NOUNS ARE NOUNS ARE AWESOME!AWESOME!

What this slide show contains is full models for What this slide show contains is full models for every type of noun you have had thus far, plus every type of noun you have had thus far, plus notes for each of them and explanations. notes for each of them and explanations.

Now, if you have not memorized your noun models, Now, if you have not memorized your noun models, you must do it immediately. Every subsequent you must do it immediately. Every subsequent thing you learn is dependent upon these noun thing you learn is dependent upon these noun models.models.

If you do not have them memorized, you will not be If you do not have them memorized, you will not be able to do exercises, translation passages, and able to do exercises, translation passages, and other items.other items.

All of the chapters assume that you have these All of the chapters assume that you have these memorized as do the exercises.memorized as do the exercises.

In order to work as efficiently as possible, you must In order to work as efficiently as possible, you must have these in your brains. have these in your brains.

FIRST DECLENSION NOUNSFIRST DECLENSION NOUNS*mostly feminine*mostly feminine

*listed in vocab like *listed in vocab like puella, puellaepuella, puellae

SingularSingular PluralPlural

Nominative Nominative puellapuella puellaepuellae

Genitive Genitive puellaepuellae puellarumpuellarum

DativeDative puellaepuellae puellispuellis

AccusativeAccusative puellampuellam puellaspuellas

AblativeAblativepuellapuella puellispuellis

VocativeVocative puellapuella puellaepuellae

*if you can decline puella, you can decline ANY first *if you can decline puella, you can decline ANY first declension noun that exists. declension noun that exists.

*Remember, to find your stem, take the genitive *Remember, to find your stem, take the genitive singular and drop the-ae ending. singular and drop the-ae ending.

SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE NOUNS IN –USNOUNS IN –US

• These second declension nouns that end in –us These second declension nouns that end in –us are masculine nouns.are masculine nouns.

• They are listed in the vocab as They are listed in the vocab as amicus, amiciamicus, amici

SingularSingular PluralPlural

Nominative Nominative amicusamicus amiciamici

Genitive Genitive amiciamici amicorumamicorum

DativeDative amicoamico amicisamicis

AccusativeAccusative amicumamicum amicosamicos

AblativeAblativeamicoamico amicisamicis

VocativeVocative amiceamice amiciamici* * If you can decline amicus, you can decline any noun that If you can decline amicus, you can decline any noun that

looks like it. looks like it.

* To find the stem, go to the genitive singular and drop the -i* To find the stem, go to the genitive singular and drop the -i

SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE NOUNS IN –ERNOUNS IN –ER

*These are also masculine, but there are fewer of them*These are also masculine, but there are fewer of them*they have the same endings as amicus does, but the *they have the same endings as amicus does, but the

nominative singular ends in –ernominative singular ends in –er*they are listed in the vocab like *they are listed in the vocab like ager, agriager, agri

SingularSingular PluralPluralNominative Nominative agerager agriagriGenitive Genitive agriagri agrorumagrorumDativeDative agroagro agrisagrisAccusativeAccusative agrumagrum agrosagrosAblativeAblativeagroagro agrisagrisVocativeVocative agerager agriagri• If you can decline ager, you can decline any noun like it.If you can decline ager, you can decline any noun like it.• To find the stem go to the genitive singular and drop the –i. To find the stem go to the genitive singular and drop the –i.

SECOND DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNSSECOND DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNS• These follow the neuter rule: nominative and These follow the neuter rule: nominative and

accusative are the same, and the nominative and accusative are the same, and the nominative and accusative plural end in –aaccusative plural end in –a

• Aside from the neuter rule, they have the same Aside from the neuter rule, they have the same endings as masculine 2endings as masculine 2ndnd declension nouns. declension nouns.

