Noun= Person, Place or Thing. Who or what a clause, phrase or sentence is about. Do: Find five nouns...
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Noun= Person, Place or Thing. Who or what a clause, phrase or sentence is about. Do: Find five nouns in the room and write them down. 1. 2. Proper Nouns:
Noun= Person, Place or Thing. Who or what a clause, phrase or
sentence is about. Do: Find five nouns in the room and write them
down. 1. 2. Proper Nouns: a specific person place or object. They
begin with a capital letter. Write down three.
Slide 4
Kinds of Nouns: Proper nouns name particular people, places, or
things that are special enough to be always capitalized. Example:
New Jersey, Sony, Atlantic Ocean, Walnut Street Collective Nouns: a
noun that refers to a group that may be considered either as
individuals or one large entity. Example: class, navy, fleet,
band
Slide 5
Compound Nouns There are three forms of compound nouns: 1. A
single word compound in which words are melded together like:
firefly, childlike, redhead, notebook. 2. The hyphenated compound
noun: daughter-in-law or six-year-old. 3. The separate word
compound noun: post office, real estate, middle class, half
sister
Slide 6
Pronoun Pronoun =Take the position and function of nouns, kind
of like a stunt double! They keep nouns from getting
repetitive-they do a lot of work! Examples = I, you, me, he, she,
it, they, we, him, her, us, them. Find the pronoun: Shelby likes
talking to Dave. She hopes he will call her in the morning.
Slide 7
Verb A verb =What a subject is doing; what is being done to it;
a state of being. Write down five things people are doing right now
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Identify the verb in the sentences. 1.Erin baked a
pie yesterday. 2. Please set the table for out delicious
dinner.
Slide 8
Helping Verbs Helping/Auxiliary verbs= words used to help main
verbs- there are 23 in the English language. Most common: Be, is,
are, have, do, am, will, was, shall, might, can, cant, must, ought
to, should, would, used to, need, have been, etc. Identify the
helping verb: 1. Frank can go to the movies. 2. Jamie must have had
enough money for the ticket.
Slide 9
Adjectives Adjective= an adjectives job is to modify(change) a
noun or pronoun. They will always be near the noun or pronoun they
are describing. Well chosen adjectives are added to increase
interest in writing. List five adjectives here: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Identify the adjective(s) in the sentence: My lunch was good, hers
was better, and yours was the best.
Slide 10
Adverbs Adverbs=words that modify(change) verbs, adjectives or
other adverbs. Adverbs answer: how(quickly), when(now, then),
where(here, there, down), in what way, how much(totally), how
often(rarely), under what condition Interrogative adverbs=begins a
sentence with why, where, how, when. Easiest adverbs to identify
end in ly. A few examples: today, soon, home, out, hardly, always,
never, again
Slide 11
Conjunctions Conjunction=a word that connects words or groups
of words to each other. To connect words and phrases together, use
the conjunction and. Examples: Lisa and Miguel are coming with us.
She went to the store and bought some new shoes. When a sentence
has two things that are in conflict or that are opposites, use the
conjunction but. Examples: We have a lot in common, but we do not
like the same kind of music. When one thing is a result of another,
use the conjunction so.
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Example: Uncle Kevin is coming to visit, so I have to go home
early. When there is a choice between two or more options, use the
conjunction or: Example: We can go to the movies or to the mall.
And, But, Or and So
Slide 13
Prepositions (prep) A preposition is a word which shows
relationships among other words in the sentence. The relationships
include direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount. In the
sentence She went to the store, to is a preposition which shows
direction. In the sentence He came by bus, by is a preposition
which shows manner(or how).
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Prepositions In the sentence They will be here at three
o'clock, at is a preposition which shows time. In the sentence It
is under the table, under is a preposition which shows place. A
preposition is almost always before a noun or pronoun. A
preposition and the object of the preposition together is called a
prepositional phrase. At home: At=Preposition, home=object
(noun)
Slide 15
Most Common: At, for, in, by, on, out, to, under, with, within,
without.
Slide 16
Interjections!!! An interjection is a word that expresses
emotion. An interjection can be left out of a sentence without
changing the meaning of the sentence. Commonly used interjections
include aha, ouch, wow, oh, yikes, hurray, oops, well, and yippee.
Interjections that express strong emotion are followed by an
exclamation point. EXAMPLES Yikes! You scared me! What a great
ending! Wow!
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Interjections Interjections that express mild emotion are
separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. EXAMPLES :
Well, I guess we will have to start again. That tree is, oh, about
three hundred years old. (Notice that an interjection in the middle
of a sentence is set off by two commas.)
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What is wrong with these sentences? 1. Standing on the bridge.
