAND SAN1TATJON (IRC)P.O. Box 93190, 2509 AD The HagueTel. (070) 814911 ext 141/142

I~1: ~f5~I.LO:~3~ /V? 8&~

1988

. 111111

1~ — 1

t

I’REFACE

This reporL oonstituLes part. of’ an ori—going invesLigation ofLhc promoLioii of wornen in WaLer Supply and Sanitation l’rogrammescurrenLly being undei’Laken aL Lhe regional levi~1.,. This survey oftWO pilot project. si Les estabi i~shes Lhe bas ~‘ pararneters againstwhi oh the impac t. of Ihe impi enieiiLaLi on of Lh-~ in’ojecLs designed topromote woineij boLh as couLributoi’s and beneficiaries will beineusured

The study was carried out, by InLegraLed DevelopnienL Systems(1I)S) urider Liie sponsorship of Lhe World lLealLh Organization(WHO) . The worlç was eo—ordiiiated by Indii’a ShresLha. Mr. r’lukurldaPa?Iday, Ns. Kanta Singh, Mr. Purushottaiii Aryal and Ns. GeetaSewakoL 1 col 1 ecLed Lhe inforinat. i oni in F ikkal. and Gajuri sitesdui’ lig the mon LILS 0 (‘ April —May 1 086 and agai i~ iii Sept.ember—Octobert 9~6. Me”. JÇ. BhaL Lachai,, consul Lant soc lologi st. analysed the datawi (.li a sociol ogical perspoctive. Ns. Lynne Pajot provided

cdi Lui’ ial and 1)i’u Cessional i ripuLs for Lhe final i’eport

IDS i ~ graLeful to WhO for sUp~)ortiflg this study.

1- —~---~ .~-

~ ~ ~

- -~ -~ ~-~-‘- —- ~

t, — — -~c ~ -..-\ ‘- ,— -.‘~

* ~ ~ -~

~--~ ~ ~-

ç ~—‘

‘3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PrefaceExecutive Summary

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Baclçground 1

1.2 Past Experiences and Inadequacies of WaterSupply and Sanitation Schemes 1

1.3 Objective of the Study 2

1.4 Nethodology 3

1.5 Institutions involved in Water Supply & Sanitation 4

2. PROFILE OF PROJECT SITES

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Demographic Characteristics 5

2.2.1 Population Composition 52.2.2 Marital Status 62.2.3 Educational Status 6

2.3 Socio—cultural Characteristics 6

2.3.1 Introduction 62.3.2 Family Type 62.3.3 Division of Labour 7

2.3.3.1 Household Activities 72.3.3.2 Agricultural Activities 7

2.3.3.3 Other Income—generating -

Activities 82.3.3.4 Health and Sanitation Activities 8

-. 2ç3.4 Decisjon—making in the Household 82.3.5 Participation in Local Level Organizations 82.3.6 Mén’s Attitudes Towards Women’s --

- - - -- Partioipâtion in Develôpment Projects - 9-- - - 2.3.7 - Patterns of Interaction in the Community 9

“Significant Other” of Women 9- 2.3.9 Caste Hierarchy - -

2.4 Economie Characteristics 10

2.4.1 Introduction 102.4.2 Ownership 10

S

a

2.4.2.1 Land 102,4.2.2 Livestock 10

2.4.3 Employment - 102.4.4 Occupation 10 - —- —

2.4.5 Income - - 102.4.6 Expenditure 11 —

2.4.7 Expenditure Priority 122.4.8 Investment Priority 122.4.9 Loans 12 - - 1

2.5 Physical Facilities 12

2.5.1 Housing 122.5.2 Ownership of Latrines - - 122.5.3 Ownership of Water Sources 12

COMMUNITYPRACTICES AND PERCEPTIONSOF DRINKING 1WATERAND SANITATION

3.1 Introduction 133.2 Water Supply and Use -- 13

3.2.1 Water Quality at Source 133.2.2 Water Needs 133.2.3 Water Source and Water Use 133.2.4 Reliability & Convenience of Water Source 143.2.5 Persons Responsible for Water Collection 143.2.6 Time of Water Collection 143.2.7 Time Spent on Water Collection 153.2.8 Disputes Over Water Use 153.2.9 Comxnunities’ Perceptions of Responsibility

for Private and Public Water Taps andToilets Installation & Maintenance -- 15

5.2.10 Communities’ Perceptiona of InvolvementPeople in Drinking Water Supply Programme . 16

3.2.11 Communities’ Perceptions of Education onSafe Drinking Water 16

3.2.12 Priority of Community Needs 163.2.13 Expected Benefits of Water Supply Programmel63.2.14 Water Collection & Use Observation

Findings 17

3.2.14.1 Water Collection 173.2.14.2 Water Use 17

3.3 Health and Sanitatiori Perception & Conditions -- 18 (

3.3.1 Concept of Clean Water 183.3.2 Concept of Sanitation 183.3.3 Perceptions of Human & Other Wastes 183.3.4 Concept of Sickness and Disease - 183.3.5 Health Conditions 193.3.6 Drinking Water & Food Conditions 19

- 1

1

3.3.73~3.83.3.93.3.10

3.3.113.3.123.3.133.3.143.3.153.3.16

3.3.16.13.3.16.23.3.16.33.3.16.43.3.16.53.3.16.63.3.16.73.3.16.83.3.16.9

IntoductionCondition of Food & BeveragesDrinking Water StorageCondition of Water ContainerCondition of Water DippersCondition of KitchenPresence of FliesCondition of CourtyardLocation of Cattle Byres

4. PROBLEMSAND ISSUES IN WONEN’S PARTICIPATION

4.1 Introduction4.2 Summary of Women’s Profile4.3 Socio-cultural Problems and Issues

191920

20202020202021

1-~~

4.3.14.3.24.3.34 ,53 , 44.3.5 -

4.3.6- 4 . 3~,7

APPENDICES - -

Factionalism in the VillageSelf—assurance of IndividualsCaste SystemEducational Constraints

Time Constraints -

Minimal Role in Decision-makingEconomie Constraints -

Mistrust of Local Political Leaders and-- Lackôf Support for Local Institutions

24242424

2425 -

-- 25

25

Appendix A Tables 1.1 to 3.37Appendix 8 Profile of Water SourcesAppendix C Terms of ReferenceAppendix D Survey Questionnaire

Solid and Liquid Waste DisposalHuman Waste DisposalTime of DefecationMaterials Used for Cleaning and Washing

Fiands After DefecationKnowledge of Latrine TypesIitensi]. WashingClothes WashingBathing ConditionsLivestock WateringHygiene Observation Findings

2121S..

212121222222

232324

— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

‘3

LIST 1W TARLES

- page

lalil e J • t r’, oposcevJ Dr inkiny I’Mter riupply andS..niiLatiori lnc131L11n3 lii t’rpal by theYear I99u A1

rahlti 2. 1 I’upul attsoi, Lc’rnpcnn tzuit by Ayo and tien A—2

TûbJo 2.2 I’upulAtlon Crarnpu~ssiion by Ca2te and Ethnicity A—~

iablce ~. t 11w aL& Status . A—4

labte 2.4 Eduwatinnol tiLaLur. - -

latiJo 2.~, V.wisiy ïygsc~ A—!i

Tateto 2.6 - fltviatciri of Labour by Gun A—61~b1t’ 2.7 14u.umi ‘D Pui CL’pLiuri 0+ IlutirWiold

Uotj&dun»tIaIvtny

Itsbit, 2.9 Wr,nsn’a Pau tic3patinn in Lucal Organi:aationa A—9

roblo 2. t’ I’lgne Attltuilen Toward Womwn’e Participatian

Ir, Dun~~wi’swakinçj and I)cvelopment Activitie% 5—9

ldIblo 2.11 InLeratiun af Waaien With Other Yillayers 5—10

T~tb1a 2.12 ‘Siont{icnr~t Othnr ofWtiiian s—It

lahic’ 2.JZ Awr..yu 2a2e af t.andholdinga 5-12

IiiL,lt. 2. 14fl,)) Diq,.ivrcluijï 11+ Livostock - - 5—It’

2.15 - - flmpinymai.t Status - - - A—15rab.1s1 2.16 OctngtpaL*oii 04 Ilauaehold - 5-16

rr’bts’ 2.1/ Anrsudl i1~orago lncunu -. . 1 - 5-17

T14bIM 2. 11V twut-&çje FIonLhly knpeu.dltures :- - .

— t .; —

Tcitda 2.19 - Liqiori’iiture’.i Ï’rtoraty ..~. - .

Table 2.20 )nventaiont Priorit~ - ~ A—2~

Table 2.21 Sourcu. af Credit 5—23

lable 2.22’ Rapaymwnt of Laan A—23’

Tabtt S. t Daaly Water Raquirement ,. 5-24

labJe 3.2 Sources ~,f Water - 5—25

i~\t,)~. e 3. 3 Watc?r but’rt:(2!~ ~.ini1 t t ic’i r I_J~j~ A—26

t�.d’.te .3. ‘1 k~Jt~iLi~t’ t ~‘ of 1’J~Lnr buj-~p]>‘ - fl—27

‘1~:it 1 i ~. :s C’.,i i •;c-’rul t~i,c ca cd tt~c,’3ut Pr27

TeLt ~- t, W.it rr Lcd lii. t.r~r(~) of ttoutn:lioi.U fl—-’28

(2 3./ iiri,c~ Cd WaI:c.r CUpt tc~c Lor A—28

t itt, 1 o . L’fl, 9 t i un. F<r’qtii t nU f ‘:‘r Wat. cr Ccii 1 u’cL 1 Dtl A--29

.:t)io 3.?kt’’~pLinsitJt 1 Ly for- fri’~Lei1.-tti»in andIfirfi IiL(:r~(1Lt cd t~S.4LE~r’!~. brtriii~.atsnri F1acjli ties

•

P,—31

(‘‘ Rtr~tiovi’s1ti ii Lv 1 ca- 15w. iditig II(1iJt~Ot1OiLl Tin Iets fl—32

F.~tdc’ S. t! ~.c~lv..itJ.tJ Al’.’ f’iI’ 1In3lL~1ilTlq t~rivate(‘1\Lc-2;’’ Ç,i ,! 1 ec t.i r,ii ,‘\——33

t .t’tt’ .3. JY PnL.t”iL Wtii’ ¶Y’t,cjttlcl 1.’tL’ JI,’.’uJ.vL’rJ iii t’kiLer .:,nd1 0 t 1 t 1fl t-t CJi)r at:lInczïr~ (_\...34

.1 tit t t t::~ 3. 1 7. — (‘1p7ir c.pr i ‘ i~ tILt.t ‘cii t.i Ç ~i,r,i Lat. i nn Ediucati ori fl—34

3. t4fl,L( tri’’ttL~’:~ Cd 1hu~Cijininuraity A—-35

‘f..d.t n - :~p. rt:1,rul n’J 1:~i~i~( j L~ frcsin ~a’Lu-i— ¶îL’ppl >‘ Proqrairaric~ (i—37

.L-fl,l? W~d~r i...L,1!] t:c.ti L’Ii ant_t Cun.;vmption -(.‘!j...33

t nt .1 u S — 3 7’’, t: 1 Jr: 1~rt Llt~.rs t ~ l -.-.~— ,-~t,,, s?i_4 6

r.-~ut - s. i .m . t. , t’. t n~— C.’ij ‘ 1 .. Liii It~Utfl[3 t 1 0fl - fl-—42

t’abin 3. t 8fl Cir,Lrpt nl l3 i~,i, ‘Jatc’r - - - f’i—44

t a’ibl 3. j~1J

-

- ‘1.ciii’’’-’1iL Of Ct e,.~ii L’JaLcr — —--

L,~ I_LtuLi,t i uri~il fit Lni nuicri t— -

fl—i15

[ctbic’ 3. tUC U’911.:19)L nI Cicon Wat.er L~y St.-.: A—-46

1 ,it.)1 t’ ~, ~ ! Cnricc~t of S~tjr,it ah un

Tabi c .3.20 ~3Liijina figa’. ntt. Vti313te~, - - A—i113

TnUJ ce 3.21 .oiicc?pl of J ii rii~-~n; - !~49

Fable 3.22 t4n1ic-f’& f<e: Or iijxn of Dise,:i’.~o- - .A—49

Table 3.23 Site of Bui 1i~çjr-Di sposal A—ZO

Tahite 3.24 Bi te of Bol id Wa’.~teDisposal A50

Table- 3.25 Sitre of Urini.itioru anti Defecation - A--51

1.11-1~

II

1,1~11t

~1

$11-I

~ii

•1’

1~--1

- --

rabio

Tabie

1.tio

Tiabli’

1 als1t~

rabl.

Tokio

Iabl t~

Tak io

1.itbju

luL’1 t-’

1sb Ie

Int’! t.

IaI,1~’

i .-g.j r~

A—52

A-52

8-52

A-Z3

A-54 -

A-54

A-55

A-56 -

A—57

fl.57

11-58

A—5B

A-59

11—til

--

‘5

~. 26

—T ‘1

Ot .1.

3.27h

I0~

S.. &~

3 ‘Ins~Ss£f

3.30

3.3L—S ~.J. os-

‘—S.

~. 36

.e .5.1. .-~

tIn .5

~ St.’~. i’F

Izuit~ of bufocation

PItttcrlal Useti to Clean Af tot- »ei ecation

HatorLaj Uaed to Wash IIand’3 ~ftur Dtfacation

Psstn~Ju’dgt. of Latrane fype

Iii t. of Washa ny Clothn

rroIjubi-sc~ of hiathirug

Watering Sit. of Antmijio

Uo~it1itiur, of rood Storage

Conila twa of Jirtnkiny Watur Sturoqu

Cunditicu. t..I I3tchitri Floor, Vard,

I4aLen- Cnn tntner and ToL L.t

b1.c’r;tqe ol t4t’iter Dlpperis

U~ of lktts.’r Ihpper. by Ptrpose

ItiIr..Isr.n Vi-sititatiun

r’rencn.ct-’ ol Fiia% & Lnsoctn

It.r,tL,uui id Cattiep byros -- - --

— -t — —. —— S-

S

5.. 1-

- -:‘~~“

- - - .. — ~-

• - - —-t - - - .-t__-_ - 1~

- — _ - - ~p % - —-: -

— — __. —. — — — — — — — — _. ——-S ~ —— — — ~ — — — — — — —~

- - - - - . . — , a :.r,-i ,-‘ :- — - — •. — ,— ~a. - .s.& z.-c. ~tp, ~ ~- - - - - . -— t -—- - r~t%~S~j ~ ~ 9 ~,e;~.5-t)~!

- --- _# t— - - St - — . -

• -t- - - ------ -- __ ‘=___-• - S.

- ‘c -: ~-: -t .-~ C~r~~! ~‘:— —--- —- - — - - — - ---: —— ~

- - - -.‘--

- - - ‘-1.1

--St. ee

‘ S -t1’

• -eit

e

11111111111111111111

-

T

EXECUTIVE SUMLIARY

The baseline survey for the IDWSSD project was undertaken in twovillages where drinking water supply programmes were to beinitiated by the Women’s Developmént Section (WDS) of the I4inistryof Panchayat and Local Development (MPLD). Administraive problemsresulted in long delays and the construction of the water supplysystems stili had not begun. The final report is thus not theintended action-research and iznpact evaluation. It is a baselinesurvey of Gajuri and Fikkal villages which will serve toillustrate the roles of women in activities related to -watersupply and. sanitation. An additional purpose of this case studyis to provide baseline data to further evolve the interventiondesign and to establish the parameters against which the impact of

the water supply systems ‘could be assessed.

Government Institutions Involved in Water Supply and Sanitation

Three government mintstries, Health, Water Resources, andPanchayat and Local Development, shared the responsibility forsupplying - drinking water in rural areas. In theory the localleaders could approach the district line agencies of His Majesty’sGovernment for the installation of water supply systems in theirpanchayats. In practice, this was a long process and as a resultfew districts had been serviced. In Gajuri and, Fikkal however,Women Development Officers of WDS, realizing the importance ofconvenient and safe water sources, had taken the initiative instarting drinking water supply projects. They had been present atboth sites for about f ive years and in that time they had beenable to build good working relationships with the people. WDOshad contributed to the development of the villages by supportingincome generating activities and training. The people activelysupported the WDOs and were anxious to participate in the watersupply programmes.

Research Methodology

Research was undertaken by four IDS field. staff, two male and two

female, for a period of ten days in each site for the baselinesurvey and f ive days for the hygiene and water use surveys.Questionna,~res wereuse&to collect the quantitative data while

partiëijant observation throughout the sureyperiod proved to bean ,effedtiye - means of gathering the ~qüalitative informationcontained i~ the report --t. -. 4 —

î — ~ 2’ -~ —

Out of a total p~pulation of 5463 in Gajuri, 912 people (16 7 perc~nt in 147 households were surveyed using questionnaire~. In - -

Fikkal 851 (13.5 per cent of a total population of 6279) in 151

households were surveyed. Women in the homes were interviewed butmen were ofteri also present. Information was also collected fromkey informants among whom included village heads (Pradhan Panch),

Panchayat village workers, Women’s Motivators and health postworkers

General Characteristics of Project Areas

Both project sites were in rural areas of Nepal; Gajuri Panchayat,located sixty four kilometers west of Kathmandu at an altitude ofapproximately 450 meters, was considered more remote than Fikkalbecause a two to three hour uphill walk from the nearest road was

±

T

required. Fikkal was situated in the eastcrnmost district ofNepal, at an elevation of 1500 meters and had a cooler climatethan Gajuri. The villages differed with respect to ethnicity andagricultural activities; Gajuri was dominated by upper casteHindus (63 per cent of the surveyed population were Brahmins andChhetris) who lived in large extended families and grew rice,millet, wheat and potatoes while in Fikkal, mongoioid ethnicgroups, mainly Rai and Limbu and their nuclear family system,predominated. In addition to the primary food crops listed above,vegetables, tea and cardamom were grown for cash sale in Fikkal.Most households owned aL least one cow or goat and a few chickensalthough, many Gajuri homes had no cow.

According to field staff observation, Gajuri was poorer thanFikkal as much less agricultural surplus was perceived• Watercollection was much more time consuming in Gajuri and the watersources were much less convenient, reliable and adequate insupply. Sanitary practices and conditions were more unhygienic inGajuri than in Fiklçal. Lifë was harder for women than for men inboth sites as they had the double burden of domestic chores andfarm work.

Major findings

Socio—economic Status

All households in both sites depended on agriculture for theirlivelihood; farming was the primary occupation for 94 per cent ofthe respondents both in Gajuri and Fikkal. The average size ofland holdings was larger in Fikkal (33 ropanis) than in Gajuri (21ropanis or almost one hectare) although earnings fromagricultural production were higher in Gajuri, 9136 Rs compared to7370 Rs per year in Fikkal. However Gajuri people seemed poorerand indeed it was found that they produced littie agriculturalsurplus and must even have to purchase food to meet their needs.Cows, goats, oxen and chickens were found in both villages butownershi’o of these was Less evenl,y distributed. in Gajuri- than inFiliKal; tortyfour per cent of Gajuri homes had no cow compared toonly twentyone per cent of Fikkal homes. This statistic gives someindication of the distribution of wealth in the villages and ofthe pos~ible health and nutritional implications.

Agricultural work involved full family participation. Althoughmen were ~-eported to be responsible for more than half of the workinvolved in sowing, weeding and harvesting during the fieldobservation, women were more often seen to be heading to thefamily plots.

The educationâl status of the villagers inboth pro 5ect sites wasvery similar; about sixty per cent of the total population wasilliterate. The illiteracy ratefor wornen in both villages washigher than that of men. Only twenty three per cent of the femalepopulation had had any schooling.

The vast majority of the people (95 to 99 per cént) in bothvillages were not active in any official social organization. -

Both the Nepal Women’s Organization and Youth Clubs were presentbut participation Jn either was under 3 per cent. However peoplewere active in traditional group activities such as the parma inwhi.ch members exchanged their labour on each ot.hers fields. Theselabour ex~change grbups were more active.inGajuri than in Fikkal.

- ---ii i_ .— - - -

Women’s Status

Women’s role and status in the sites surveyed reflected thesituation of women in the rest of the country; they wereresponsible for all chores inside the home and alsn worked in the.,field but outside market activities were mostly the domain of themen. Decision—making in the household was largely in the hands ofthe men aJ,though in Fikkal twenty per cent of the respondentsstated that women made the decisions and another twenty per centreported joint male—female decision—making, twice as many as werereported in Gajuri. Women’s.status was clearly undermined inBrahmin—Chhetri dominated Gajuri where, in the extended familysystem, Tthe daughter-in—law was severely restrained in expressionand behaviour. Women must obtain the permission of their husbandbefore participating in non-traditional activities. The personwho had the most influence on the behaviour of women was herhusband according to eighty per cent of women in Gajuri andseventy per cent in Fikkal.

Women in both sites had a lar~er volume of work than men, beingresponsible for time consuming tasks such as water collection. -

food processing, as well as farm work, animal tend.ing and post—harvest chores. They worked ten to eleven hours per day onaverage compared to a maximum of seven hours tor men. They roseearly in the morning (4 AM) and were occupied until well afterdark. Leisure for the women was rarelyobserved whereas the menwere often seen to be drinking home brewed alcohol (especially inFikkal), playing’cards and engaging in tea-stall conversation. In

\ both villages however, the men claimed that they performed thehardest and most important work and disregarded women’s labour.During the interviews with female respondents the husbands ofteninterrupted and stated that their wives did not have the abilityto answer the questions properly.

Water Sources, Collection, and Use

Most households (sixty per cent) in both Gajuri and Fikkal -

collected their water from both surface and deep wells, surface

:wells or kuwa being more numerous Secondary sources includednatural water sources with spouts, piped water, and rivers andstreams. - - - -

Althougfi no water testing was done, field observations concludedthat water sources were vulnerable to human, animal and bacterial

contamination. The kuwas. particularly in Gajuri were found tocontain much surface dirt such as leaves and twigs as well asabuj-idant animal life. Water spouts and wells were the sites ofbathing and washing clothes for most people and also of watering

for livestock. - - - -- - - --

The villagers required water for drinking, cooking, feedinganimals and washing clothes and dishes. The daily waterreauirement for the majority of the households (sixty per cent)was between fifty and 150 litres. The per capita consumption wasnine litres in Gajuri and fourteen in Fikkal

The reliability of water sources was seasonally influenced; in thedry months of March, April and May, the water was scarce and mostpeople were forced to use alternative sources which were iocated

t’

far from the settlements. Seventy per cent of - Gajuri respondentsreported inadequate supply of water in the dry season compared tofifty three per cent in Fikkal.

Women were the sole coLlectors for twenty seven per cent of thehouseholds in Gajuri and for seventeen per cent of Fikkal homeswhile adult men were re~ponsible for water collection in only fourper cent of Gajuri homes and 4.5 per cent of Fikkal homes. Mostrespondents stated that all women, men and children, shared thisresponsibility. Three trips to the water sources, morning,afternoon and evening, were required on average in bothcommunities -

Villagers in Gajuri had to spend much more time collecting waterthan villagers in Fikkal. This was because -the houses were farfrom most sources and the sources were more affected by seasonalfactorse. For twelve per cent of Gajuri residents it took close toone hour only to reach the nearest source. In Fikkal, mostresidents had easy access to water and could reach a source withinfive minutes except in the dry season.

The total amount of time to fetch 12 litres (one gagri) of waterwas between one and three hours for fifty per cent of Gajurihouseholds and only for 3.3 per cent of Fikkal houses. Theestimated total time soent per day on water collection for anaverage family consumption of 140 litres was overwhelming inGajuri eight to nine hours. For Fikkal two to three hours wererequired to collect the average quantity of water used by eachhousehold -

The communities perception of their priorities reflected ~thegravity of the water situation in both villages. Gajurirespondents ranked, in order, drinking water, irrigation, healthpost, fuelwood and fodder as their top priorities. The ranking inFikkal was similar, drinking water, irrigation, health post,sanitation and road.

Health and Sanitation Conditions and Hygiene Practices

None of the respondents in either survey site reported treatii~gtheir -drinking water. Most did’nt know the significance of boilingthe water; eighty four per cent of all respondents consideredfresh water from natural sources to be the safest for consumptionwith more women (93%) than men (80%) believing this! This beliefdid not significantly change with the level of education.

Only s&ven per cent - of the households in Gajuri and twenty percent in Fikkal covered their drinking water. The water storagecontainers were found to be much cleaner in Fikkal. Water dipperswere storen “rn the ground in ninety six per cent of Gajuri homescompared to only nineteen per cent of Fikkal homes. Kitchen floorswere reportedly cleaner in Fikkal and there were no flies whilemany flies were present in Gajuri during the observation period. Amajority of households covered uncooked and cooked foods toprotect them from the contamination of flies and other insects.This practice was more widespread in Fikkal than in Gajuri; ninetyfive per cent of the respondents covered at least partially theircooked foods in Fikkal compared to sixty five per cent in Gajuri.

~1

Defecation oractices were found to be very unhygienic; water wasreporteasy used for cleaning by ninety eight per cent of Gajurirespondents compared to seventy per cent in Fikkal where theremaining thirty per cent used sticks, stones and grass for analcleaning. Soil was most often used to clean hands afterdefecation. As there were only five pit latrines in Gajuri andfifteen in Fikkal, most residents defecated in an open space.Many villagers bathed once a week and others bathed onlyoccasionally. Women bathed more frequently than men, usually whenwashing clothes or collecting water.

The health conditions were fairly poor in both villages. Gajurivillageri, especially the young, suffered more from water bornediseases than Fikkal residents. Worms and scabies were also verywidespread and people reported some incidents of seriousillnesses. The nearest health post in Gajuri was a two hour walkaway. Some people in both villages went to see a traditionalmedical practitioner but villagers of Fikkal were more likely tosee him/her than people of Gajuri. Health conditions were visiblybetter in Fikkal due to the cool weather and higher altitude onthe one~hand, and because of the more hygienic ‘oractices relatedto food and water handling on the other. The larcer cjuantity ofwnter used in Fikkal as compared to Gajuri miglit also be animportant determinant of the health of the community. Anotherimportant factor was the location of the family livestock: whilealmost all homes in Fikkal kept their animals in byres outside thehome, one—third of Gajuri households kept their cows, goats, andoxen on the ground floor of the house, in the same room as thekitchen.

Constraints to Women’s Participation in Water Supply and

Sanitation Programmes Obsérved During Study Period.

Factionalism in the Villages - - - -

The villagers in both sites were divided into several smallsettlements of five to ten households which were cliquish innature and often caste specific. The women of one settlement oftenrefused to attend meetings or activities held in another locality.Théyasserted that any such activity should be held in their own

- settiement ând that the other women should come there to attend.the women felt this way most likely because of the parochial

I~__ -group/caste pride and sôlidarity and also beçause of the timp~in”o1vëd in walking to another locality (five to thirty minutes)

to participate in village activities This traditional attitude- in’hibite& interaction and co—operation between the ‘arious

-settlemehtsïof the village. - a- Jr_ ~- #-t-~~-~

Self-assurâiicê of individuals -- - - - - -

hariy woif~en wére ébn~rindeci that what they asserted was right andwhat all other said was wrong. Each woman stood by her ownarguments and opinions during a gathering and refused to recognizethe - views of other’s even if these were sound. These impassespreventedcompromises when trying to reach a definitive decisionor develop a plan of action. The exception to this situation wasan important one; in both villages, women were found to quicklyreach a - consensus when a highly respected women put forth herideas and presented a solution. This was normally accepted byall.

v

: ~i_______ iCaste System

The restrictions and rules imposed by the Nepalese caste system - 1were present in a] 1 rural areas- The high castc villagers stillfeit strongly about the purity of titeir casLe and retained a senseof defilement from personal contact with the low caste. Ilowever,this was not openly expressed in public interactions.