• Listed in the vocab as periculum, periculi Listed in the vocab as periculum, periculi SingularSingular PluralPlural

Nominative Nominative periculumpericulum periculapericulaGenitive Genitive periculipericuli periculorumpericulorumDativeDative periculopericulo periculispericulisAccusativeAccusative periculumpericulum periculapericulaAblativeAblative periculopericulo periculispericulisVocativeVocative periculumpericulum periculapericula

*If you can decline periculum, you can decline any *If you can decline periculum, you can decline any noun like it.noun like it.

*to find the stem, go to the genitive singular and *to find the stem, go to the genitive singular and drop the –i.drop the –i.

THIRD DECLENSION REMINDERS:THIRD DECLENSION REMINDERS:• There are masculine, feminine and There are masculine, feminine and

neuter nouns in third declensionneuter nouns in third declension• Masculine and feminine third Masculine and feminine third

declension nouns have the same declension nouns have the same endingsendings

• Neuter third declension nouns have Neuter third declension nouns have the same endings as masculine and the same endings as masculine and feminine nouns, but they follow the feminine nouns, but they follow the neuter rule.neuter rule.

• The ONLY way to tell if a noun is third The ONLY way to tell if a noun is third declension is if you look at its declension is if you look at its genitive singular and it ends in –is.genitive singular and it ends in –is.

THIRD DECLENSION MASCULINE AND THIRD DECLENSION MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNSFEMININE NOUNS

*Remember, to find the STEM, you have to know the genitive *Remember, to find the STEM, you have to know the genitive singular. Go to it and drop the –is. The nominative singular WILL singular. Go to it and drop the –is. The nominative singular WILL NOT HELP YOU AT ALL. NOT HELP YOU AT ALL.

*rex, regis is masculine, but any feminine noun will have the same *rex, regis is masculine, but any feminine noun will have the same endings.endings.

SingularSingular PluralPlural

Nominative Nominative rexrex regesreges

Genitive Genitive regisregis regumregum

DativeDative regiregi regibusregibus

AccusativeAccusative regemregem regesreges

AblativeAblativeregerege regibusregibus

VocativeVocative rex*rex* reges*reges*

*the vocative is the same as the nominative. -x is not an *the vocative is the same as the nominative. -x is not an ending for anything except nouns where the nominative ending for anything except nouns where the nominative singular ends in –x.singular ends in –x.

THIRD DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNSTHIRD DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNS• These follow the neuter rule, but like all third These follow the neuter rule, but like all third

declension nouns, you have to use the genitive singular declension nouns, you have to use the genitive singular to find the stem.to find the stem.

SingularSingular PluralPlural

Nominative Nominative tempustempus temporatempora

Genitive Genitive temporistemporis temporumtemporum

DativeDative temporitempori temporibustemporibus

AccusativeAccusative tempustempus temporatempora

AblativeAblativetemporetempore temporibustemporibus

VocativeVocative tempustempus temporatempora

* Notice how the endings are the same as rex, regis * Notice how the endings are the same as rex, regis except for the forms that are affected by the neuter except for the forms that are affected by the neuter rule. rule.

NOTES ABOUT I-STEMSNOTES ABOUT I-STEMS**I-stem nouns ONLY occur in third declension and they appear in all I-stem nouns ONLY occur in third declension and they appear in all

three genders.three genders.

*There are three rules to know in order to determine whether a noun *There are three rules to know in order to determine whether a noun is an i-stem or not.is an i-stem or not.

1. Parasyllabics—all this means is that the number 1. Parasyllabics—all this means is that the number of syllables in the nominative and genitive singular are the same. of syllables in the nominative and genitive singular are the same. For example, how many syllables are in For example, how many syllables are in rexrex? One, right? And in ? One, right? And in regisregis? Two. The two forms ? Two. The two forms rexrex and and regisregis, do NOT have the same , do NOT have the same number of syllables, and therefore this noun is NOT an i-stem. number of syllables, and therefore this noun is NOT an i-stem. What about What about hostis, hostishostis, hostis? What about ? What about civitas, civitatiscivitas, civitatis? What ? What about about mare, marismare, maris? You just count the syllables. ? You just count the syllables.

