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Submerged Oil Working Group
November 2, 2016
Clean Gulf Conference, New Orleans LA
Meeting Notes
Participants: Nancy Kinner, J.T. Ewing, Victoria Broje, Steve Buschang, Scott Lundgren, Chris Barker,
Lindsey Saum
Updates on research and status of projects:
1. Research Planning Inc (Jacqui Michel email update)
API Sunken Oil Detection, Containment, and Recovery documents have been published
and are available here (under Inland) at: http://www.oilspillprevention.org/oil‐spill‐
research‐and‐development‐cente. These documents (report and field guide) are posted
on the CRRC Submerged Oil working group webpage. http://crrc.unh.edu/research_swg
Also, the API report on Options for Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Inland Spill
Response is in final formatting and should be published soon. It includes a section on
Group V oils that submerge.
2. Ed Owens oil detection dogs. More here>> http://www.k9scat.com/
3. Shell (Victoria Broje)
A review by Royal Society of Canada of oil behavior that includes behavior of diluted
bitumen is now available online
http://www.rsc.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/OIW%20Report_1.pdf. CAPP and CEPA
provided funding. It was Phase 1 of the project.
Phase 2 of CAPP & CEPA project if to conduct new experimental study of oil behavior at
SL Ross facility. The external technical advisory team was formed, test protocols are
being discussed and work will begin in early 2017.
Study will include:
‐ Laboratory‐scale testing on selected conventional crude oils, shale oils, diluents, and
diluted bitumen products. Testing will measure oil composition and properties and how
those change with weathering, adhesion on a variety of surfaces, and the effects of
interactions with suspended particulates.
‐ Meso‐scale testing in test tank to measure the effects of weathering on water with the
selected oils at a larger scale. Testing will assess the effects of temperature, waves,
current, air flow, salinity, UV rays and suspended particulates and will verify bench scale
tests.
The overall objective is to inform responders on behavior of various oils (dilbit) under
various spill scenarios and environmental conditions.
o Question on wide variability of dilbits= range of products will be selected to
represent a range of possible products that are transported in Canada.
o Question on whether this information is available from MSDS = MSDS doesn’t
provide information needed for response and prediction of product behavior
especially in case of diluted bitumen. This study will generate additional
information.
o Texas has a chemist at Jefferson Energies who put together a response for each
of their blends. Will forward this information once completed.
o Environment Canada has developed something similar. Check with Bruce
Hollebone on dilbit properties for pipeline transport. Bruce and Environment
Canada is on the technical advisory committee for this project.
o Also note information on the Crude Oil Monitor. This information was used to
select oils for the study, but it doesn’t provide properties of weathered products
needed for behavior analysis.
4. NOAA ORR ERD – Chris Barker
No report
Please keep Paige Doelling in the loop on Jefferson Energy as she worked with TX GLO
on this spill
5. Texas GLO – Steve Buschang
Internal training presentation (see attached)
6. NOAA ORR ERD – Scott Lundgren
UNH students doing lab experiments with sorbent snare to determine pick up rates
NAS study (PHMSA‐funded)
BSEE wish lists from NOAA; still working on this for dilbit. Chris will get updates with
Environment Canada. Forming collaboration in order to share this flow of information
Report to Congress re: freshwater spill response (Great Lakes) not specific to heavy oils
7. CRRC – Nancy Kinner
Note the new Clean Waterways Conference in June 20177 in Louisville, KY
IOSC is having an inland track as well
UNH students lab experiments in circular flume
Installing/renovating a straight flume
Steve Lehmann suggested study: drag snare or pompoms for detection what does it
mean? Wet snare is different than dry snare; different snare holds oil differently; if
snare is coated, does it lose oil while dragging; freshwater vs. saltwater; only using No 6
oil from Sprague – need other types of oils for experiments.