Educational Constraints - - -

Most women were illiterate or had a few ycars of formal schooling.This had the dual effect of Jimiting their knowledge and horizonson the one hand and of assuring, to a large extent, thepreservation of traditional habits on the other. These traditionalhabits, especially those related to drinking water, health andsanitation, were often unhealthy and dangerous, and, in theabsence of education, they were difficult to change. -

Time Constraints - 1Rural wornen had very busy daily schedules in which they -

accomplished most household chores in addition to farm work. Onaverage, Nepali women living in rural areas worked ten to twelvehours per day of which two to eight hours were spent collectingwater. Those activities left little timé for women to participatein educational programmes or in the construction of water andsanitation facilities.

Minimal Role in Household Decision-making

Most village woemn, particularly those belonging to the higherHindu castes held little or no input inhousehold decisions. Thehusband, father or father—in—law made most important decisions and 1must be consulted before any action could be initiated. Women musttherefore have male consent when considering participation in non—traditional activities.

Econornic Constraints - - - -

Although many villagers showed willingness to contribute 1financially to the implementation of a drinking water supplyscheme in their village, most could not afford to. As utost weresubsistence farmers, the little agriculture surplus that they -

produced had to go towards the purchase of dry goods and othernecessities. Very little surplus was transformed into monetarysavings’that could be used to fund local development projects.Their only economic contribution to such efforts could be thesupply of labour and some local building materials.

Mistrust of Local Political Leaders and Lack of Support 1of Local Institutions - - - - ‘ -

Villagers in the studiedareas seemed to have very littlè trust intheir local formal leaders and the local institutions in whichthese leaders operated. The villagers in both sites feit thatvillage panchayats and the NWOhad been ineffective in improvingtheir quality of life. Women had developed some faith in theWomen’s Development 0ff icers although the lengthy procedures hadresulted in implementation delays and some were seeptical aboutthe actual outcome of the Proposed intervention programmes. - - - 1

vi - - --- -»

1. INTRODUCTION

Pl

1.1 Background -

Under the objective of meeting the basic needs of the people,the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities hasassumed increasing importance in the context of Nepal’s nationaldevelopment strategies, as is well reflected in the PlanDocuments. Nepal’s National Programme for water supply andsanitation is consistent with the United Nation’s InternationalDrinking Water Supply and - Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD-1981-1990).Nepal ~is one of the signatories of the UN declaration of theIDWSSD - and of Health for All by the Year 2000. In line withthese set goals, the Nepal Government (HMG) had taken major stepsto develop and improve the provision of drinking water and :1

sanitation facilities throughout the country (table 1.1). ThreeMinistries of HMG - the Ministry - of Panchayat and LocalDevelopment (MPLD), the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry ofWater Resources -- with the generous support of many internationaldonor agencies such as WHO, UNDP, UNICEF, UNCHS (Habitat), SATA,GTZ and the World Bank - bear the responsibility for providingdrinking water and sanitation facilities in urban as well as ruralareas. By the year 1990, the National Programme hoped to raisethe overall population coverage - from 11% at present to 67%.However, HMG realised the constraints affecting effective andefficient implementation of the Decade Plan. These inciuded,inter alia, lack of financial resources, organizational andmanagerial difficulties, operational and maintenance difficultiesand, above all, the lack of concerted involvement, participationand utilization of women as an important human resource in theeffective implementation and development of water supply andsanitation schemes in rural Nepal. The failure of projectmanagers, technical experts and other field staff to considerwomen’s input as primary users and providers of water in the -;

planning, construction, operation and maintenance of water andsanitation projects had often contributed tô~séri5us ~roblems anddelays in the delivery and proper utilization of water andsanitation programmes. This oversight had also caused the generalbreak-down of systems within a short time of their instailation 4

was clearthat a technological change that failed to take intoconsideration this and other social, economicandculturaifactorsand procësses could very well inciude misuse and eyeiEi projectfailure. ~ - ~ ~_Ç~-~ -~- _r~. ~-—--r~ ~ ~

- -~ ~ — - ~---‘-- ~ ~ t ~ - -~

1.2 Past experiences and inadeguacies in implementing water -

- - - éu~pit and, sanitation schemes - -

- - ~t2’ ~ ~- -

In normal practice, the implementation of water supply and -

sanitation -- schemes in Nepal begins without an adequateunderstanding of the prevailing socio—cultural realities ot theviliatet where such an intervention is being sought. This wasbecause there was no provision in the proJect plan for undertakingsuch a study before the physical structures were planned andconstructed. Thé only local input was the ritualistic “people’sparticipation” in the form of free, unpaid (or forced) labour fordigging trenches and carrying local materials through theinstitutional support of the local village panchayats,

- 1 - - -- - -

0

- S

This lack of understanding of the village realities,especially those related to women, stemmed from a number offactors, foremost among them being the lack of will that wasrequired on the part of project planners, managers, technicalpersonnel and the village authorities to complete a simple yeteffective socio—economic analysis before planning and èonstructioncommenced in a particular village or a cluster of households.Added to this, there wasyet another dimension to this problem -

while all staff involved in the community water supply andsanitation programme had a technicalbackground, they had neitherthe training nor the orientation for understanding the ‘~sociai”aspect of the programme. Very often, the water technician, whowas a male, was given the task of the “participation” aspects.Because of social barriers, male staff found it difficult to reachor involve women. Women as potential users and providers of waterwere generally not consulted or taken into consideration whenmobilizing opinions and compiling facts about a village, e.g.location of tap stands, etc. Cases in which such attempts weremade were either sporadic or arose out of an extraordinary effortof an enlightened community or a highly motivated person. Eventhen the effort might fail to achieve its intended result eitherbecause the effort was cosmetic or the women themselves did notperceive their important role in the decision-making processes.Because of the inside/outside dichotomy in Nepalese society andthe sep~ration of gender roles along this dichotomy, women did notparticipate -in decision-snaking in situations related to theoutside or public sphere, for these matters concerned only men. -

1.3 Objectlve 5E th~study - - - -

As spelled out in the Terms of Reference ( TOR) contained inthe Contractual Service Agreement (CSA) document, (j&ppendix C),the objective of the case study was to document, analyze andevaluate the process of intervention undertaken by the Women’sDeveiopméntSe5tion~11 _IWDSL0f the Ministry of Panchayat - andLöc~l Developnient (MPLD) with the basic - aim of promotingeffective participation of rural women, together with othermembers of theircommunities in the installation and management öf-in~proved water supply - and - sanitation facilities -in theirlocalities. - -- T -- - - --

-~ To achievè the above objective, the first-phase activities asenvisaged in the project document had invpivé~, among èthers: --

-; —- -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ —

prepar&tion and subniissiqn to]~HOQf~hç. stt~dyprotocoi- inciuc~ing s~jrvey and evaluationtecbpiques and a~

detailed work plan for the iffiplementation of t1~e Case —

- a~----~ ;~‘ -— -- ~- - - o~4luy, - - -- -— - ----. --~--,~ ,j_ -~

- -~-~- ± t, :~, ~ -~ F -~r ~ -~- ré6ruitment and traifling of field staff, —

- ~ -~~-~- -~ -n

- pret4s~ting ~urvey materials developed, and --— -(-t a— — — ~ F~ — -.

- - -‘- 1 -- 1-- ‘-.t~--~~,~i-(--’- (1 :~- ~ ~

- -‘~ ~1 —1j — ~ ~— ~- ‘-~ —

(1) The WDS/MPLD under - contraôt and withass~stance fromUNDP Project INT/83/003 is carrying out intervention

- adtlvities in Gajuri (Dhading District) and Fikkal-- (Illain District). -- - -~ - --

- -~~-11~1-1-- -

t- ~ i__ -

t

- liaison and coordination with WDS, UNDP, WHO and thefield staff.

This present study provides baseline data and information andestablishes the basic parameters which will permit evaluation, ata later stage, of the impact of intervention activities in theselected target villages — viz, Gajuri and Fikkal.

1.4 Methodology - - -

Previous studies and experience have shown that quantifieddata alone did not provide a holistic picture of a given situationor of the circumstances under which human lives operate. In orderto examine such situations and needs of the rural villagers, aresponse—system geared towards meeting these needs and prioritieswas required. For the purpose of this baseline study, therefore,both quantitative as well as qualitative methods were appiied in-the design and development of data base. - The methodologies andguidelines presented and discussed during the inter-countryworkshop on “Methdology for Case Studies of Women’s Participationin Community Water Supply and Sanitation” (26-31 May 1985,Thailand), were deemed appropriate. In addition, some suggested(not prescribed) baseline data, information/observation for surveyand qualitative analysis mentioned in Attachment A of the TOR wasalso used. (See Appendix C).

In accordance with the TOR, indicators and variabies of theBaseline Survey were developed. These indicators inoludeddemographic, socio-cultural and economic charateristics, physicalfacilities, community practices and perception on health andsanitation, sources of watér supply, and water utilization,structure and management of intervention activities related towater supply and sanitation to be undertaken by the WDS of MPLD.With the help of these indicators and variables identified for thebaseline data requirements, a househoid questionnaire wasdeveloped to interview each household in the two project sites.This questionnaire was subinitted to WDS/MPLDand WHOfor necessaryrevision and approval. The approved questionnaire was translatedinto Nepal’i and pre-tested by interv~,ewing seven househoids inPhar~ing a smTall village located on the fringes of the Kathmanduvalley. Thé questionnaire was then improved and finalized for the -

baseline survey - - -~ —~ -—~ --~--- -~

-~ _~ :, - -‘~--

view of the nature of the study, which required goodinterviewer—respondent rapport to facilitate responsiveness andopeneness, the project recruited two female enumerators and onemale ‘research assistant on the basis of their academicqiïâlification and field eiperience in similar spheres of work.Theywere trained and oriented by means of lectures, discussionsand mock interviews in Kathmandu. Two research associates from IDSprovided supervision and participated throughout the duration ofthe study. - - -

The baseline survey was carried out in April and May’ 1986 inboth Gajuri (Dhading district) and Fikkal (Illam district). Theproject area included wards 3, 5 and 7 of Gajuri VillagePanchayat, and ward 5 of Fikkal Village Panchayat. According tothe voters’ list, these wards comprised 156 and 177 househoids,respectively. The survey interviewed a total of 147 households inGajuri and 155 househoids in Fikkal. The remaining househoids

3

:1were not interviewed because adult members were not available dueto permanent or seasonal migration. Efforts were made to contactand interview at least one female respondent in each sample -

household. In ~ome - households, however, male respondents wereinterviewed because ofunavailability of female respondents.

During the interviews with the women, men were often presentand a few of them posed some difficulties in our attempts toelicit female responses and accurate information. Housbands wouldinterrupt and present thejr views on the question, -justifyingtheir action by saying -that women weren’t capable of answeringproperly and that their opinion didn’t matter anyway. Malepresence night also have influenced the wornen’s responses. -

- These - factors should therefore be taken into - account whenstudying the findings of this report.

During the held work period, seven key informants each in 1Gajuri and Fikkal -were -- interviewe4 to elicit qualitativeinformation on various aspects of drinking water supply andsanitation in their community. These key informants included loéalpanchayat leaders, local social workers, ‘teachers, health workers,local non—governmental organization officials; and local peopleengaged in water supply and sanitation activities. Females aswell as males from different socio—economic strata and age groupswere duly represented. Their qualitative information was utilizedto substantiate data collected from the household questionnaire. -

Also4 during the field work period more quaiitative data wasgathered by participant observation in formal as well as infornialsettings such as tea shop gatherings, etc. Day—to-day activities,events and impressions related to water su~p~ly and sanitation wereobserved and recorded in the field diary. Thesé observations werehelpful in providing local views -on water and sanitation issuês.Essentially, the qualitative information provided the kind of in-depth knowledge and understanding that is required in the study ofwomen in development, In this case, women in water supplyprojects. - - - - t- -

Conipleted - questionnaires -- were -edited by the researchassistants and research association. Preliminary data sheetscontaining all the - information - in ~the questionnaires wereprepared. All this data hai been processedthrough the use of - acomputer and is presented hére in the tables inAppendix A.

1.5 Inètitutions Ïnvolijedln wa~ersupply~nd ~anitation - -

Three - ~o~rernment organizations were - involved in the

implementation of water supply and sanitation projects in Nepal.They were thé Ministry of Panchayat and Local Development (MPLD),the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Water Resourdes. Theywere not active in either of - the - two project sites but theWomén’s Development Sebtion of the MPLD had been presËnt in bethsites for f ive years and had contributed to the development of thevillages by encouraging income-generating activities and leadinginformal education classes. Women’s Development Officers (WDO5)had taken the initiative in starting drinking water supplyprojects in both areas. - -

4

‘.“I~:~• a ... —~-,-.,-—-— s pd... - .. .• iS’.

2. PROFILE OF THE PROJECT SITES

2.1 Introduction -

Both tproject sites were in rural hill areas of Nepal; GajuriPanchayat is loôated in the Dhading district of central Nepal, 64- kin north-east of Kathmandu while Fikkal is in the Illam district

of the far east, eighteen hours away from the capital (refer to

map on following page). Gajuri Panchayat is just one hour’s walk-~ south of the main Kathmandu - Pokhara road at an altitude of about- 450 meters. It is divided into nine wards three of which were

~ surveyed for this report. The total population of the Panchayat- - was 5463 (1984 ~ensus) and 912 for the three wards studied. Theaverage family sizewas 6.2. The population was predominantly

Hindu with Brahmin and Chhetri castes being in the majority.

Fakkal Panchayat, situated at approximately 1500 meters, hada total population of 6279 spread over a larger areathan Gajuri.Ward - number five - j.as the project area surveyed. It had apopulation of 1093 and an average of 5.5 people per family. In

-- - this region Mongoloid ethnic groups, mainly Rai and LImbif,• predominated. - - -- - -- - --

-- In~ bôth these areas subsistence farming was the mainoccüpatioii and source of livelihood of the people. Maize, millet,

rice, wheat and potatoes were the primary food crops grown but inFikkal. tea and cardamom were grown for cash sale. Most househoids

- owned livestock for family consumption and some derived additionalincome from the sale of animal products. - - - - - - -

The following section describes in detail the demographic,social, cultural, economic and infrastructural characteristics ofthe project sites. These characteristics underlie much of theexisting cç’mmunity practices and perceptions of drinking watersuppiLy and sanitation. An examination of the findings will helpto outline both the potentials and the constraints involved inincre~sing local, particularly women’s, participation in theprojects. -i - -- -

2.2 >Derno~raphic characteristics - -

2.2.ipopulation composition -

The total population in Gajûri and Fikkal project sites was

- 912 and 851 respectively (table 2.1). The male/female r&tio washigher

in Gajuri, 0.53: 0.46 compared to 0.49: 0.50 for Fikkal.The - bulk of the population was between 16 and 50 years of agealthough the portion of the population below the age of 15 was

substantial

in both project sites: 42% in Gajuri and 45% inFikkal. -

The project sites differed with respect to caste and

ethnicity. Both villages were heterogenous but each was dominatedby one or two groups. Gajuri was dominated by upper caste Ilindus:- the Brahmins and Chhetris made up 63% of the population while in

Fikkal,Rai and Limbu ethnic groups predominated (table 2.2). The

‘othër - ethnic groups found in Gajuri were the Newar, Gurung, Magaraiid Tamang and very few low-caste groups. Only 5.5% of the

population beIonged to Dpmai (tailor), Kami (blacksmith) or Sarki

5

111111111111111111111

— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — -

8O~0O~ - ~- 8~°00 82~0OU ~30pp~

~- ,~5~p0r $6°QQ’~ BT°pp~~ - 88°00~~

• ~ ±—-~~-~‘~-‘~‘ .d’ - • -

-~-~

1.t,•~~_çt~ -~- ~.- ~ - --

-~

00

00

0

0

0D

1 FAR WESTERN’ - -

~>“ - - ,- - - N E P A L - - -

.~ .. ‘~ MIOWESTERN -~

4 REGION ~ -,ç’.-~. ~ :~ — - ~: -

~ ~ ~ ~ ~KATHM~~

/ WESTERN ~

‘~:~~ W%\ / ~ r-’~ ~~h~j /

— ~ ~ / G A ~ D A 1 REGION

- - TT— L E ~E~D Boundory

Zonclaoundory j 1 ~r—-./. ~—‘ (3 (DictBot~dary ( / ‘i ( —~ \ 4~-•~

• D*vetopfn.ntBoundcry “~( 1 5 ~i f~STUDYAREA - -. r

& G~ju4 • S~~ALE~ t, t

-- F;kK~l ~ Km5•3~59’3Q 60 90 120 ~OKm~. -

8~0d 82°00~ 64°C~O 85°00 86’00’ 87°00~ 8°Q~~ ~.

• ---- - ~ ~‘ ~-- -- ~-

~00

00

‘1

(shoemaker) castes.

Similarly, these groups plus the Tibetan ethnic group waspresent in Fikkal. - - -. , - -; --- _i__~__~ - , - - ‘- :-3-r ~-. -

The significance of the - heterogeneous caste and ef~.hnic -

composition of thçvi]~],ages and the ensuing differences in ater -related practices will be presented below. -- - -- - - T -.

2.2.2. Marital status - - -

- The eveiz_married comprised about half of the total populationin both project sites (table 2.3). For the adult population thisfigure was close to 90%. This indicated the predominance of themarried status in both villages and underscored the importance ofpre—implementation investigation of factors in the husband/wiferelationship which could influence participation of either in aproject. - , - - - ~•-~ -- -~- -

2.2.3 Educational status

The educational status of the villagers in both project siteswas very similar (table 2.4); out of the total population, 58.8%of the people in both Gajuri and Fikkal were illiterate. None ofthe villagers had a degree of M.A. or higher. Among thosevillagers who were literate, the majority of them had primarylevel school education only. In both sites, the illiteracy levelfor women was high: 60% in Gajuri and 68% in Fikkal. The levelsfor men were lower in both sites. Only 23% of the femalepopulation had had any schooling.

Although the villagers laèked formal education, some hadreceived some informal education in the areas of health andsanitation. Many of the villagers had had close contact withwomen facilitators/motivators of the WDS who had extended somebasic information about safe drinking water, health andsanitation.

2. 3 Social—cultural characteristics

2.3.1 - Introduction - -

Socio-cultural characteristics had a significant bearing onthe level and areas of women’s participation (as well as men’s) invarious developmental plans and programmes including drinkingwater supply and sanitation programmes. Relevant socio-culturalinformation such as family type, division of labour, householddecision making, “significant others”, patterns of interaction andattitudes of men towards women’s participation will help tounderstand the community and the factors that could influenceparticipation in a project for improving drinking water supply andsanitation.

2.3.2 Family type

Thejoint/extended family has traditionally been the most

common family type in Nepal. However, many people speaking aTibeto-Burmese language like the Thakali, Sherpa, and Rai andLimbu groups had a nuclear family system. In Nepal, the

joint/extended family system has been traditionally associated

6

1

11

IT

with agriculture while the nuclear family system was linked totrade and business. - - -- - - - -

About half of all households in Gajuri were of thejoint/extended type. On the other hand, about two-thirds of thehouseholds in Fikkal were nuclear families. The former beingpredominantly a Brahmin-Chhetri community, the joint/extendedfamily was naturally more common while the latter beingpredominantly a Rai—Limbu community, the nuclear families weremore numerous (table 2.5).

2.3.3 Division of labour - - - -

Division of labour on the basis of gender was the main factorfound to be determining activities in the families of the twovillages studied. Traditionally, females were expected toparticipate ip household acltivities while the males were expectedto be respônsible for activities in the public sphere. In bothproject sites, information was elicited to record the involvement

of - male - and female fémily members in various household andagricultural activities. Women were found to be more occupied thanmen in both sites and worked an average of 10-12 hours per day.

- Men worked about 7-9 bours per day but were observed to beenjoying more leisurely activities such as drinking alcohol,sitting in groups, assembling informally -at tea stalls (inFikkal), playing cards and gambling. Women were rarely observedin non—productive activities. Throughout the interviews however,the men who were present would often assert that they performedthe hardest and most productive of all the work burdens. Women’swork was considered unimportant and thus was easily dismissed.

2.3.3.1 Household activities - - - - -

Môst of the household activities in both the project sites

were primarily carried out by adult and young females. Theyperforméd almost all (55-87%) the household activities: cooking, - -

washing utensils and olothes, fetching water, collecting firewood,

gr~’azfng andfeedinganinials and child rearing (table 2.6). Insome families, elderly females and childrén also performed these~activities. Male adults and youths, the elderly and chiidrerx were -also found to be doing~such activities in some families. Male1 - -

familyn~embers in most of the households - were mainlyaetive in

three tjpe& of housiholW~activites pp~lect~ng Qirewood, tending- --anlmafs and purbhasin~ nécessary dommodities in nearby mai’kets. -

• ~ -~ - ‘Ç ~ ‘-.

2.3.3.2 - Agricultural activities -- -- - — -~- ------- t4--~’~~~‘ ‘~~- ~-~- ~ -- - ~ ~- ~

-~ ~--~ :~—~--- - ‘- -~ ~ ~ ~

- Agricultural work involved both male and fernale populationsThere werespeciaflzéUaétivities fo~both açiult ,and young males.Young~ fernales»ontrib~S.Qd as - ni~ch labog~ 5 -cdunterpai’t~ (table 2 6) Except for ploughing the fields which

was done ofily bv- males,agricultural activitkes - ~ag~4jabour,irrigafïori sowing, weeding, harvesting and product marketing -

wWre‘5donet by aduits and youths of both sexes In some ~a~uj~es

I r elderly meA anTd wdmen and children also4 contrjbu~qd t-1~in subh ~ctivitaes - - -. •.~ - - -~ Ç ~‘ - -t- ~ ~ —:~ ~ ~ w~~s- ~ 4%4~ ~ ~r— ‘~-~ -

t - ~ 4~~t-~ — T• -- ~ -t-~1~-~’~ -~~‘~‘--t- ~

— ~ ~‘ - ~1 ~ ~ r• — ~ ~ ~— — —-_~ —

t ~ -~ ‘-W)- — 4 ~ ‘- 4f1-4 S —

14 - : 1 1 T -‘ --

rrr~

- ~1 ‘—-0 Ct - -

---- t -

- ‘ ç 1 - ,~- t:- -

‘1 ~ ~ ~T~—’-- ]~] ~xE

1 -~ ~ of

-I LIl_~I]ii__t_~~III

1] ]ll ~Ii

;- - ~ ~ - -

T l~ «

— - 4t1_~ ~ ~—C~)- - --

- - 1— —II--- -

— - i~4l ;~- -4r— ~D~ iH~ ~- 2-- ~--to-p

II Lii fifl i~I 2

- - -H-~-~ ~

~ --- 1;; ‘:~~-~ ~

~- »t 2- -.L-r ~-rl

~ 1 - ‘1 —~ --- -t

- TL-1~

- 1-Hij 4 -- Z7t oIl~-’

1f ~]Çt1~TT r - °2H

-- Con -- - -4~

- - :

1e «4pY]~

- 141 ~l~’JlI—.IO t- 1 -

- -OF-S~~1 ~ - -- ~ ‘-tL - • -I t

- - ‘~l~ ~

- -r -~ ~- h]»’~- ~ -

~ ~ ~

- 1 - - -

— ii 114 S

-4 -1 -~ -

- t -

:1

!1~ IT h’J~t-rrl- ~‘ - HS

- - T - - -

t t~ -- - ~ IT-— :-~—tf~ ‘- -

-- ‘T4~~ 44~ -j -] -~-~ ~- -

- - . « ~r-—~ - -

4 c]~

1 ~ 4~~ j

1 it rI l~ 1

• - 4i «~ _l~~_’l

- ~ -1~~-:~LI II 1-~ ~ - ~4~ij «~‘

~ ~ ij4~ ~4;~1~jIr’~

- - - - -: -- ~- 4 ~ jt -. ;--4LJ~--’ ~

~ ~ « 4~#ø~

h

- T ,- ~

L~ ~ ti~

- -- : - H- -~ - -- -

fLi~ r4 Li~1~ ~

44 ~ ~ ~44-44I j~

-- - - - - - -~~4-~4j - - —

- 1~~- -!~r - ~ jr~» ~

~1 ~ ~tJ~~— - - - —- t L - —- t T - -

- ~ ~ ~ TH~-i ~-4~f~J--:- i_fljlfr 7L~

S h — 1 — 4 4411 4~ 1~ ~ ‘I - ~ —

~1

2.3.3.3 Other income-generating activities

Very few farnilies were engaged in cottage industries. It wasa part—time activity at most and. only a secondary source of income(table 2.61. - - - -

2.3.3.4 1-lealth and sanitation activities

Like other household activities, sanitation activities wereregarded as the responsibility of the females. Females disposedof solid and liquid wastes, human (children’s) and animal excreta(table 2.6).

Somec of the activities related to health, such asconsultations with the local faith healer or visits to the nearbyhealth post for the treatment of a family member’s ailment, wereregarded as the responsibility of the adult male (table 2.6). Insome families, however, these activities were done by the elderlymale or female.

2.3.4 Decision-making in the household

- For this question, the respondents who were mainly women,were - asked to identify the person(s) responsible for mosthousehold decisions. Because of the subjectivity of the questionthe results should be treated as “women’s perception of householddecision—making” rather than a true representation of thedecision—makers. In Brahmin and Chhetri dominated GajuriPanchayat, the eldest male, either the father, the father-in-lawor husband, was identified as the decision-maker of the home by55% of the respondents (table 2.7). Major household decisionssuch as buying, selling and mortgaging properties, possessions andfood grains were taken by the head of the household with littieinput from the other members. In Fikkal, women had some decision—making power and were often consulted; 20% of the households inFikkal reported joint male/female decision-making compared to only10% in Gajuri. -

2.3.5 Participation in local—level organizations -

Each ward 6f the Panchayat had one ward chairman and four - --village assembly members who were all locally elected. Fifteenpeople in Gajuri and f ive in Fikkal - were thus active in thevillage ~anchayats. In organizations where membership was openi.e. the women’s and youth clubs, very few people participated:only 3% of the fernale population of Gajuri and none in Fikkal were -- -

members of- the Nepal Women’s Organizations (table2.9). The youthclub wa~ évéülèss popular with only two members in Gajuri andagain none in Fikkal (table 2.8). - -- - - -- - --

- -- Thus :th,e vast majorityof villageis (9~~_tp 99%) in~both~, ~project sites were not active in any kind of official social or

- ~-- political orgariiztion. Howqver,every household - had on,e n~ember~.~.p~rticipatin~ in one of the informal traditional labcqr e,~chajige -~ -

groups; - These ~reciprocâl work groups undertook farmingactivities~for each other on a rotational basis. They were more active in~ -

Gâjuri than inFikkal. - - --

8

~--~4—.----—.-fl ~-~-cJ4J-~ -~ --~ - — - -- ---~,-_-- 4

11111

1111111111

111111

2.3.6 Men’s attitude towards women’s participation indevelopment pro~jects -- -

In about 90% of the househoids in both project sites, men hadan encouraging attitude towards women’s participation in decision-making and development activities inciuding drinking water suppiyand sanitation programme (table 2.10). This figure might be abit high as the men might have responded positively in the hopethat it would help to secure approval of the water supplyinstallation project.

2.3.7 Patterns of interaction to the community

Knowiedge about the pattern of interaction of women withfamily members, peers/friends, neighbours and government officialswas important in determining the most appropriate method ofdissemination of new ideas and means of mobilizing support for thesuccessful implementation of any participatory developmentprogramme. -

In Gajuri, the majority of women relied on their peers andfriends for advice. They depended on their family members for thebasic necessities, for help during a crisis and for money (table2.11). Similarly, all women in Fikkal were dependent on theirfamily members for food, clothing and money. They depended mostlyon their peers, friends and neighbours for advice. In both theproject sites, women interacted with government officials onlywhen absolutely necessary.