2. The bird worked hard. 3. Jumping through the hoop.
Slide 19
Sentences and Sentence Fragments A Sentence fragment is a group
of words that looks like a sentence but that does not contain both
a subject and a verb does not express a complete thought.
Slide 20
Subjects and Predicates Sentences consist of two basic parts:
subjects and predicates. The subject tells whom or what the
sentence is about. Example: Across America, Davy Crockett is a
popular legendary hero The predicate of a sentence tells something
about the subject. Example: The class read several tales about his
adventures.
Slide 21
Simple and Complete Subjects The simple subject is the main
work or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about
The complete subject consists of all the words that tell whom or
what a sentence is about. Simple subject: This book on biographies
will provide information for my report. Compound Subject: This book
on biographies will provide information for my report.
Slide 22
Simple and Complete Predicates The simple predicate, or verb,
is the main word or word group that tells something about the
subject. Example: Sara goes to the mall every weekend. The complete
predicate consists of a verb and all the words that modify the verb
and complete its meaning. Example: Sara goes to the movies every
weekend.
Slide 23
Verb Phrases Some simple predicates, or verbs, consist of more
than one word. (verbs include one or more helping verbs) Examples:
I will be studying for the next two hours. Have you looked out the
window today? What does the computer error mean?
Slide 24
Compound Subjects A compound subject consists of two or more
subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the same
verb. Example: Numerous trees and bushes respond to seasonal
weather changes. Pictures of my family and friends cover my bedroom
wall.
Slide 25
Pronouns and Antecedents A pronoun is a word used in place of
one or more nouns or pronouns. (a stunt double) The word that a
pronoun stands for, or refers to, is called its antecedent.
Example: John said he would wash his car this afternoon. I told
myself not to worry.
Slide 26
Pronoun and Antecedents Singular antecedents such as man,
person, customer, employee, everybody, one, anyone, and each are
referred to by a singular pronoun. Example: 1. Each of these ideas
has its merits. 2. Any student who wants to change a course must
first consult his or her advisor. 3. Everyone with an expense
account must present receipts for all of his or her expenses. Two
or more antecedents joined by and are referred to by a plural
pronoun. Example: Mr. Jones and his assistant are examining their
options.
Slide 27
Clauses A clause is a word group that contains a verb and its
subject and that is used as a sentence or as a part of a sentence.
A clause that expresses a complete thought is called and
independent clause. Example: I write when I am angry or confused. A
clause that does not make sense by itself is called a subordinate
clause. Example: I write when I am angry or confused.
Slide 28
Direct Objects A direct object follows an action verb and
answers the question Whom? or What? It is always a noun or a
pronoun. Not all action verbs require direct objects. Joe likes
apples and corn. The direct objects apples and corn answer Joe
likes what? The boy in the red coat bought a new kite. Kite answers
The boy bought what? Henry waited on the corner. There is no direct
object following the action verb waited.
Slide 29
Indirect Objects An indirect object comes between the action
verb and the direct object and answers the question To whom? or For
whom? It is always a noun or pronoun and never appears by itself
without a direct object. Joe gave me an apple. The indirect object
me answers Joe gave an apple to whom? Me comes between the action
verb gave and the direct object apple. (There is no indirect object
in these sentences: Joe gave to me an apple, or Joe gave an apple
to me.)
Slide 30
Hyphens - Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line.
Example: When the school year ends each sum-mer, I am always ready
for a vacation. Use a hyphen with compound numbers from twenty-one
to ninety-nine. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex-, self-, all-
(all-star) and suffixes elect, -free (sugar-free)
Slide 31
Comma Definition: A punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the
separation of elements within a sentence. Rule #1- After yes or no
in a sentence. Yes, I love the rain. No, I hate German
Shepherds!
Slide 32
Commas Rule #2 Use a comma to separate the day or month from
the year. Example: January 10th, 2006. Rule #3 Use a Comma to
separate things in a series or actions. Example: I need to buy
bread, milk, and butter at the store.
Slide 33
Lets Try This The cute soft frisky ferret will bite your
fingers if you try to pick him up. The cute soft frisky ferret will
bite your fingers if you try to pick him up.
Slide 34
The hot spicy appetizing bowl of squid eyeball stew steamed on
the clean shiny kitchen counter.,,,
Slide 35
Commas Rule #4 Use commas before and after a quotation in a
sentence. Example: Then my doctor said, Eating poodles is bad for
your health! Then my doctor said, Eating poodles is bad for your
health!
