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VOL. XXXVIII. NOTRE DAME, INDIANA, OCTOBER 22, 1904-. No. 6.

T H E RIGHT REVEREND FRANCIS AIDAN GASQUET, O. S. B. , President-General of the English Benedictines.

b6 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC.

T h e Gir l s o' B l a r n e y .

'THERE'S a neat little village convenient to Cork, AVhere tlie colleens are winsome and wit ty;

And in never a place from Pekin to New York Are the maids.even one half so prettv.

OcliI sure their eyes are so charmin" and bright, And sparklin' with mischief and fun, sir,

Just a glance and as sure as the (\ay follows night, You're a captive before you can run, sir.

No rose in the garden of Eden Avas red As the li]js of these lasses so bonuA-;

But. whisper, sir, whisper, liend closer 3-oiir head. The taste—oh I 'tis sweeter than honcA'.

Their cheeks are as soft as the velvetA- dowm, That 's plucked from the eider-duck's bosom,

And all the cute lads tha t come out from the town Leave their senses behind 'em or lose 'em.

But their brogue, 'tis the richest tha t ever -vvas heard, So musical, soft and persuadin',

It trippingh- flows, like the song of a bird, From the lips of each Blarnev voung maiden.

P . J. G.

T h e C h u r c h and O u r G o v e r n m e n t in t h e

P h i l i p p i n e s .

THE IIOX. WILLI.\M H. TAFT, U. S. SECRET.\KY OF WAR.

(CONTIXUED.)

The condition of the Roman Cathohc Church after the t rea ty of peace iDctween SiDaiii and the United States w a s a critical one; and \vhile i t has somewhat improved, there still remains much t o be desired before the Church can assume its proj)er sphere of usefuhiess. Many of the churches veere injured in the vi'-ar of the insiirrectiou, and many of the parishes had t o be abandoned for lack of priests. The native clerg^'-, consisting mainly of priests of limited education who had acted as assistants t o the friars,; have become the parish priests; and the leariiing and character of manj- of them are b y no means as high as those of Catholic priests-of; other countries. The friars w^ho were j)arish priests could no t return t o the parishes liecause of the enmity felt-against them; and i t w^as difficult t o obtain priests from other lands •who could discharge the duties of minisfers of religion among people wdiom they did no t understand and w^lio' did n o t uiiderstand

them. I am informed t h a t arrangements are now being made t o bring in French, Bel­gian and American missionaries. The funds w-hich the SiDanish government was uiider

. obligation t o furnish for the salaries of the 13arish priests, by reason of the Concordat wi th the Pope, are of course not now available; and this makes i t important , from a churchman's standjDoint, t h a t as much of the money as ]Dossible realized from the friars' lands should be kept in the coffers of the Philippine Church. The t r u t h is t h a t the Church has been placed under the iiecessitA'- of preparing a new j)riesthood and of establishing the old church on a new foundation. The j)olic3'- of the Vatican looks now t o the creation as soon as practicable of a new- clergv bv the education of voung Filij)inos of good character in theological seminaries t o be established for the j)urpose in Manila, Eome and America.

The transfer of a people from a sovereigiitj^ like t h a t of Spain—^in which the Church and government and the S ta te Avere so closety united t h a t i t is a t times veiy difficult t o distmguish the possessions and frmctions of each—^to a sovereigntv like t h a t of the United States, in w^hich the Church and the s ta te must be separate, has presented a number of most interesting questions for readjustment and sett lement; and these questions have been much complicated b3'' the political bearing -which the liostilitA'- of the people t o w a r d the friars' owmership of large argricultural holdings has had upon the situation.

Let us t ake up, in order, ' the classes of ques­tions arising betw^een the Roman Catholic Church and the government of the PhilixDpine Islands established by the United S ta tes :

Firs t . The three ordersi—the Augustinians, the Recolletos a;nd the Dominicans—owmed among them about 420,000 acres of land. Of this, 120,000 a:cres had been \exj recently acquired by g r a n t of the Spanish govem-menti 60,000 acres of i t lay^ in the remote pro\'ince of Isabela and was granted t o the Augustinian Order, in order t o secure its improvement; and a similar g r an t in the Island of Mindoro w^as made t o . the Recolletos. The remaining 300,000 acres, however, had-been held b y the Orders for periods ranging from 50 t o 200 y^ears. I do no t find any indication t h a t this land w a s

NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC, 87-

acquired through tindiie influence as has been sometimes charged. The chain of titles seems t o show t h a t i t Avas all purchased either a t private sale or public auction. The lands, esiDccialh^ those in the neighborhood of Manila, the friars highh'^ improved bj^ irrigation a t large expense. After the Revolution of 1896, the popular feeling against .the tr iars made the collection of rents from their tenants impossible.

The Insurgent Congress a t Malolos, under Agtiinaldo, passed acts confiscating t o the Filipino Republic all the lands of the friars in the islands; and many of the tenants based their refasal t o pa^^ rents t o the friars' agents on the ground of this "nationalizing" of the lands, as i t w a s called.

In 1901, American civil goxQ.Taxa&nt was established, and courts were created for the jjurpose of determining civil r ights. The friars had meantime transferred their titles t o promoting companies, t ak ing back shares in the corporat ions as a consideration for the transfers. With the restorat ion of t r an­quillity'- in 1902, there was no jus t reason win'' the companies now owning the lands should no t proceed t o collect their rents and t o oust the tenants if the rents were no t paid. The tenants were siillen and not disposed t o recognize the titles of the friars or t o paA-- their rents. A sj'stematic a t t empt to" collect the rents would involve eviction suits against mam'- thousand t enan t s ; judgment would doubtless follow the suits, and the executive officers of the courts must then proceed t o evict from their houses and homes thousands of farmers in the mos t jDOpulous xDrovinces of the islands, and chieflA"-among the Tagalogs, a tr ibe easih'- aroused, t o disturbance and insurrection. After four 3'-ears of the difficult Avork of tranquillization i t seemed impossible, Avere these evictions t o be instituted, t o avoid a return t o the dis­turbed conditions t h a t had so in jur ious^ affected the interests of the islands between 1898 and 1902. Something must be done t o avoid the manifest danger t o the public peace and t o w-ell-ordered government which Avholesale evictions of the character described would involve.

Second. I t AA' as found t h a t the political hostilit3'- t o w a r d the friars w-as so great on the p a r t of the people t h a t anj-- effort t o send them from Manila, where they- w-ere.housed

in their monasteries, t o "the parishes where thej^ had formerly exercised priestly func­tions, created disturbances t h a t i t .was difficult for the civil government t o control.-On political grounds, therefore, i t seemed wise for the Church on the friendlv sug-gestion of the government, t o select other ministers t h a n the Spanish members of t h e Orders Avhich had aroused • siich political antagonism among the people in the recent, history^ of the islands.

Third. Under the Spanish regime, when­ever either a civil or religious chari ty or school w a s founded and maintained, t h e immediate executive officers selected by the government for the purpose of supervising and carrying on such ins-tittrtious w-ere members of the clergy. There were several large foundations, educational and chari­table, wi th respect t o A\ hich the claim w a s made, as soon as the United Sta tes govern­ment assumed control, t h a t they w-ere n o t religious charities and so subject t o the control of the Roman CathoHc Church; b u t t h a t thcA^ were realh' civil foundations, the -care and custody of which necessarily passed wi th the transfer of sovereign-ty from, the Crown of Spain t o the government of the _ United States . This question has arisen A\'-ith respect t o t w o hospitals, and the • College of San Jose. The union of Church and S ta te tinder the Spanish regime w a s so close t h a t the decision whether a . part icular foundation A\'as civil or rehgious involves a . consideration of some of t h e nicest and most puzzHng points of l aw. Take the instance of the College of San Jose /

A Spaniard named Figueroa, who w a s governor of the Island of Mindanao in 1600, died and left a 'will bv "w-hich he gave a fund for the establishment and assistance of a school for the education oi ^ovais^ Spaniards. In this will, he directed specifi-calh'-.that the school should n o t be subject = t o ecclesiastical domination; b u t he provided' • t h a t the pupils should have a Christian education, and t h a t the rector of the. school v should be the head of the Jesui t Ordeirvin ' the Philippines. In 1767, ,as already said, ^ the Jesuits w-ere expelled from the islands-\yj the King of Spain. After the Jesuits left, the Archbishop of Manila and the, governor-gieneral t o o k possession; oi t h e ' property of "^the, College of San Jose and _:

88 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC.

divided i t between them for Church and governmental j)^^i"poses. When this \vas brought t o the a t tent ion of the King of Sj)ain, he . severeh' criticised both officials, and dii-ected t h a t the propertA^—^which, he said, had n o t belonged t o the Jesuits, bu t was onh^ under the control oi^ the superior •to carry out Figueroa's will—should be continued in the same t rus t . He then appointed a Dominican t o supervise the administration of the college.