8. JT Ewing mentioned a new sorbent company – Spilltration – that he saw here at Clean Gulf and
was impressed as it picks up diesel/fine sheen. It is a Halen Hardey company. The founder was
also the founder of the “New Pig Corporation” which now he sold and formed Spilltration
Products. It is sorbent material primarily designed to work in the rain and wet environments. It
is made with the same melt blown polypropylene fibers as standard sorbents but with a looser
weave which allows more water to pass through and absorbs the oil. I can see it used like a filter
on decanting jobs or spills near storm drains. Their web site is www.spilltration.com or you can
see some of their products demonstrated on u‐tube.
Next meeting to be held at IOSC.
4/11/2017
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Objectives:
TexasGeneralLandOffice
•Review
•AwarenessofModernCurrentAtypicalOilProducts
•FamiliarizationwithTransportation
•EmergingRisksAssociatedwithAtypicalOilProducts
•AwarenessofResponseOperationsOptions
•Discussion
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Vapor Pressure and Volatility
• VaporPressure Force exertedbythegasorvaporreleasedbya liquid orsolidsubstanceinaclosed container orspace.
• At orbelowthe vapor pressure, there is no net evaporation.
• Asubstancewithahighvaporpressureatnormaltemperaturesisoftenreferredtoas volatile.
•Asthe temperature ofa liquid orsolidincreasesits vaporpressurealso increases.
• ReidVaporPressure Itisdefinedastheabsolutevaporpressureexertedbyaliquidat100°F
• Volatility inthisinstancereferstopetroleum’sevaporationcharacteristics.TheNewYorkMercantileExchange(NYMEX)specificationsforcrudeoilfuturescontractsrestrictReidVaporPressure(RVP)tolessthan9.5psiat100ºF.Bakken crudeoilhasanRVPofatleast8.75Eagleford upto15PSI
• RVPgasolineMax9.0psisummerandbelow14.7PSIforwinterGasoline
FlammabilityandFlashPoint
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LowerexplosivelimitLowerexplosivelimit (LEL):Thelowestconcentration(percentage)ofagasoravaporinaircapableofproducingaflashoffireinpresenceofanignitionsource(arc,flame,heat).
UpperexplosivelimitUpperexplosivelimit (UEL):Highestconcentration(percentage)ofagasoravaporinaircapableofproducingaflashoffireinpresenceofanignitionsource(arc,flame,heat)
Flammable(Explosive)RangeThisistherangebetweenthelowestexplosivelimit(LEL)andtheupperexplosivelimit(UEL)
ExamplesBakken/EagleFord0.8‐8.0%Gasoline 1.4‐7.6%
FlashPointThisisthelowesttemperatureoftheliquidatwhichitgivesoffenoughvaportoformanignitablemixtureofvaporandairimmediatelyabovetheliquidsurface
Bakken/EagleFord<59°‐199°Gasoline‐ ‐45°
FlammabilityandFlashPoint
APIGravity istheoilindustrystandardusedtodetermineandclassifythedensityofoil
Specificgravity istheratioofthe density ofasubstancetothedensity(massofthesameunitvolume)ofareferencesubstance(FreshwaterWater1.0,Saltwater~1.03)
SpecificandAPIGravity
IfAPIgravityisgreaterthan10,itislighterandfloatsonwater;iflessthan10,itisheavierandsinks.Insaltwater6.5‐7
Oilwithaspecificgravitygreaterthan1oranAPIdegreeof<10API
Oilwithaspecificgravitylessthan1oranAPIdegreeof>10API
Freshwater(Specificgravity=1andAPI=10)
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Oilsandsandbitumen(Class C)haveaspecificgravityintherangeof7to9 °APIandviscosityabove10,000 cP
Crude Oil Toxicity (EPA) http://www2.epa.gov/emergency‐response/types‐
crude‐oil
Remember:“oil"isamixtureofmanydifferentchemicals
EPAClassA:Light,VolatileOils:Theseoilsarehighlyfluidandhighlytoxictohumansandincludejetfuelandgasoline.
EPAClassB:Non‐StickyOils:Theseoilsarewaxyandlesstoxictohumansandincludedieselfuelandlightcrudeoil.