2.3.8 “Significant other” of women family members

The “significant others” were those who directiy infiuencedthe behaviour of an individual, in this case the women. The“significant other” for almost all women was her own husband(table 2.12). This figure was higher in Gajuri: 80% of the womenfeit this way compared to 71% in Fikkal. Only a few womenregarded their father, mother, children or peers as their“signficant other”. The signficant role that the husband couidhave in encouraging or discouraging women’s participation invarious activities was thus very evident.

2.3.9 Caste hierarchy - - - - - -

The project sites were divided into three main caste groups.In Gajuri, Brahmin-Chhetris were at the top followed by Matwali(liquor-consurning) castes and untouchables at the bottont of thehierarchy. - In Fikkal, on the other hand, Matawali (liquor-consuming castes regarded themseives as superior to the Brahmin—Chhetris who were placed second in the hierarchy. Untouchableswere peopie from the trade castes and were at the bottom of thehierarchy.

- - Intra-caste relationships were smooth and cQrdial but inter-caste relatlons were sometimes strained. The high—caste people(Brahmin and chhetri) were preoccupied with the traditional

‘concept of purity and the pollution of the lower castes and thisinhibited close inter-caste interaction. These attitudes,although not exhibited in public, were very much present in back- - - -

stage interaction. Women in the villages appeared to bernore-• -- ~ ---- - ~ - i~~--:t -:-~:--~-H

9

1

conservative than the men in public dealings but both privatelyrespected the caste hierarchy equally.

2.4 Economic characteristics

2.4.1 Introduction

Indicators of economic wealth such as ownership, employment,sources of incomê, annual income, expenditure and debt could helpto determine the extent of people’s potential contributions,monetary or other, to projects as well as to assess theirpriorities in expenditure and investment. With this in mmd, anattempt was made to illustrate the general economie -

characteristics of both the project sites. Necessary precautionswere taken to elicit correct economic information.

2.4.2 Ownership -T - 12.4.2.1 Land - - - -

The average size of landholdings in Gajuri was 21 ropanis and33 ropanis (close to 1 ha.) in Fikkal (table 2.13). Thesestatistics thus made the residents of both project sites smallsubsistence farmers typical of rural Nepal. Farmers in Fikkallived in a higher hill area than Gajuri and worked mostly pako orsloped land.

2.4.2.2 Livestock - -

Most households in both project sites had at least one cow orgoat or a few chickens. Ownership of livestock was a fairlyaccurate indicator of -wealth and of its distribution in thesetting of one vil1age. Those households which had no cows (44%in Gajuri and 21% in Fikkal) or oxen (42% and 50%) were ingeneral, the- poorer families of the village (table 2.14). Goathusbandry was pèrvasive in Gajuri because of the animal’simpôrtance in religious rituals. - - - -- - 1

People kept animals for family consuimption but mostly formarket-sale ofjiilk, milkproducts and meat. - --12 4,3 Employment - - — - -~

- —-~ — ~HEi ~ -~--~

- -- - t -Âdng~thë ~b 5mîcmïiyactive population in both sites, -- themajority waïsei,f-employéd on thç family farm (table 2.15). A few

werè either employed by others or by the government.~ It wasinteresting to note thatthere were no unemployed people~ inGajuri. Five pèrsons were unemployed in Fikkal.

ii

2.4.4 Occupation -

The. primary occupation of the overwhelming majority ofvillagers was agriculture (table 2.16). Wage libour, business andservice were secondary occupations. In Flkkal, there were sôïhe-faiuilies that listed portering asa secondary occupation. --

2.4.5 - Income - - - 1Agriculture, wage labour, business, service, and pension

formed the main sources of income in the villages (table 2.17).

10 ---- 1

About two-thirds of the total household’s principal source ofincome was derived from agriculture. The average annual familyincome from this source was Rs.9136 in Gajuri and Es. 7370 inFikkal. The poorer households were often forced to sell theircrops before the harvest for cash. Local businessmen bought thecrops for 50% of their true value. The average annual familyincome from service, business and wages was Rs.4570, Es. 1425 andRs.1805 in Gajuri, and Rs.694, Es.4540 and Es.2290 in Fikkal,respectively. -

2.4.6 Expenditure - -

2.4.6.1 - Food - - -

In both project sites, most of the families owned land whichthey either cultivated themselves or hired share-croppers for thework. Many families were self-sufficient in food grains but a fewhad to purchase supplements (table 2.18). The majority of familiesspent less than Rs.1000 a month on food.

2.4.6.2 Clothing

Villagers normally bought clothes once in a year prior to theDasain Festival. Many villagers were not much concerned withwearing new clothes. The majority of families spent less thanEs.100 in a xnonth on clothing. A few families spent Rs.100 -

Es.200 and only one family in Gajuri spent more than Es.200 in amonth (table 2.18).

2.4.6.3 Education -

The economic value of children was high in the rural areas.Therefore, despite the provision of free primary education for allchildren, many children of school-going age were not enrolled inschools. Instead they were engaged in animal care, farm work andwage labour. Among those children who did go to school, the number

of those who dropped out was high because they were consideredmore productive at home doing the above mentioned chores.

In both project sites, about one—half of the total familiesspent nothing on educâtion. Among those who had family membersenrolled in schools, the majority spent less than Rs.25 in a month(table 2.18). - - - -

2464 tiedicine -

- Man~rviliagers were not aware about modern health faciliti~s.

They preferred to ~onsült the local faith healers for medicaltreatment. This was paî’ticularly true in Fikkal. Some villagerscônsulted the health assistant of’ the nearby health post and

bought some of the prescribed medicine in the local hazaar. The - -monthly expenditure was le~ss then Es.50-Rs.200 per month onrnedioine(tabie2.i$). -t: -± ~-;~::----~ - ~

2 4 6 5 Rituals and f~ii~als~ _____i__~_ ~ «‘:--~~ L

~ ~i~ïi~izaJ &~cft~t[~l~ ~~er~observedby the villagers.

The main festivals included Dasain and Tihar. The majority of -- villagers spent less than Es.50 in a month; a few families spentRs.50 — Es.200 in amonth Çtable 2.18). - - _i_ - -

- -4------- - -- -~ t--.-- J-

2.4.7 Expenditure priority

Information on expenditure priority was elicited to determinethe villager’s willingness to spend on health and sanitation. Theexpenditure priorities of the - villagers - in Gajuri were food,clothing, health, sanitation and festivals while the priorities ofthe people in Fikkal werc food, clothes, festival and health andsanitation (table 2.19). The data on actual expenditure discussedabove and their attitude towards their priority of needs clearlyindicates that the villagers gave less priority to spend money onhealth and sanitation. They were more concerned with thefulfilment of their basic needs.

2.4.8 Investment priority -

andhad

thancash

The investment priority of the villagers was in agriculturelivestock. A few families, between 5 and 6 per cent in Gajurishown interest in investing in cottage industries but less

one per cent in either village seemed to want to invest incrop production (table 2.20).

1

2.4.9 Loan

About one—third of the total families in both project sitestook loanstfrom banks. Some families preferred to take loans frommoney lenders and neighbours (table 2.21). Those families who hadtaken a ban repaid it by selling their properties and/or foodgram (table-2.22).

2.5 Physical facilities

2.5.1 Housing

Most houses of Gajuri were made of stone and those of Fikkalof bamboo thatch. Wealthier families in both villages used woodfor house building material. Most homes had one or two rooms and acompound. Fôrty per cent of households had, a compound less than aropani in size. Almost all the househoids used their compound forcultivation (vegetable garden) and/or animal shelter.

2.5.2 Ownership of latrines

Only five households had private latrines in Gajuri. Betweenfifteen and twenty families used pit-or hut type latrines inFikkal. There were no public latrines ineither village.

2.5.3 - Ownership of water sources - -

1--

In Gajuri. Qnly two private water sources - were reportedwhereas in Fikkal more than fifteen wells or other natural sourceswere claimed to be owned privately. -- -

e

12

1--S 1

1

-- t:

11

111

1

t

3. COMMUNITYPRACTICES AND PERCEPTIONS OF DRINKING WATERSUPPLY

AND SANITATION

3.1 Introduction - -

This section is divided into two parts; 3.2 Water Supply andits utilization, and 3.3 Health and Sanitation, abthough it isdear that these are interrelated; the condition of each affectsthe condition of the others. The first section will examine thewater quality, source, needs and uses and will also attempt togive some illustration of the importance of water as perceived bywomen. The second section will present the information elicited onvarious concepts related to health and sanitation and existingpractices in both project sites. Two special short—term butextensive observation studies were undertaken to observe andrecord practices related to both water use and health andsanitation. These are presented at the end of each section.

3.2 Water supply and use

3.2.1 Water guality at source -

Although no testing of the water was undertaken to determineits quality at the source, qualitative information could prove tobe very.useful. The people of both villages believed that as longas the water came from a natural source, it was safe for drinking.Observations of the field staff however, indicated otherwise. Mostwelis (source of water supply for more than 60% of households inboth villages) were simply dug out, one foot deep, uncovered andhad much surface dirt such as leaves and twigs. Tadpoles andfrogs inhabited many wells, and cows and other livestock wereobserved to be grazing near and drinking from the welis. Theseobservations were more common in Gajuri than in Fikkal. Waterspouts and welis Jn both areas were the sites for bathing and -

washing for most people. Human, animal and bacterial agents ~zereobviously contributing to the contamination of local watersources. - - - - - - - - --

3.2.2 Water needs - - --

-- The villigers neededwaLer mainly for ciriz~king, coo1dng~ -

feeding animals, washing clothes and utensils. The daily waterrequiremei~t in the majority of households was between 50 and lSOilitres(table 3.1). Â few families (18% Ïn Gajuri and 10% in -

Fikkal) rèquÏred 200 to 400 litres of water for various purposes.

3.2~3 : - Watersources and uses - - - -; - - - 4

- Most people in bôth altes obtained fheirwater from weils, - -

both surface and deep wells, although the former (kuwa) were morenumerous £e~péèiaIly in Fikkal. Secondary soürces includednatural

- water sourc6swith spouts (padhera), piped water from natural -sources, rivers and streams (table 3.2). On average, one smallwater source was used by five or ii~. households The moreimportant (larger) ones wére used by fifteen �6 twenty five homes.

-Water supply permitting, villagers in both sites generally usedthe nearest water éoüröéirigirdless of thè water’s cpndition 50

as to sav&~time and effort.

13

More than half of the households in Gajuri and sixty per centin Fikkal used well water for their drinking and cooking needs(table 3.3). Well water was also used by about half of thehouseholds in both villages for most other~purposes (livestockwatering, clothes and utensil washiag) except in Gajuri wherewater from an ôpen chânnei was deviated and used for irrigatingfields. - -

Specifications af the water sources of both sites aredescribed in Appendix B. -

3.2.4 Reliability and convenience of water source - - -

The existing water sources were less reliable in Gajuri thanin Fikkal. About 45% of the total households in both project siteshad access to less reliable or unreliable water sources, that is,in the course of the year water was sometimes not available at theregular source. -- - -

The reliability of water source was se~sonally influenced.Most of the water sources - weils, padhera and streams wereseasonal, water being scarce during the months of March, April andMay. - -- -

In both the project sites about 60 per cent of the househoidsgot an adequate amount of water and about 35% of the househoidsgot a more than adequate amount of water for most of the year(table 3.4). -

The situation was different during the months of March, Apriland May when most of the existing water sources were dry. InGajuti, about 80% of the totalhouseholds did not get an adequatesupply of water. InFikkal 53% of the total househoids hadunreliable water supply during the dry season. - - -

The - existing sources of water were inconvenient or lessconvenient for the majority of the villagers (table 3.5). Forabout 62% of the total household in Gajuri and about 48% inFikkal, the present source of water was inconvenient. Conveniencewas measured in terms of time and -- effort Lavolved in fetchingwater. -- -- -- - - t - - -ç

3.2.5 - Persônsresponsible fr water collection

- Fetch{ng water was traditionally regarded as one of the maindomestic activities exclusively performed by female familymembers. However, in both project sites, other family memberswere - also found to spend a substantial amount of time fetchingwater for daily use. Women were the sole collectors for 27% ofthe househoids in Gajuri and 17% of the homes in Fikkal whileadult males were respon?ible for water collection in only 4% ofGajuri homes and 4.5% of Fikkal homes (table 3.6). About one thirdof the respondents in both villages stated that all three - adultmales, adult females and children - shared thisresponsibility.

3.2.6 - - Time ofwater collection -

Villa~ers fetched water at least once a day. Early morning,and evening were the usual times of the day that people went tofetch water. In Gajuri, two—thirds of the total householcls fetched

- -

14

- —_ -_ --~--~-r - ~--~---~--, ~-~_

- jç-~---_~-, - -~ ---- -

- -- - rr-’ - t - r--~.-y--z ~- tcJ- ~- —-t;: t —

~OlIl0hl niid clii 1 uren •itn Lhc maiii waLer colJ.oeL~rs .inl)Otl1 si t es • Ilf3rfl a r~ iii j’] ~-icjp~~t~colJ.ecLs ~ratnr aLa I:’ul~)l ie wat nr La j) (.1 ± 1. la 1 ‘~incha ya t: 1 Âuiro )

-t-

-ç ~ -: -c-~.’-;- tÇL

- - -- :;t’~~~ ~

1 —

t

14-A

~1

111111111111

water both in the morning and afternoon while one—third of thehousehoids fetched water in the morning and evening (table 3.7).In Filçkal, 75% of the households fetched water three times a day.

3.2.7 Time spent on water collection

Villagers in Gajuri had to spend much more time collectingwater than villagers in Fikkal. This was because the houses inGajuri village were scattered up and down and hill-side so thewater sources were far from many households. For 19% of thehouseholds in Gajuri, it took cbose to one hour only to reach thenearest water source and another hour to return after fetching 12litres of water at one time (table 3.8A). Half of the collectorsspent 15 to 20 minutes walking to the nearest water source andabout 15 minutes in queue to collect water for a total of 45minutes to over one hour for each trip to the water source.

In Fikkal, one-half of the total householdi had easy accessto a water source; it took less than five minutes to reach thesource, and waiting time was minimal (table 3.88). For somehouseholds it took 5—15 minutes to reach the nearest water source.The total amount of time spent fetching 12 litres of waterexceeded one hour for 49% of the households in Gajuri but only for3.3% of Fikkal homes. These figures rose in both villages duringthe dry season when the collectors must walk further to reach awater source - and wait longer for the water to fill up thecontainers. Some people had stated that 3—hour trips were verycommon at that time of the year.

The estimated total time spent per day fetching water for anaverage fimily’s daily requirements was overwhelming in Gajuri: 8to 9 hours for an average of 140 litres. The figure for Fikkal wasonly 2-3 hours. It was common to hear Gajuri villagers state thatthey spent half the day fetching water. Women were observed to bethe most occupied in this task followed by the children and thenthe men. -- - -

3.2.8 Dispûtes over water use - - -

- Because of the scarcity of water in certain settlements,— either due to inadequate water supply or a temporary over-crowding— at the source, sôme villagers - quarrelled occasionally. Such

disputes were usuâlly sôlved by the elderly in the village. At— times, local leaders got, involved and their efforts were normajly - - --

effective in r,ç~olving such conflicts ~. -~ ~ - L- ~

— . -t. — -t 1-r -5~~zt~~ - -, —

— - - 342.9t ‘l - ties’ - perceptions of respoüsit,ility foi’ private- - - and public water taps and toilets. - -~ - _j~___ -

— -r -~ —

—— - - - ~4ç - -.--:. r~fl~ ~-~—-- - r- ~-_~~--- - -~ -- -— --

- Taps were present inonly a few househoids in both project— sites. - Villagers had expressed a strong désire for piped water in

- their homes. Host respondents felt that the government shouldprovide grants or subsidies to residents wishing - to install a

water connection in their homes (tabie 3.11). Similar opinionswere voicedregarding private toilets (table 3.10). As for public

- taps, - morë - than - 85% of the people surveyed beld - that the -

government was resiionsible for their installation but the majoritybelieved that the community should be responsible - for their

maintenance (table 3.9). Host people felt that the government wasalso responsible - for installing and maintaining public toilets

15

t’although to a lesserextent (table 3.9).

3.2.10 Communities perceptions of-- involvement of people indrinking water supply programmes

Almost all respondexi�s in both project sites feit that allhousewives, school teachers, neighbours and panchayat workersshould be involved in drinking water supply programmes (table3.12). They perceived these people as either the mostknowledgeable, iuost appropriate or most conscientious people ofthe village. Their active participation and support would bevaiuable in solving some of the existing problems of drinkingwater suppiy programme in both project sites.

3.2.11 Education on safe drinking water - -

Many women were concerned about the methods used foreducation on issues related to drinking water supply andsanitation. Radio programes, posters and demonstrations ondrinking water as wellas sanitation were ineffective, they feit,because they were illiterate and uneducated on the one hand, andtoo busy with household chores to attend demonstrations on theother. In addition, many househoids did not own radio sets. Somewomen suggested that their chiidren - who were the future adultsof the village - should be taught sanitation rules and the safeuse of water at school. The most appropriate method according to86% of the respondents (table 3.13), would be to have Women’sDevelopment Services motivators instruct village women usingformai as well as informal education techniques. WDS ieaders hadbeen meeting with the women once a month in both areas andmotivators had been visiting women’s homes regularly giving themassistance and advice on health and nutrition matters. The womenof the village had deveioped trust in these leaders andparticipated actively in the activities that the WDS organized.

3.2.12 Priority of community needs

Efforts were made to identify the feit priority needs of thevillagers in Gajuri and Fikkal. The informants were requested toprioritize a set of eigbt needs: irrigation, drinking water,health post, road, sanitation faciiities, high school, latrinesand fuel wood/fodder. Food, clothing and shelter, as the highestpriority needs, were not included in the list. -

In Gajuri, the ranking was as folbows: drinking water,irrigation, health post, fuel—wood and fodder, latrines, road,high school and sanitation (table 3.14A). In Fikkal, the order ofpriorities were drinking water, irrigation, health post,sanitation, road, high school, latrines,~and fuel—iwood and fodder(table 3.148). Drinking water was identified as the main need inboth the project sites while sanitation needs were given muchiower priority ranking.

3.2.13 Expected benefits of water supply programme

The villagers, particularly women, were eagerly awaiting theimpiementation of drinking water supply programmes in theirvillages. The questions put to the villagers were designed todetermine what benefits they expected from the proposed watersupply programmes.

16

- — ~- ‘t

4 l’riva’.c~ I)alnl)uo - ~i.i1ni: çuiijiectioii .iii i”.LkI~tl

l6-A

Ir-’

5.

t

1

In Gajuri and Fikkal, the majority of women hoped that safedrinking water would be available after the implementation of theprogrammes (table 3.15). Many women also thought that the>’ and therest of the villagers would keep themselves cleaner by washingmore often at the more convenient water sources. A few womenmentioned other benefits such as good health for all familymembers, convenience, and time savings.

t

3.2.14 Water collection and water use observation

A separate two week field trip consisting of two staffmembers was undertaken in October 1986. The team randomly chosesix households in each village to observe and record the watercollection and water use patterns. The staff observed theseactivities over a twenty—four hour period.

3.2.14.1 Water collection

Water collection activities were observed in six householdsof each village. In Gajuri, the average store of water in themorning was about 24 litres, Each household (mainly the women)collected an average of 70 litres, 31 litres and 15 litres in themorning, afternoon and evening respectively (table 3.16A). Theaverage daily household consumption was 124 litres. The per capitaconsumption for villagers was 9 litres and for livestock, 4 litres(table 3.17A.1).

In Fikkal, the average store of water in the morning wasabout 7 litres. Bach household collected 80 litres, 33 litres and34 litres in the morning, afternoon and evening respectively(table 3.1GB). On average almost 140 litres of water was consumeddaily in each household. This was significantly higher than inGajuri and may explain some of differences in the healthconditions in both villages. The per capita consumption of waterby the family members was 14 litres per day per capita andlivestock consumption was 9 litres table (3.17B.1). -

3.2.14.2 ~Water use - -

The vi1iager~ in Gajuri and Fikkal used water mainly forfeeding aninÇals, drihking and cooking. Water was also used to washutênsils ~nd clothes. The 24-hour observationof water use in sixhöuseholdè i.n Gajuri reveâled that out of the average 62 litres of -~

water used in the morning, 25 litres were uied for fêëdinjanimals ai~d17 litreé for ~o6king morning meâls. Ön1~6 litr’esofwater was used to wash the face, hands, and feet. Eleven litreswere used for cleaning the house and utensils. Out of the 36litres of. water üsed in the afternoon, 25 litres were used forfeeding aninials and 10 litres for making tea, washing utensils anddrinking. Outof the 26 ].itres of water used in the evening, 15litres were used for cooking evening meals, seven litres were usedfor washing and only 1.3 for drinking (table 3.17A).

The villagers in Fikkal also used water for feeding animals,drinking ând cooking. In the morning, 35 litres of water was usedfor feeding animals and 20 litres for cooking. Anothèr 20 lltreéof water wé.s ûsed for waïhing, drinking, and clèâning purposes.Out of the34 litres of water used in the afternoon, 21 litreswere used for feeding animals and 13 litres were used for drinking

17

¶ -- ~.- -~ —-

and washing. Out of the 30 iitres used in the evening, fifteenlitres and eleven litres were used for washing and cookingrespectvely. Only 1.2 litres of water were used for drinking(table 3.17B). -

3.3 Perceptions of sanitation and health -

3.3.1 Concept of clean water - - -

In both project sites, fresh water from natural source wasconsidered pure and safe for drinking. Eighty-four per cent of thetotal respondents had this belief. Oniy 76% stated that boiledwater was safer for consumption (table 3.18A). -

Surprisingiy, these beliefs did not change significantly witheducation. In Fikkal, 90% of the uneducated maintained that wellor spring water -was safe for drinking while aimost the samepopulation (87.5%) of those with one to five years of schooling -

shared this belief. A higher percentage af the educated (13-40%~stated that boiled water was the safest water for drinking ascompared to 3 to 6% for the uneducated (table 3.18B). - -

Significant differences in clean water perceptions were foundbetween the seces. More women (93%) than men (80%) believed thatnatural, untreated water was ~afe for consumption. Only 47.5% ofthe women feit, that boiled water was the safest coïnpared to 8.8%for the men (table 3.18C). Only a few women were aware of thevaricus purifying methods. - — -

3.3.2 Concept of sanitation -

All the villajers regarded a clean house and yard, cleantrail, clean surroundings and a clean latrine as sanitary (table3.19). - -

3.3,3 Perôèptions of human and other wastes -

Host villagers regarded all wastes as dirty but did not seemto have internalized a very strong stigma against any one waste.It was interésting to note that most Gajuri respondents (80%)feit that human wastes were dirty, had a foul odour and spreaddiseases but did not give thern trouble or problems. However, 68% -

of Fikkal respbndents stated that human wa.stes did presersf -

- - probieins to the community (table 3.20). Stigmas attached to solid -

and liqüidhousehoids wasteswerernuch less pronounced. ;; -

3.3.4 Concept of sickness and disease -- - - - -

-Host people in both viliages (46%) defined a siclt person as -

one who was in bed becauseof an ailrnent (table 3.21). In Gajuri,32% had the criteria of inability to work for defining a sickperson. The villagers in both sites believed that disease andsickness was caused by a malfunctioning of body parts but a few - - -

people in Gajuri (13%) and many in Fikkal (39%) attributedsick~ess to a curseor “God’s will’1. Very few in either site -

blam~d-unsanitary (dirty~ coriditions for the~presence of disease. - -

- -~-: ~T -: - -~ t

18

3.3.5 Health conditions

The heaith conditions of the viliagers were fairly poor inboth villages but Gajuri viilagers suffered much more from waterborne diseases than did Fikkai people, according to field workerobservations. The incidence of diarrhoea among infants andchildren was high as was the presence of worms and almost every

3 child had G~j~’I’~~. Adults reported some incidents of poor healthand a few serlous illness. One heaith worker per ward treatedvillage patients but the nearest health post in Gajuri was twohours walk away. People in both viliages went to see thetraditional medical pradtltioner but viilagers in Fikkal were morelikely to see him than people in Gajuri. Health conditions werebetter in Filçlçal due partly to the coider weather and the higheraltitude.

3.3.6 Drinking water and food conditions -

None of the respondents in either project site reportedtreating their drinking water. Host did not know the significanceof boiling the water or mixing potash in It. When asked why theydid not treat their water after having been told of itscontamination, people stated that boiled water did not taste goodand that this practice wasted their time and more importantly,their firewood. Host peopie in Gajuri drink oniy water becausethey could not afford tea while peopie in Fikkal consumed mainlytea as a beverage, a practice that decreased the risks ofsuccumbing to water—bornediseases. This might also partly accountfor the better health of the Fikkal community.

Food in both viliages was weli—cooked and there were noreports of people eating raw vegetables.

3.3.7 Solid and iiguid waste disposai --

F~r both the pro3ecti sites, most villagers threw solid andliquid.wastes in a pit or a section of the backyard (tables 3.22 &323). Only very few households scattered these wastes in the openspace. Some households utilized the wastes for anlinal Leed. -

3.3.8 flunian waste disposal - - - - - -- - -- -- -: -

- ---------- ---t---- - ~—- - ----t--- ::

-Th~i-e was acoiispicuous iackof latrines in the viliages. Theurine - and - excreta disposal system was ûnsatisfacto~y and hadadverse èffecLs bn the general health condition. The most usualplace fur urine and excreta disposal both by the males and thefemalés, irrespective of their age, was either the field, bush andthe - forest or the backyard of the house (table 3.24). A fewhouseholds had pit latrines which were reportedly used by allfamily members for urination and defecation but fieid workersinspections reveaied that jnany latrines were too clean to havebeen used regularly. A few al the households used stream-riverbanks, nearby ponds and welis as sites for defecation. In Fikkal,however, a few househoids defecated in an open space in theyard. - - - -

19

-&

3.3.9 Time of defecation

All male and female villagers dispoiid of excreta in fields, -

bush, forest, backyards or courtyards early in the morning or theevening. Host females defecated early in the morning (table3.25). -

3.3.10 Material used for cleaning and washing hands after 1~defecation.

Almost all male and femalc villagers in Gajuri used water foranal cleaning (tables 3.26-3.27). In Fikkal, the majority ofvillagers used water but about 29% of both sexes used grass, twigsand stones for anal cleaning. A few men and women in Fikkal usedordinary paper for this purpose.

The majority of villagers used day to clean their hands. Afew villagers used soap, water and ash to clean their hands.

3.3.11 Knowledge about latrine types - -

The majority of the villagers in Gajuri and about one-thirdof the villagers in Fikkal had no knowledge of any of the latrinetypes. OnIj one viliager knew about the water seal with a septictank (table 3.28). -

3.3.12 Utensil washing -

Almost all the households washed utensils twice a day inwater and used materials such as ashes or twigs to wash them. Somehouseholds used day for this purpose. 13.3.13 Washin~ clothes

Hany villagers (mainly women) washed clothes weekly andothers washed occasionally. The well was the most extensively usedsource for washing of clothes. Other sources included piped water,streams and rivers (table 3.29). -

3.3.14 ____________________ -

t’Sny \ri11sge~s bathed once a week and others bathedoccasionally - (table 3.30). Wornen, because they often coliectedwater, bathedmûch more frequently than men. The most extensiveiy

~-used bathing sites wexewells and natural water spouts. -In Fikkal~oap wâsusedïy many villagers but in Gajuri many villagers used

mustard cake Çpeena) for bathing. There were a few viilagers who-alsô used redclay to wash themselves. - - - ~- -

- - -- -, ~ -- - — --- -- -~-— -

3 3 15 Livestockwatenng - -

- - Villagerï whc~had livestock had a cattle byre near the houseto water their animals there. A few households used pondé, rivers

- and streams a-id weils to water their animals (table 3.31). -— - — s.-.~ -~ —~.---- 4- -

1

Bathing conditions

---t1~

t-:Ï~-~T:4

1~- -- - 20 - -

-- 1

3.3.16 Hygiene observation

3.3.16.1 Introduction - - - - -

A week-long hygiene observation was done in Gajuri and Fikkaivillages during the month of October 1986. The number ofhouseholds selected randomly in Gajuri and Fikkal was 28 and 26,respect ively.