Though the Jesuits Avere allowed t o return t o the islands in 1852, the suiDcHor of the Order did no t resume control of the college. The foundation continued t o be under Dominican supervision, and is now" a p a r t of the Univei-sity of Santo Tomas. The fiinds are used, under the doctrine knoA\ni t o lawyers as the doctrine of cy pres, t o maintain a school of medicine in the universit3% The Filipino Medical Associa­tion, as soon as the American government took control of the islands, insisted t h a t this San Jose t ru s t was a civil foundation, a n d . t h a t i t w a s the dutj'- of the American government t o t ake possession as the trustee, and t o " r u n " the insti tution as a medical college free from ecclesiastical control. Much local bitterness grew out ot the controversy, and the commission finalh-concluded t o pass a lassr x^roviding a special case for the Supreme Court of the islands to decide. I t is now j)ending, bu t has no t been brought t o a hearing, because i t was hoiDcd, after the visit t o Rome, t h a t it might be.settled by compromise.

Four th . Another class of questions arising between the govennnent of t he United States and the Roman Catholic Church is the question of rent and damages for the occupation of churches and. conventos by the t roops of the United States during the insurrection and subsequent thereto. You mus t know t h a t nine-tenths of the popula­t ion of- the Philij)pine Islands reside in houses made of a yer}'- light and temporary material . Thej'^ live in w h a t are called " s h a c k s " made of bamboo frames wi th roofs and sides of the n ipa-pahn. The houses are quickly constructed, easily nioved and m u c h subject t o destruction 133' fire. The onij'^ permanent buildings in the ordi­na ry t o w n . in the Philippines, w i th thel exception of the municipal or tp\\Ti building

and a fe\A' houses of the w^ealtlw, are the church and the rectorj'-, called the convento. The church is usualty a large building of stone or brick, finch' s i tuated; and the convento is a gi-eat s tnicture adjoining the church and connected wdth it. The convento offered excellent facilities as a barracks for the t roops. As i t happened t h a t durino- the insurrection niauA^ of the churches and conventos were abandoned, the troojDS moved into them—^\'er\^ much t o the satisfaction of the church authorities, because in this waj their destruction w a s avoided. The insurgents earh'- in the w a r had pursued the polic3^ of destro3dng the churches, in the belief t h a t in this w ise the3^ Avould. i)revent the Araierican t roops from having places in which t o live. The occupation of the qjiurches and con­ventos for militant'- purposes continued for t w o 3' ears, and sometimes longer, and often for quite a period after all hostilities had ceased. This is the foundation for a reason­able claim against the United States for rent and for damages caused b3' the occupa­tion. The difficult3'- is in settling the proper amount due.

Fifth. Another class, of questions, and one which a t present is perhaps the most troublesome, involves the question of title t o a number of parish churches and conventos. In these cases, the ti t le is claimed b^'' the respective municipalities in which the parish church and conventos s tand ; and the people of some of these municipalities claim the r ight t o tu rn the church and convento over t o the so-called Independent Filipino Catholic Church, a schismatic bodA-- established by an aposta te Roman Catholic priest named AglipaA- . I shall speak m o r e in, detail of this question farther on.

I . think I liaA'-e sufficienth'- s ta ted and explained the questions bet\A''een the Church and the gOA'^emment t o shoAA' t h a t the3'^ were,.serious obstacles t o the progress of the American. gOA'^emment, if steps AA' ere no t immediate^, taken, t o secure a settlement of them. I t is not- t o o much t o say t h a t the Church w^as as anxious t o bring about a settlement a s w a s the goA'^emment. The commission recommended the purchase of t h e . friars' lands as a solution of the difficulties arising, w i th respect t o them.

i

NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 89

I t had been fairh'- Avell ascertained t h a t if the government bought the lands, the government as a landlord Avould have less difficultA'- in dealing wnth the tenants t han i t would have in enforcing the rights of the fi-iai'S as landlords; and t h a t bv oiferinsr t o

., the tenants opportunitj^ t o purchase the lands on small annual j)ayments for ten or twenty A^ears, a transfer of the lands t o the tenants might probabh'- be effected AAathout much, if anj'-, pecuniaiy loss t o the government.

Through a promnient American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, i t was intimated b -- the Vatican t o Mr. Root, the Secretary" of War, t h a t if an agent of the government could be sent t o Rome, the settlement of all these questions might be greath'- facilitated b}-- direct negotiation wi th the head of the Roman Church. The issue Avas presented t o the President and the Secretarv of W a r whether' tliev ouarht t o t ake the responsibility^ of a direct communication Avith the Vatican in the settlement of these questions. Of course the immediate objection t o this wa^ the possibilit}' of severe condemnation b}^ the non-Catholics of America, on the ground t h a t i t w a s a radical departure from the tradi t ions of the government, and would be establishing diplomatic relations "vxath the head of the Roman Church, inconsistent AAdth the separation of Church and Sta te alwaA'S maintained hj our government. There was the na tura l fear t h a t the purpose of the visit might thus be misconstrued and t h a t /I sectarian feeling Avotild be aroused; so t h a t the visit, instead of contributing • t o the solution of the difficulties in the PhililDpines, might prove t o be a most serious obstacle. On the other hand, the President and Secretary of War though t i t possible, after full and frank consultation AAdth many leading cleyrgj'-inen of various denominations, t o reh'^ on the clear judgment and common-sense and liberality of all the American people, who must see the supreme difficulties and exceptional character of the problem A\'-hich the government had t o meet in the Philippine Islands, and would welcome anj'-reasonable step tow^ard i ts solution. I t w^as a business jDroposition. Was i t wiser t o deal wi th an agent of the g rea t corporation of the Roman Church in the Philippine Islands, or

wi th the head of the Roman Church ? \ The. disadvantage of dealing Avith an agent in the. Philippine Islands w a s t h a t unless direct and satisfactory^ communication Tvas established wath the head of the Church, the representa­tives of the Church in the islands Avould be likely t o be more or less under the influence of the Spanish friars, whose a t t i tude wi th respect t o the questions t o be decided could n o t be expected, under the circumstances, t o be impartial- and free from bias. I t w a s concluded, therefore, t o accept the informal invitation, and t o send a representative t o the Vatican t o deal directh' wi th the Pope and wi th the Congregation of Cardinals, t o Avhom in the ordinar\^ course of business he would probabh ' assign the mat te r . I Avas then the Governor of the Philippine Islands, visiting this countrj^ for the pur­pose of testifying before the congressional committees on Philippine affairs.

I t w a s thought appropriate t h a t I should represent the government of the United States in the conferences a t Rome. ' J u d g e James F . Smith, of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands, a Roman Catholic, ' then on leave in this country', w a s assigned t o accompanA^ me. In addition. Bishop Thomas O'Gomian, the Catholic bishop of Sioux Falls, who had lived a long t ime in Rome and spoke French wi th much fluency, and. Colonel John Biddle Porter, of the Judge Advocate's Corps of the Armyj w h o also spoke French, made up the p a r t y . . I t w a s properh^ though t - t h a t Bishop O'Gorman's familiaritj- wi th the methods. , of doing business in the Vatican would, be

•of much assistance t o me in carrying on-the negotiation. This proved t o be in.every w a j ' t rue. Bishop O'Gorman preceded us in the visit t o Rome by abou t t w o weeks,, and met us a t Naples when the rest of us . landed from the North German Lloyd steamer on our waj^ t o Rome. I had received a letter of instruction from t h e Secretary' of War, a letter of introduction from the Secretary of S ta te t o Cardinal , Rampolla, and a personal letter of courtesy, and greeting from President Roosevelt t o his Hohness Pope Leo X I H . We first. called upon Cardinal Rampolla, wiio , received us cordialh^, and indicated the" t ime when the Pope would receive us . in audience. At the appointed hour, th rough

90 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC.

the magnificent chambers of the Vatican, w e T\'ere escorted into the presence of Leo XII I . F rom the moment t h a t w-e

^ were presented t o the Pope until his death, w'c \\^ere constantly being made conscious of the fact t h a t he took a real personal interest in the solution of the difficult problems which had t o be solved between, the Church and the PhiliiDpine govennnent ; and t h a t he intended, so far as lay in his power, t o bring about the most friendh'-relation between the United States in the PhiliXDpines and the Church authorities. He received us most graciously, directed us t o seats immedia te^ in front of him, listened a t t e n t i v e ^ while the address which I had prepared, and w^hich had been t ranslated into French, "^^as read t o him hj Colonel Porter . He resi^onded in remarks of j)er-haps fifteen minutes in length, showing t h a t he had caught the j)oints which w-ere presented to him m the address and fiilh^ understood them. Our audience Avas held wi th him, wi thout the presence of anj^ ad\dser, cardinal, priest or a t tendant .