EPAClassC:Heavy,StickyOils:Theseoilsarebrownorblackandstickyortarryandincludemostcrudeoils.Theirtoxicityislow,butifspilled,theirimpactsonwaterfowlandwildlifecanbesevere.
EPAClassD:Non‐FluidOils:Theseoilsarenon‐toxicandincludeheavycrudeoils.Theyaredifficulttocleanup,andifspilled,theirimpactsonwaterfowlandwildlifecanbesevere
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Crude Oil Toxicity Possibilities: Possiblecomponents:Benzene,Hydrogensulfide,Ethylbenzene,Toluene,Xylene,Naphthalene,others
BTEX isanacronymthatstandsforbenzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,andxylenes.Thesecompoundsaresomeofthevolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)foundinpetroleumderivativessuchaspetrol(gasoline).Toluene,ethylbenzene,andxylenes haveharmfuleffectsonthecentralnervoussystem
Hydrogensulfideisextremelytoxic.Amajorfactorinitstoxicityisitsabilitytofatiguethesenseofsmell.H2Slosesthetypicalrotteneggsodorwhentheconcentrationrises,andexposedworkersmaynotbeawareofincreasedgasconcentrations.Exposuretoconcentrationsabove600ppm canberapidlyfatal.
Alberta Tar Sands WhatareTarSands(Bitumen)?
Aheavyblackviscousoil Tarsandscannotbepumpedfromthegroundinitsnaturalstate;tarsanddepositsaremined,usuallyusingstripminingoropenpittechniques,ortheoilareextractedbyundergroundheatingwithadditionalupgrading.
http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/
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TexasGeneralLandOffice
OnMay7,2014,theSecretaryofTransportationissuedanEmergencyRestriction/ProhibitionOrdertoallrailroadcarriersthattransportinasingletrain1,000,000gallons(approximately35railcars)ormoreofUN1267,Petroleumcrudeoil,Class3,producedfromtheBakken shaleformationintheWillistonBasin(Bakken crudeoil).
TexasGeneralLandOffice
OnMay7,2014,theSecretaryofTransportationissuedanEmergencyRestriction/ProhibitionOrdertoallrailroadcarriersthattransportinasingletrain1,000,000gallons(approximately35railcars)ormoreofUN1267,Petroleumcrudeoil,Class3,producedfromtheBakken shaleformationintheWillistonBasin(Bakken crudeoil).
Around600millionbbls ofcrudeoilwastransferredbyrailin2014
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KeystoneXL
Pipeline
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Keystone1Pipeline
FlanaganSouthPipeline
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HoustonLateralPipeline
SeawayPipeline
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Bitumen, transported as Dil‐bit, Syn‐bit, Rail‐bit, Access Western Blend (AWB), Pipeline Sales Oil (PSO), Bow River (BR); Cold Lake Blend (CLB); Christina Lake Dil‐bit Blend
(CDB), Christina Lake Blend (CSB); Western Canadian Blend (WCB); Western Canadian Select (WCS); Wabasca Heavy
(WH)
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Toxicitytohumans,includingcarcinogenicity,reproductiveanddevelopmentaltoxicity,neurotoxicity,andacutetoxicity
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What’sitgoingtodo??
Diluents Possibly found in Tar Sands Oil
Alcohols Ethers Metals Methane Pentane Butanes OtherHydrocarbons PossiblyH2S
HealthSafetyAspectsmostAssociatedwiththeDiluents
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Enbridge Pipeline Kalamazoo River Spill July2010843,000gallonsofDilbit spilledintoTalmadge CreekandtheKalamazooRiverimpactingabout35milesoftheriver
Dilbit specificgravityof.75upto.92/93Betweentwodaysandtwoweekstheoilbegantosink.
Why???
Enbridge Pipeline Kalamazoo River Spill July2010843,000gallonsofDilbit intoTalmadge CreekandtheKalamazooRiverimpactingabout35milesoftheriver
Dilbit specificgravityof.75‐.92/.93Betweentwodaysandtwoweekstheoilbegantosink.