3.3.16.2 -Condition of food and beverages -

A majority of househoids in both Gajuri and Fikkal villagesfully covered dry as well as cooked food (table 3.32). About aquarter of the househoids in Gajuri village usuaiiy did not coverfood. In Fikkal, most of the households covered their beveragesbut in Gajuri 6% did not cover them.

3.3.16.3 Drinking water storage conditidn -

Only two households in Gajuri and 5 • in Fikkal villagescovered stored drinking water. Host of the households generallydid not cover water (tabie 3.33). - --

3.3.16.4 Condition of water container

About half of the households used a bronze or copper gagri tocarry and store water. Some househoids used a gagri made of brassand aluminium. In Fikkal almost all the househoids used a gagrimade of aluminium. The condition of the water containers was cleanin Fikkal and less so in the househoids of Gajuri (table 3.34).

3.3.16.5 Water dippers

All the househoids in Gajuri used water dippers for removingwater from the water container for drinking, cooking, bathing andwashing purposes (table 3.36) while less than half of the samplehouseholds in Fikkal reported other uses. This may be anotherfactor influencing the health conditions of the village.

About two-thirds of the total households observed in Gajuriused a bronze ankhora as a water dipper. Other households alsoused - art ankhoré. but it is made of copper, silver or steel. Almostal]. the household in Gajuri left their water dipper on the floor(table 3.35). In Fikkal households used a bronzeankhora butother vessels like batuko, kettle and bata were also used as waterdippers. Most of the houéel-ïolds inFikkai kept théir water dipperson a rack stand made of wood.

3.3.16.6 Condition of kitchen

All the households in Gajuri and a majority of the householdsin Fikkal had no ventilation in the kitchen (tabie 3.37). The roomwas filled with smoke when the firewood was burnt in the hearth.The kitchen floors in both sites were relatively clean; in onethird of Gajuri househoids and one fourth of Fikkal homes - thefloors were dirty (table 3.34)

21

‘t - .13.3.16.7 Presence of flies & insects -

In most. of the households in Gajuri, flies and insects werefound humming around the food and beverages. In Fikkal, there wereno flies or insects in the majority of the househoids. This znightbe due to the relatively colder weather there (table 3.38).

3.3.16.8 Condition of courtyard/backyard -

The courtyard/backyards of inost Fikkal households wererelativeiy cleaner than those of in Gajuri (table 3.34).

3.3.16.9 Cattle byres - -

Almost al]. households in Fikkal kept their cattle outside thehouse (tabie 3.39). In Gajuri, two-third of the familiesconstructed their cattle byres outside the house. Twenty-eightfamilies kept the cattle inside the house in the same room as thekitchen thus adding to the risk of food contamination. -

1

- - ~1

- 1- -1

1- - - - --~ 1

~1 --111~

22

1

4 ---

4. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES OF WOMENS PARTICIPATION

4.1 Introduction -

The success of any development programme depends primarily onthe participation of local people in such programmes. While~mostdeveiopment planners and workers generally take into considerationthe technical, economic and political factors when planning theintervention strategy, they often fail to assess the socio—cultural practices, attitudes and beliefs of the villagers forwhom the programmes are intended.

To adopt the necessary strategies in order to encourage localand, in this case women’s participation, it is’ essentiai tounderstand the existing constraints which iimft women’sparticipation in drinking water supply and sanitation programmes.An attempt has been made here, on the basis af the findingsdiscussed earlier and the impressions derived frôm the fieldsurvey, to identify some basic social, cultural, economic andinstitutional problems and issues for promoting women’sparticipation. A summary of the women’s profile is firstpresented. It is hoped that this together with the identificationof problems related to women’s participation will be useful in theimplementation stage of intervention.

4.2 Summary of women’s profile -

The iives of women in both areaé were similar in that the -

activities in which they were occupied centered around the home,They were also busy with farm 4ork, water and firewood collectionand clothes washing - activities sdhich took women outside thehome. Host women were responsible for water coilection, water—related activities and sanitation-related activities which couldtake up to ten hours per day. Of the total female population, 64per cent were iiliterate. Generaliy they maintained that fresh,clean—loeking and smelling water from a natural source was safefor drinking and were largely unaware of the various means ofpurifying water. The linkage of unsanitary practices tocontarninated water supply to poor health was also unknown to mostwomen; latrines were few and their sanitary purpose ignored, waterwas not treated, drinking water was left uncovered, and defecationpractices were very unhygienic in both viliages, although to alesser extent in Fikkal. - -

Wowen believedthey could learn érom informal ~ducation onmatters important to the health and welfare of theii families. - —

Women actively - supported the Women’s Developme4t ~ -~

officials and local volunteers and- had the - support of their - --

husbands for participation in WDS activities. Women wént to theirfriends and neighbours for advice but the most influencial personand main decision—maker in a women’s life was her husband.

Women were not active in the Viilagé Panchayat nor in theNepal Women’s Organization mainly because these were government—run political organizations that did little to improve thematerial - conditions of the villages. They believed thatparticipation in the NWO served no purpose and wasuninteresting. -

23

- -—~ —-5-—-

The viliagers in both sites were divided into several smallsettiements of five to ten households which were cliquish in -

nature and often caste specific. The women of one settlement often -

refused to attend meetings or activities held in another locality.They asserted that any such activity should be held in their ownsettlement and-- that the other women should come there to attend.The women feit this way most likely because of the parochialgroup/caste pride and solidarity but aléo because of tjie timeinvolved in waiking to another iocality (5 to 30 minutes) toparticipate in village activities. This traditional attitude -

inhibited interaction and co—operation between the varioussettlenients in the village. - -

Many women were convinced that what they asserted was rightand what all others said was wrong. Each wornen stood by her own -

arguments and opinioris during a gathering and refused to redognizethe views of others even if these were sound. These impassesprevented dompromises when trying to reacha definitive decisionor plan of action. The exception to thissituation was animportant one; in both villages, women were found to quickly reacha consensus when a highly respeeted woman put forth her ideas and -

presented a solution. This was normally acceptéd by all.

- The restrictions and rules imposed by the Nepalese caste -

s~stem were present in all rural areas. The high caste villagersstill feit strongly about the purity of their caste and retained asense of defijement from personal contact with the low castes.However, this was not openly expressed in public interaction. - -

4.3.4 Educational c~nstraints -- -

Host women - were - illiterate or - had had little forma].schooIing.~ This had the du~l effect of limiting their - knowledgeand horizons ~n the one hand and of asauring, to a large extent,the - preservation of -tra4itional habits on the- other. - These -

• traditional habits, especi~lly those related to drinking watqr,health and sanitation, were often unhealthy and dangerous, but, inthe absénce of education, the! were difficult to change. - - -

- --- —---tii

-iitii

-- i

4.3 Socio-cultural probiems & issues

4.3.1 Factionalism in the villages -

‘t

4.3.2 Self-assurance of individuals

ii

1

t-- 11

--t1

4.3.3 Caste system

4.3.5 Time constraints

Rurai women had very busy daily schedules in whi~h theyaccompiished mosthousehold chores in addition to farm work. On an

•average, Nepali women living in rural areas worked 10 to 12 hours -

per day of which one-to ten hours were spent obtaining water.These activities left li~le time for women to participate in -

educational programmes or in the construction or the maintenanceof waterand èanÏtatfon faclifties. - -

- -- -- -

24 - .

~ -~ - ~ •~ - --

14.~

4.3.6 £linimal role in household decision—making

Host village women, particularly those belonging to thehigher Hindu castes had little or no input in household decisions;the husband, father or father—in—law made most of the importantdecisions and must be consulted before any action could beinitiated. Women must therefore have male consent when consideringparticipation in non-traditional activities.

4.3.7 Economic constraints

Although many villagers showed willingness to contributefinancially to the implementation of drinking water supply schemesin their village, most could not afford to. As most weresubsistence farmers, the littie agricultural surplus that theyproduced went towards the purchase of dry goods and othernecessities. Very littie surplus was transformed into monetarysavings that could be used to fund local development projeets.Their only possible economic contribution to such efforts could bethe supply of labour and some local building materials.

4.3.8 Mistrust of local political leaders and iack of supportof local institutions

Villagers seemed to have very little trust in their localleaders whom they saw as opportunists and dishonest. It followedfrom this that the people also lacked faith in the localinstitutions in which these leaders operated. The villagepanchayats and the Nepal Women’s Organisation had so far beenineffective in improving the quality of life of the villagers.Women had developed some faith in the Women’s Deveiopment 0ff icersaltltough the officialdom and lengthy procedures had resulted inimplementation delays and many were sceptical about the actualoutcome of the proposed intervention programmes.

25

11111111

1

Urban water supply urbanswerage and. saniLation;

a) Incîjvjdual wuterdelivery systern

b) Sewerage

Rura]. waLer supply

rurni ~aiijtatjon

* estiriated.

A- 1

TABLE — 1.1

PIIOPO~EDDUINKING WATl~It SIJI’PLY ANL) SANITATION FACILITIES I~.J:~’

- P’JE.PAL 13ï T1ft Y1�AR 19~ ~ 1

Percentage of population eerved’~”~

1980 1985 1990 *

• 33.0Ç~. • ~ 9~hO0,

12.25 • : 16.5k~ ~‘ •~ ].2.8O~

6.77 . ~i0.72

~21.71

:

2.55 13.12

-~ ~ T ~ -~

TA13L~ - 2,1

POPULATION COEIPOS1TION 13Y SEX AND AGE

Total

The sourceis the 1DB

of the information contained in tab].es 2.]. to 3,39

Field Survey conducted in September—Ootober,1966.

- ,

1’

1

H ‘A~2

0a~Iuri Fikkal ______________________Age group riale Female Total Plale’ Fema].e Total•. Ilale Fema].e Total 1

0 ‘s.. 14 197 169 366 160 186 366 : 355 732~°‘~ ~ ~ (111.9) (1.i4) (43) (91.2) (41.9) (41.5)

15 — 119 230 197 427 197 198 395 427 • 395 822

(47.2) (46.3) (46.8) (11.5.9) (46.9) (116.4) (116.7)~ (46.6) (46.6)

50 + 60 59 119 52 38 . 90 - 112 r~: 97 209(12,3) (13.8) (13). (12.1) (9) ‘ (10.5) (12.2) (11.5) (11.9)

Total 11.87 425 912 429 11.27 851 916 ?~. Bli.7 1767V

(s3.3) (46.6) (loo) (50.4) (49.5) (loo) (51.9) ‘(48.i) (100)

1

• .•~. 1

/

TABLE - 22

POPULATION 13Y CASTL~/ET11NICITY

A— 3

NumberCaste/Ethnicity Gajuri.

of ~Iouseho1ds‘Fikkal Tot~I

Brahmin 50 3 5~3

. (34.0) (1.9) (]‘?.~)Chhetrj 12 55

(29.2) (7.7) • (16.2)

Ral-Limbu 67 67(43.2) (22.2)

Tamang 13 39 52(8.8) (25.2) (17.2)

Newar 18 7 25(.12.2) (4.5) (8.3)

Gurung-Nagar 15 2 17(10.2) (1.3) (5.6)

Tibetan 21 21(13.5) (7.0)

Others (Damai, Kaml 8 4 123arki, Sunuwar, Baniya) (5.5) (2.6) (4.0)

1

l~111..•1’‘t

-~• Total 147 155 302. (100.0) (ioo.o) (100.0)

TABL1~ - 2.3

MARITAL STATUS

~LE AND rMt~L& rLfl1L0~

Gajuri. Fikkal

482 477(52.9) (56,1)

389 327(42.7) (38.4)

:35 39(3.8) (14.6)

5(0.5) (0.9)

1 —(0.1)

912(100.0)

- - ~ -~--

----u

A—4

flartial Status

Never Ilarried.

Marrled

Spovse~l dece~.~&t

Separateci

Div orced

Total

959(sk.k)’:’

• 716

711.

‘Ii

(0.7)

• 1 •~

• .

1763 1(100.0)

1•

Total

111111111-1111

85].(100.0)

~L•

/

al

t.

• . 1 ~

A-5

• .:~‘:

Lower secondary:upto to 10 yearsof schooling

School leavingcertifloate

College orUniv~’rsity

- - — -r ‘

289 209(68.4) (4~!7}

- 40 ‘67(9•14.) (20.2)

75 95 ].51}

(17.7) (22.1) (18.2),

77 ,• 35 41( 9 ) (8.1) (4.8)

11.92 -

(5:31,7) -

1114’(15,7)

183’(zo) ‘

83(9.1)

8(o.0Q9)

6(0 • 006)

I~..

t t.,

TAI3LE — 2.11

EDUCATIONAL STATUS

Educationa].Level

Gajuripemai.e Male

FikkalFemale Male

TotalFemale Male

I11jterateI~~ ~~r--~-

Literaté withoutechooling

28~3(60)’. (58.1)

56 - 57(13.1) (11.7)

Primary: 1 to 5years of 79 68echooling (18.5) (18)

541f.(64.2)

96 -

(11.3)

24(5.6)

48(9.8)

10 7 ,— 1(2.3) (1.4) (0.2) , (1.2)

1 4 1 2 •

(0.2) (0.8) (0.2) (0.4) (0.002)

11’

Ii

II

L

Total 425(loo)

11.87(loo)

422(loo)

429(loo)

847’~’(loo)

~

916 ‘

(loo)t

‘TABLE — 2.5

FAfIILY TYPE

• - - - FarpilyNuclear

TypeJoint/extended. Total

Gajuri~

Fikkal ‘

75- (51.0)

96(61.9)

,,

72(49.0).

59(:38.1) •

e.147(ioo.o)

155•(iop.o)

Total 171(56.6)

131(43.4)

‘302(ioo.o)

‘t1 1

( ~

.1—t..

( t~1

ç ‘t 1

‘t

A-6

DIVISION OF LABOUR 13Y ~

_________ Gajuri, TotalNa.L~ 1”emale Nale Female

36 172 81” 3LI4~,~,- (19) ‘ (81)

6o~ 327 ~,

- (15) (85)

51k.

(14)

64 173 131 3118-- (27) (73)

99 142 220 283(LL~) (56)

16 105 35 219(14) (86) -

8 284, 39(08)

— ‘262(loo) -

69 228 154(6o) - (40)

80 306 ‘175(64) (36)

80 201 ‘ 176(63) (37)

14 - 254 52(83) - (17)-

16 12~ l4~

(75) (25)~~1 173 17

(ei) (9)

TAJ3LE - 2.6

F1kka11’7~.Lo JYemai.e

322(86)

11

-I1

11HiT

Hi~1

~Ii~:11

Ï1~¾I

:~~ 11

‘11

96 115, 156(17)

A. HouseholciactiviLies

Cooking

tiashing utensils~

Waching clothes -

Water collection

Firewood collection

Grazing animals

Feeding anirnals -

Child care

Hou8ehold marketing

• B.Agrlcultura], act1viL1e~

PloughIng

Sowing

WeedIng

Harvesting

IrrigA’iirj~

(

45 : 172

37 171 23 156

33 - i66 2]. 1.56

67 175

121 111.1

6]. 64

117 164 69

19 lik

142 31 111.2

135 - — 127

100 84 128

162 95 141

160 96 111.1

115 38 139

131 186(39.)’

179(5:3)295 ~.(6].), -

Wage labour

Agricultural

(agri.)

marketing

88 ,

~

26 , -

l’t

.3791

11

TABLE, - 2,6 (Contd)

A- 7

‘T. ~- -‘

•1 t- .1.

• ~,J: ——

Cottage_Indus tryactivitles -

Business transaction ~‘ 1

Ilanagement/accountIng

20 78 1,5 , 150 35 - 328- , - (9) ‘ (91)

16 91 ‘ 9 ‘. , 72 25’~~ 163‘(13) (87)

1

8 103 156(5)-.,

311. ‘ ‘ 131 117(29)

152

FikkalMale — 1”emaj.e

Gaiuri ‘ TotalMale Female Male Female -:, -

1

2

• •t 1

S — 6”- t (86),

~‘ .1.j’’

2 — 2(50)•

Tec~,nical ~uperv1sIon -1 2

Health & Sanitatlonrelated activities

1(64)

2- .(5o)

2(:3:3)

1~.t —

D.

1~~

I~ t

-t

:3 - -—

II

(60),t’~lS ‘~

Solid waste disposal

Liquld waste disposal

—. t

— t

•‘‘—I

Human waste disposal 7 13f,

Animal waste disposal 83 189

Medica]. (traditional 151 35healer or health clinic)visite

238(1,5)

280(7.1) -

11.9(1,5),

14 283

t -

1’

k

I~1~

t — ~ 1t ‘&‘i-t,;iJ - ~ t_~

- ‘--. —- .. ~1 ~ t ,,•‘. .1_t T- t t ‘ ‘•-t~”’- ~

t t, - ‘ • • :~

t t 1 ( ~‘ ~ 1

- (~t, i~

• - -.- 1.’..:’t ‘

t,, t ‘‘S t,’, ,-,t_-- ,- ‘ t__t).) ‘t.,- . J,_/~’_•, Lt•i-1 ~ ~

t t.~1 t •~-‘; - t t ~ (~ ‘ ~ ~—

---

TABLE — 2.7A-8

711

‘-~1~

iiii

- 1~

‘.1

- HI•E‘jT

SHI-.-1

~y-~

-_ .. 1’

Deolsion-flaker Gajuri - Fikkal ‘ Total’

Elder male or husband 81(55.1)

78(50.3)

159(52.6)

Elc].erly female wife 13 ,

(8.8)30

(19.3)43

(14.z)

Joint elderly male 15and female (10.2) -

31(20.0) ,

1.16

Father ‘6 ‘

- (4.1)-- 4

(2.6) -

•

- —

- ‘10’’ ~‘

(3.3)

Ilother’ —

;

Parents jointly —

1(0.6)

1(0.3)

1 -

(o.6); ‘ 1.

- (0.3)

Sister — — —

Sons 5(3.4)

1(0.6)

‘6’(2.0)

-Daughters —

- — -

Collective family 27(18.4)

9(5.8) .

36(11.9)

Total - - 147(100.0)

155(ioo.o)

302’(100.0)

- t -— - ,1 ~

TABLJ~ - 2.8’

PAIITICIPATION ‘IN LOCAL OROANIZATIONS-

-

Type of local flember—shif, or~anizab1on Gajuri Fikkal

‘

TotalWomen organisation 15

(1.6)Youth organisation 2

- - - (0.2)

‘..

- .~I. ‘

—

,

‘

-‘ 15..“.(0.9,)

2- (0.1)

Village penchayat - 15(1.64).

‘ 5(0.6)

22(1.2)

District ‘panchayat - 1 ‘

(0.1)—

-

1(0.1)

None 875(95.9) -

848(99.6)

1723(97.7)

- Total 912(100.0)

851(100.0)

1763(100.0)

- “t”

.4

- 4 -~-4.-””’t-•’~‘-“

1~

A-9

TABLE 2.9

WOfIEN IN LOCAL OHGANIZATIONS

Local level organization Gajuri Fikka]. Total

15(3)

4(.9)

• t

tPigures in parentheses indicate the level of women~sparticipation as a percentage of total female pppulation.

Atti,tudes Gajuri. Fikkal Total

Encouraging 1)1(69.1)

147(94.8)

278(92.1)

Discouragli-ig - 2(1.4)

1(0.6)

~3(1.0)

Neither encouragingnor discouraging

12(8.2)

6(3.9)

18(5.9)

Don’t know 2(1,1l~)

1(0.6)

-

3(1.0)

)M~7(loo)

155(loo)

302(loo)

Nepal Women~Yrgan1zat1on

Village yanohayat

15• -(3)

--4(.9)

t——

‘‘‘t 1’

TABLE — 2.10

ATTITUDE OF MEN TOWAHDSWOMEN’SPARTICIPATION IN 1)DI&CISION-f’IAKING AND DEVI~LOPMENTACTIVITIES

-“ ‘‘1

It -

-f1

t.

~, Fami].ymember

Friends

Neighbours 3- (2)

Government 1~,0fficers - (.8)

li,

t’,

t’

TAilLE — 2,11

A- 10

1NÏEIIACTION 01’ WOllEN WITI! (YI’ILEU ViLLAGE MEMBERS

~JEED

Persorts1’.

ConlMc Lcd

FOOd_Shelter:ç’loth Ing~ia.1urI Fikkal

Hein In~TürI’

crirI~Fik1~ïI

Advice MoneyGajuri - Fikka1.~ Gajuri 1-”ikkal

105 140(96) (99)

101(35,) - (77)

84(85)

6,5

(22)

i -- 88(.6) (36)

(11)

26(13)

17(8)

~39 147(24) (99)

67 108(42) - (29)

51 108(32) ~(24)

147(21.1.)

26 31(.2) (13)

10 50(•lo) (21)

1-(1)

1

I~ •

1 STAI3LE — 2.12

1 “~IUNlFlCANT OT11J~H OF WOllEN -

Helationship Gajuri Fikkal Total

1 I~ather - 2 90 20.(12) (6)

I iiother -‘ : 6 9(al) (4) (3)

I Father-in-law 2 2 4(1.3) - (1.2) (1.3)

Ilother-in—law 4 3 7

1 - (13) - (2) (95)Hucband 115 109 -- 224

I (80) (71) (75)Peers/friends 10 — 10(6) (3)

1 Nelghbours — 1 1(.1) (3)

ITeacher 1 3

(.6) (1) (.3)

Brothers — 1 1

1 (.6) (3)Sisters — —

1 Self - -

- - - Son/daughtcr’ - 9 91 ‘

Father/Not.her_In—1UW ~L — 1

1 (.6) (3)

- - tlother-In—law/ 2 — 2-

- husbands (5) (6)1 Don’t kiio;q _ :3

- -- - (1.6) (1)

1 Total 111-3 152 295

(loo) (loo) (loo)

1111

--

1 ropani

Khe t

l’akh o

TAilLE —

AVERAGE SI~EOF LAND1IOLDING 13Y

(IN liopAllI)

A- 12

CULTIVATION TYPE

- S

Type of land Gajuri Fikka].

Owned cultivated khet - 11,04 3.05

Owned rented out khet - - 4.67 —

Hented khet 7.75 0.32

Owned

Owned

cultivated

rented out

Pakho

pakho

11.29

—

- 28.99

- - —

:

Hented pakho — 0.71

Total

Total

cultivated

cultivated.

khet

pakho

- -

-

10.89

11.24 .

3.37

30.47

Total cultivated land 21.10 33.19

- - —~ 71It’—

•1

•~1•.1

1’1

= .O5ha.

= irrigaleci flat land suitable for paddies

= sloped land unsuilable for paddies

1

(t,

1

- TAilLE — 2,14 A

OWNEHSIIIP OF LIVESTOCK

t”

A- 13

t,

1.t,—I7-

t,

Gajuri hot~5c.hoW5uows tipat UX (~h1cKefl

0 65(‘14.2) ‘

25(17)

62(42.2)

50(311) ‘

‘

‘

1 - 32(21.8)

23(15.6) - - -

5

(3.4) -

12(8.2)

2 23(1,5.6)

19(12.9)

64(43.5)

i6(10.3)

3 9- (6.1)

16(10.9)

6(4.1)

13‘(8.8)

-11 10(6.8)

16 --

(10.0)8 - -

(5.4) ‘

- 10(6.8)

5 4(2.7)

17(11.6)

2(1.4)

‘ 9(6.i)

6 - - 7(4.8)

— 6

(4.1)

7—10 3(2)

11(7.11-)

—. .

22(15) -‘,

11—15 1- (0.7)

9(6.1)

— 5(3.4)

16—20 — 2

(2)— 3

(2)

21—’35 1(0.7)

t

-

— -‘1’’- (0.7)

Total No of Gows: 202

Goats; 714,,

Ox: 193

Chickens: 524

- _t,t~•

t -

- ‘ -;_

- t-t 1

17

TAilLE - 2,11,4 B’.

•O~~NEHS1lIP01’ 1~IVESTOC1(

iA—14

Goats

Ox =Ch 1 c ke n=

hôus~1’toI1s0oa te

210

171784

Number Cow Ox Chickens

0 33(21.3)

98(63.2)

77(49.7)

‘ - --

-

46(29.7) .

1 42 ‘

(2.71)6

(3.9)4

(2.6)22

(14.2)

2 39(25.2)

14(9) -

63(40.6) - .

13(8.4)

3 30(12.9)

13(8.4)

3(1.9)

-

- ,

-14(9)

4 12(7.7)

-7(4.5)

8(5.2)

17(1.1)

-

5 ‘ Ii.(2.6)

7(4.5)

- 11.(2.6)

6 4(2.6)

5(3.2)

- - 7(4,5)

,

7—10 — 4

(23.6)— 18

(11.7)

11—15 1(0.6)

1(0.6)

— 7

(2)

16,— 20 — — — —

21—35 — — — 3

‘ (1.9)

1,1

1

Total No. of Cowe = 284

11111

1

1

TAilLE 0.15

— t

h1l1’LOï MEN’r S’I’ATIiS

‘t

‘t-

tt

- -

ErnploymentGajuri Flkkal Total

Employed by others 23(3.2)

44

(6.2)67

(4.7)

Self employed 535(73.2)

11.57(64.6)

992(69.0)

Govt. Serice- - - --

16(2.2) -

13(1.8)

29(2.0)

ScmI-unemployed - --

- -

- - 1(0.1)

— 1

(0.3)

Uncmployed-

- 5

(0.7)- 5(0.3)

Student -

-

]56

(21.3)188

(26.6)344

(23.9)

Total - 7~31

(ioo.o)707

•(loo.o)1430

(100.0)

TABLI’ — 2.16

000UPATIOI’ o1~l!ou~1~1IoLJo

A- 16

TE1111iOccupat;Ion

Gujuri FikkalPrimary Secondaryl’rimar~, Secondary

Agriculture l)H(93.9)

25 14~(93~)

11.

Service ‘--

— 15 5(3.2)

- 13- -

Business — - 21 4

(2.6)21

Cottage Industry — - - 3 — 1

Skllled labour 1(0.7)

1 1(1~.7)

5

Wage labour 8( 5 .

32 - 67

Porter — 6

Others — 3 5

.. — — 1

Total‘

111.7(~Oo.O)

~155(100.0)

156(100.0)

123(100.0)

11111

1

*

A- 17

TAilLE — 2.17

A n ii u/t. L A~J•~1lAG1’; 1 I’JCOIIE

Source - - Gaju.ri Pikkal TotalIncome

2290 2142(811.)