I had alw^avs had great admirat ion for Leo XII I . because of his statesmanlike grasp of the manj'- j)ortentous questions t h a t w^ere presented t o him for discussion and solution; bu t I had • suj)posed t h a t in the la t ter A- ears of his j)ontificate he had become so feeble as t o be no t much more t h a n a lay figure in the Papa l government, and tha t , exceiDt for a more formal greeting and salutation, w e should have t o t rans­act our business Vvdth the Curia. I . T\'-as greatly surprised, therefore, t o find tliis grand old man of ninetA'--tw^o, though some­what , bent in y^ears and delicate-looking, still able t o w^allc abou t ; and, w h a t w a s more remarkable, keen and active in his mind, easily following the conversation and addresses made t o liim, and responding w i t h a j)romptuess and clearness of intel­lectual vision rarelv foimd in men of old age. Nothing could exceed the cordial gracipus-ness and simple, kindly manner w i th w^hich he received us. After the serious p a r t of the audience had been concluded, he made

: inquiri(es after our families and oiir health, and lightened the conversation wi th a genial ? wdt and sense of humor t h a t were very charming. He assured us of. his grea t delight a t our coming and of his determi­

nat ion t o insure the success of our visit After our first audience wdth the Pope, I

presented my letter of instruction t o Car­dinal Ramj)olla, which w a s referred by him t o the iDroj)er Congregation of Cardinals, and the negotiations thereafter were in Avritinar. The answer of the A^atican t o the Secretar\' of War 's instructions contained a general acquiescence in the desire of ' the government of the United States t o j)urchase the friars' lands, and an announcement of the Vatican's intention t o effect a change in the personnel of the priests in the islands, b^' a gradual substitution for the SxDanish friars of j)riests of other nationalities, wi th the ult imate jDurpose of fitting Filipinos for the clerg3'-; and a ]3roposal t h a t all the mat te rs pending should be turned over for settle­ment t o a conference between an Aj)Ostolic Delegate to be sent to the Philippine Islands and the officers of the Insular government.

The corresj)ondence has been published, and I shall no t Avearj^ you T\dth i ts details further t han t o say tha t , in the response t o "the first letter received fi'om Cardinal RampoUa;, we thought i t jDroper t o i)ropose a definite contract betw^een the government of the islands and the Vatican for the jDurchase' of the lands, a t a price t o be fixed bj'- a t r ibunal of arbitrat ion, w^hich should pass no t onh- upon the price of the lands b u t also upon the question of the t r u s t foundations already- referred to , and which should fix for the axDproval of Congress the amount of rent, a n d ' damages due for the occupation of the churches and conventos hj the United States troojis. I t Avas fiirther proposed t h a t this contract should have a condition bj" wh ich the Vatican Avould agree .. t o w^ithdraw the fiiars in the course of three j'-ears..

To this condition the Vatican declined t o agree. I t was Avilling t o make a definite contract . for arbi trat ion, b u t i t declined t o agree as one of i ts terms t o wi thd raw the friars .fi-om the islands: first, because t h a t Avas a question of religious discipline \yhich, i t did n o t think, ought t o form a term of a : commercial contract ; secondly,:becauseiitf did n o t desire, b3^such a stipulation, t o reflect uj)on the Spanish religious: Orders, and thus give apparent support t o the slanders, which^had been pub-

NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC.

II -91

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I

lished against the Orders by their enemies; and, thirdh'-, because such agreement would be offensive t o Spain. AVe, on the p a r t ot the United States, under the instructions ot the SecretarA'- of War, did n o t feel authorized t o enter into, a contract of arbi t rat ion wdth all the uncertainty as t o the extent ot the obligation assumed, if i t did no t include as a consideration the withdra^val of the Spanish friars; and accordingly^ we reverted t o the general agreement proposed in the Vatican's first letter, in which the Church indicated its approval of the purchase of the lands, and the settlement of the other questions by negotiation wi th an Apostolic Delegate t o be sent wi th frill powers t o Manila.

{ T o be cont inued . )

- • • • -

V a r s i t y V e r s e .

IDLE FEAR.

(Horace , Odes I . , 23.)

A S a fawn tha t is seeking its timorous mother, Over hilltops and pathways tmtrodden and free

With a shadowA' dread and alarm a t no other Disturbance than zephj'rs,—^A'OVI, Chloe, shun me.

y

'Tis the coming of spring sets the leaves in vibration, Or the lizard's swift gliding have stirred the shnibs

near, But in horror she stops and in great trepidation

As her knees tremble- fast, so her heart throbs \vith fear.

Like a LA'bian lion or tigress that ' s wounded, I'll not tear you apart nor pursue yow. to harm,

So awa^- froin 3-our mother and fears all unfotmded. To attend on a spouse 3-ou are ripened in charm.

S. A. S. S. S F L O W E R .

Standing 'ncath a forest pine, Saw I there a daisy blooming, Pure and graceful, unassuming.

'Twas my sweet Evaiigeline. T. I-I.

O'D.

JIOOXLIGIIT.

When Lima fair lets out her hair From heaven's highest stor\%

Adown cloud-walls the lustre falls, A cataract of silver glory.

GOOD JUDGMENT.

There was a 3-oung fellow fantastic, Whose verses were almost bombastic;

But he thought his y^oung name Had encompassed all fame

W^hen ' twas set in the weeldj' SCHOLASTIC.

. ~ T. A. E . L .

For Wan t of a Ti t le .

CHARLES L . O ' D O . W V E L L , * 0 6 .

Rummaging, boy-like, a few weeks ago— not, as voir mav hai^e surmised, throusrh the t radi t ional att ic, bu t th rough a region of far more reckless disorder, my sister^s Avriting desk—I- came upon a " bulky, be-ribboned manuscript. "Some prize tl"ing she did a t -school," I hazarded mentallj ' , as I cast i t aside upon a pile of other papers Ij^ng on a chair. As I did so, hoTv-ever, rcvf a t tent ion -was at t racted b\^ a Tvdrd wri t ten boldh- in purple ink on the reverse side of the manuscript:—Preserve, I read.

No\v I mus t confess there is some charm, about t h a t word t h a t has never failed t o act on me; besides, i t w a s raining outside and I had nothing else t o do indoors ,^-! began unt^-ing the ribbons. I t w a s Hke, I imagine, lifting a mummy out of his grave-clothes. I took up her pen-knife t o cidvance the work,—^I might ju s t as well have tried t o cut wi th her lead-pencil. After some minutes of straining and tugging, however, the manuscript laA' smiling before me.

The first page w a s ra ther uneventful; i t w a s adorned, however, w i th a haltdozen. or so titles, and from this fact I w a s led t o conjecture I had in hand one of AHce's redoubtable fictitious compositions! Out­side, the shower had settled in to an all-afternoon pour ; so, resigning my self t o fate, I t ook a comfortable position; turned t o the stoiy^ proper, plunged boldly into the thick of the narrative,- and struggled- wi th ; i t bravely t o the bit ter end. As nearly as I can remember—later I shall explain- the necessity' I am under of using- th i s ' l a s t word—the storv' goes as follows: . -.

The convent is a great , graj'-stone struc­ture, wi th an air of s t em reserve a b o u t i t . The coldness, however, if any there \be, \ is all on the exterior; .within, the w a r m t h - of Christian charitj^ • and' t h a t pleasantness t h a t is the outgrowth, of cultivated char­acter, hold,gentle sway. , Yet- once, a t least t o my knowledge,'the serenitj^ of acaderny life w a s rudeh'" broken. • ;• - ' •:

I t w a s a Saturday night- about-^-ten o'clock, and most of the .house .had. te t i red.