2. Neuter nouns which have a nominative singular 2. Neuter nouns which have a nominative singular in –e, -al, or –ar. There are not many of these. In fact, in –e, -al, or –ar. There are not many of these. In fact, mare, maris mare, maris is probably the most common, or is probably the most common, or animal, animalis. animal, animalis.

3. Stem in two consonants—these nouns, when you 3. Stem in two consonants—these nouns, when you drop the –is of the genitive singular, have two consonants drop the –is of the genitive singular, have two consonants remaining. So, for example, if you take remaining. So, for example, if you take ars, artis ars, artis and you drop and you drop the –is, you are left with art- and r, and t, are consonants. Also, the –is, you are left with art- and r, and t, are consonants. Also, for pons, pontis, you have pont- after you drop the –is and n and t for pons, pontis, you have pont- after you drop the –is and n and t are consonants. are consonants.

WHAT DO I-STEMS DO?WHAT DO I-STEMS DO?• well, really, they are just third declension nouns and well, really, they are just third declension nouns and

share third declension endings.share third declension endings.• Neuter i-stems still follow the neuter rule.Neuter i-stems still follow the neuter rule.• I-stems, however do a couple of weird thingsI-stems, however do a couple of weird things• If the i-stem is masculine or feminine, the genitive If the i-stem is masculine or feminine, the genitive

plural ending is –plural ending is –iium. Look above at the genitive pl. um. Look above at the genitive pl. endings for rex and for tempus. See how they are just –endings for rex and for tempus. See how they are just –um? I-stem genitive plurals end in –ium, regardless of um? I-stem genitive plurals end in –ium, regardless of gender. gender.

• If the i-stem is neuter, the –i- appears in a few more If the i-stem is neuter, the –i- appears in a few more places. The ablative singular ends in –i and the places. The ablative singular ends in –i and the nominative plural and accusative plural end in –ia nominative plural and accusative plural end in –ia instead of just –a. Of course, the genitive plural is still –instead of just –a. Of course, the genitive plural is still –ium.ium.

• Look below at the two i-stems I have declined for you. Look below at the two i-stems I have declined for you. Then compare them to rex and tempus and see where Then compare them to rex and tempus and see where the –i- appears. I have put it in a different color in the the –i- appears. I have put it in a different color in the following slides.following slides.

MASCULINE AND FEMININE I-STEMSMASCULINE AND FEMININE I-STEMS• The noun below is feminine, but a The noun below is feminine, but a

masculine i-stem would work the same masculine i-stem would work the same way.way.

• SingularSingular PluralPlural

Nominative Nominative arsars artesartes

Genitive Genitive artisartis artartiiumum

DativeDative artiarti artibusartibus

AccusativeAccusative artemartem artesartes

AblativeAblativeartearte artibusartibus

VocativeVocative arsars artesartes

• Notice that the ONLY difference between Notice that the ONLY difference between this noun and rex is the –i- in yellow this noun and rex is the –i- in yellow above. That’s it.above. That’s it.

NEUTER I-STEM NOUNSNEUTER I-STEM NOUNS• These nouns have the –i- in more places. These nouns have the –i- in more places. • Compare this one below to tempus.Compare this one below to tempus.

• SingularSingular PluralPlural

Nominative Nominative maremare marmariiaa

Genitive Genitive marismaris marmariiumum

DativeDative marimari maribusmaribus

AccusativeAccusative maremare marmariiaa

AblativeAblativemarmarii/e/e ** maribusmaribus

VocativeVocative maremare mariamaria• Some people use mari for the ablative singular, some Some people use mari for the ablative singular, some

use mare. use mare. • The only difference between the endings of this noun The only difference between the endings of this noun

and a non i-stem third declension are in yellow above. and a non i-stem third declension are in yellow above.