Agriculture -

- ‘

9]”36

(147)7)70

(150)8244

Serv1ce/Pem~on- - -

4’370(16)

6940(14)

5676

Business- -

1’1.25(12)

4540(18)

3294

Wage -- -- - 1505

(37)

Other Sources 1620(4)

3277(12)

2863

* ~ipures in pnrenthm;ewithin’ the respective

Indlcnte the number ofiiicorne source category.

househoids

t’

Food (Hupies)

0—500

500 — 1000

1000 — 2000

2000 — 3000

3000 and above

‘ro tal

~ducatIon:

4 one

) — 25

— 50

— 100

.000 and above

Total

one

— 25

O — 100

00 — 200

00 and above

Total

ÏAI3LE — 2.18

MO1’ITlILY EXPENDI~I’UflE

41

7

2

54 93

Ga,jiiri

‘/5

3~3

7

9

23

147

2

120

ir

6

4

147

F1kka

82

50

12

9

2

155

139

2

155

77

- 67

11

2

145 157

-.1Total

157 - 183

19

18

25

302

259

29

8

302

1,-- 1~

1

A—18 1

Ga~~uri - 1”lkknl TotalOwn l’urchase Own PurchaseOwn Purchasc

30

22

2

63 :34 93

25 2~ 47

:3 Ll, 5

91 64

11

-i.1

ILitu1s/Fcst1vai~:

1

t

2 1

111

A- 19

NedIc liie: Gu ,jui’i Pikkal Total

None 14 13 27

0 — 50 118 121 239

50—100 - 10 17 27

100—200 - - ‘2 2 4

200 and above 3 2 5

Tqtal - - 147 155 302

Transportal, lon:

None 55

200 84

—400 6,

and above 2

Total 147

Wage:

None 01

0—200 55 119

200—500 6 19

~)0O and at,ovo 5 3,1

Tot,al 147 302

Hecreation:

None -- 55 107

20Ç~ - 85 184

—400 7 11

- and. above - -

Total 147 302

TA1JIJ~ — 2.18 (Contd)

0—

200

11-00

147

‘44

9

2

302

‘153

92

6o

:3

155

72

64

13

6

155

52

99

4

155

0—

200

ji0 0

Glot.hlng:

None

0 — 1000

1000 — 1500

1500 — 2000

2000 and above

- Total

Others:

None

o — 500

500 — 1000

1000 and above

Total

TAilLE — 2,18 (Contcl)

Gajitri Fikkal

1

128 - 148 276

14 6 20 ‘

3 1 4

1 1

111.7 155 302

13~5 io6

16 38

5 11

1

147 155

- --

A-20 7---

Total

1

231

5Li~

i6

1

302

/

A-21 -‘

TAilLE — 2.19

LXI’El-lI)J,TUUE Pit108ITY

151(loo)

Gajurl FikkalFirst Second Third Fourth First Second Third Gourth

Food.

8~(58)

13(7)

8(5.5)

— 12)

(81)5

(3)3

(2)—

Clothlng 18(12)

78(54) .

25(1.7)

7(5)

10(6)

88(55)

27(11)

12

(12)

Nedicine 2(1.2)

13(9)

49(311.)

33(23)

—

-

8(5)

30

(zo)22

(23)

Educatjon‘

10(7)

3(~)

13(9)

11(8)

2(1.3)

‘ 3(2)

9(6)

12

(3,2)

Agricuiture 8(5)

17(12)

12

(.0)7

(5)1

(6)10

(6)18

(12)1

(1)

Household 1.7

- (12)10

(7)12

(.8)29

(20)10

(6)13

(.8)6

(4)8

(8)

Fcstjvals~

Wage

1(.6)

3

(2)

7(5)

1~(~)

18(12)

7(5)

49(34)

6(‘1-)

—

5

(3)

17

(10)

4

(2.5)

35

(24)

8

(5.5)

23(24)

5(5)

Livestock 13(2)

1(.6)

1(.6)

1(.6)

—

,

—

Travel — 1.(.6)

— — — 2(0.2)

6(.‘-i-).

4(4)

Other — — - — — 1(.6)

3(.2)

9(9)

1

1’1~

1~111

1

Total 347 111-5(loo) (loo)

145 143(loo) / (loo)

161

(loo)145 96

(loo) (100)

1

TAilLE — 2.20 -

lii VESTI-JENT l’IIIOIIITY

J~r1oz’1~ - —

IStijurj - FikkalFirst beoond1’lrnl ~ecoii~t

-

A~r1cu1t~ure 95- (66)

29(20.6)

119(70.3)

29(21.5)

ilho1.) ‘

-

3 - 14(2.1) (9.9)

14(9.2)

- ‘io(7,4)

Cottage Industry

Cash Cropu

9(6.3)

1 -

(0.7)

8(5,6)

2(1.4)

- 1(.7)

-

--~

,, (0,.7)

‘ --11’().o)

Livestock 20

(13.9)75

(5~)11l~(9.2)

87(64.1+)

l3ullding/construc_tion

3.(o.7)

— -

- -

-Iiousuhold -

‘

6(4.2)

7(11.9)

2(1.3)

—

- - -

N.A. 1(0.2)

7(11.9)

— !t 2, (1.5)

Do not wlsh toInvest with 1o~n

8(5.4)

— 2- (1.3)

,‘~ 2‘ ‘ (1.5)

Total 344(loo)

111.2(loo)

152(]oo)

‘ 335- (loo)

k t-

t’

A—22 1II

1

,1,1

HIH :1

- Hilii-t’

1

1

1111

-f

TAilLE — 2.21

:ioulwI~3oi~ cui~o1ï

Unjuri Fikkul Total

Moncy lender 29 8 ‘37(2’/.O) (7.0) (16.4)

fleighboui’-

20(19.0) .

10(19.0)

313- (16.8)

Bank ‘ 56(52.0)

92(70.0) -

148(65.0)

Otheru 2(2.0)

— 2(1.0)

- -- - 107(100.0)

118(100.0)

225(100.0)

‘TAIlLE — 2.22

U1�PAYMEI-JT OF LOMI

Gajuri Fikkal Total

Food gram sales 21(15.1)

20(20.7)

119(17,9)

Land ~a1cs-

4(2.9)

4(1.5)

Other property salec - 21(16.6)

37(27.4)

60(22.0)

Loan from othcru 11(7.9)

5(3.’,’)

16(5.0)

LÏve~tock,v~j~.1abk4.other sales

- 22

(15,8)21

(3,5.6). 11-3

(15.7)

Food grains & landsales

1’(0.7)

2(1.5)

3(1.0)

A.l~ 1 hI ~ i.ntti~

(ware labour)1 (~

(11,5)1~

(2.9) ‘ ‘

~7tj

- (7,0)

Savings~

Olherc

6(~•~~1

35 -

(25.2)

12(0.9)

26

(19.3)

10(6.6)

61

(22.0)

Total-

1)9(ioo.o)

135(100.0)

27’l-(1o0.o)

A-2-3

A-24

TAilLE — 3.1

DAILY WATEIt jt~~~JT

Ilounchold~Gajuri, 1”ikkuj-

4 20(2.7) (12.9)

21 39(14.3) (25.2)

29 29(19.7) - (18.7)

23 27(15.6) ‘(17.1+)

1 io(12.2) - (6.5)

3 2(z.o) (1.3)

22 12

(15.0) (7.7)4 2

(2.7) (1.))12 8

(8.2) (5.2)- 2

(1.3)7 2

(“.8) (1.3)—

(2.7)

2(1.3)

(100.0)

4iianI~II,y(0fl litres)

211 — 50

51 — 75

76 — 100

101 — 125

126 — 150

~l51 — 175

176 — 200

201 — 225

226 — 250

251 — 275

27~ — 300

301 — 1+00

40]. — 500

t’

t,

Total 111.7 (ioo.o)

t t

- TAI3LE - 3.2

SOUUCESOF WATER

A—25

1 Iver or stream

Piped

Ilniural water opout

Well (ourface and deop)

:Open channel, waterfail• and otheru

Total

Gajuri Fikkal Total

2 ,

(1.4)1+

(2.6)6(~.o)

37(25.2).

21(11+.))

“-7 -

(30.3)

7(4,5)

81+

(27.0)

28(~,))

86(58.5)

97(62.6)

- - - 18)(60.6)

1(0.6)

— 1(0.3)

347(ioo.o)

155(100.0)

302(100.0)

-- 3.3 -- - -- - -

- - WATF2 SQV~~ AND THE. US

Pa~hera

Gajuri Fi~a3,Well and Ku~a Stream & river PipedG F G F G

water~

J~çi,—.a_ ,~. ~

GÇ.i~1arIel~water~mcuit ~ain f 10w

- F G

~ta1 ~-

~

rrinking andcoo~CirigLiveztoc}~

vaterirtgWashing clothes

Washing iten-si].s

Irr igation

35(23.8)

17

(18.6)24

(23.1)22

(21.8)

18(19.1)

17(10.9)14~(9.1)

17(10.9)17(10.9)

13(10)

76(51.7)

70(48.3)68

(46. 3)73

(49.7)

15(14.3)

94(60.6)

87(56.5)

86(55.5)39

(57.8)65

(50)

3( 2)

3(2.1)

6(4.1)

4(2.7)

4(3.8)

2(i.3)

8(5.2)

6(3.8)

2(1.3)

9(6.9)

— 2.(0.6)

14 5(9.7) (3.3)

33(22.4)

31(21.9)

35(23.8)

34(23)

18(17.1)

41(26.5)40

(26.0)

41(26.5)42

(27.1)

33(28.6)

147(2.00)145

(iOO)147

(100)147

(100)105

(100)

4(2.7)

‘4(2.7)

431,1 .

155(100)

154(100)

155(100)155

(100)150

(100)

5(3.2)

5(3.2)

10(7.7)

Total — 16 — 93 — 9 — 39 — 7 — 154. - (19) - (53.9) (5.8) (25.3) - (4.6) ‘(100)

0’

î ~— — ~— ~t~I — — ~— — — — — —~ 1~ ~ — — —~ —

TAIlLE — 3.5

ciajuri Fikkal

Very convenient

‘

-

‘

2)(15.6)

3)(21.3)

Leus conveniont 33- - 11,8(31.0)

inconvenlent 91.(61.9) 74(47.7)

Total -, 11+7 -- (loo,o). 155

(100.0)’

--

t’-

1-t

t- /TAIlLE — 3,Li

IIELIABILITY OF WATER&IJPPLY

A-27

Dry season Rest of yearGajuri Pikkal ‘ Gajuri Fikkal

Very reliable supply 8(5.4)

24(15.5)

37(25,2)

55(:35.5)

Ileliable supply 23- - (15.6)

- 49(31.6)

- 99

- (67.3) -

93(6o.o)

Not rellable/lnoiifficlontsupply ‘ - 116

- - - - - (78.9)

- ‘ ‘ ‘ -

82 11

(52.9) (7.5)7

(4.5)

Total 147 -

- -- ~ - ~-(1oo.o)155 ‘~ 11,7

(100.0) ~(ioo.o)- 3.55

(loo.)

t -

1~

t —

~--

- T~-t- ~ ~- -~‘ -.

-~

CONVENIENCE OF THE SOURCE

t -,

— t

TAI3LE — :3.7

TIME OF WATER COLLECTION

TAI3LE-3.6 ~- -

WATER COLLECTOR~»Ô~flou5qloLv

Male adult only

Female adult only

Children only

Al], of the above

Male & female adult -

Female adult & children

Male adult & children

Total

Uouachold(Jajuri Fikkal

6 7(4,1) (4.5)

39 26(26.5) (16.8)

1 —

(0.7) ‘

411. 60(29.9) (38.7)55 45

137.4) (29.0)

1 1,5

(0.7) (97)1 2

(0.7) - (1.3)111.7 155

- (100.0) (loo.o)

-~

[‘II

- 1

ti

Gajuri Fikkal

Morning 11+ -(10.0)

1(0.6)

Evening 1(0.7) —

Morning & evening•

43(:307) 41(26.5)

& eveningMorning, after-noon -

~- Morning & afternoon -- ,

1(0.7)

‘81

113(72.9)

—

Total1 ~m~:tt l1+o:t~(100.0)

155- (ioo.o)

11

1-I

r

r

TAIlLE - 3.8 A

TiME HEQ.UIItED ‘10 FETGIL 12 L1TIIES OF WATER

3(2)

(1 gagri =12 1itras~

k—29

GAJUItI iiou:ii:iiows

Time Time(in minutes) the

to reuch Waltingsource time

Time to come Total timeback 12 litresof

to fetchwater

‘t-

0—5 18(12) ‘

1~](27)

18(12)

8.

21(111-)

30(20)

20•(0)

5,

11—15 17(12)

6(Ii.)

17(12)

16~2o

21—25

- -

11-(10)

3(2)

19(13)

—

12(10)

10(7)

...

26 — 30

31—35

39(27)

—

38(26)

— ‘

1i~O(27)

1(.6)

-

-

11(7)

36—1+0 1(.6)

2(63)

11-1 - 11.5

46 — 50

: 51 — 55

1 18(.6) (12)

5()

— 5(~)

1 10(.6) (7)

28(19)

~2(io)

29(20)

17(11)

— — — 13(8.8)28 -

(18)13

(8.9)6

(L~.)

56 — 6o

61 — 80

81 — 100

10]. — 120

121 — 11i~o

111.1 — i6o

16]. — leo

‘1

1-

‘P,’I-c.l 111.7 147 11+7

6(L~)

9(6j

‘-t—

TAIlLE - 3.8 13

T1ME-.1E~~U1flI’~DTO FETGII 12 L1THE OF WATk.It -

(1 gugri = 12 1itrcs~

FIKKAL HOUSEIIOW5t. - 7°TA~lima to reach Witit].ng Time to come Time to fetchthe source time back 12 litresof wctor

Ho 13) 79 —(52) (86) (51)

‘32 . 14 31 67

(21) (9) (20) (4))2H ‘ 5 27 —

(18) (3) (17)1 6 30

(3) (.6) (4) (19)2 — 2 —

(1.)) (1.3)‘t- 1 6 33

(2.5) (.6) (4) (21)

— — —

(7)— 1 — -- . —

(.6)— — — 2

(1.3)

355(loo)

-

(ioO~i55

(loo)

A—30

Time(in minn1.e~

0—5

6 — 10

11 — 15

16 -

21 — 25

26 — 30

31 — 3536 -

41 —

46 — 50

51—55 — —

56—60 1(.6)

1(.6)

4(2.5)

61—80 — ‘ 4(2.5)

60—100 ‘3(2)

.

(2)—

101 — 120

(.6)

121—140 ‘ —

141 — 16v —

161—180 :~(z)

Total

-4

111

-; -1I_1t

A—31 -

TAIlLE — 3.9 -

RESI’ONS1 IIILITY FOR 1 USTALLATION AND MMIAGEIIENT OFWATbU AIID iA1-JITAT1ON FACILITIES

Respons ible j~roupPublic water Laps Public Toj1et~Gajuri Fikkal Gajuri Fikkal

- -11

‘

63(42.9(

62

(40.0)72

(49.0)83

(53.5)2

‘

611.(43,5)

‘07(56.1)

48(32.7) -

611-(41.3)

3- — — — - —

4 1(0.7)

- 2(1.1+)

‘,‘ --

5 9(6.1)

2(1.))

17(11.6)

‘ 2(1.))

6 10 11- 8 ,. ‘6

- (6.8) (z.6) (5.4) , -., ,. (3,9)

Total 147(100.0)

155 147 155

(100.0) (100.0) (ioo.o)

- -~l -- ‘

Respons ibility to inc tal]. and manage public water tap to1~1et -

1. Government/district panchayat/local panchayat’should 1instail and manage public water tap8/toi1etn~

2. Government/district panchayat/local ‘panchayat uhould”installpubJlc water tap/toilets but local community should be reupon—sible for maintenanoe. - - - -

3. Non-government organisationu should inutall and manago public -water tapu/toiletu.

4. Non-govnrnmefltal organluationu should instali public tap/Loilets buL local community should be responqlble tomainteiiance.

5. Local community should install and. manage public water tapu.

6. Organiem Lions related I~o wom~nsdevelopment uhould installand manage public water tapu. -

‘J*4 -

—t

-t-

-‘

— 1 —

HESPONSIIIILITY

TABLE — 3.10

F011 I3UIU)ING HOUSEHOLI) TOILETS

A-32

Gajuri - Fikkal t Total ‘

ii 45(30.6)

8(5.2), t

53(17.5)

2. . 32(21.8)

2)(14.8)

55(18.2)

‘

3. 5(3.4) -

9(5.8)

i4~(4.6)

Ii.. 63(11-2.9) ~-

111+- (73.5)

177(58.6) .

•5. 2(1.4)

1- (0.7)

3(1.0) .

Total 11+7(100.0)

155(100.0)

302(100.0 ) - ,

1. Government agencies ohould provide necesuary grantu aMtechnical knowhow - - - - -

2. Govt. agencien should provide necessary subsicly andtechnical knowhow. - - - -

3. tlon-govt. agencies should provide necessary subeidy and

technical knowhow.

11.. Ilouseholde should take full reoponslbility

5. Others (specify)

11-i

- ‘it — t

- t t_--

- t. t,: ~

- t- TABLE — 3.11 -

RES1’ONS1IJIL1TY OF I’R IVATE WATER CONNI�CTION

A—33

‘i’

--

Gajuri Fikkal Total

1. 59(1+0.1)

9.7(9.7)

71+(24.5)

2..

57(30.8)

88(56.8)

111.5(48~o)

3, ‘ 28(19.0)

52(33.5)

80(26.5)

4. 1(0.7)

— ].(0.))

5. 2(1.1+)

— 2(0.7)

Total 147(100.0)

155(100.0)

- 302(loo.)

‘S

t —

~~1

11

—1

‘t

‘l

1. Government agencieu should. provide neceusary grante

2,,Government agencicu shou]d provide necessary sub—Bidy- and know-how. ‘ -‘ - - - - - ‘ t

3. Non—government agencies should provide ausi,stanc~e

11. Ilousehold uhould take full respons ibility

5. Otheru’ (upecify) .... - -

1

- :‘—-. --

-- ‘ T.’-’, - t_t), i~T (t (‘t; • tlj - --

t t - t

TAI3LE - 3.12

SIIOULD IIE INVOLVED IN DRINKING ~dATEHAND SANITATION RELATED

A—34 -

miie school~cher

147 6 2 -

(94.8) (:3,9) ‘‘(1.)) -‘t~

ltl.8 ‘2~tt(95.5) (1.3)

148 ‘2-’

(95.5) (1.3)’

t —.-‘I154(99.11.)

t-’ t —,

• :, - ~t . - ]~ t , , -

(0.7)142 ¶ 14.~ - t , ‘- 9 t ~ -t

(91.6) (2.6) (5.8)

- •,.-: ~ ‘--t. —,- t

- ~t -

t- ~ -

- -~. - — t- ~ - - -—‘ — - 1~ ~t, -, , - 4

tien

Ga,Iuri Fikka],Xce No - - Uon’t knoW-~. Xce. ‘ No Don1t know

146 1(99,3) (0.7)

122 ‘ 19 6(83.0) (12.9) (1+.].)

ie schoolacher -

igtibourmale

ighbourle

13) 9(90.5) (6.1)

i !~.5(98.6)

11+5(98.6)

- ‘ - 5 t t tl_

(3.2) -

-5(3.11.)

2-(1.4)

2(1.11.)

7(4.8)

nchayat - 1)11. 6rker (91.2) (11-.].)

~t’- 5(3.2)

1 t~

(0.7)

1511.(99• II.)

AI’I’ROI’IIIATE

TABLE — 3.13

METIIOD FOR WATER— t_t,,.!. t .,.~ t.’«. -

AND SANITATION EDUCATION

Gajuri Fikkal Total

School 11(7.5)

13(6.4)

24(7.9)

Leaflets and other publication.

1

— 2(1.)) ,

2(0.7)

Radio - -

Foster 1(0.7)

7(4.5)

8(2.6)

women motivator (WU5irt,ur~iJL) 129(87.8)

1))(05.8)

262(86.8)

Demonstration~ ‘~ 6(4.1)

— 6(2.0)

Total - .- 111~7- (100.0)

155(100.0)

‘ 302(100.0)

11

T’

~1

TAIlLE -3.11+ A

A-35

Pil 1011 1T1ES OF THE COt-It-IUNITY

GAJUIII

flANK OF PRIOIIITY

IV V VI VII Viii

irrigation 109 24 3 1 1 2.(2.0) (7.1+) (16.3) (2.0) (0.7) (0.7) (1.4)

2(1.4)

Drink Ing

water

IlealLh Post

112- 12(76.2( (8.2)

8 12(5.4) (8.2)

7 - 1 13 1(4.8) (2.0) (0.7) - (0.8) (0.7)

44 37 17 18- 5(29.9) (25.2) (11.6) (12.2)- (3.1+)

6(11.1)

Road 4 2 28 19 35 30 ~1s. 15(2.7) (1.4) (19.0) (12.9) (23.8) (20.4) (9.5) (10.2)-

Sanitatlon 3 1 1) 26 26 - 21+ ‘ 36 15(2.0) (o.6) (0.8) (17.7) (17.7) (16.3) - (24.5) (10.2)

High school 11 2 10 9 211. 28 - 39 - 23(7.5) (1.4) (6.8) (6.1) (16.3) (19.0) 1 (26.5) (15.6)’

6 2 15 20 28 21 36 20(4.1) (1.1-t-) (10.2) (13.6) (19.0) (14,3)’ (24.5) (13.6).

1 II III

Toilet

Fuel wood—fodier

7 6 30 15(Li~.L3) (‘i-.l) (20.4) (10.2)

12’ 11+- 66--(8.2), (9.5) (411.9).

/

TAI3LE - 3.l4 13

}‘IIlORlÏIES OF THE COIINUN1TY

A-36 -

FiK KA L

ii-1

1 II III IV V- VI VII Vul

.rrlgation

)rinkingai ter

14 111(9.0) (71.6)

119 111. 17(76.8) (9.0) (11.0)

112 2 3 7 3 1+

(7.7) (1.3) (1.9) (4.5) (1.9) (2.6)

— 2 1(1.3) (o.6)

lealth poot 15 [1+ 71 31 - 11 6 3 3(9.7) (9.o) (45.0) (20.0) (7.1) (3,9) (1.9) (1.9)

l~ocd

Sanitatlon

High school

1(0.6)

2 5 21 33 36(1.3) (3.2) (13.5) (21.3) (23.2)

2(1.3)

20(12.9)

2 1 - 8 58 35 39(1.)) (0.6) (5.2) (37.4) (22.6) (25.2)

1 10 21 15 41 36 -(0.6) (6.5) (13.5) (9.7) (26.5) (23.2)

27 12(17.4) (7.7)

11i

.1

iFuej. wood-fodder

2

8(5.2)

19(12.3)

Toilet — 4 13 21 29 60 28(2.6) (8.4) (13.5) (18.7) (38.7) (18.1)

Ii.

(2.6)

11(7.1)

1 3 6 17 34 91(0.6) (1.9) (3.9) (11.0) (21.9) (58.7)

11111111~

i~~—37

TAIILR 3. 15

Rx1Ux:’[’t~:I) 131.1.I~FLT- 0 F WitTE1~ JLPi ‘I,Y I’1~0J I~CT

WQmen will hava rnr)rnLima for oLiler acLiviLic~

afe driiiftiiicj WiLL(~L will’

be available

IJaler sources will

be more c~iiV~i~j~IiL

IlcaiLli of faiiiily

mnemIIber!3 ~‘rjll j,nii~irove

Persoiial hygiene of

fainily m~mnbors will

i lilp L’O Ve

All c,f Liie aliove

-t 1(21.1)

23

(15.6)

-19

(12.9)

17

(11.6)

13(3

(55.5)

13

(5.2)

‘13

(8. 4)

35

(22.6)

31

(10.3)

32

(10. 6)

b 52

(17,2)

2 2(1.3) (0.7)

1 1-- (0.6) (0.3)

‘t

- -

IIemtc!fiL - (.i ~uri Fjl’t-knl ‘l’oLal~‘~r

13(5 • ‘t)

13

(5.2)

16(5.3)

117(313.7)

‘I~) 2 51(:33. :3) (1.3) • 2(17)

IIedlLlI and hygiene

will impi-’ove

iioalLh, liycjiciir and

w.IL(’L CIULIIILY will

jnIpL’oVe

‘I

1’17 155 302-

‘I’AUL[’ 3. 16 i~

~-1’1’L~(CU1,Ll~tL1Uht’ttjl) cui~atsi i’i t)I~i G~d1.Ej

WaLer collccLioli ~iaiuipl ~‘ 1IOu9’IIo1d~ waLer collection in litre:;01 02 03 G”l 05 G6 Total i~veraqe

stock aL start 30 7.5 7 30 54 15 143.5 23.9

inormiimiy collecLion JO 90 1(3 75 162 30 417 69.5

afterijoomi collection 30 GO 30 33.5 30 183.5 30.6

evening collectioti 30 30 30 90 15

Total collectiori 120 [137.5 97 130.5 216’ 75 834 l3~

.—stock aL end 26 15 21 7.5 ‘1.5 16 90 15

Total comisumptiOli 94 172.5 ‘16 131 211.5 59 744 124

11~ Lor coIIsumnpLj(311

inormiing coiisuiiiplioii

afternoou coiisuiiipiiozi

eveltitiq comisumnption

46.5

30

17.5

(32.5 16 75.5 i35 21 - 376 62.13

60 JO 33 36 24 213

30 30 22.5 40.5 14 154.5 25.8

‘l’otal coimsumnptiozi 94 172.5 76 131 211.5 59 744 124

- t ‘ t

l’i~1314E 3.. 1 613

1i\ l’EI.( (~)1,L.’CI’1(Ir: ,\1-41 T

A-39

WaLer collecLion - — sdmU[)1 e ImouspIloLd9 waLor

F1 l’2 l”3 -

collection iii liLres

F5 F6 ToLal i~verage

Total collection

—stock at end

‘ltotal coiisumptioii 62.5 12’1.5 103 147.5 j56 159.5 033 i30. 8

62.5 12’1.5 103 147.5 156 159.5 1333

t-stocit aL sLart

muorrmilig collection

aL’Leriioon collectiomi

eVeIiii~g collection

— 15—

25 :iu

25 67

25 20

— 11

120 54

30 213

60 35

75

12.5

— 15

120 100

3 -‘15

36 30

159 190

3 30.5

132 210

7.5 27

44

‘179

1913

206

927

94

161

13.5

7.3

79. 13

33

34. 3

154. 5

15. 67

tI.i ter coimsuinption

morning consumnptioli

aflerimoon coimsurnptioii

eVeiiimiq consumnption

‘L’oLal cOflSUItIpLioIl

27.5

IS

20

29.5

75

20

120

30

33

74

31.5

‘12

105

10

33

92.5

37

30

‘140.5

206.5

178

74. 0

34.4

29.7

138.0

t t

‘I~tI3hE3. i7 A

WI~’[’El-~ (j~ E I~t~11’E1~1~1 (i~~.it Ii~

5; .imuj , to

c;i 02

IiotisoIiold~ w.mLer comisumuptiun (iii Litres)

(;1 05 06 Total ‘Weraqe

t-I(l~Jl1~G

cleaning Imousewasliimiq ‘facea ud handsor baihimig

COOK ing

dL’imIl~im1q or

mnakimiq tea

washing uLeii~i1s ‘1

— — — 13.5

— 15 27

— 13.5 2.25

‘16 7.67

sub—total 46.5 132.5 16 75.5 135 21 376.5 62.75

— -— ~9 13.5

60 30 15 —

— — — 9

— — 9 13.5

sub—LoLal 30

l~Vl~IJli-~C~

60 30 -- 3~3 36 ‘ 24 213 35.5

1

driiikiiiq andmakimic! tea

COOI~iilq

wr;hiiiq h.inds

and baLtiinqwaslilug utemisils

8 1.391.5 15.25

sub—total 17.5 30 30 22.5 ‘10.5 14 154.5 25.75

Total watercoiisUmflptioii 94 j72.5 76 131 211.5 59 744 124

111

1

4.5 22.5

3(3

— 7.5 11.5

1 Ii

Leeding aiiinials

13 -15 15 27

30 ~TO — 30 54

4.5 25.5 4.25

— 36 6

9 104 17.3

7.5 151.5 25.25

AF I’CL’J :0013

drimikimiq amid

uimakiiig tea

feedimig anitnals

W~I5l1i~gutcitsils

oLher use

30

9 31.5

— 150

— 9

— 22.5

5.25

25

1.5

3.75

15 30

1.5

1

-— 6 — 2

15 9 13.5 9

— — 13.5 -- —

15 7.5 13.5 3

1540

2.5

6.67

1

‘I’i\UI.E ~1.t’! 13

iI,~’1’l-:R(.1 I~t ‘a’Ii’Ei<I-i i

A—’1 1

tl0t~J1II0

cleaning Itousewashiur; handsand bathiiiçj

cookim~q -

feedinq animnalsrlritikiiiq ormaking tea

washijig uicitsils

PJ F2

hou’toliold:; water :omisumption (in ii tros)

I~3 F4 F5 F6 ‘rotal i~verage

sub—total 27.5 29.5 120 74 105 92.5 440.5 74~75

A u’rm~[~‘oPil

feeditig animals

- ‘ washing utcnsjls

other use

S ti b to tal

VI 11111o

iS 75 75 30 31.5 1L~ 37 306.5 34.42

7 1.2

65 10.8

2.8

14. 6

sub—total 20 20 33 42 33 30 1713 29. 66

Total water- coitsumplion 62 • 5 12’1.5 183 147.5 156 159.5 833 130.83

S 2.5 - ii — 16 37.5 6.25

— 15 7 22 3.671(3 5 ‘15 14 15 30 119 19.8

10 7 75 21 60 37.5 210.5 35.1

2.5— 1~1 — 2

15 14 15 —

drinking and 2

making tea

13 2.2

46.5 7.75

iS 10.5 1 — 28.5 -4.75

13 30 30 14 iS 30 127 21.175 ‘,,. — — 5 0.83— 30 7 2 7 46 7.67

clrimtkinq amidllI~IÇjJ1(J tea 5 — 2 — — —

cookiiig S S iS 14 i7 9waqhinq h~iiid~a~d batliiiicj - — - — 1 l’1 — 2 i7washinq utnusils 1~) 15 15 14 16 19 09

—

TAI3J,l’ 3. 17 A. 1

(‘ER ci~I’J’[’i~ Culi ;ulI»I’ION

01 02 03

11h 1.Il1~E3:G/\.JUL~I

04 05 GÜ ToLal Averaqe

1i,Lal (0115U111j)tjOIl ¶34 1 ‘/2 • S ‘16 1 1) 2 11.5 59 744 124

consuniptioti byliumaip; 3.1 (32.5 ‘16 (36 i57.5 36.5 4’12.5 73.13

iiutnbr’r of pr’rsoJiSpor imouseliold 13 ‘1 4 12 ii ‘t 43 7. 1

p1’ L’ c.t 1)1 La col IsUIIIIi—tiori by tiutnajis - ‘1.3 ii • Ii 11.5 7~2 19.7 9. 1 - 10.4

roIt-~um()Lion byaiijmais ‘15 - 67.5 22.5 315 52.5

iiumber of aiiimals,‘er housoliold 10 8 6 74 12.3

per ca~iiLuc~)iiS%iH1f)LiOfl bya~tiInais

‘1.5 Ii. 3 3.0 4.4

60

2e1

2.5

90

17

5.3

30

9

:3 • 3

Ti~uI.E:i. i7 Ihi

I’I:11 (2A1’ 1 ‘t’.~ CI !J~ (JrtI”j’T(TfJ II~i I.T’I’IlI’ ~ F1IRi~(.