92 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC:

r My room-mate and I had j u s t turned off our light and -were get t ing comfortabh'-settled, when a slight noise, coming from outside and beneath our window, caused each of us t o Uft our head from the pillow and call simultaneously t o each other from our respective couches.

"Did you hear tha t , Bess?" "Did you hear tha t , Alice?" Each question w^as ans\ver sufficient. Alert,

propped up on one elbow, w e strained our ears t o catch -udiat might succeed. In a few minutes we heard i t again; there is no other sound like it, the screeching, gra t ing noise of a hard substance cutt ing into glass ; n w teeth were on edge. In an ins tant w-e ^^ere on our feet in the centre of the room, clutching each other 's hand.

" I t ' s a burglar ," I suggested, my teeth chat ter ing. .

" H u s h ! " from Bessie. "We mus t see Sister Mar tha . "

I took her w^ord for it. I t w^asn't the first time I had t rusted in Bess; in fact, -\A'-e all did. She T\'-as the oldest girl in" the class, the best golfer, and, besides," could out­point even the instructor a t fencing. She now noiselessh'' opened the door and cautiously peered out. The corridor, in the dim light before St. Michael's s tatue, w^as seen t o be emptj-. The noise, we judged, had come from a wandow t h a t opened on the fire-escape dowTi a t the first floor.

We ran up the corridor t o Sister M a r t h a ' s room. Bess rapped fainth', and in a few seconds the door opened,; and w e w^ere met by the senior prefect's calm b u t inquiring face. In a moment 's whispering Bess had told her of the noise and Avhat w e conjectured i t t o be. If Sister M a r t h a shared -our fears she gave no sign of i t ; laying down her beads, she lighted a candle and prepared t o go forth t o investigate.

There w^as no "mystery ," I ma^'- saj ^ "here, shrouding Sister Mar tha ' s life. She w a s simply a-plain farmer's daughter, but . wi th extraordinary mental endowment and imique force of character. I w^on't say ii ' hat makes me think so, bu t I also believe she could ride a n y horse in the king's stable. Naturally, then, whien she stepped out into the corridor and started tow^ard our wing, with a gredt deal of confidence w e proceeded to^follow^. Turning about a t the head of the

stairs, she sa\\'- t h a t she Avas accompanied Her first impulse w a s t o send us back' t o our room, bu t seeing our readiness t o go wi th her, and thinking j)erhaps i t w a s better so, she turned again and s tar ted downstairs . We followed, the tw-o of us, enveloped in her gi-eat shawd, wdiich on leaving her room

• Ave had caught up and throwai about us. Below all Avas quiet now. Sister w a s

ahead wi th the candle; we were treading in her. shadow, wdien all a t once, making a sudden tu rn a t the lower landing, Sister M a r t h a almost tripped over the crouching figure of a man. Instanth'- she drew back, and the burglar straightened hhnself w^ith a muttered something. Bess and I stood shaking underneath the shawl. The burglar, a burty, big fellovr, made as if t o draAv a \veapon, b u t seeing onty a defenceless woman and a dark figure in the background, refrained, s tanding dogged, blinking and scowling in the candle's glare.

"AVell,"—^it w^as Sister Mar tha ' s voice t h a t spoke in low tones, bu t imperious and sharp,—"in God's name, w h a t do 3'-ou w a n t ? " -

Start led \y\ the steady'' coolness of t h a t voice, i t -was a "minute before the burglar replied:

" A living," he growled. "And is this the waj--you seek i t ? " Sister

M a r t h a inquired, as though she were lectur­ing a delinquent pupil. "We are a house of religious; M e help the needj'-, bu t we have nothing for such as 3^ou. You will oblige us IDA" quit t ing this, building a t once."

"See here, lad3^, I didn ' t come here t o ask for Avhat I wan t , I'll t ake i t . "

"You shall no t move a step further into this house," said Sister firmty. Then turning t o us, " T a k e the rope, Bessie!"

In a flash we understood her plan. We had heard t h a t in former vears, when the

"convent •v\' as much smaller, i t had been saved on an occasion similar t o this bv the presence of mind of a nun, i,vho had rung the g r e a t . bell ^ised t o , summon the da3'--scholars, thus a,rousing the neighbors and frightening off the intruders.

The bell-rope w a s dangling a t the niidwa3'' landing of the stairs we had j u s t descended. Before the visitor Itnew jus t w h a t w a s t o happen, the t w o of us, a s one person, had made up the stairs and snatched the rope.

NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 93

" Wait, Bessie! " Sister called; then turn­ing t o the wretched fellow she said: " I f A'-ou leave this house instantly and with­out making anj'- disturbance, you shall be allowed t o do so unmolested; but—"

With a frightful oa th the fellow whipped out a revolver.

"Ring and be hanged. I'll go when I 'm readj'-. Drop t h a t rope," and the same ins tan t Bess and I had the sickening sensation of feeling t h a t his grea t loaded revolver w a s levelled s t ra ight a t us. I 'm surprised I didn' t die r ight off; as i t was , even Bess quailed. Not so Sister Mar tha . A quick movement, and she w^as between him and his aim.

"Don ' t take i t so hard,"—she spoke in the same cool tones. " I don ' t believe A'-OU'H

shoot now even though the girl does ring. You would be taken surel^'-; i t goes harder w i th a murderer t h a n wi th a thief."

While Sister spoke, slowty and eventy, I felt Bess grip ray a rm and Avhisper:

" I s n ' t she grea t ! Back her up alone for a minute, Alice, till I re turn ," and the next moment the grea t shawd covered onh'-one pupil of St. Clare 's; m^ hands alone w^ere on the • rope, and I had uncontested claim, save for Sister Mar tha , t o the contents of t h a t glistening barrel. Like a shadow Bess had stolen upstairs unperceived.

In a few minutes—^it seemed ages t o me,-s tanding there wi th t h a t noble, fearless woman between me and certain death— Bess returned. By this time, too, some of the Sisters, aroused b^'' the sound of walking, appeared grotesqueh'- a t the head of the s ta i r s ; the^'- soon took in the situation, b u t w-ere pow'erless t o do anj'-ting t o relieve the intensitv of the strain. Sister M a r t h a w a s doing all t h a t could be done.

( T o my extreme regret I mus t here break in upon the steady course of the narra t ive t o inform the reader t h a t in m3'- sister's manuscript there was considerable dialogue, ra ther well done, too, between the Sister and the thief, which I am unable t o present now. The discussion, we may conjecture, lasted through several minutes.)

I couldn't help noticing Bess' changed behavior after she returned from her t r ip ups ta i rs ; she seemed more nervous t h a n before she left, no t frightened exactly, bu t expectant, perhaps. But s tanding there,

still cHnging t o the rope, T had no t ime t o ask an explanation of her brief desertion. At length, perhaps, the strain Avas telling on -her ner\-es. I heard Sister M a r t h a s a y :

" F o r the las t time, I command you t o leave this hoiise; if you don ' t do so I shall bid the girl ring, be the consequences w h a t they may . "

Appafenth'- i t had a t last dawned on t h e fellow" w h a t a predicament he w a s in. StiU keeping his revolver pointed in our direction, as though he distrusted Sister's word t h a t he would be allowed t o leave the house undisturbed, the burglar backed t o the window- bv w^hich he had entered and deliberateh^ crawled out upon the fire-escape.-AU CA es were on him except mine own,—I w a s watching Bess. She had th rown off the shawl, and w a s leaning far out over the railing, her ej-es glistening wi th a s t range light. Of a sudden came a cry from the fire-escape and the noise of a- scuffle.

"Hooraj^," shouted Bess, leaping down the stairs, " t h e day is w o n ! "

The senior prefect turned reprovingly, "E l i zabe th?" . -

"Oh, Sister while 3 011 talked, I went and phoned for the police!"

" I knew vou would," calmlv answered Sister Mar tha , and then did iiot faint.

Such w a s finis, I believe. As I folded the manuscript in a non-commi t ta l . w^ay, i t occurred t o me t h a t the story really wouldn ' t be anv the Avorse if i t had a srood title. H a d n ' t Alice ever hi t upon one? Ah,; a happA-- t hough t ! Jus t the th ing for ' eccentric Alice t o do. There was a low fire burning in the gra te . I eagerh' t ook the manuscript o\'er t o i t and held OA'er the page for the gentle finger of the hea t t o Avrite upon it . The iuAdsible' words Avere spell-insT out niceh^ Avhen, an unluckv moA^e on mv- par t , and the Avhole manuscript slipped from mj'- hands in to the flames; in a fcAV minutes i t A\'^as-consumed. - HoAA CA'cr, despite lapses of my memory here and there, I th ink . most of the s tory has risen from i ts ashes, though no t the ti t le. • * . '

A F inancier.