Why???Lossoflightendsandsedimentation
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TexasGeneralLandOffice
Representativedilutedbitumenproducts,AccessWesternBlend(AWB)Gravityimplications
RatesofevaporationforAWBwasfoundinonestudyoccurredatamasslossof15.9%ofitsmass,within6hoursat15°C.Within24hours,therelativemasslosseswere18.4%,
Properties,CompositionandMarineSpillBehaviour,FateandTransportofTwoDilutedBitumenProductsfromtheCanadianOilSandsEnvironmentCanadaEmergenciesScienceandTechnology,EnvironmentalCanada
Shale Oils
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TexasGeneralLandOffice
TexasGeneralLandOffice
In2014atotalof185,036,779.91barrelsofshalecrudeexportedfromtheCorpusChristiarea.
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Shale Oils, AKA Tight oil, AKA LTO (Light Tight Oil), or Condensates is petroleum that consists of light crude oil contained in
petroleum‐bearing formations of low permeability, often shale or tight sandstone.
Represented as:High concentration of light end petroleum hydrocarbons(C‐1‐C5, methane, ethane, propane and butanes)
Resultsin:•Increasedvaporpressure•Increaseinvolatility•Loweringoftheflashpoint•Loweringoftheboilingpoint
Also,thelighterendsMAYhavehigherH2S
Flammability of Shale oilsNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPE)=3‐4ie:sensitivetostaticdischarge
ExplosiveLimitsvariableLEL0.4to15.0UEL
Flashpoint‐40° to212°For‐74°‐122° AFPM
USCGStriketeampresentation,2015
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Thickshaledepositsdonotallowformigrationofgasses.ScottTinker,BEG
TexasGeneralLandOffice
Eagleford CrudeOilSamples
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TexasGeneralLandOffice
Lac‐Magantic,Quebec.63Railcars,Confirmed47deaths
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Reids VaporPressure(RVP)EagleFord[hasaRVPof]14‐15,RVPgasolineMax9.0psisummerandbelow14.7PSIforwinterGasoline
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TexasGeneralLandOffice
StabilizedandUn‐stabilizedsamples
40
LouisianaSweet
WestTexasLight
MostCrudesareGroup3Oils•Moderatelyvolatile•Moderatetohighviscosity•SpecificGravity0.82– 0.85•Variabletoxicityinwatercolumn•Maycoatorsmotherorganisms•Non‐homogenousmixture
Scenario: 1,000 bbl spill in open waterWind 15 knots, Water temp 75⁰ FFate across 5 day period
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Group1&2RefinedProducts•Highlyvolatile•Lowviscosity•SpecificGravity<0.8– 0.85•Highlytoxicinwatercolumn•Donotcoatorsmotherorganisms•Homogenousmixture
Scenario: 1,000 bbl spill in open waterWind 15 knots, Water temp 75⁰ FFate across 5 day period
Gasoline
Diesel
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VeryLightCrudes(Fracked Shale):CombinedcharacteristicsofGroup1,2&3•Highlyvolatile•Lowviscosity•SpecificGravityBK0.82*EF0.77*•Likelytoxicinwatercolumn•Unlikelytocoatorsmotherorganisms
Scenario: 1,000 bbl spill in open waterWind 15 knots, Water temp 75⁰ FFate across 5 day period
BakkenCrude
EagleFordCrude
*CrudeOilAnalysis,LSU2014 NOAA,UnconventionalOils:AResponder’sPerspective.ppt
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DilutedBitumenproductsinitiallybehavemuchlikeGroup4•Slightlyvolatile•Highlyviscous•SpecificGravity0.85– 0.95•Lowtoxicityinwatercolumn•Willcoatorsmotherorganisms•Homogenousmixture
Scenario: 1,000 bbl spill in open waterWind 15 knots, Water temp 75⁰ FFate across 5 day period
ColdLakeBlend(Dilbit)
VenezuelanCrude
NOAA,UnconventionalOils:AResponder’sPerspective.ppt
TexasGeneralLandOffice
NRTSpillConsiderations/RecommendationsAirMonitoringforFire:
O2COExplosiveLimits‐ LEL‐UELH2SBenzeneVOCsSOXandNOXParticulates
•Recommendationfor4or5gasmonitoringsystems•Photoionizationdetectors(PID)/Flameionizationdetectors(FID)forVOCs•Chem.Specificmonitors
NOAA;Bakken CrudeOilSpillBargeE2MS303ppt
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Anticipated Effects Very Light Crude OilsThe Incident Commander must determine the response:
Shorelineoiling:Anticipatedtobelight,appearsresponsivetohighvolume,lowtemperaturewash
Wildlifeoiling:Duetolowviscosity,unlikelytosmotherorcoat.Maybesubjecttoingestionduringpreening
Watercolumntoxicity:Potentiallyhigh,duetoconcentrationsofaromaticcompounds.