1~—43

t” 1 t”Z [t’3 F4 F6 Total Average

Lotal consuinptionrnhl5;iimnpLioIi by

Iiiiiuian~nuinhor 0

,,prson3 per- household

62.5

‘t’l. 5 1(7.5

6 5 7

713 112.5 92

6 4 9

1333 130.0

495.5 132.6

-~ per capi La- coiisurnption by

humans17.5 11.1 10.8 20.3 10.2 13.8

- coiisumnpLioii by1 aiijnials 10 37 105 35 75 67.5 337.5 56.3

ii~init,er ofatii,naispnrIlouSeliolcI

~PL’ cafiLicon tiiiiptioii by

imalS

121.5 iB] i’17. 5 156 159.5

7.4

37 6.2

3 2 9 2 4 ‘9 29 4.0

6 io.s 11.7 17.5 113.0 7.5 9.4

TADLL~ — 3.1BA

CONCEPT OF CLEAN WATEII

/

A-44

—t

T -

11

t—

- t StClean Wat.erconcept - Gajuri Fikkal Total

Water from natural 318 137 225source (8o.J)~ — (813.4) (811.4)

Water- mixed wlthpotai3h

9(6.1)

‘ 1 -

(0.6). 10

(:3.3)

Filtered wat.er - 8(5.4) -

6(3.9)

111.(4.6)

Bo~odwater- -

12(0.2)

11(7.1) ‘

23(7.6)

Total 311.7(ioo.o)

155(100.0)

302 -

(100.0) -

TABLE — 3.10 II

CLEAfl WATER J3Y - EWCATIQNAL A~JAtt~~~

A-45

CONCEPT OF

ii~t~~schooling

Up—5 6—10 SLC Pass IA,BA Total

;lt wateL’;hL trom

GajUri 74‘(Oz) (82~J)

4(GG~6)

3 -

(zS)3 -

(60)

—.

110

ire soUrce - -

“ Fikkal 95 29 7 5 1 137- (go) (9O.~i) (87.5) (55.6) (100)

er mixed Gajuri 6 1 1 — — - 1 9Ii potash (66) (2.4) (16.6) (100)

“ Fikka]. — —-

— 1(0.1)

— — 1,-

ter water Gajuri 7(7.7)

— 1(16.6)

— —

-

— 8

“ Fikkal 3

(3.0)1

(6.2)— 1

(11.1)—

.

— 6

id water Gajuri 3(3.3)

6(19.6)

— 1(25) -

2(40)

— 12

“ Fikka], 7(6C’G)

1(3.1)

1,(0.5)

2(11.2)

— — 11

Total Gajuri 90(100)

4].(100)

6(3.00)

4(100)

5(loo)

3. , 147

.

“ Fikkal 105(100)

32 -

(100)0 9 •

(ioo)_ (loo)1

(100)— 155

1.

A-46

TAI3LE — 3.113 0

CONCEPT OF CLEAN WATER BY SEX

(t—

Yresh water fromnatural source

II II

Water mixedwith potash

0 II

Filter water

N

liolled water

II II

Gajurl,

Fikkal

Gajuri

Fikkal

ciajuri.

Fik kal

Gaj ur 1

Flilku],

tiale - Female

77(711-)

11.1(95.))

85(07.~)

52(09.6)

9(6.6)

—

i(1)

—

7(6.7) -

1’(2.))

4(4.1)

- 2(3.4)

11(10.5)

1(2.))

7(7.2)

Li~(6.8)

io4(loo)

11’)(loo)

Total

- t t

A—47

t-1

• ; r i

- Total

,1-(0.3), ‘ ~I -

2’(Q•7)1 ‘ -

299-- (99.0) . -- -~

t ‘:1302f

(100.0) -

TAIJLE - 3.19

CONGEI’T OF SArJITATION

FikkalConcept

Clean houne

Clean street

Clean hoi~~e& i~Lreet

- Clean latrine

All of the above

Gajuri

1

(0.6)

2(1.4)

(98.0)

-

(100.0)Total

155(100.0)

155(100.0)

T -

~—1

-7-

-Y —

- — --

— t ——

F -

--

- :t --

— t

Bad s~e11,dLrty and SpZ’~.~Sdiseases but isn’t apro~l~

Bad smeil dirtv &sprea&sdiseases and is a prob1~

tYirty arLd~Sprea~diseases

Dirty, sprea~diseasesandis a problem

Dirty and a pr1er~

.Bad sr~eii’tsn’t dirty

1 1(0.7) (0.7)

2 7(1.4) (4.8)

2 18(1.4) (12.2)

1 4 5(0.7) (2.7) (3.4)

— 1 1(0,7) (0.7)

2 2(1.3) (1.3)

4 15 15(1.3) (5.0) (5.0)

1 4(0.3) (1.3)

— 1 1(0.3) (0.3)

D~ri’t know-

Total - 147— - - (100)

147(100).

147(100)

iS~~ 155(100)- tWO)

—ï’~

(100)302

- (100)3~2

(100)30T

(100)

.~tigrna

.LocatLor5

Gaiü:i Fi~t:<a1 total— £~î’Id

E:~reta :‘;a~teL1.qT-zid~aste

?~-an SolidEzc:et~ :‘iast~

Lict.id;-iaste

~nanE:tcreta

So1i~-iaste

Li;uIdta5’~.e

Bad srnell

Dirtv

Bad s~te.tland dirty

S9reads disaasE~

Sriells bad and sp~eads.diseases

2 39(1.4) (25.5)

S(4.C) (3~4)

/

(2.7 (4.3)

1’ 2

(3.2) (17.0)

115 36(73.9) (24.5)

1 4(0,7) (2.7)

1.(0.3)

53(19.2)

23 12 1)(2.C) (4.0) (3.30

37(25.2)

4(2.7)

8(5.4)

25

(17.0)

39’

(25.5)1

(0.’7),7

(4.8)

19(12.9)

4 18(2.6) - (11.6)

14 7(9.0) (4.5)

— 8(5.2)

6 14

(3.9) (9.0)

23 66(14.8) (42.6)

106 33(68,4) (24.5)

2

1 2 3(0.6) (0.7) (1.0)

21 6 57(13.5) (2.0) (13.9)

6(4.0)

/

(~.5)

15(9.7)

68(43.9)

35(23.2)

19 39 43(6.3) (12.9) (13.3)

129 102 103(46.0) (33.8) (35.6)

1(0. 6)

107 42~(35.~) (13.9)

2 9(0.7) (3.0)

2 18(0.7) (5.9)

37(u. 3)

8(2.6)

19(5.3)

(1.6)

‘T:-,

r~’1i ~rn TTi1T~ ~r~’ ~‘ ~‘! ~

TABLE — 3.21

CONCEI’T OF ILLNF.~3

Siclç pernon (lef inlion

OflC who:

— has n fever or allinent.

— in In 1x~1hecause of a fc..-’icro~a3~n~_~nt

— has COflSU1tC(1 l~he loon]fajth Iiealeror hr)~11~wo~ker

— C-~rinot work becausc off~vei’ or aliment.

— All of the above

A-49

~1~

—

- Gajurl Fikkal Total

37(25.2)II~2

(28.614 -

(9.5)

4r,

(32.0)

7(4.13)].47

(ioo.o)Total

30 67(19.4) (22.2)98 140

(63.2) (116.4)17 31

(11.0) (10.3)

9 56(5•13) (18.5)

1 8- (o.6~ (2.6)

155 302~.(100.0) (1Oo~:o)

‘l’AI3LE — 3.22 .‘

L~:LIl•:1~5IIE DI1;f~l~:‘ 3_ol1 in IN

Concept Gaguri. Fikkal Total

“God’s will” 18(12.2) 6o(38.7)

78(25.8)

Cunse - 2~

— 2(0.7)

tlalfuriction of the body 77(~2.4)

68(11:3.9)

- 111-5

(48.0)

A partlcu].ar kind of ~1ckncss 21 14(9.0) ‘35(11.6)

Curse and rrs.lfunction of body 17(11.6)

3(1.9)

20(6.6)

L)jrUnesn

Goç1’~ will aitd curse -

9(6.1)

7(4.5)

1

2(‘it.))

.~

16(5.3)

2(0.7)

l)on’t know :3(2.0)

- 1

(0.6)~f

(1.3)

Total 147(100.0)

155(100.0)

302(100.0) —

t t -

-

TABLE — 3. 2)

~5ITE0F SULLAGE DISPOSAL

A-50

Site - Gajuri Fikkal Total

-—

• 1.T,

T —

~tI -

l3nck_yttrd/court yard 31(21.1) 54(34.8)

85(28.1)

Pit; 106(72.1)

77

(49.7)

183

(60.6) -

Street -1(0.7)

1(0.3)

Forest 6(4.1)

6(2.0)

I’lt for animal feeding 3(2.0) 22

(14.2)25

(8.3)Garden (~~) 1

(0.7)1

(0.7)2

(0.7)

Total‘

147(100.0)

155(ioo.o)

302(100.0)

‘i’tU3LE — 3.24 -

S1TE OF 50W WASTE DISPOSAL

Site Gajuri l’ikkal Total

8acl~-.yard/~ourtyard 27(18.4)

5203.5)

79(26.2)

Pit 110(74.8)

78(50.3)

188(62.3)

~itreet 1 1 2‘ (0.7) (0.7) (0.6)

Pit of animal feeding 5(3.7)

— 5(3.5)

Forest - 3(2.0)

— 3

(1.0)

Garden (ban) 1(0.7)

24(15.5)

25(8.3)

Total 147(100.0)

155(100.0)

302(100.0)

TABLE - 3.25

~i~iLP1’UR Lt’.’~~ Me - - -

A-5 1

GajuriSite iïr’ir~e

F’i~kal TotalExcreta UrLfle 1~xcreta Urine Exoreta

Field-buch—forest. 100(511)

106(58)

67(27)

81(37)

167(39)

187(46)

Stream or rtver Lank - ‘ 4(2)

— -(.9)

Near pond or well 1(.5)

1(.5)

— — - 3.(.2)

1(.2)

Backyard or courtyarcl 61(33)

42(22)

84(34)

54

(25)145(33)

96(23)

Street or lane 1(.5)

— — — 1(.2)

—

Pit latrine 22(12)

36(19)

59(24)

77(35)

81(18)

113(28)

Open space - — 38 -

(is)7

(3)38

(9)7

tl.7)

Tot,a) 185(100.0)

190(100.0)

248(ioo.o)

219(.00.0)

433(100.0)

468(100.0)

1~

A-5 2

TAI3L5 - 3.26

‘PIIIE ijg I)EFECATJON

Time of day Gajuri Fikkal TotalMale Female Male Female Male 1~’ema1e

Dawn/earlymorning

in the ~4-0(27.2)

60(11-2.0)

11(7.2)

52(34.7)

51(17.0)

112(38.2)

Morning 107(72.8)

83Ç58.0)

142(92.8)

98(65,3)

214.9(83.0)

38].(61.8)

-1- -

Total 111.7 143 153 150 300 293(ioo.o) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

TABLE — 3.27P~

MATEU IA L USF,D F011 CLEAN ING AFTER DEFECATIOfl

Ga.~uriMale 1~rna1e

FikkalMale 11’emale

TotalMale Female

Grass/Lwig/stone 3(2.0)

3(2.1)

‘44(28.8)

44(29.3)

47(15.7) (16.0)

Water l4’4-(98.0)

340(97.9)

107(69.9)

lok(69.3)

251 244(83.7) (83.3)

-Ordinury paper — — 2(1.3)

- 2(1.3)

2 2(0.6) (0.7)

Total 11i~7(100.0)

11~1~3(100.0)

153(100.0)

150(100.0)

300 293(loo.o)(loo.o)

-ç

t-t —

t— —

A-53

TA[3LE - 3.27C

MATEII iib u~E1)ro WA~U fl1~nD3 1~rt~IiDEFI•;chTlon

t

G;tjurI Fikkal Total

Soap 5(3.4)

114-(9.0)

19(6.3)

Soli ]?9- (87.8)

101(65.2)

230(76.2)

Water 2(1.4)

311-(21.9)

36(11.9)

Auh 9(6.0)

— 9(2.6)

No wa~hing 2(1.4)

6-(3.9)

- 8(3.0)

Total 11l~7(100.0)

155(100.0)

302(100.0)

— 3.28 .

KIIOWLEI)GI& OF LATRINE TYPE

Gajuri Fikkal Total

Open pit , ‘39(2r,)

87(56)

126(4z)

Open pit + bticket — 6(4)

6(2)

Open pit,buckct and ,

water ieal uith —~pecific tank

1(.6)

1(.3)

No know1~dge .‘ 108any type (7))

61(Ja)

- 169(~6)

Total 147Ooo.o)

155(100.0)

- 302(100.0)

t t ,t t

TAJ3LE — 3.29

SITE OF WASIIING CLOTHES

A-5 4

—t

Gajuri Fikkal Total

Pondu - -

Well

10 —(6.8)

72 (ii

- (49.0) (52.3)

10(3.3)

153

(50.7)

At home 4 15(2.7) (9.6)

19(6.3)

Piped 55 ‘48(37.4) (31.0)

103(34.1)

Stream/rivcr 6 8(4.1) (5.2)

lfi’(4.6)

Kuloo — 3(1.9)

3 -

(1.0)

Total 1117 155(100.0) (100.0)

302(100.0)

TAilLE - 3.30

FHEQUEUCYOF BATIIINO - -

Gajuri 1”ikkal Total

Dahly 5 2(3.4) (1.3)

7(2.3)

Weekly 99 99(67.3) (63.9)

198(65.6)

Occan lonally~once, twice aor lees)

month 11’) 511

(29,3) (311-.IJ)97

(32,1)

Total 147 155(100.0) (100.0)

- 302(100.0)

1111~1~1~111

A-55

‘rAuLJ_~ —

WA’I’EILIt-lG S ITE

c;n •)uri

314(78.1)

111-(91(1)

:3(4.1)

(2.7)

5(3.4)

2(1 •11-)

(2.7)

146(100.0)

3.31

Ot~AtIIMALS

(kittie byre

l’ondo

Uivcr-.elream’

I’lped we Ier lap

Gattie byre + pond

Catlie byz’e 1 PipedwaIer

1 + Stream river

Well

Fikkal Totiil

144 25(3(96.7) ((37.5)

2 16(1.3) (5.4)

1 11-(0.7) (1.4)

- 11.(1.4)

,

-

5(1.7)

2

(0.6) - -

- 4‘ . (1.4)

2 2

(0.6)-

-

111-9(100.0)

295(100.0) --

Total

/

TAilLE — 3.32

COtIt)IT1OII OF F001) STORAC~[

A-5 6

t —

r -~

1

Goud itlon V111n~cFood

Uncooked- Ijooked Beverage

Fully covered

‘

Uajurl iII-(50)

15

(53)

2(7).

Flkknl‘

l’artiy covered. Gujuri

1’/((15)

7(25)

21(80)

4(14),

13(~)

11.(14)

“ Fikkul :;(12)

4(15)

1(14)

Moully nucovered (J;ijurl 3(10)

3(10) -

5(1(3)

~1

Fikkul 6(23) 1(4) 4(ik)

Uncovcrcd-

Gujuri ~1’

(14)6

(21)17

(60)

“ Fikkal — — 8(10)

Total Gajuri 28(loo)

28(100)

28(loo)

TAilLE — 3,33

DU lUK iNG WATEI1 STOI1AGE

A-57

Cond~,tlon Gajuri Fikkal Total

Covered 2(7 )

5(20)

7(13)

Unco vorcd • 26(93)

21(80)

11~7(87)

Total 28(loo)

26(loo)

54(loo)

TAilLE — :3.34

CONDITIOIJ OF KITGIIEN FL0011, !MW. WATER CONTAINEI1 AND TOILET

Condll;lon -.

WaL~reonL;a~n(!r

Kitahenfloor Yard Toilet

Clean Gajuri i11-(50)

9(32)

5(1(3)

2(7)

“ Fikkal 22((38)

(3(31)

9(35)

2(8)

Lese clean Gajuri 111(50)

9(32)

21(75)

6(21)

“ FjIçkal 3(12)

12(46)

13(50)

- 8(31)

Dlrty (Jajuri — 10(36)

— 1(11-)

~1 FikI~al 1(4)

6(23)

—

-

3

~(l~)Very dirty Gujuri

~

—‘

- — 2(7)(,~q

19(67)‘3~~o)

Total Gaj~iri ‘

Fikkal

28(100)

26(loo)

20(loo)26

(loo)

28~1oo)‘~ 26(loo)

28-(loo)

26(loo)

- 1~’-t -- - ---

- ~t T - - t~-~

-. ~-~- - - --.~: -~: -

TI~L1LE — 3.35

S’rOHAGE OF I)1]’I’EHS

A-58 t:’ ~

Goiicllt.lon Gajuipi - Fikkal Total.

Un Iloor 27 5 32

In romewhat dirl.yconle hier

‘ — — —

In fah’ly cleancontainer

— 6 6

-

On rack slanti 1 15 16

Total 28 26 54

TAIJLE — 3.36

051-; OF WA’I’KH U11’I’KHS IIY I’uut’05r

_________ Ol,her purpoccnliating Cooking Buthing Washing

handouten3 iief’~t;c,

t-

age

Use of thedippern forother pur-

Yes No Drinking

ri 20 — 28 28 211 4 2(loo) (loo) (loo) (loo) (14) (7)

~1 12(loo)

11I~ 12(loo)

‘ 10(loo)

12(loo)

1((3)

1((3)

Total 140(loo)

14 ‘40(loo)

40(loo)

J#o(loo)

5(12.5)

3(7.5)

— t

TAilLE — 3.38

I’UESENCE OF FIlES AND IIN3ECTS

Village

Gajuri

F i kka 1

Tr~ta1

Some present Nnne present

27 1(loo) (11-)

11 15(42) (58)

38 16(loo) (loo)

TAilLE — 3.39

CI(TTLE 13Y11115

Gajuri Fikkal

(7)

8(29)

18 -

(64) ___________28 -

(loo)

Total

28(loo)

26(loo)

511.(loo)

‘1

- - - --~-

A—59- TAIlLE — 3,37

KITCIIEN VEt~TlLATION

Corulltlon Gajuri Fikkal Total

Ventilated — - 1 1 -

(Ii-) (11.)

I’artly v~ntilated 4(lii-)

U(42)

15(28)

No ventilation,oliuffy,very emokey ‘

211.(86)

1’i~(511.)

38(70)

t

Total 28(loo)

26(loo)

54(loo)

tocat ton

innide. the house

Adjoining the house

Outs ide the house -

Total

25 -

- - (loo)25

(loo)

Total

2(4)

0(15) - ,, -

_43 ,- - - -- ~‘‘(81) - - ~ - --

43 ;1

(loo) - --

?~

_t_t_ 1

~ -~ ç:~1

—— 1

S

Al’I’ENDiX 13

PROIT’ILE 01” ThE WATEE SOUIICES

4. - - T

--t B—l.’ - -

- 1 t

The moet important water ucurcoe in Gajuri and Fikkal -

are profiled below. t The hie torical and doecriptivo - infor— - -‘ -

matlon related hezc wu~colleotod by the fiold. staff through

lnfoL’Iaal diucusoionii and interviews wlth the villagors. Nape

adjoining cach ucctloii lzadlcute water source looalionc and ~. - -

setUementputternu. - - -: ~ - -

GAJUIII’ - . ~‘ -- - :-.‘, -. ~. -— - ‘ t -. ‘ _‘ ——‘ t

There aro ovor twonty water uouroou in Lhé’projoct’

elte nurveycd in Gajuri. The ten iiiain BOUI’COS Used. by:thc~.:~~:..

villageru are deucribed below. Thèuo nourcesare- uuod by ~ -.

- ‘. - ~ .-;‘

- a large number of houucholdu, up to forty for a alngle:i ~ ~« ‘

courco. They are genorally locutoti..JOmo’(Li5tar1Oe[tWt1Yfr~w11’,- - - ,- .,g

the sottiementeanti ru4uire a longor waitirig time for fi11.~’

up than 1 ikkal’s water sourcen. ‘ ~ ‘

1 Nul Kuwu (the imijn well): —

half oh’ the 38 housoholde (total popu1ation~221I’).Jtn

ilaksing use the Nul Kuwa to moet ‘their~dai1y water rcquirc—~T î~

monte ‘ihis ie one oh’ the oldout wellu,. in the villago.”Tho

amount of water le adequate exoept. durlng the d2y ceason.~ T

-A fow yearu ago, the villagera ronovated It by~oonutruottng

walle azound the well. Ïho1usoi houoeho1deoor1tr1bUtO~1abOur~

for ita maintonanco it in a fifto’-n er twonty’T~intnutowa.~’’~ t4,~

- - ‘ ‘. -‘ - - -- - — - .-; ‘‘,-~ -~ ~ ‘~~-~- .;~r ~ --T t T i ~

T 1 t t,--’,

‘ ~•1,’_~ - -- -- — - - - -: - --

LL. - - -~ .-~...

- - ‘‘(— ‘ i_ ~,t,l’.,., -‘~ ~

t-i

-

-1.: ~II-1,

14

- r fi— ‘

4

~- 4

~- ~-

-t

~

--t-

~ lijf: ~

••. -

- -

- t -~‘.‘.,

- -- t ‘

- - ~-v - - tt- ~‘‘‘~~4~~~~ ~

- ,~ :

_.t~ ~

--

• - ;, - ‘ -

-- - -

- - .

— -.

G’~JUk1

- ‘. t-

~ ~- -

..

- ._~t

t~.;.Ç,t. -~

_r_- ~

~.

lt’-~-’~— ~t.- -‘-, -~- -‘-t

~,.. p~? -

-. --t--

T, :..~-- ~.‘rt~

- - c_1’ -

1 t4~

~ ~ -

-t-

:-~ ~-•~‘ --

~ ~ -2i~-:- -.‘t. _•1’__ —- ‘‘~

.!~1, ‘,~ - -—:~ ~—~•1’~-•~- -‘~

T- ~- -t_t ‘‘•1~~ - -

~~:-~-“ t

~ ~,~--:“t~ ~ t,.j~’t ,,~ i,~ - -. .. ~ ;- -

~,t- •~Ç_,

- - U~I(q~~’I~jl’4~t~fl

;:;,nr ~ Ii

- ~ fles-‘ - —-- -- - _t,_-_~- T -- - -/t - , -- •-~: - :1-~---- _.- - -t ._~ ~,.t?_~- -- t_ -“- _.

— ~ ----t,,

~)uurc~ 0

~ILw-~cr’ds~

away for mout housoholdu, altuatod in the upper part of

the village. - T

2. Chaite Kuwa

This well, a hour away from ‘Hakuing is uced by the

villager in ilaksing during the dry ueason, when Nul Kuwa

dries up.

3. Nul Pudhcra

This n~turaiwater epout eerves about 18—20 families

living in the lower part of the Rakeing village. This is

also another old water sourco of the village. It dries up

during the siimmer. - - - - - -

4. Dhap I’adhcra -

Seven houneholde in Ilatiya settlemont,use dhap jadhcra

for their water neede. This te one of the oldeut and moet

rellable water sources in the village. The-souroe te about

2 km. from the settlement. - The uner householde maintain 1.1.1

5, Sano ilhara ,

This well in located in Baruwal settlement. ThereBi—

dente have recently made some-effort- to cement its-outer

surfaoe but, the work is,’incomplete’,’ booauee~o~-..the ~laok -~‘ï. ;-~--

tof cement. - The villagern uøe,alternate water uouroe8when~.t ~

thie’well dries-up-during theJdry~seaaon. ~ ;~-~T- ~~!: .‘Vt,T:rtt4~.”t~»

t - - - - - ~ t - - —-t1t~

- - - -— — - -— ———:_‘~- -‘ .~ - — _—_ -— - t,-—.j-.;~tt-t --. ~4( & t ~ tt~

-T

B—3 -— —t

r

~i ‘~!~

1~

B—4

6. Dhrirct Pani Paclhcro -

This cource located in a near~yforest cerven seventeen

householdenormally and twice the number in the dry scacon.

A few yearn ago the user householdecontributed inoney and

labour tobuilci a tank for water collection.

7. Pdhero Khola -

Only two householde are ucing this private-water source

locatedon their land. They use it for drinking.water as

well as for irrigation.

8 • flul Padhero

The Iiul Padhero, the traditional and the moet.r?liablo

water spout source ofKaurani villagecervcø ~

(total population:250). A few years/ago,theviliagers

collected money and contributed’ thelr, labour to~con8truct

a water tank buL It was dainaged by a landslide. The impor—

Lance of t~hIcwater source was lecsen~when the district

office built public water tape in l98~~In this village.