A little babe sa t on the floor, A-plaj-ing with its feet,

I t go t its big toe t o its mouth Thus making both ends meet. A: MCF.

94 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC.

NoTBE DAME SOHQLASTIC Published every- Saturday during Te rm T i m e at the .

University of Notre Dame.

Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office, Notre Dame, Ind.

T e r m s : $ J . 5 0 per Annum. Postpaid.

Address: T H E E D I T O R N O T R E D A M E S C H O L A S T I C ,

Notre Dame, Indiana.

Notre Dame, Indiana, October 22, J 904.

—The fact t h a t the regular bi-monthlv examinations take place within a few days reminds us t h a t i t is time t o make j)reparation for them. The true xDurpose of examinations after all, Ave fanc\'-, is no t t o determine wi th ain- exactness the actual amoun t of know^ledge a student has con­cerning a given subject, for no test- could be devised t o suit such an end. Tests are sriven rather w-ith a view to stimulate steadv effort by reminding college men t h a t the}' •will shortly be called ux3on t o displaj- their mental development or lack of i t in t h a t large school be\'ond the conventional land­mark knowTi as Commencement. Students, then, who are thoroughh- in earnest will t ake counsel of their bulletins, and resolve, t h a t if the Of)ening of the term has n o t been fruitful for them, the remainder ^''ill bring them recompense.

our chivalric spirit compels us t o make reparation. We aj)ologize t o Sir W^alter Raleigh for the injuiy done his fair name: he had trouble enough, v -e learn from a fresh perusal of his career t o make am^ present uncharity entirely superfluous. The author of Ivanhoe will be compelled t o jDut off the garb of pride wi th which ^ve erroneoush'- invested him. He lived too long afterwards t o make his claim tenable. Tha t is the unfortunate jDart of the whole affair. But our consideration for his feel­ings must Adeld t o our sense of justice, and we acknowledge our fealty t o the steel-and-velvet cavalier wdio afterwards lost his neck. Scott, we understand, died in bed. I t vi^as Raleigh's cloak, and he spread i t himself.

—Shakspere has x>i"opomided a question somewhere or other as to w^hether or n o t there is anvthing in a name; and bv w a v of answer he adduces the scent of roses t o jDrove t h a t a t bo t tom a name is merely incidental and no t a t , a l l essential. We are compelled t o differ from the Swan of Avon; and in this respect we are supported hj the consensus of opinion, as we kno\v from the reception Which greeted our effort to

-make the rose smell as sweet bj- another name. There appeared in these columns las t w^eek an allusion t o a fine instance of gall^ntr\'- displayed b '- a certain gentleman of the davs when knighthood w^as in flower. I t .made no t the slightest difference in t h e . point of the editorial, T\diether the courtier mentioned w^as Harhan or Tallyrand. How^-ever, we are informed t h a t an injustice has been done t o a brave man 's memorj'^, and

—Notre Dame has had the honor during the ]3ast week of entertaining several gentlemen high in the political circles of the land.

Senator Beveridge, Senator Allison and Congressman Brick called on the Very Reverend President and spent' a most pleasant afternoon as his guests. Wednesdaj^ afternoon ex-Senator Hill, called t o -^tcij his respects t o the President, and wi th Maj-or Fogartj'" and congressional nominee Hering took supper wi th the students a t the Facul tv table in the Browiison dininsi-hall. After the meal the President gracefulh^' called upon Mr. Hill t o address the students, a request w^ith which the ex-Senator comj)lied in a most pleasing manner.

Mr. Hill very carefiilh^^ avoided x^olitical topics, and confined his remarks t o an exxDression of the apxDi'eciation he felt in meeting young men engaged in college work, and t o giving some wdiolesome advice along lines ux^on Avhich his active career qualifies him t o sxDcak. His short address was thoroughh^ enjoj'-ed b\'- all who, had the good. luck t o hear it. The oxDportunity of coming in contact wi th such men as those w^ho have been our guests is indeed an exceptional one. And as they are fairly rexDresentative of the men W^ho make our. law^sand rule our nat ion 's destinies, we feel confident tha t , -wliichever -gurtj is successfiil :in -the coming election, this republic will have a leader capable of giving thorough satisfaction t o i ts citizens.;

NOi'RE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 95

D om Gasquet and His Lectures.

During the jDast v -eck a course of lectures has been given the students of Notre Dame b}^ the Rt. Rev. Francis Aidan Gasquet, Abbot-President of the English Benedictines. In addition t o the prominence he has at­tained as a churchman, the Rt. Rev. Fa ther Abbot also holds a central position in the historical world of to-day. His erudition in this part icular field is universally recognized, and the research \vork in Avhich he has been actively engaged, has been of unques­tionable value in determinins" .the correct s ta tus of many mooted questions. The eminent position Avhich the Abbot holds and the great interest manifested in his visit t o the United States may perhai^s justify the narra t ion of a fe^v facts concerning his life.

Francis Aidan Gasquet was born in London, October 5, 1846, and is a descen­dan t of an old French family Avhich for j^ears had its residence a t Toulon. His grandfather came to London where Raj^-mond Gasquet, the Abbot 's father, pursued his studies in medicine and engaged in the practice of the medical profession in I S l l . Dr. Gasquet married an English lad3'', ^^^ in 1846 Francis, the third son, Avas b o m . The family removed t o Ba^^swater where the son became veiy- intimate wi th Cardinal Manning. Fa the r Gasquet first attended St. Gregory's, Downside, and in 1865 entered the Benedictine novitiate a t Belmont. Here he remained five j-ears until 1870 when he returned t o St. Gregory's Monas-terv, where four years later he was ordained t o the priesthood..

In 1878 Dom Gasquet^ w a s elected prior of the communitA', a position for which he was sing-ularh^ qualified. After eight 3-ears of verv capable administrat ion he resigned, and, going t o London, gave his a t tent ion solely t o historical research, an occupation which brought him into close and friendty relations Tvith Mr. Edmund Bishop, one of Europe's mos t erudite scholars.

In 1888, Dom Gasquet published his first work, a volume entitled " HenrA-YIII. and the English Monasteries," which was warmly received and accorded the highest praise.

• With Mr. Bishop's aid another work

appeared in 1890, " E d w a r d V L . a n d t h e Book of Common Pra3'-er,",now u s e d - a s a text-book in some Anglican theological collesres. Among his other works are " T h e Eve of the Reformation," "A- Short Histor}^ of the Catholic Church in England," and "English Monastic Life," a new volume published this ^^ear..

The Rt. Reverend Abbot came t o America, as he saj'S, " t o make a thorough s tudy.of institutions, both public and private^ which are devoted t o education." In pursuance; of this purpose he came t o Notre. Dame where-during the pas t Aveek his lectures, the result of personal research, have aroused much ' interest and elicited grea t admiration, especialty for the non-part isan-treatment of his subjects—a qualit^^ rareh^ found , and al\va\^s the mark of the t rue historical spirit. . " ...= .

The course w a s opened a t 7.30 Monday evening wi th a lecture entitled . "France and the Vatican." Lade of space.prevents the publication of the lecture entire, and in the brief summary which follows an a t t emp t will be made t o indicate the most impor tan t and interesting points . . .

The relation between Church and Sta te can be solved in one of three w a y s : " ( I ) -There m a y be a nat ional religion (2), or a Concordat between the H o h ' S e e and the State, or (3) complete separation.".. The first plan failed u t te rh ' when tried in, France during the Revolutionary period of 1790 -1795, since rehgion " c a n never be made in to an ofiicial department of am- one s t a t e . " The third solution w a s tried in 17Q5, b u t the religious regime of the Directoire lasted only t w o and one-half years. In ISOl, .the Concordat w a s formed b^- Napoleon I . and Pius VII., and is still in force. This w a s a veiw politic move on the emperor's pa r t , and bv no means was i t the outgrowth of am- religious motive. . Fa the r Gasquet explained very clearly the m.otiye of the emperor in entering into the Concordat, ' and pointed out the advantages .which . were t o accrue t o the S ta te th rougHi i t s adoption. In regard . t o rehgioiis Orders Fa ther Gasquet said: .

