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Application of a Novel SilverStabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity Nancy Martin 1 , Paul Bass 2 and Steven N. Liss 2,3* 1 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, 2 School of Environmental Studies, and 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario Canada K7L 3N6

Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

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Page 1: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Application of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable 

Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity

Nancy Martin1, Paul Bass2 and Steven N. Liss2,3*1Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, 2School of 

Environmental Studies, and 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario Canada K7L 3N6

Page 2: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Acknowledgements

Queen’s University, Kingston, CanadaDr. Nancy Martin, Paul Bass, Jerry Liu, and Dr. Mahendran BasuvarajRyerson, Toronto, CanadaDr. Martini KroukampUniversity of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South AfricaDr. Gideon Wolfaardt

Engage Grant

FedDev Applied Research & Commercialization Program

Financial Support and Supply of Materials

Page 3: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

“Cost of Doing Nothing”

• Kathy Caldwell, President of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Science 334, 21 October 2011 p 289

• 2009 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure –Grade of “D”

• 26.5 billion litres of clean drinking water lost per day

Page 4: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Fundamentals• Three types of change processes in a socio‐technical system 

(Geels and Kemp (2007) Technology in Society 29, 441‐455)

– Reproduction (e.g. new pipe materials)– Transformation (e.g. climate change adaptation; microbiological issues, emerging health issues and contaminants)

– Transition (major shift; drawing water from a well to distribution systems)

• Rygaard , M.,  et al. Designing water supplies: Optimizing drinking water composition for maximum economic benefit, Water Research (2011), 45, 3712‐3722

Page 5: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Disinfection Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide & Silver 

• Tote, K. , et al. 2009. Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide‐based disinfectants in a new resazurin microplatemethod for rapid efficacy testing of biocides. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107: 606–615

• Batterman, S. A., et al. 2001. Evaluation of the Efficacy of a New Secondary Disinfectant Formulation Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Silver and the Formulation of Disinfection By‐Products Resulting From Interactions with Conventional Disinfectants, Final Report, EPA  Project 825362 (University of Michigan & Hebrew University)

• Armon R, et al. 2000. Controlling biofilm formation by hydrogen peroxide and silver combined disinfectant. Water Science & Technology 42(1‐2):187‐192. 

• Pedahzur R, et al. 2000.The efficacy of long‐lasting residual drinking water disinfectants based on hydrogen peroxide and silver. Water Science & Technology 42(1‐2):293‐298. 

Page 6: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Key Findings• Ability to reduce chlorination 

disinfection by‐products• Met water quality requirements • Suppressed microbial activity 

within water distribution lines• Stability under heating 

conditions similar to those found within domestic hot water heaters.

A pilot‐scale study conducted in the town of Killaloe, Ontario to evaluate the performance of the AVIVE™ Water Treatment Solution, using Huwa‐San Peroxide (HSP) as an alternative to chlorine‐based disinfection methods.

Page 7: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Objectives

• Compare the efficacy of HuwaSan, lab grade hydrogen peroxide (HP) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for suspended cultures of indicator bacteria.

• Establish contact times (CT) that achieved effective control to determine HSP’s potential utility in disinfection.

• Distinguish the effect of silver and peroxide in HSP on metabolic activity of a  P.aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm.

Page 8: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

TSB – Tryptic soy broth; LB‐ Luria Bertani; SYN – synthetic wastewater media;  HP– hydrogen peroxide; NaOCl – sodium hypochlorite

Antibacterial Activity

Page 9: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Contact Time and Proposed Mechanism of Action

1 HP – hydrogen peroxide; 2 NaOCl – sodium hypochlorite; ND – not determined;  presence (+) or absence  (‐) of  catalase.  

Page 10: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Contact Time and the Effect of Cations

Page 11: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

As the biofilm grows within CO2permeable tubing, CO2 is released as a metabolic byproduct. A secondary, non‐CO2 permeable tubing traps the CO2 in the “annular space” until the sweeper gas (CO2 free air) delivers the CO2 to the CO2 analyzers for measurement.

CO2 Evolution Measurement System

Page 12: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

0

5

10

15

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

CO2 ( u

M / Hou

r)

Time (Hours)

70 ppm

CO2 increase with no subsequent decrease CO2 increase followed by decrease

02468

101214

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00

Time (Hours)

140 ppm

CO2 decrease only 

02468101214

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time (Hours)

500 ppm

Typical Metabolic Response Curves to HuwaSan

Page 13: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Inhibition by Silver and Peroxide

The average % reduction in a Pseudomonas PAO1 biofilm’s CO2production rates when exposed to 0 ‐500 ppm HSP and solutions of HSP‐silver and silver nitrate at corresponding silver concentrations of 0 ‐ 375 ppb.  After a steady respiration rate was achieved (20 hours) the films were exposed to the HSP or silver solutions for 2 hours.

Page 14: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Effluent Counts and Live:Dead Ratio

Page 15: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Key Findings •At pH 7, HSP and hypochlorite were equally effective; HSP was superior at pH 8.5.

•Overall HSP was found to be more effective than HP owing to stabilization and the residual effect associated with silver peroxide. 

•Once HSP is associated with the bacterial cell surface it is less susceptible to inactivation by catalase.

•Electrostatic interactions between HSP and the bacterial cell increases the efficiency of killing over that seen with HP.  Interactions between HSP and the cell surface are inhibited in the presence of cations. Silver serves as a mechanism of action for HSP, but is not the primary disinfectant.

•Silver alone, at concentrations equivalent to that found in HSP (0 – 375 ppb) has a negligible affect on the metabolic activity of a biofilm; the activity of peroxide in HSP is the primary mechanism leading to cell inactivation and death. 

Page 16: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced

Future Work

• Microbial ecology of water distribution systems

• Continued work on mechanism(s) of action

• Application specific validation studies 

Page 17: Novel Silver Stabilized Hydrogen in Secondary … of a Novel Silver‐Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide in Secondary Disinfection of Potable Water and Proposed Mechanism for and Enhanced