9. Jilla ranchayal L)hai

Throughi the Gerniari Technical Ascistance Program (with -

the grant assistance of lis.21,000), the Gajuri district

Panchayat establiuhed public water syctem in Kayarani village.

A water tank and six water tape wero ectablished in l98~+. The

villagero also coi~LribuLed thelr labour to make this programmo’

L —

LH~

-- - 1

B—5

o eiicceee. Pi’ouimlly, the vi] lUt;e1’6 do not uce thlu

souz’ce foi’ drinking a cooking pul’poeeB becauce it smelle

bad and is dirty. luslead, thoy use it to feed animala

anti to wach clothes and utenila . Villagerl3 who used this

walci’ for dri~iking purposes in the pont cuffered from

gaelro—lnLcsLinal dineascu. The villagern suupoot that

the bad smeil may be duo to dirt and mud in the water tank,

10. iuwal l’udhero

The Khanal fatniiy has been using this well locuted in

thieir own land sinco the met 12 ycuro. -

[‘rivate -water connectiOli

4iflij~ ~

seftk~±

II 1- t 1

- -‘ ‘T 1TT1J1~. - 1

ii ii

I~i’:~-P, ~ -— ;-._-- - J ~ t-_ ---- -

• B-8

11.. Guirec Kuwa

This le also a private well located in Tallo Dhoda

and is owned by Mr. Lul Slngh Tamang. Mr. Tamang is

planning to build a water tank and a tap aL the estimated

cost of fls.500/—. • Five famllies.~use the we11.~

5. Khanlen Phed •, , • ‘• • - .• -

This well, as its’name suggeato, is at the root of a

Khanlen tree and is used by only one household • •~

• ~•. ~,•-.

6,Le~chas Kuwa ,

• This le a private wel] ~ Lepcha:‘

• • • ‘‘ •1familieø.

7. Hal’s Kuwa

Hai’s well, located aL Mathlloo Dhodn, is uced by eeven~

Hal familice settled thore.. They maintaining and clean It

regulorly.

=

—

L ~.--

S-

t —

8. Nodern water syctem/pipedwatert

Six water tape were built in 1986 in Kaji Galro wlth

the help of the UNICEF. The water source ia looated at

tho mINI ow]IwJ. by Mi’. Padmu ChundraKaji, ward chtiir’inan of

the local ward committee. These six water tape fu].fill the

water needs of about 100 fantilies living in Kuil Galro.

- . •~•

•1, ~• ~•~ ~ :~~ ~

Our- of ~ wziipr tap’s of the mocjej-ju waterlloliv(’ry ~ Iii Fikjçal

B—9

- - t t

S. ‘~

( ‘1

1 ~ t

- - t4

- ~

-

t —•--•—-— -- —S- .

B—’lO

9. Other wcllc - - - - t

There are numerous other private wolle in the cardomon

fields. In additlon,, new wells are dug by the villagera •

near the Ir homec •

• t

S. •

•1

• • — • — ‘ . t’ •,.

• ‘‘‘ii ‘‘ 5’’ ~ ‘~t• • t•.•’,•l~’ - - • -

• . ‘‘‘t,, ‘t __,— ‘I~S •••‘~~,••~•,,~,‘ 4

t , ,g • ‘,,. ‘St St’ t)’i ‘ • -

• ,‘t’,)i .-:‘i ,~,~ ,, £ •, •

t’ •~ ‘t,, .S’t t. •~e~,%t~’.,I •r

r

— t,.,.

— —— t. S ,~51_I,~jt t

S

t • (III.! IÇ(’5’,S,~~JtfJ

‘l’o do’~isment, anal.yrjc aH 1 ~t’st Jilti to Ii iii iii 0’ Iii :1:1 01’ lii I:n~:%ieiit lui’ %trIdu!rtlil;Emby Wolilel, ‘S Hevelopinon t Vec Luns (tiitfl! iii’ liii, 1 ‘~it y cif I’,incis:syn t tuut Ucal Deve Lpj(ilri.r,} wit’h the baqic alni of i ~J’c, Wiel juni i;lisi iii, I’witj’nj v” rIJ ci L~atJ.oii ~f rurtsi ,~

wonen , Lege ther w1, Lii o l.iits r iutr:iiii ie ‘:n ei’ liii’ Ir cnhsll,lu,i 1. LJ es In Liie i.nstaun tien andmanaqeinenL:cif linproveiJ water stipply :ind nar;iLation t’uctlicies iii huur iocalitj.c

2. ACTIVITIES -~ . ~

al Lieve lap al uily pi ‘,.‘Loco L J iii; bid lig !-uirv’sy Lechn Jqiies , quustloiiiiaires , -aus) eva’Lua t Jou proci!iilirt’n apuil pr”p’~rs~a (:1 uuuo—bouncl diLuLled vork - ‘ ‘ -?--

r’ inn lor Iiie i nupi VuiniIi In!’ i’m t’! cnhe study (the iiie tisosloj ogies and , ‘ t’-Z -1 nclicat.ors tIl cetustued lui iiie ‘ii t t’ r—ct’.nu~try t’Iorh shop nu Motiiodo)ogy for ~j’~-Ca ee r;uii’i iets of Woiut—ii ‘ ~i 1’.,? t Iii ~ti1 inn in Couminin tty tJa Let Siippi.y andSaus] taL 11)11 , llauiyl:nk , Th;. Ii au.tI , ~i-’ ~t liusy 1 91i5 cats] d ~uetVe as ru fercusecusa te rJ.al. iii 1:1 ie ties 1 .,juu 5111(1 t l.sVu.’ L”ii,.ui,eui t ei: Liie reces «:1,/s 1.114)’ uuio tiioc’Iology) .,,

Li) suhiusli 1 ho coiuupral.nu.tu Iv., stiutly itn:,tctuc,i .icIve1o[bed in (al aliovu wkth In ;V

3 weeks is fter sulyn 1 .i.j tiP this tM at’ st:si.iy cs’iitracL for t’eviuw mud couuuu~uits’to WilG, ‘ ‘ ,

dl tlnciertake s’irvey , col le’:!’ aus’) [‘C’)t”.IUh base] liie data and 1 uifonna tiouu ‘before and ii fLer lssLeu v’—iu1.l~uu ~ir 1.1v II. letu Iii the s’eiectod Larçjtst vii Lages- ,~(seine stiçiçi.~sul’ed typi ets] cia In iii forma t lous/obse rvaL louis are uhown in - ~‘

Atlacluinent 1 ) . ‘ . ‘t -ts ) Keep a cJ.oce 1 J.aison nuisl ewl.ttus.jo will, Liie lntervnnt [cii activitles ~ t

Lhrouqliciit t lie nuutly. al no record an’i document unajor activitlea., -for nubueqtunui It twa lun t~iei, etipias Liii 14 diiri.uug the prepara tory phasu . , t

f) Provicle feed—I,nck d�iLa far Lii’~mli, even tien L ograussun iJIIprflVeln(3nt andunoillflcatlo,, . ‘

9) To cciliaboral.e ai,rI went clorely wJ,t1~ the Iustozvention Leam and Liie counmunitlui iiie f inn 1 cv,i l’satiuu, o, the in ojeel as Indlcated in “fiusal pliase”, -

page 4 of tiIIOP/WSrs esicloucd contract. ,~“,

ii) Provldr’ prcqress reports Le 1111.’) uvery tisree n,onths, and draf t study - ‘‘

reports tit interim workshop stage and at end of stucly. ,.

1) Finalize cace study report and suhinl.t S copies. ‘ ,.

3. The Eind report in accordasicti wlLh the suggested outiino (Itttaehsment~will. be In Euiglinh and It will deocribe anti docrunent the case study. £‘The’~Lshould clear).y show whetiier Che inl:ervan tien aetl.viticus have achievud the,basic objectives to stiu.iulate and rcalize the woman’s partic,ipation’inwa

‘‘supply and sanitatidm projecte iuielud...ng the expected beisefits of such AAs part of the baaic flndJngs,, the rcpurt tuhould make specialÇollowing iii its evaluation. - ‘~‘,‘ ,-‘ ‘,. t t -

t - , .t~ . ~“-‘ S “~,,Ç «k”’~’ ‘ ~, ~ -

~ ~,J»t” ~

______________________________________ ~ ‘~—‘~‘—. -‘s- - - t~,~\“~. ~‘Lh~~WL)S/MPLDuulder contract: niiul .141j ltutss,i(ntmsus t’ram, UiiPPV: ‘c,arrying out intervention rsul:t’JLt’.LISH lii

and riltkil, (linIn District) “ ‘~ -. -~

1 ~ - , ‘ --

t’, -‘ ‘ ‘t ‘t t . --

S , -t’ ~ 1’

t ‘ ‘t- t

Al’i’EN DIX — Ct ‘J,

:,Tetms of Relierenqç, -

tij’

-fl4

t,

t

-r

$

cl Pro—Leut usuu’vey ma les:] al dcve (upt’th In (al aliove

- , .-,~

t ‘), qtt~ 1

t ~ t /1J~JJiIJij~J~

a) The arieqiicicy and ~ ‘~i~(:1 v!IiI~E;u ‘ii! J~rc’~ara Lory acLivi.Li.en , and the ~ecteiit: oI~ nIIt~cW~I ;~chIt.veil In iii ~%i mr, up tii.~ i~1~’~‘?~~ .~Linnand it13tmpJ omc!II Ld lioii wi Lii LII3opi.rJ./l,oIII~1e lariu!J parLicJ ~Li 1: lon. ~--:.-~

h) The exLeiil: of eI’f~jt,I:J.~ n~enn of eomunuifty actJ~n and effort~s innIo))JJ.tzlncJre~3ourco!J, overcoini uq adiiiLni ~iLraI:ive dI.ff!I.culti.os, enhancing

conunun1 L~j caLia)dli t;J e!; aiiti rj~j1.ti .1 n lui, the iiece~sa~:yf3upporl: from ~

Goverrini~~iiLW.tLer Su~J[d,y and ~jiiii.i:at.Lon )\ycncles wJ.th Bpeeial referenco ‘~ ~

to the rolu of women ~s L•iu~ “f.tc Iii ~l:or/inotJvatoi:” . V. -~ -~

S ,1.•.,.~

c) The iinpact on wonieii’~ awarene~rn cöiicerning the Importance of safewater supply and sanitalion to achieve yood health. ~ ‘..,, ~

d) The extent of successac leved in encouraging, facilitating and~.invo1ving~)~women in local decision making process. .

e) The impaci on both functioning and utilization of the improved faci1itie8~fl~and the cffects of resulii.ng I,eiiefits on well being of the coinmunity ast~1~i~.1~4a whole and woinen in parLicular.

• . •H~

E) Reconuneiiclationn for improvernent of the methodologies used in the -~

intervention proqralrimo for possible lange scale npp].ication by plazrners ~and decision makers.

.14. The con~racting insLit.utioit will provide skilled manpower, expertise,suppiles and equtpment, Lrnnnpo~tntion nini otijor facilities, asinay bç. necessary~for the suooessof the pru;~Icl ~.. • : .

5. It iu expected LML t~ii pi hi.’l~mi, JMvoHtiçjator of the contr~ctingiiistitution wi:u. participal:u iii ~il~y iIiI:iir~~eoUhitryworkshopsnchadul~das part ofthe project, travel and pn*~tUnin ro~ ~ ~iin:k~hupu 1o bo Lundud ~oparatoly t’~

by WHO.

t. -,•...-FOR WORLD IIEALiTII ORGItNIZATION THE SIGNAÏORY . . : : ~

•~: L~-~

~1 ~~,, ~“ ~ ~?

Dr 14.A. Rahman Me Indira Shrestha t

Director Frogromme Management Integrated Development Systems ~P.O. Box 2254 . .~ •:~~

Kf~THMANDU . .. ~ .~

:‘,~::~i.~’-~1

2—

.... ~ ~~.~ S-~._. ---~~ -

~

• ~ :~.~;.i1~,~‘ t t ~1 ~ ~

!~1 ‘~ IlilEl u~ 1 s t’! til It: 1 ‘S ~

• ~ ~ .~t ‘‘‘:. ,I~lt’l’~, ! ‘‘Id ~ •

1 . S0c10—c(lf,’l’lJflhT. •~. t

1 1 • CLII 11-11.1,1 i •p.( ~ ~ ‘1•:~f; . -- . • t

WctIll(!fl S [M~iCl.!l.1.i ~tl~ (IIe hi:iii~ F ~ rtl• (hit ‘d(I l:er nupply and •‘~.:‘~- -

na;i~I::%t:1l)n fat~t itt I~~ii~ Ii~ i itl~il e~i %1) tiielr ~daiIy~ life • .•~

• (c:oiivn,iicmr:e ifli RtiFct 1 , lit~iti.I.ii, 1 ) , . . t

— The qenrtrel. c enit 1.1 rie~in o C liotisen and village surroundingz :• . .

— Td wiiat e:d:enl: Liie comnuuiLLy tin ii who].n and ~tomefl in Particular ..

aL~e asiare of healt:h Itej I~Ll.~of safa water supply and eanitation~.

— Evidence o1 1 nteLunl.. ~nr 1. t tu ;t~.i.yitmC~flÇJ‘yemen’ ~i.n imprd.~v’ing.~’ ., .~ .

waLer BUPL)].y mii) sanitatbit l’aci ii ties s II ••.. :~ •1_.

— Literacy level • i : ~. ‘~ .~ ‘~ ~ ~‘

— Are men tware oC ~wimen‘ o hAtLhIl%i~? . . . •• •~• •~..~,i~.~..• ;~,

— eLc : I.’tI • ~ ~‘ t’’1 t ,II •~tj~I 1 ~ Ii ‘t,

III. IIEALTII SITUATIOW . . • .II t T 1 l~~ 1~!t

• — This could be eviiuatnd through ~ialita Live analysis andin

discuszl.on with the local iteri].th crtntres ~reference to t]iarrhonai. and castro—anie~ic. complainte ~— • ‘. .. 1. ..t!~A#.1t~

general observation otO. • . ~.: .‘~ ~t • — * . t . .• ~ ~:tIJ,,~ t;

•~,.. ~ ..

IV& SOURCE.OF WATERSUPPLY AND TuEirt CONDITIONS L ~ c ~t ~. .~: ~.

—Is there a water supp)y ny~c~iit(piped watur,harîd~pump,..’~roof—ca!~chmen t, e Le . ) •. • .• . • . . ‘~. 1~• • ~ • • -

— T, e contili ion oC ~isLincî rj~tst.ems,do Ihoyfunction?

— Is the tjUiintit’~ Of WAl cir jwo&1~icec1i)y wal:er supply system ~adequate Lor the cOniniUmi t. ly dal 1 y u~u? ~. ~• •

I •

~ ‘1 T T 1’

• • ~ ~ ~

• . •. . ••.. •il- - . . . •. - •~

• 1.11,

—. DehIûI)rn~%i~y ‘ • • 1

tO I!cOIiOhiJ 0 It ‘lFiu)ti III tIlt ~il 1 luit :~.ilrult . . t

%k)ifl(1I ‘ii Ik. ii n li~ ÇLiIII Ii y iiitii nu iluiflati t t l~’,’ t IIC tict t It(j dec! ie lön ii~t~#~1.nçj- . •‘ :— t low uh) vu:Hult:tt I•’~rtt! ~ ~‘t~ t itt! t I~ t )‘tfI t tilt OS in tta: t S lon—mitakIng and

dev~h~1ii~i.::t~l.iwl: lvi t t!!:? .— tALt t liiulit tl inu~mi t iAhii ‘IS WuiTII’~Ii’ II p.irtlcljii.iI:J.on lii dt~ci~ion— . .

mmi.tk l.,uj .iiiil 1 l.!vL Ii llpiliI..,il: . . • . • •

— Cti’i t.tir:.i l.~. t ‘fl~:i ~,.til ~ t t~.S ;iuI~.urnui]yafrecUtig the .

1,~irLlcJ1u,iI.itimi r~t t~~u iii •~tit~II,litiit I~’ mifCalm.s •

t,

t.

— - :..~.• •,) _t_,T.. _ _ — t

— •• • . , . • —t II,

‘•~••- ••“

— 1 n wim l:er Vs~it:iu:it~iIi1 ~‘ ,iit i0 Iiit un iil~i1tfl iii Lit t. t: ~iii’iLiiiiiLu%LICI3(i’1~.(on ‘Ly t:hirot;~huh:u~rvnt: (nu) • ‘ ~ •

- • , • • — I~P.;I( tI~ 1I~’,~t;~l~’:’r~,— rel timbllity tif i:lie wnLt~r nupply . • . • -; •.,

— cnnVou~Iene(iof tin in t pu IniTi - • • •

— 0 t:lier obicen nou rci•n (1fl oti unit i:Li cli t geil(t (‘fl1 • Jog’s tien nntt’’qLin 1L t~’~• . .

— otc • - -

—— . • •- •• •• • . ; 1’• — 1 •••— —- • • •

WA1LR UIILI7A! ION ~1 t 1 t~ tit1liil~i ti~’ø

— portion of househioId using Ciie eri.nI.i ug water iply.facilid.ea, ;•

— Do people use iiie safe Wai&L for: drinking, cooking and waali

The exicimt clicit open wat er sciurces ,rc used for - t)~e abovet p~i~posei

• • - : ‘ ~ ‘

— The e~isCenceor lack of pl’nces Lor ‘:omen to conveni~in~i~uhshthemselv~s • :. . .

— ccc. ..-

COUi-IUHITY INVOI,’/1}1EI1T • t •

— E~isting local comiiiil:tee ‘s , t~ronps , Cøutici is etc. :-

— The roic of ~:oi,icii iii Clie mibove lw!el i.nsLiCuCjoI%s’ • •

- - • • t.. •

— ‘fhic ~.iOfliCt~1S groulis • • - . • . . ,.~~ ~t • • • - • ~ .‘~..•‘

— ‘Ilte exis t ing loc ii it~it 1 i:ti 1:1 ol ‘ ittisl mmie cli itni~m which ‘nroproinoce locit 1 co 1. t. iii”’; iii Ii iii J’i ~I: w?I I~iii’ H 1~l’~IY ii$ut o~ ~n(:toi

The oi~cont that cotiutililji ty Il~Ivli111ll:t11~~~p1l~ud~runt u~nitacLoit in i:Itti limlilil, • • , .••t••~-•& -‘

t • ~ ‘— Itto wøuIlttfl iitvülvsitl t_it i’I itilli 111111 ~ihIIi1~liKiIl(:~i I.r)it i ‘ i,por~it~Loii

and maintenitnee ö C ~‘si1’i~’ ,iii1t~1 y flitit IiiijiIIii(~I tilt titoj nfltfl? ~‘ :~:

— dc - - ‘•.

• ‘~ T

(~OVEî(tU4Et1TAcflIu: 1 i~:~ t. -. •

• ‘ •

— llLtfIn-l’111 itnul It:it:lt—uiit ::iuluIluIl f:ic~ ij Ci fin iinii roiiciitrcoa ~ .

t:() (tohunhulImt i_ i:y t ttv(m 1 - • • • •• , t •.

* • • • • ~••

— Tint ro 1e oi~Iii tij t.i 1 ry o f fit’ ii t m:li imtiti ~ChciV col liihnrstc i.ng agona1.aa~Iii ti:ilut imtipt_uly IuuiuI uiuuiiliiCItuit •iL t:i.’Iiuimtiii(i:y -itlVQ’L1 •. • ~ r-~

— Arb:i Lintu of tue:u t guJVttritiim~li.C t,iitfi ifll~u~LItfll.uIg t,hin ix),iiell ~Im

• . i~~~’Ci~ pal: t alt stuit i.uwti’l vi~uflitiIL ~ ‘ - - ~ ~

• — ete. • • _; • ~ -:•- ~• 3 • ~~T- ~

-t. • ‘. •,_ -• , ..~--~•.•,•--. —~,• .

• ‘. ~• . - ~ .~: ~ 1L~

t t

VI

~:

-t

II

1,

—t

1.

.,

• l•1 :~ïir:•‘,1 ~ii~1,

- flaT, 1 ,.

• ‘. i ~ 4~• S.— ‘~r.,;,..,.

• .••tJ. t’.• •~ “.~‘ :.i ~:

S :

fl44 ,.lb ~.1.

• ~ ~ (

• •.• EI,, ‘~:. •

:.; ~ ‘ 41 •.~ 1.

•i•~~•. ::~ i

~,: I~ •. ~ ~• t ••.•,.. •‘..~i ;,l’~)l,~~~:f1~. ;‘ ~ .~

1;~,.• •‘‘•~ t’ ~~~:sI

• :• • ;,~ a;~t’td1ÇI~s

• t ..•• •i t’,,.I ‘Ie—. •.,

1 , ~ ‘S~~”~’~’J~t.. • .:.~,

~:1, ~.‘.::;: ; ::

• t?,

:1 ;1! • ~ 1 -

,• ‘•.‘lt

t‘t,

-~.a, ~1’t~Zu- r:~a.. •‘~•~-t. ‘:, -l ,..• •. ~ - -- . • -

• t~ ~U

1. ~ ~ - ,;. -~~., — t _ ~ :i~ ‘t .... ,~ •:.

t t

VIII4

t • • • ~•

•1

3 — • . • • • ~

SUW4AR( OF t&\ lOR CONSTLtAIrfl~S‘~iSb!~i~i~~‘iXitflCtttjwiou..—‘ :‘:~ • ‘~

1•.~ •‘

— Socio—cutturni

Li

- ~.t2~lf:fJ1

~ •• •—

~ :.~ ¶~1 ~ ~ ;‘.~

— Econornic/ptnoccupntionwtth other household.’works ~in the fields :• !. :•:~ ~

t t. ~ flj’Y’ ~5r ui1ïdvt.~— Lack of awareness

Lack oË ,support by Governmentagencies.and ‘d’onimunity”

etL’ , — S

tt. ~, -—

.3

1. ‘t

4’ t.’.’ 4.

1—

1.3. Age ( ) Xears - -

1.4. Sex; 1. Nale 2. Female (

- - 1.5. Religion: 1. Hindu - 3. Hindu—Buddhiet (

- 2. l3uddhisb 4. Nuslim ~‘

- 5. Othera (Specify) t

- 1.6. Mother Tongue. - - • t - - (- ~‘~‘ - -‘ ‘ -- ~ - ~- - -~ ‘

- :‘ , ‘ F’’, Itlepali - - 5. Tibetan • -- -

2, liai—Liinbu 6. ?laithili

3, Newari 7. 1-lindi- t’ -- - - -- , - -

- - 4. Gurung-Magar 8. Othors (bpecify) t

t ‘ T

1.7, Address. t

Panchayat •1•• - ~ Ward~No.— •‘—‘ ~‘-~ .-:-~

Name of 1oca1it~ .... ‘ 1 : ~‘

APPENDIX — J)

I~-itegraLed Development Systems(I.D.S)

Ilousehold

1. ilousehold Icleritjrlcation

1.1 Name of Respondent;

1.2. Ethnicity:

01. Hill J3rahmin

02, Terai Brahmin

03, Hill Chhetri

04, Terai Chhetri.

05. Newar—High

- -t~- t

D-l :‘.

(~)

1].. Muslim—High ,

12,lluulim—Low

13.:Damai, Kami, Sarki

14, Others (Specify)....

Questionnaire’~ ‘

06, Newar—low

07, Rai—Limbu

0~. Gurung-Ilagar

09. Tamang

10, Tibetan

)

)

- -— ~1 t

- ~---t’

‘t

t,

2. De1~oErar’hicCharacteristics2.1 ?ai~i1yDetail:

1. Re1ati~nto ~o~se—~- ea~01.~so1~. haad02.Spouse03.Father0L. !~other05. S~n06 .Dau~ter07 .tricle/J-.unt08 .Er~ther/Cous~on

brother09.Eister/Cousion

S ~ster10.?ather—~n—1awl1J’other-jn—law12.Erother—in-1~w13 .Stèr—iri-~1aw1L-.Son~in~1aw15 .Daug~ter-in-1aw

16 .!ep~e~t;/~i~e17.Gran~ -~on18.Gra~d dauzhter19.C-t~ers£secify)

2. Sex1.!~a1e2.?ernale

3. !-~ar~ta1Status01.flarr~ed02.Never married03 .Wldowed.0~..~1vorced05 .Separated.

L~~ucat1onoo.J;one

Ol4Li:erate butno schooflng

C2,Ljterate to5th class

03.6 — 10-ch class0~,S.L. t;-05.I,A, ~.A.06.i~~.A& abc-ve

5. E 1o~ent Status01.~mp1oyedby other02.Self e~1oyed03.Govt.er~1oyed0

14-.Ur~d~re~1oyed05 .1.~nenrD1oyed

06’.Nore01.Ne~a1Wc~entserg.02.Nepel Youth Crg.03.Nepa]. Adult Org.0~.Nepa1 Labour Org.05.Nepal Par~er’s Org.06.Nepal Ex-arrr.y Org.07.Village Pancbayat08.Distr~ct Panchaya~

— -,-- ~ —- - — ---t __ F__.~%. .—~‘

‘ - ----t--t- ‘-,-‘ - -- ‘ ‘-~ - ~-‘ -‘:~ -- ‘ ~-‘ :~ ~ “~‘ - --._ :-~ -

6. Ve~cbershiD

t-

D—3

3. Physlcal F’aclllties

:3.1 House Type: (Emunerator completen by observation) ‘ ( )

• 1, I3umboo-thatch 3. Stone

2. Brick -t-. Others (specify)

3,2 Story: ( )

1. One 3. More than two

2. Two

3,3 Room: ( )

1. One—two ~3. Five—six

- 2, Three-four 4. More than neven -

3.4 Use of’ housing unit: ( )

1. Hesidental-t ‘ -t

2. Comrnercial -

3. Others (sipeclfy)

3.5 Area of house conipound; , ( )

1. Lesn than a ropani

2. 1 — 5 ropani

3. More than 5 ropanl.

3.6 Use of house compound: ( )

1. Culbjvation -

2. Cultivation and cattie byre

3. Cattie pasture

4, Othern (specify)

4. Soclo—cultural CharacLcri~tjcs

4.]. FamIly type:

1. l’tuclear

2. Jolnt/extended-

4,2 Division of labour: (Une code*)

* Code

:

Activitleri

Household choren

Male

01. Cooking

02. Washinguteno 1in

03. Washingciothes

04. Fetchingwater

05. Co11eÈ~t1ngfirewood

06. Crazing

animals

07. Feed Ing animal

08, ChI].d caririg

09. Householcimarketlng

10. Othern (specify)...

Famale

Others activitie~

24,Solid waste d15p.

25.Liquid waste ~

26.1-luman extreta’

27.Animal. N M

28.V1sit~to thefaith ‘healer/loc.health pont

29.Other (specify)..

D—4

t’

( )

1. Elderly

2. Young/adult

3, Child,rcn

1, Elderly --

2. Young/adult

3, Childrcn

-

Agriculture Cottage Industry

11.Ploughlng 19.Bus .marketing

12.Sowing 20.Manageria].activity

13 .WeedIng2] .Accounta

1Lt-.Ilarvesting -

22 ,Technlca].15.Irrigatlon supervl.slOfl

16.Wage labour 23,Others (specify)

l7.Ag.mark~tIflg

18.Other (speolfy)... - -

‘-t ‘~-

T’

=

-

— —It

--

___t -t--

~1’

- t

~ -

D—5

4.5 Hounchold deolulon maker - - ( )

1. Elderly male 7. Brothern

2, Elderly feritale 6. Sisters

3, Both the above 9. Sons

4. Father . ‘ l0..Daughters

5. Ilother • 11.. Collectively ~1

6. Parents 12. Others (specify)..,.

4.3.1 (Ir male takes decls3ion) consultatloT’i with female;.

l.-’ïes 2., No ( )

4,3.2 (Ir yen) matter of consultation: ( )

1. Buy lazid, jewelary etc. - -I ‘“t’T’ - t

2. Sale/land, jowelary eto. - _t - -‘

3. Mortage and ban -

4, Inveotment ‘ ‘ - -

5., Others (specify) .... ‘ -

4.4 Attitude of men towards womon’rJ participation in decision

making and development activitios: - ( )

1, Encouraging - - - - -

- ‘ - 2,.Dlscouraging - - - -- -

3. Neither encouraging nor dlsoouragl.ng t

- ,~ L

- - ~-- ___j~ç - -- - --— - — t —- -- —-s-» -— ‘ ‘ — t t — — ——

-~ tt — t

- - -

— —- ‘ ‘ —‘-. t’

—

- - - - - -- --:; -- ,~- ~ --- - - ‘ ~

08. Poers

09. Neighbour

10. Teac}-ier

11. Brother

12. Sister

1). Other (specify)....,

- - 1 ‘1

-1- -~

~1~-1- t

-1t 1

t.