" I t is indeed t rue t h a t in t h e days; of the French Revolution,,by the legislation^-of , 1789 and subsec|uent years, the.,;.French;

were sin rehgious congregations.

96 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC.

and also t h a t the3'- Avere no t specifically mentioned in the restorat ion of religion under the Concordat. But i t has been showai conclusiveh'- by the Comte de Mun t h a t the\^ are really included in the first articles of t h a t t r ea ty between the Pope and the emperor, wdiich guarantees the "full and free exercise of the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion." The deceitful t rea tment by M. Combes of the Orders who, under the new law^ and hj the advice of i ts originator, M. Waldeck - Rousseau, applied for authorization w^as disclosed and exem­plified by an account of the outrageous seizure of the Benedictine College a t Douai which T\''as reall3'' British property. The actions of AC. Combes Avere no t in accordance w^ith the Tvdshes of M. Waldeck-Rousseau nor w^as he carrying out the policj'- of the part3'-w^hich elected him. " I t is a complete mis­representation t o sax... t h a t M. Combes Avas returned t o jDower yKntli a large majoritj^ on purpose t o decree the abolition of the religious Orders, and t h a t in refusing t o g r a n t the authorization asked }yy them, he w a s merely carrying out the mandate he had received from the countrA^. This issue w a s never before the electorate a t all ; on the contrary, in every p a r t of France the voters had before their CA es, in the bills posted up ^yy the authoritj'^ of the Parlia­ment, M. Waldeck-Rousseau's ow^n distinct promise in regard t o authorization, and his indignant denials t h a t am" measure of suppression was intended."

In addition t o the expulsion of the unauthorized congregations which comprised some 75,000 religious, a new law, with­drawing the authorization of the teaching Orders, has caused t o be closed 1054 schools

-for girls, nearty 600 orxDhanages supported by Christian charitj'^, and other insti tutions numbering about 2000. What will be the result of foisting these burdens upon a government which alreadA' ,has t o face annual deficits, vtisiy be imagined. " A n immediate expenditure of over £1,000,000 ( tha t is about $5,000,000) for the building of schools; of more t han £190,000 (over $650,000) for fittings them u p ; and of something like half a million yearly for the payment of new teachers, is the official calculation of w^hat M. Combes' polic3^ in regard t o schools is goins: t o cost the

nat ion ." Besides, the poor who formerl3^ had been supported b3^ the charit3'' of religious, must be provided for b3'- the State, and this means, a t a small estimate, a 3' earl3'-expenditure of £2,500,000.

The following quotat ion will be of interest t o maiw readers:

" I n an interview-, wdiich one of the leading New York papers lateh'- published, wi th M. Combes, the. fact t h a t the Pope had broken the Concordat is s ta ted over and over again. L a s t week in an article on 'Church and Sta te in France, ' printed in the pages of a Avidety-read weekh'-, Ave read about the Pope's 'recent assumption of the right t o rcA^oke a t will French bishoj)s, regardless of the Concordat.^ W h a t are the real facts? I t can no t be too Avidety knoAA n t h a t there is nothing AvhatsocA'-er in t h a t famous treat3 ' between Napoleon and Pius VII.—called the Concordat—^AA'-hich prohibits the Pope from dealing directty AA th ain"- indiAadual bishop. . . . The Cardinal Secretar3'- of State, in one of the letters on this ma t t e r published in the 'Vatican White Book,' points out t h a t the A'-erA'- acts IIOAA'- complained of b3'' M. Combes as forming a breach of the Concor­da t 133' the present Pope, had prcAdoush'^ been admitted wi thou t difficult3^ Axdien i t Avas t o the interest of the secular pOAA' er t o assist the ecclesiastical authorities, in the right gOA'emment of the Church in France."

* * *

The second lecture in the course gi\^eu bA Dom Gasquet Avas entitled, "Wolse3'' and the DiA'^orce"—^referring t o the diA^orce of Catherine of Aragon from HenrA' VIII. This Avas the direct cause of the Reformation in England, a country'- A\' hich had stanchly held t o Catholicity for OA' er a thousand 3''ears. Cardinal Wolse3'^'s position in this CA' entful period of liistory is as 3' et far- from settled, and the recent discoA^eries liaA' e no t aided much in reaching a t rue solution, bu t have instead giA' en rise t o CA' en greater uncer­ta in ty . : T h a t Wolsey AA' as the originator of the divorce is denied by Dr. Gardiner and Air. Brewer, bo th of AA' hom haA' e giA' en much time andAvork t o ascertain the t rue historical facts of Henry VIII 's reign. Dom Gasquet howcA' er differs from 136th Gardiner and BrcAA' er, and sa3' s " t h e A ' ieight"of contemporary CAridence as t o the complicity of Wolse3' ^ is OA' erwhelm-ing . . . Queen Catherine wro te t o the Emperor

NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 97

Charles t h a t Wolsev w a s the au thor of all her misfortune and misery, and the emperor proclaimed it as a fact everAHAdiere. A \vriter in the Quarterly Review for Januarj^, 1877, h a s ' s tated some interesting facts abou t the t radi t ion as t o Wolsey's culpa-bilitA^ among English Catholics. He points out tha t , if, as a bodj^, theA-- had am'- bias, i t would have been in favor of a t t r ibut ing all their misfortunes t o Henri'-'s unclean jDassion for Anne Bolejai-. But as a fact, there is a s t rong consensus of opinion find­ing in WolscA' the origin of the divorce."

According t o the lecturer, Shakspere stated the position of Wolsej'- most correcth'-. However, the question as t o Avhether Wolse3'-originated the divorce is "of academic ra ther t h a n of real interest. Those w-ho are so anxious t o clear Wolsej'-'s honor of this stain forget t h a t his memorv must ever be burdened wi th heavier charges." He , w a s responsible for • the failure of the English jDolicj'- in France.

There w^ere more grounds for the divorce t han Henrv-'s love for Anne Bolejm. The validity'- of Catherine's marriage w a s ques­tionable, and besides no children had blessed her union wdth Henrv'-. WOISCA'-was a.time-server, and saw his owai gain in the sticcessftil culmination of the divorce pro­ceeding. His dowaifall "u^as as sureh'-foreshadowed hj i ts failure. In the opinion of the lecturer his complicity is established bevond a shadow of a doubt.

The lecture closed wi th an account ol Wolse3'-'s repentance and charitable acts among the poor after his honors and titles had been taken away. Despite his manj--sins, his love of power and his apparent confidence in the t ransient things of this world, he turned- a t last, chastened by tribulation, t o Him " w i t h whom there is no variableness," and died a good man.

M. S.

* *

The third lecture of the course was given Wednesdaj^ afternoon. Fa the r Gasquet t ak ing for his subject "Some Fac t s about the Reformation."

This is no t a matter , of interest t o Englishmen only, for the effects of Elizabeth's religious legislation have extended t o millions

.in this country. Non-Catholic historians have endeavored t o .make little account of

Henry VHI's divorce as a cause of the Reformation, and, have, maintained - that , the. reform w a s a popular movement for which the people had been prepared by the teachings of W^^clifie and his followers. M r . James Gardiner, w^ho is a non-Catholic and \vhom all serious historians now: follow, saj'S t h a t the beginning of the Reformation w a s the result of Henrj'-'s-divorce as surely as t w o and t w o make four. He sscys fiirther t h a t i t w a s an unpopular movement, and sixt}'- years before i t s beginning all traces of Llolardism had vanished from England. There is no eA-idence w^hatever t h a t the people desired w h a t we know as the Reformation, and there is abundant evidence t h a t they did n o t desire it . Bu t t h a t a reformation in the Church w a s desired is conclusively proven by the decrees" of the Council of Trent which began i ts sessions in 1545, t w o ^-^ears before Henry 's death.

Henr\^ YHI 's p a r t in the Reformation w a s t o deny the papal supremacy, t o over throw the monasteries and t o defame the character of the monks. During his reign the people remained Catholic. The real changes began wi th the accession of Edward YL In 1543 a change w-as made hj- w^hich communion was administered under bo th species. Bishop Gardiner opposed the innovation and w a s t h rown into prison for the res t of the reign-I t has been repeatedh^ asserted t h a t the Anglican Praver-book is a condensed transla-t ion of the Roman. Missal and the Breviarv. This is no t so. The Anglican liturgical servdce follows the Roman Missal as far as the Offertorj^ The Offertory and the Secrets are entireh^ left out. Then the bread and wine are brought t o the al tar , and instead of the Avords of consecration in the missal a formula of insti tution w a s used.*

These words of insti tution in Cranmer's tex t are taken from Oceander, his Avife's uncle, and are practically those of Luther 's La t in Mass. Thus every t race of the sacri­ficial character of the Mass w a s left out . The edition of 1552 is essentially Calvinistic and is the one used bv- the Anglicans to-day. People were forbidden t o kneel when they communicated lest they should commit an act of idolatry.