Vegetationtoxicity:Potentiallyhigh,duetoconcentrationsofaromaticcompounds.
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•Offensivetactics(Safetynumberonepriority)•Defensivetactics(Wellaheadofapproachingspill)•Nonintervention
Response StrategiesVery Light Crude Oils
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Cautions:Highlyvolatility,highexplosivepotential.Airmonitoringrequired,controlpotentialignitionsources
Methods: Boomit?:Withcaution,avoidconfinedspaces Skimit?:Maybe,somerecoverableoilmayremainonwater
Burnit?:Notrecommended,couldeasilygetoutofcontrol
Disperseit?:Noneed,naturallyhighlydispersible
NOAA,UnconventionalOils:AResponder’sPerspective.ppt
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Anticipated Effects Diluted Bitumen Products The Incident Commander must determine the response:
Shorelineoiling:Anticipatedtobeheavy.Oilisadhesive,andmayrequireaggressivetechniquesforremovalsuchashightemperature,highpressurewashorsurfacecleaningagents.
Wildlifeoiling:Maybeextensiveduetosmotheringandcoatingeffects.
Watercolumntoxicity:Likelylowtomoderate.Minimaldispersionofblendedproductinavailabledate,butpotentiallyhighconcentrationofBTEXcompoundsindiluent.
Vegetationtoxicity:Variable.Notacutelytoxicbutlikelytocauseheavycoating.
47
NOAA,UnconventionalOils:AResponder’sPerspective.ppt
Response StrategiesDiluted Bitumen Products
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Cautions:Incontainedspaces,highlyvolatilecomponentsmaygenerateexplosivepotential,justlikeothercrudes.However,currentdatadoesnotsuggestvolatilizationofdiluent componentsatafasterratebecauseoftheartificialmixing.
Methods Boomit?:Yes Skimit?:Yes Burnit?:Mayworkwhenfresh,efficacylimitedafterweathering.
Disperseit?:Lowdispersability evenwhenfresh
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Take Home and Caveats
SDSSheetsmaynotdepicttruenatureofproductbeingcarried.
Littlerealworldexperienceexistswithspillsofthesetypesofoils
Experimentaldataonbehaviorsoftheseoilisminimal Wearelearningaswego!
49
References CrudeOilAnalysisfromSPLHoustonLaboratories,CertificateofAnalysis#1030‐14040719‐001A,May5,2014,providedtoScottMiles,LouisianaStateUniversity
EPAOSCwebsite:www.epaosc.org/bridgerpipeline EPAwebsite:http://www.epa.gov/enbridgesp GulfStrikeTeambulletin:ResponderAwareness– NorthAmericanCrudeOilShipments
Tightoil.(2015,January22).InWikipedia,TheFreeEncyclopedia.Retrieved16:41,February3,2015
NOAAADIOS2Model,updated1/28/15 NOAANOAA;Bakken CrudeOilSpillBargeE2MS303.ppt 2‐2014 NOAA,UnconventionalOils:AResponder’sPerspective,.ppt 2‐2‐15 WittO’Brien’s,PolarisAppliedSciences,andWesternCanadaMarineResponseCorporation(2013)AStudyofFateandBehaviorofDilutedBitumenOilsonMarineWaters:Dilbit Experiments– Gainford,Alberta
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Discussion