4.5 ~ignIficant othero’of women family members:

D—6

- _( _)_

01.

02.

03.

04.

05.

06.

07.

Father

Mother

Fa the r—in-law

tlother—in—law

Husband

Chjldren -

Friends

— t -

4.6 Pattern of interaction of women;

Fainily jPeers~ NeighbourA. Freguency of Interactlon members tfrlencls

Govt. -

officials

1. DailyL

-

2. Weekly

‘

- - -‘

—

3. Ocoasslonally -

‘

- -

B. -Basis of interaction

1. Food, clothst & Shelter

‘

—

2. Help during crisis - - ‘ - - - - t

3. Advice

~—

4. Money

-

- , -

5. Other (specify) ... ‘ ‘---~

--1~ ~-.:

‘‘4- - - -

- ~ ~ ~

:~~.-‘-‘,-~~ ~:,4.7 ~uIull~ - - ‘ . -

L~t IS3fl~ tt~i jfl~3L La,

Itespon~e Humanexoreta

-~ ~

~ ~_V~t~’~~ — -: — t)

-.- . ~‘ -‘ -~‘ -‘ ~ ~ . ~

~

-~-- ~ -;~~ ~ ~

Uô1( &ti~kl liquid wastô:r

Lt..8 Opinion on the participulion of wome~i ~.n coinmunity affairu; (

1. Women are dependent on male, Lheroforo, thcy uhou].d.partlclputc i.n community affairn.

2 • Woihen nhoulrl not work together with men incominunhty ,tçfajro.

3. W~irnt1i (U’fl onpnblq ~.O%lQrk in a nmw~I~yait~~.rntherefore, they ahould. participate in it.

1-1’. Women nood training and orl,entation to parti.cipatein cominunity affaire.

)

,1

3 ). - -

~olid. walto Liquid waate

1.’3me1]~ Ixid - -

2..ÜirLy - -

3. llot.h the above . -

4. Carrjei.j (hiucaew3

5. Smehle bad and— carrJ~.dJct.~a LJ CC

6. 5mbl1n bad ti hi’ty &carrXe~_diseneei3

7. No ~mtigma

.

t 4. ‘ ‘ ..‘.‘.. ~.S

5. Econoinic Characterj~tics:

5.1 Ilouse ownernhip:

1. Own

2. Jiented

5,2 Land ownorship:. -

3. Helative’s

4. Others (specify)

D—8

( )

t’

1 --~ 1Land (unit) Self cultivatcd - Ilented to othero Other’s rented

1~het - ‘

Pakho .

- T

.-~

- - t~_-;¼ t- - -

t t

- ~- -

-~ ~‘!~‘_t -

- - t- - ‘—S 1-- -_-Ç-~._:,~ —~-~--~-~--

t - -g ~ -~ -~ ---

5.3 Livestock ownership:

Livestock Nuniber

Ownershlp of Domastionted Fowla:

Fowla - -- Number

1.~Poultry -

2. Dock

3. Pigeon

4. Others (speolfy)

1. Cow

2. Goat

3. ~heep

t4. Water I3~iffabo

5.Ox

3. ~~ig

1. Bangoor - - --

3. Dther (specify)t_

.

D-9

5,4 Ownership of shop:

0. None

1. Tea shop

2. (Jroeery

3. Ciot,hs

4. Local liquor

5. Others (upocify)

( )

5,5 Primary occupation:

1. Agrieullure

2. Service

3. Cominerce

4. Cottage inlustry

5.6 Secondary occupatlon:

1. Agriculture --

2. Service

3. Commerce

4. Cottage industry

1. Loss than Iis.500

2. Hs.500 — lls.1000

3. Rs,l000 — Hn,2000

B. Education

1. Leos than 1ic.25

2. Ha. 25 — 50

(

5.Skilled labour

6. Wage labour

7. Porter

8. Others (specify)

(

5. ~k1lled labour

6. Wage~labour

7. Porter

0. Others (specify)

( )

lis.2000 — kis.3000

Us.3000 —- Rs.4000 t -

More than lis.5O0O.~-

3. Re. 50 — Bs.b0O

4, More than 100

( )

t’

5.7 Average monthly household expendlture (1985—1986)

A, Food

4.

5.

6.

D, Meitloal Trrulmrnt

1. Loss than 11e. 50

3, En. 50 — lie. 100 -

E, TraveflingLj,rcu-ispok’ttttlon

1. Loss than FLs.200

2. 1’ls,200 — fl~. 400

F. Clothes

1. Lese than Iis,200

2, ILs.300 — IIs.500

0, Wapen

II • Entcrtainnicnt

1. Hs.50 — 100

.2. lis.100 — 1is,200

1 Other expenditure

1. Iis,50 — Rs,200

2, Rs,200 — Eis,400

3, Bs.400 — Hs,600

3. lie. 100 — Rs,200

4. More than kin, 200

3. More than-1Is.-40O~)

- ~- - ~ ~ ~ t.

3. ils.500 — Iis,1500

4, More than kin .1500

ttl

( )

( )

--t-

0. HltI,nlrJJfoL,tiVn3rI

1. Lees than lls,200

2, Jis,200 — Ils.400

D—10 -

3, lia,400 — ~e.6oo

4. 1’lore than ILs,600

( )

1. Lens than ILs,200

2. Es, 200 — Iis.400

(-

“t

)

( )

- -

- t t—

— - -t —I —~‘~ ~L

3, lie. More than Ru.k0O

3. lin.200 — IIB,300

4, More than Es .300

4.,Iis.600 — Es.800

5. Rs.l000 — kic.1200

.6. More than RB,1200

-t ~__‘__~t’__~ ‘t

t

2.

-~ --- 3.

-- 1 4,

-- 5.9 Source of income (1985/86):

Unit ‘Quantity Daily

- -‘- -

~- ~ ‘-~‘ ~“ __________________ ____ _______-~ ~__t~-t_- -~-~~ - -1~~

--

t’

5.0 1~xp(Ind1tllropriorlty:

-- -‘ ~.1.

-- ---—————— -1

D— 11

t-’ ~

rt~~

-- ‘‘t’ 1

Weekly’ Monthly ~ear1y

- ‘ (Produetlon (yre) Cash (fin,)

- A. Agriculture

a) Paddy

-—~

- b) Maize

—

~)_Wheat

d) Soyabean - ~.

-

f) Others

-‘ [3. Service --

-

- 0. Commerce-~

-__~, -

-- E, Pension

‘ t ‘ - --

F. Wage - ‘ -

- -‘

- G • Others ... - -

-

‘ 1 -

- t t t1

t,’~-1~~~

- ~ I’~

- -

~

- -‘- t

-T

‘t— -~t- -‘ —

-- tt

t ~-t-~t - ‘-,--t-t’,- — ‘- ~ -- - ~ - ‘-t~-

-~-‘- ‘t_--~:_~-

- - - ‘-~-‘

~:-~ ~ - ‘:~ ~ ~ ~

-‘ - - -S.. ~ —-- .,‘j~~t~b•~~4 -t ‘t

—-S ‘~ ‘ ‘~ - ‘ ‘—---~ - ‘- — - -

r

5.10 t-lonthly Saving:

0, Saving

1, Lens than 100

2, Iln.100 — Hs.200

3, fls.200 — lie,300

11, lls.300 — lis~4OO

5.11 Nature of Saving;

1. Bank deponit

2. Buy jewelery

5.12 Concept of debt:

1.Bad -

2.~Not bad

5,13 Concept of ban:

1. Good despite high interent rate

2, Good 1f the intereeb rate is low

3, Bad-- - - —-

11. Don’t know -

5.14 Concept~ of grant:

1. Desirable

3. Don’t know

repayment of ban

gralnu

5. lLs.400 — Ile.500

6. lis.500 — flu,,600

7, ILs.600 — lie.700

8. lls.700 — Ile.300- -‘~/ -t.-

9. More than Ils,800

3. Lend othere

4, Others (upecify)

3. Good

11. Dori’t know

2. Undesirabbe

5, Otheru (spooify) ...

11., - -

Ç (t)

( )

( )

- $ - — :‘ - :“ ~

D— 12

( )

( )

t,

5.15 Problem wjth

1. Sale food

2. Sale land

( )

3. Sale other property

4. Land. ban wlth othern

- . - t - -— ——s. -

- -- - - -—- — - -~

~ --~ ~-t —- —- —~ — —-~~~ ——

_-r-~ -~-~ —~ ~— -~

-~ —‘--~ n.t%~ —~

t -, - ~ ~_~:ç~: ~ ~ r ~t

t~~ t~ T -5

5.16 Source of credht t-~ -~ — ~‘ 1- — - —-‘t ~ -~-- - t—- ‘--c7t~ ,‘ ~xr t-_-~=~?k)r

7~ ~ , _-~-r~’ ~ .~tpt -,-t; ‘ - ~ -,~- ‘-~---raC~--1, None& 1~nder V

4t. bank - -~ ~‘ ~ -~

;~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~. Relatives L - ~ - ~

-~ ~ ~~A—- - ~,-- ---~-~ ~ ~ ~-

5.17 xntstment prsôrity~(upec1ryi,wo1ûost ~rofoziêd’arëâs~ for’’~~’inveatment) i_._. — ~ - ~‘-~

~- — - 3 -~ ~- ~ - ~- -~t-ir ~_~r:1 ?n ~ -~— ~ ~- ~ t.] )_

t? - - -~ ~c±:~-~1 T-1 ~ ~ ~J- — -~ - -- ~ ~--~sZ~( )

-- ~ -- - ~ - - - -~ - - --1. Agricultqre te - : -,

?.Shop — —

3. Cottage iûdustry - —

- - 4..Öthera (apecify) ... - - -

4 6. Community~Practices and Perception on Health and Sanitation

6.1’ Concept of clean water , - ( )

- -- 1. Presa water brought 3. Filter water-J - - from the natural water

- source -

- -. 2. Water mixed with potash k. loiled water -

- - - - 5. Othera (apecify) ... -

- 6.2 Concept of ciokneas - - - ( ) -

- -- ].~ W}io has Borne fever/aliment 3. Who hun to conault a local- - faith healer/health

- asajatant - -

71: Who iain bed becau6e of - : -.

fever/ahlment - k. ~ho cant not work because of- - 1 :fever/ailmont

5. Othera (specify) ,..

-3 -ç ~—ii - - -

—: • - -

4p ‘

t

- f_~—? —

:1

-‘~~:~ ~

- - ‘‘:‘-~~t-t~:,~:’-j—- ‘ — -

t-t- ‘t- - - -- - t, ~,t ‘~‘

- ‘t--

--~“t~

‘‘ fb-

D—14 -

6.3 Origin of dineace: ( )

1. God’s will - - 4. Course of death

2. Curse 5. A particular kind. of

3, F4t~i1functipningof body 6. Others (specify) ...parto - - - - -

6.4 Concept of Sanital.ion: - ( )

1. Clean houso Zi. Clean toilet -

2. Clean street 5, All of the above

3, Clean house & street 6. Others (specify) ...

slcknesn -t

-t-

--

— L- -

ç- t,

--

--‘t i

-t’

6.5 Morbidity of fainily mernbers in the last ten years:

LI~-t

.t,,-tt t~’~’~ 1 -t- - ,~‘ - ‘ ‘ , - ‘ - - t - ‘ - - ‘ t~,,-t’’, ~, - -~ , T,-t

t 4t~ &~t,t- 1 -. t ,_ t- t -‘ r ~

‘t - - “-‘-t ‘t~’-’~ ~-‘~ -

t- .~:‘ ‘S-t 1 ,~l ~ ——~ .~ -~ ~,tt’~t,_-___-t :~

________ ________ ________________ _____________________ _______ _______ __________ -t’

- _1_ -

--

1— Type of- sjckness/

diseases: - -

‘ -

Type ofmedicineused.

‘~

-

-

Durationof treat—ruent (Day)

‘- --

Ifthetreat— 1ment was ter— Place ofrninated. before treatmentIts cornpila—tion -

HowlongCauses

Cost oftreat~ent

-

-

‘ Outcoxne- !-~ -

~ ~

—- -~

‘ Eemarkè--~~--t~ -

~~-- c~ —

~

~

- - - -1 1 -

- 1 ~:-‘~~

1

--

- 1 1 1-IS

1 1 1 f__ -.

Ty-oe of treatinert

1• ?aith ~ea1er (Dhar~i-Ja~trj)2. ~a1d~ya3. Guvaju/Tantrik - -

4. Health Âsst,.5. Co~pounder

6. Others (specify)

t “- — -‘T - T --

t- -‘

t —- __i t

t’’. ~_-J— t

‘-t ~t-~

~tvt~

-~ - - : -- ~- .-t~ ,_~ ~~•_ t- -~I_’-~ ~

t— 1 ~ ~

- — - ,_ 1 -- ‘t~~ -~-tt;~. , -:- ~- 1 -,-- ~-t~- t—- --t ‘‘-: - $~-.‘1 ‘t’~t’~t~ - —-t - -- $ - ~_-~~ tt_~- t_t ‘i~t -

— --t -t t — -‘- - _;,‘ ~ ~ t-, - t-~,rt,t~tt~,4~ ~

- ~- - - ‘

D—16 -

-4-

esent sotu’oe of water: ( )

lilvor water 4. ~o11

Pipe water 5. Others (specify)

Tap -

arrel for using water sourco: ( ),

Frequently 2. Occassionally 3. Never

8.1 (1f quarrel frequently) who ~o1ves the disputos ( )

1. Local leader 3. Corninittee members

2. Influencial villagers 4. Old. people

fectivenens of their clecision: ( )

Very effective

Somewhat effcctivc

- Not effective

)ui’oe of fuel for cooking food:

• Fire wood --

Cow-dunt~

Others (specify)

L~tce Çor cloth washing:

,Pond -

,Well

,Athome

requenc~r of washing-cbothes:

.Daily- -- - ~ ,,~

.Weekly

• Ooconsionally

( )

( )

4.Tap -

5. River/stream - -

6. Other8 (speolfy)— -, t ~__t ,

(~)

t-

- 1’’

- - - - D-17

t 6.12 Bathing Place: - - ( )

1. Courtyard - --

2. Stream—river - - - - -

3.Tap - -- - -- -

4.Wel]. - - - ‘ -

6.13 Frequency of bathing: -- - -( --

- 1.Daily - -, - - ~- -

- - 2.Weekly - - 1 - - - — -~

-3.Ocoausionally - -- -

6.14 Stlhinismaterial: - t - - ( )

1, Peena (sustard cake) ‘ - -

2.Iledsoib - - - - - -

3.Soap - - - - -- - - - -

- ‘4. Others (upeoify) ... - - - - -—

- - 6.15 Frequency of dish washing (daily): -‘ ~i. 2 -‘ -

1. Once 2•Twice --

- 6.36 I1ateri~t1s w~cdto wash utencils ‘t ‘tT

-- 1. Ash—twigs 3. Soap - - - --tS--’’-’ -~-t’t,_,t__~~ -‘t--- —‘t --:-~t-,”~

E --t - «t-- -; ~O~’t~’ ~- 4.hïiora (speciry) ~ ‘‘“‘t - -— - -- -- ------—

-- ~~1-t-L - 1--~’-~---~ _,i_I_:- - ~~‘t~~’’t’ -

7 ‘t’ - ~ —r t--t~ t-

1 6.l7water fceding place to animals: - , ~---t-~--) ,.-‘‘~--: --t, :-. — - - - ‘ - «‘‘t- ‘ ‘ ‘-‘j,

1 “‘

- --- ~ ‘t =t___~__t ,-±-_— -- --t-~-’~’’t ~--!‘--‘t?~, -S~-y

- ~. Cattle byre’t 3• liiver—&tream ‘-

)~Itr - 2- V -T’j, 54- ~j,4tt-j,, i4~-~-t ‘- ‘th-t-it-;-

t-

2.Ponds 4. Others (specify)-... -

— -tt4-t_~~~ ‘t .t4 ~__ — ~ ,~‘ t ‘t —- 6.18 Solid waste and nuilage disposal: — - (t ) ‘t t

- - ‘t ~-1=S:’t-t 1-j’ ‘Backyâîd âoürt yard - 3.-Stream -- - - - - t,t t’ ‘~,:‘t1~-~1~=

s-t-» -- _ttt_ -, -‘ —‘-‘t — —t ~ —-rta ,~ii~i ,,‘--1t~~-4- --- -‘ __-i_i’_—’ ---—--.- _t’-~_ - -t~-t--t_-tt-’~ ~ ~

2. Pit ‘t ‘t 4,, Feeclanlinabs - -4- - —‘t ~t— -- --t _-, --t—S ,, -? ~

1 1’ 5.Others apocify... -~ -:T “t

-~ - - ‘t- ‘t-

- - - - - -- -----‘‘- -H~-’- - -‘

11 ‘t

- - --- -- ‘t- ——-- - - ‘ — --

- ‘ -- - ----t-- - ‘ ‘-‘t=’ - -,~‘-

3. Stream -.

-• 4. Othern (specify)...

--

—~ - Excretad1~J~psab1e_-

— Sex - hele - Female - ~a1eHFema1e’

~,_Ch11drQn

2, Young/aduit

~.

~ --

3. Elderly —-

t Code

:

Piece: 1. Field—bush—forest

2. Stream—river bank

3. Near pond well -

4, ]3ackyard—courtyard.

5. Street/lane

6. Pit latrine

7. Othern (specify)

1~

6.21 Time Olt exoreta dinposal:

- ;~‘ ‘.~ 11. ~l’ ‘t’

• 4

—-

• : ~‘:.~:---:.~

- •-‘ --- ~tt••’ ‘- ;~_-•~__ --

6.19 Place of Suilage dil3poual:

3.. l3ackyard-courtyard

2. Pit

— tD—18

( )

-t-

6.20 Piece for urine and exereta dispooals;(une code)*~

Time - • -. Male Female

-1 .

- -

D~wn/ear1y in the morning

~~__ tiorning - • • ~ 3.. ‘~~• ,t-I ! -: ‘t

-L.

~

Night - -

Day —- - • --- - -

3

T

- - - - - -~

- - ï:;~t i’~

— -~—-

D—19

6.22a. Materials used for anal cleaning:

- —i —‘t

t—

Naterials used Male Female

1. Grasc-twig-stone ‘ - -

2, Water t - -

3, Ordinary er

11. Others (spccify) ... -

6.22b. Things used. to wach hands after excreta dispocal:

1 Soap

2. Soli

--~( )

3. Pinh (M stard Cake)

4. llush

5. A~h

6. Others (specify)

/

1. Üsed au manüre

2. Not used

6.2) Use of raw human exoreta/oompost cxcreta: - --

- ‘ - - - -

6,24 Kno~lcd~ of latrine types. - - (‘t ) - 1:

t- 1.,~9penpit - ‘t ‘t - t--~ -‘t ~- ~‘t— ‘t ‘t—~ t- - 1 --

2. Open pit and bucitet - - ‘t—

-‘ - :~t’t:,~~ — ,‘-t

3. Open pit,bucket and water scalwith sept10 tank- ‘t ‘t ‘t -_

6,25 Éipeoted benefits after th~ np] Ta~icîi~”ôf~drinkingwater ~‘

— supply and sanitation (WDSS) pro~eot. ( ) t

1. Women will get time to do other aotlvities ‘t .t-t

-t--t 1 ‘t t-’ t~ t &

‘t 2. Comfortable t ~

3, All familymembers hcalth will be good t‘ ‘t

4. The vi11age~wll1 look tidy

5, Safe drinking water wi]i1 be available ‘t -

6. Others (speoify)... - - ‘ - ~- t,

)

-S- - -‘ -- ‘-- -‘ - -

t - t-

-- ‘~1---t-

‘tfr ‘-~ - - —A

6.26 Cominunitles priority of needu:

(flank order)

1. Irrigatlon -

2. Drinking water

3. Health Post

4, 1Loa~3. - -

5, Sanitatjon

6. High school - -

7. Toilet

8. I”uel wood—fodder

6.27 Appropriate development agent relateci with water

supply and sanitation: (flank order) - -- t

1. Govt, agenoles—local panchayat -

2. Non-government agencien -

3. Local conimunity

11. Organisatlon related. with women’s development

6.28 Jiesponslblllty to instail and manage publicwater tape: (

1. Government/district panchayat/local panchayatshould instali and nianage public water tape.

2. Governnient/d in tric t panchayat/local panchayatshould its malntenan~e and cleanlineus.

3. Non-government organisatlone chould Inetali andmanage public water tape. - - - --

4. Non-governînental organizatlons should instailpublic tape and local community ehould. manage

- - its maintenanoe and cleanlinees.’- ‘ -‘ ~ t ~ —

5, Local cornmunity shoulci inetali and manage public- - water tap~ - ‘‘ - - 1 “_-r’ ,--,--:~ t t -

6. Organisatlons related with womans devebopmentshould,”instail and manage public water tape.

D—2O

--—-‘ —- (

‘~- i.( )

- ~ 2. ( )

:3. (

t,-~ 5. ( )

-‘t ~ 6.( )

7. ( )

8. ( )

1. (

2. (

3. (

zit.

)

)

)

)

)

- - - - ~1-Y. -- t- =

- - - t’ - ‘,tt- - i-_- -t

-- ‘t_ -S - - -; -~ ,~__-

- - ‘ ,, t’,L~,t” - tLt~.-~ -- - --

- ‘ — ~ t

- -- - D—21— ‘ - - , - — - - ‘ ‘ - t _,_‘T -t’-

- ‘ ----~ --~- t- ~t - ‘ - - - -W-=” ‘ ~‘ - ‘-‘~ ‘t

6.29 Hesponsibility to inslall and mhn public’5 LolÎeLs’ ‘t r( t’ttl

- c -~ —-tc ~

1. Government/dis tr ict panchayat/local panchayat ‘t

chou],d instali a,nd maiiage public toilets. T- - - ‘~‘~~:: ~ --~r’-

- 2. Govörnnient/diutricts panohayat/local panchayat -, A” ‘~ - - -- - -~

fihou~d,instail public toilets and local -. t- -‘

-‘ - T: ‘ôonniû’njty ~hould manage its maintenanoeand - - - , - - - - -;- cleanlinese, - :- ~“t—~ “t -t--- ‘t --t—-

- - ‘ - t - --t---—--t-----r ~‘t—’t .-----~. ~ ~5 / ti” ~‘~3Y’t>-t1,2br~- - ~- - ‘ - - - - ,—- tt-~ - -- —- “t- —.~,---.-- — t~~’ t-~-t-’tt~’fl’t-t-t ‘,

- 3. Non-government organii;amentionu shoulci. t-iristi~ll,-~ :-‘t-*~,J’ ,‘ ,- aü4 wafll-~e public toilets. -‘ - -: - -‘~ - t-

t’ -~- - -; - ~ —-t~Y ~ ‘t ‘t -—t —~ - - -. 1---~i~’~ ‘t-t-r ‘~, ~ ‘t~Zt-,. _,Y~t’ttt

4. Non-governmental organisations should install ‘-~-t.- ,- public toilets and local community should ‘manage ~-t - - -

,- , - - its maintenartceançlcieaniincsa, - - ~, ~‘‘ - ik

- 5. Local communit.; shoüld install and manage ‘t ‘t- -

- - ‘ - public Loileté, ,~ - - -~ t-: - , --~ ‘t’- - ‘y - ~ ,.::t

6. Organisations re]ated with womans development - --

- should inst.all and manage public toilets. -

6.30 Respom-ibility of private water connections: - (‘ ) -

1. Government agencies uhould provide nccessarygrants. -

2. Government agencies should providc necess~ry

subsidy.

3. Household should take full rosponsibility

4. Others (upccify)

6.)]. Heuponelbility of making household toilet: ( )

1, Gbvernment agencies should provide necessarygrants and technical knowhow,.

2. Government agenoies chould provide nocessarysubsidy and technioal knowhow,

3. Non—government agenoies should provide necessarysubsidy and technical knowhow.

4. ilouseholci should take full responsibility

5. Others (specify) ... -

- _4_,4t;_ (ii

6.y3 Appropriate method of water and saniLation

e~tucated:

1. School education

2. bocumentary

3. liadio

4. Poster

5. Woinen motiv~r

6. Demonstration

No

( )

.1 t

D—22

1

S

-- --

know

6.32 Shoulci Ihe following persorisanibation relatod activibies:

participatc in water and

Y0t3

l.Housewife ( ) ( ) ( )

2. Fcma].e school Loacher ( ) ( ) ( )

3. tlnJe echool Le:whcr ( ) ( ) ( )

11. Heighbour (fcnialc) ( ) ( ) ( )

5. fleighbour (male)

6. Panchayat worker

(

(

)

)

(

(

)

)

(

(

)

)

7. All of the above ( ) ( ) ( )

1

7. Source of Water Supply and Utilization

7.1 ~uantity of daily water needs: (in gagri)...

7.2 Adequacy of water:

- - t

- t - ‘-t

-~ t -

D— 23

C’ie: 1. More than adequate

2. Adequate - -

3. Not adequate

7.3 %Jse of water:

Source of water

t!

74 Distance of water source - - —-t

‘t liiie... •.. Km..,..,.. hr,.......

-‘t -t—

- 3-

- t ‘~-~? ~-i’

-- _

- t

la--t

( - )

Ir

- i:-~

--t-

-~ ~“--t

t’

D-24

7.5 Total Linie to feich one gagri (unit) of water:

S.No. I~ctivity

1. Going

Ilour liinute

-

2. Waiting

3. Coming back

7.6 Water

1.

2.

3.

4.

collector:

Male

F’ erna le

Chi ld ren

All of the above

Total quantityt ~needa -

t~’t

( ) _~- -

-—

7.7 Time of water collection:

1. 1~arly morning

2. Af ternoon

3. Evening -

4. Morning—Evening

5. Otheru (specify)...

7.8 Heliability of source:

1. lieliable

2. Lees reliabie

3. Unreliable 1

‘-t‘l-t

t-’- ~ -~-~:~‘ -t’

‘t ‘ - “- -,--S-’~-- -maintenance of

t- - ~ ~—~5,--t-t/~t- ----t ~-,-. - --:‘‘ - - —--

—--t - — -‘-t’’----- - ‘t’ ‘ -‘t ,‘~ ~

- - ;‘ - -~ - -~ —

- - -‘ - t - t -~ - ‘t-- ‘t- --t

‘-t--’ ‘t--’--

t- - , - ‘ ,,

- t- ‘ -~‘ )

D—25

-- —~

( )

t —

7.9 Conveninance of souztce

1. Very 0011Viiilenl -

2. Lees convinient

3. Unoanvinient -

7.10 liaL.ure or 5oiiLribuL.i~on for

the waLer ~ource: .‘-

- 1. Voluntary hiboui

2• L)oni~t ton in casII—kizRI

3. Other (spocify) .. .

7.11 1~athing piace for women:

1. Cortyard backyard

2. Paiidhera

). Sircain—river

ti. Tap

5. Others (specify) .

‘‘t -

‘t

t-t-S-— ~ - -