The idea has gained currencj' t h a t the Catholic Church, prcAaous t o the Reforma- •

* See frontispiece for diagram.

9S NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC,

t ion ]Drohibited' the circulation of the Bible or anv devotional books printed -in English. When an old Bible w a s found in English, the historians have reasoned this way: the Catholic Church did no t allow the Bible t o be printed in English; this book is English and therefore can no t be Catholic but must be a Wycliffe Bible. Abbot Gasquet took up the problem of tracing-such Bibles back t o their original ov^aiers, and has found t h a t eveiy single COIDA' of the Ensrlish Bible before the Reformation can be traced back t o Catholic families. The t rans­la tor must then have been some unknown monk. The editor of Chambers' EncA^clo-XDcdia, in his last edition, has adoj^ted Abbot Gasquet's theory regarding the t rans la tors of the pre-Reformation English Bibles. Devotional books also are found in Llolard's collection, ^vhich from their A-eiy nature must have been used by Catholics, and no t b \ ' the Llolards who rejected the teachings found in them. W. A. B.

The subject of 'Dom-Gasquet 's lecture on WednesdaA' evening \vas "The Position of Enoflish and Irish Catholics a Hundred Years Ago."- The opening j-ear of the nineteenth centurv, the lecturer declared, witnessed the resignation from office of the great P i t t , because King -George III . had refused t o agree to the measure of Emancipation which t h a t illustrious s tatesman had championed in behalf of his Irish supporters. At this time English Catholics were still suffering tinder the ver\' real remnants of the penal code, no t operating now^ IDA- w^aj- of active persecution so .much as bj^ repressive measures t h a t rendered the Catholic a t best an alien in his owii countrv". ' Down t o the days of P i t t £100 could legally be claimed- as reward \yj anj'-one wrho had procured the conviction of a priest. The laitA' Avere in as bad a wa^'-. The Catholic landowner " w a s subject t o a double land-tax; he w-as shut out of every learned profession and everj^ civil position, whilst a commission in .either the army or navy of his countrx'- •v\' as refused, t o him. He was a t the -mexcj of everj'- common informer w h o could find t w o justices readj'^ t o tender t o . him the oa th of supremacA'-; whilst- the oa th of allegiance, which might have saved him and h i s . forefathers for almost tw^o centuries, had he been allovv'ed t o take it , w a s declared bj'^ the keepers of his coriscience t o be unlawful."

Ground t o the dust between; the upper

and nether millstones of the law and con science, the lot of the English Catholic geiitleman during the period Ave speak of maA' well stir the deepest feelings of ^\tj and command our uiifeigned admiration.

Emancipation came about ver\^ gradualh ' . The Relief Bill of 177S Avas meant t o redress some of the most glaring injustices long done English Catholics. Though it availed little t oward actual freedom, still i t suc­ceeded in repealing such galling restrictions, as, for examiDle, t h a t no Catholic could legalh' inherit or purchase land in his native countiy,— "Catholic chapels and Catholic meetings of every kind Avere still cont ra iy t o the law." The chief difficulty now Vki as tha t , t o obtain relief under the new Act, the Catholic had t o take an oa th abjuring the Pretender and rejecting belief in am^ temporal jurisdiction or dej^osing power being jDossessed \yv the Pope. Thus Avere English Catholics mar tyrs , no t for an article of faith but for an article of com­munion—"the theor\ ' as t o the Pope's dominion over kings and iDeojDles." In 17SS this difficultj" Avas removed \iy the English and Irish episcojDate, who first took the oath, and then referred the case t o the Pope. Then was i t seen t h a t the more liberal Catholics were r ight in principle, and those churchmen who had struggled for this theorj^ as wa-ong in princijDle as tliej- were r ight in intention. Thus i t w^as t h a t this ever-mis­taken notion had cost so nianv oenerations unnecessarv bloodshed.

The act of 1778 provoked anti-Catholic agi tat ion and finally brought about the Gordon riots. At this time both clergA^ and laifrv'- were ver\' t imid; many of them left their religion. In 1780, according t o a judicious estimate English Catholics num­bered "probabh^ hardh ' more t h a n 60,000." As time passed mitigations of the restric­t ions on the education of youth came about | . till in 1791 a bill w-as passed declaring t h a t Catholic chapels and schools should be tolerated and legalized: "The further progress of emancipation was IIOAV oiity a question of t ime." I t finalty came in the Emancipation Act of 1829.

Abbot Gasciuet then traced briefly the reconstruction of the Church in England, and the gradual rehabilitation of the Catholic people. He concluded his lecture by empha­sizing the need of earnest work and zealous service for us as Catholics, and gave i t as his belief t h a t the whiter of persecution our forefathers endured - for the faith has been a t length succeeded hj .iht summer of freedom w e . n o w enjoy, full as i t is wi th promise for the fiiture glory of the great American Church." . C. L. O'D.

- • (Reports to be continued.)

NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. \>9

Card of Sympathy. gainers

Whereas, i t has pleased God, in His infinite wisdom, to \Yithdra\y from this life the father of our esteemed fellow - teacher. Professor Francis X. Ackemian,

Be it resolved tha t , in behalf of the faculty', we extend our heartfelt sj-mpathA- t o our bereaved friend and associate.

Professor James F . Edwards . Professor M. J. McCue. Professor F . J. Po\vers.

u^^^^!Kfl«fclnL Mi imi tHiaaBg

Athlet ic Notes .

NOTRE DAME LOSES TO TPIE BADGERS. Outweighed hj more t han twelve pounds

to the man, wi th half the regulars disabled and out of the game before the second half but still braveh ' contesting ever\'- inch of ground Avith the liea\'~^^ Wisconsin team, our Varsity went dov^m in defeat a t Milwaukee last Saturday'. The score, 58 t o 0, -was a distinct surprise to Wisconsin as well as t o our owm-men. But a glance a t the line­up of the Notre Dame team during the last pa r t of the game, during which time most of the scores against us Avere .made, will show t h a t i t w a s gr i t pure and simple t h a t kept the score Avhere it was . The first tweiit}^ minutes of plaj^ brought forth as prettj^ football as anj^one could ask for; bu t the plunges of Vanderboom and the other backs told on our lighter men, and from t h a t time on i t was bu t a case of fighting against the inevitable. McNemeA', Healy, Silver, Church, Gutlirie and Fansler were all compelled t o retire before the final call of time, and when the call came everx'-available man on the team w a s in the arame. The Varsitv defence Avas .greatlv improved, and did all t h a t could have been asked for, bu t they were no t able t o cope Avith the heaA '- Cardinal forwards. Our offence suffered scA^ereh^ from the . strain which the backs Avere subjected t o in trAdng t o stop the rushes of Wisconsin Axdien they AA ere on the defensiA-e, and in consequence Draper punted . AAdienever the ball AA'as secured IDA the VarsitA^ Vanderboom, Grogan and Clark Avere the best ground

for the Sta te UniA'ersit\^ iiien; it-being almost impossible t o stop Vanderboom AA hen the ball AA as giA-en t o him.

A crowd of 3500 was present, the majority of AA''hom AA-ere in SA-mpathA' Avath the Badgers, b u t there A\*as a noticeable sprink­ling of our OAAm Gold and Blue along Avith the Badger Cardinal. The pluckA^ fight of our boys won the applause of the crowd, AA'ho rooted for the "game Ir ishmen" all during the game, and CA en. on the AvaA t o the hotel after the game. The loss of McNerncA^ and Healy did much t o Aveaken the team, bu t the men AA'ho took their places did the best in their power ; so there is absoluteh- no excuse t o offer. We met a better team, and as there w a s no chance for luck t o take a hand in the final outcome, Ave lost.