Slide 36
Comma before or after a direct address.(someones name) Rule #5
A comma is placed before or after a specific name to describe who
us receiving the information. Example: Sweetheart, have you seen my
socks? Marvin Marvin Mr. Trump Mr. Trump Dad Dad Sweetheart
Sweetheart
Slide 37
Burp Compare this sentence I have already eaten Marvin. I have
already eaten Marvin. B u r p !B u r p ! B u r p !
Slide 38
to this sentence. No thank you! I have already eaten, Marvin.
No thank you! I have already eaten, Marvin.
Slide 39
Commas for the Appositive Rule #5 Use commas to separate
information about the subject of a sentence. The information is not
always necessary for the sentence. This is an appositive noun
phrase. The poodle, a yapping fur ball, was not as tasty as the
human foot I enjoyed last week. The poodle, a yapping fur ball, was
not as tasty as the human foot I enjoyed last week.
Slide 40
Patrick always carries an English handbook with him, even to
basketball games so that he can check other peoples grammar
wherever he goes.,
Slide 41
Commas Rule # 6 Insert a comma between two independent clauses
that are joined with a coordinating conjunction. (FANBOYS) Example:
My dog chased three rabbits out of the woods, but they all got
away.
Slide 42
Commas Rule # 7Use commas to separate subordinate clauses at
the beginning of sentences. Before eating three candy bars, I
should have thought of the consequences.
Slide 43
Slide 44
I will need the following items from the store : bananas,
grapes, watermelon, and lemons. The colon is made with two periods.
It is used for time. 11 : 35 pm It comes before a list.
Slide 45
Comma rules continued 4. Use a comma to separate the day or
month from the year. Example: January 10th, 2006. 5. Use a Comma to
separate things in a series. Example: I need to buy bread, milk,
and butter at the store. 6. Use commas before and after a quotation
in a sentence. Example: What I really want, said Amir, is some
lemonade. 7. Use a comma after common introductory words in a
sentence, like however, clearly, and well. Example: However, we
should still investigate the missing painting.
Slide 46
8. Insert a comma between two independent clauses that are
joined with a coordinating conjunction. My dog chased three rabbits
out of the woods, but they all got away. 9. Use commas to separate
subordinate clauses at the beginning of sentences. Before eating
three candy bars, I should have thought of the consequences
Slide 47
10. Use commas to set off one or more words that interrupt the
flow of a sentence. Lebron James, as you can see in this video
here, dominates all his opponents. 11. Use commas to set off
nonessential items: clauses, participial phrases, appositives.
Barrack Obama, the President of the United States, might have a 4
th of July eating contest at the White House.
Slide 48
Independent and Dependent Clauses Independent Clause An
independent clause makes a statement or asks a question that can
act as a complete sentence. Example: The dog barks Dependent Clause
A dependent clause cannot act as a complete sentence because it
begins with a subordinating word, such as when, because, if,
whoever, etc. Example: When the dog barks.
Slide 49
Simple Sentence A simple sentence contains one independent
clause and no subordinate clause. Example: Thelma sells
automobiles. A simple sentence may have a compound subject, (Jack
and Jill, oranges and apples) and compound verb, (walks and sings)
or both. Example: Thelma and Leo buy and sell automobiles.
Slide 50
Compound Sentence The Compound Sentence :A compound sentence is
made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so) and a comma or by
a semicolon alone. FANBOYS-FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR,YET,SO Example:
The pirate captain lost her treasure map, but she still found the
buried treasure. A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried
to speak English. B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went
shopping. C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went
shopping.
Slide 51
Complex Sentence A complex sentence has an independent clause
joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always
has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when
or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. Example: Because
the soup was too cold, I warmed it in the microwave. A. When he
handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last
page. B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the
error. C. The students are studying because they have a test
tomorrow.
Slide 52
Reading a Passage 1. Read Passage 2. Number paragraphs or lines
of poetry. 3. Key terms author vocabulary words transition words
names dates numbers historical events. 4. _____________ authors
claims facts descriptions evidence of a position or opinion cause
and effect 5. Words or phrases not understood Then use contact
clues to figure it out.
Slide 53
Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence is
comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses. Example: Though Mitchell prefers watching
romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed
it very much. Example: Laura forgot her friend's birthday, so she
sent her a card when she finally remembered.
Slide 54
Slide 55
Advertising Assignment 50 points A new life, adventure, riches!
All of these are promised to those who are willing to take a risk
and move out west. In a bid to encourage people to migrate west
advertisements were used to sell the dream! Your assignment: 1.
Design a colored advertisement promoting life in the west. 2. Use
the following words in your advertisement: Oregon, California,
Texas, Manifest Destiny, gold, land, North America. 3. Manifest
Destiny must be defined in your own words on the advertisement 4.
Neatness, creativity, spelling and grammar will be evaluated-do you
best!