Among the Notre Dame alumni who were present a t the game Avere: Mr. Chauncey Yockey, ' 01 , Mr. EdAvard Yockey, '99, Mr . F . P . Burke, '03, Mr. George Zeigler, '03 , Mr. J. O'Connell, ' 01 , Mr. George Cartier and Mr. Wanren Cartier of MihA'aukee. Mr . Leo Dw-an, '04, and Mr. Aloysius Dwan came doAvn firom Chicago t o attend- The liiie-up:

Notre Dame Keef-McNern3-Healy-MiirpliA-Beacom Sheelian. Donovan Fnnk-Fansler ShaiighnesSA' Silver-Coad Guthrie-Waldorf Clinrcli-Bracken Draper

L. E. L. T. L. G.

C. R. G. R. T. R. E.

• Q-R. H. L. H.

F .

Tonclidowns—Vanderboom,

SnA-der, 3. Goals 3 ;

Wisconsin

Findla3-Bertke-Hnnt Donovan-Fleischer Remp Stromquist - O'Brien Perr3--Kinne3-Bush Jones Sanford-Grog^an Van derb 'm-Franzkie Clark-SnA'der

Clark. 2r Bertke,

from touchdowns—^Bush, 9 ,

THE GAME

Wisconsin came on the field sixtv stronsr, t o be folloA\^ed soon after bA the Varsity led by Captain Shaughnessy. Both teams A\'ere met bA' OA'ations fi-om their supporters, and after a preliminarA' run of signals. Bush of Wisconsin AA'OU the toss and Draper kicked off fifty-fiA-e A-ards, and the game Avas on. Vanderboom caught the ball and came back ten yards . Clark h i t tackle ior fiA-e,~ Sandford added ten more around end. Clark and Sanford made four yards on their tr ials, and Vanderboom got tAvo and made i t first

l o o NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC

down. By short gains, w^hich our Hghter men did their loest t o stop, the ball w^as pu t on the twentji '-yard line. Then Clark and Vanderboom w^ere both stopj)ed and Jones tried for. goal from the field. I t failed, and Draper kicked out from the twenty-five 3'ard Ime t o Sanford w^ho fumbled, and i t was our ball for the first time. Church hit the line for three j^ards, and then "B i l l " Draper m a d e i t first down, and the Notre Dame rooters in the stands began t o have a little hope. McNemey made three more around end.

'Draper failed t o add on his t r y and then punted out of bounds on the fift3''-3'^ard hne. Again the cannonading of our Kne started, and \!i\ gains of t \vo and three A' ards the ball w^as pushed tow^ard our goal, until after fourteen minutes of plaj'^ Clark went over for the first score. Bush missed goal. Score, U. W., 6; N. D., 0.

Jones kicked t o Shaughness3'^ w^ho made eighteen before he w a s downed by Findlay. Draper made one, and then punted t o Clark; Wisconsin gained by end runs and tackle plunges, b u t v ' ere forced t o pun t t o Silver veho returned the lack eight vards . Healv w a s taken out of the game a t this point and Murphy w^ent in. Not being able t o gain Draper punted. Clark and Vanderboom soon had the ball doA\ai the field, and Berthke w^ent over for the second^ score. T w o more scores were made in this half bu t only after a hard fight. Silver, w^ho had been doing grea t w^ork behind the line, w^as forced t o retire, Coad going in. The little fellow from the West played like a veteran, no t a man get t ing pas t him all the t ime he w a s in. The work of bo th Silver and Coad w o n the plaudits of the bleachers time after time. Church and Guthrie w^ere taken out a t the end of the first half, a t w^hich time the score w a s 23 t o 0. With our Hne w^eakened and the men stiU in the game hardly able t o -s tand up, i t w^as no t a sk a t all for the Wisconsin backs t o gain a t w^ill, and i t w^as only because of the grand w^ork of Coad t h a t the score w^as n o t larger. F o r Wisconsin, Vanderboom w^as the w^hole game. He w^as a demon of offence, never being dovened for a loss. F r o m end t o end our men played the best they knew how, and only gave in \ehen they w^ere no t able t o stand.

The work of P a t Beacom, w a s more t h a n up^ t o expectations. Without any exceptions ,

his playing w a s the best on the field, the t w o men v ' ho Opposed him looking like mere " prep " schoolmen in his hands. Wisconsin tried " P a t ' s " position tvvace, bu t findingthat a t t h a t spot, a t least, there A^as "no th ing doing," they gave i t up and tried elsewhere.

Healj'^ and McNemej'- w^ere the onlj'^ ones \\^ho w^ere seriousty injured. Heaty hur t his foot, and Avill be out of the game for a couple of weeks a t least. McNemey w a s kicked in the head and badty bruised abou t the body. He w a s taken t o his home in Elgin w^here he will rest up for a day or so. I t •msij be t h a t bo th Mac aud Healy will be kept out of the game^this year . Their loss will be almost impossible t o fill.

All the men were more or less injured, b u t most of them reported for practice Monday. This is the kind of spirit t h a t counts. The gentlemen of the Varsity, w^hile being disap­pointed a t the showing las t w^eek, do no t forget t h a t we must beat Purdue. If the spirit shown by the members of. the first and second teams is any s tandard. Thanks- . giving win give Purdue rooters an opportu­ni ty t o experience sensations similar t o those w e enjo3' ed (?) las t week.

~» *

Comments by the different Milwaukee papers on the game: ,,

Milwaukee Free Press:—^For Notre Dame, Draper and ShaughnessA'-play^ed the best game, but Silver a t quarter and Beacom a t guard also showed up well. Silver,, who is a grit t \ ' little plaj'er, was badh^ hurt, and despite his protests tha t he Avas to go on, he was taken from the game. His absence left a big hole on the Notre Dame team.

Milwdiikee Sentinel:—Handicapped and beaten a t every point, the only source of action left to the fighting Irishmen; was ; the line-up t o . their reputation, and they fought to, the last ditch.

Milwaukee Journal :T—To the credit of the two men plajnrig back on defense for Notre-Dame it can be. said t h a t ' n o t - o n c e did a runner- pass them in the open and quartei' back. Silver was sb badly used up stopping the fierce onslaughts of the Cardinal giants, t h a t he w^as. forced to give way to Coad. "

* - • *

Coach Cayou of Wabash is an old lUini s tar . He also played upon the CarUsle team for a couple of years. R; R. C L A R K E .

Owing t o lack of space all personals and locals of this week;-mU n o t , be published nntU .next w^eek. , ^ ? r^,.

J

What Edward VI. ])id with the Catholic Liturgy By the Right Rev. Francis Aidan Gasquet, O. S. B.

MISSAL OR PRAYER-BOOK?

SARUM OR ANCIENT CATHOLIC MISSAL. 2.

FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER.

A. D. 1549.

3.

SECOND and PRESENT BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER.

A. D. 1552 and A. D. 1662.

A Psalm

Lord Have Mercy Upon Us

Our Father

Hail Mary

A General Confession

Introi t

Lord Have Merc3' Upon Us

Gloo' Be t o God on High

Collects

The Epistle

Gradual

The Gospel

The Creed

Oflertory (i. e. of the elements!

Collects

Preface Sanctns

Canon of the Mass (a) Praj 'erfor theChurch, Pope, Bishop and

Kinp (6) Commemoration of Saints

(c) Consecration (d) Elevation of the Host (e) Commemoration oj the Dead (/l Our Father

.^gnus Dei

Priest's Communion

General Confession and Absolution

Communion ol the Laity

- - ' '

. - Communion

Post-Communion

Our Father

A Praj-er

Introit

Lord Have Mercy Upon Us

Glory be to God on High, etc.

Collects 1

The Epistle

The Gospel

The Creed

{."() An Exhortation (b) Texts on Almsgiving ic) Collection for the Poor

Preface

Sanctus

Canon of the M.iss (.'!) l-'ra3-er for the Church and King

(h) Commemoration of the Saints (c) Commemoration of the Dead (dl Consecration (c) Forbidden

(/) Our Father

.\gnus Dei

General Confession and Absolution

Communion of Ministers and Laity

-

^

Post Communion

Our Father

A Prayer •

"

The Ten Commandments

Collects

The Epistle

The Gospel

The Creed

(a) Exhortation (ti) Texts on Almsgiving (c) Collection for the Poor

(a) Prayer for the Church Militant (b) An Exhortation

• (c) General Confession and Absolution

Preface "Blessed is he who Cometh" left out

(a) Consecration

Communion of Ministers and Laity

, \ Our Father

A Praj'cr

" Glory be to God on High

•*

Blessing

1

NOTE. The portions of the Mass which are retained in the Communion service of the Book of Common Prayer, are printed in columns II. and III. in black type. The parts in red type are adaptations or new compositions.