NOTES1 European Commission, Regional cooperation in the Western Balkans. A policy

priority for the European Union, Luxembourg: EUR-OP, 2006, pp. 1–4, and 7. 2 European Union, Countries, http://europa.eu/about-

eu/countries/index_en.htm.

3 Energy Community, Energy Community Strategy, available online at:

http://www.energy- community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/AREAS_OF_WORK/Investm ents/Energy_Community_Strategy.

4 Venelin Tsachevsky, Energy management in South East Europe: Achievements and Prospects, Electronic Publications of Pan-European Institute, University of Turku, Finland, No.2 , 2013, p. 95, http://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/tse/yksikot/PEI/raportit-ja- tietopaketit/Documents/2013/Tsachevsky%202-2013.pdf.

5 Energy Community, Gas Ring Concept, http://www.energy- community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/AREAS_OF_WORK/GAS/Re gional_Market/Gas_Ring_Concept.

6 Energy Community, Projects of Energy Community Interest,

https://www.energy- community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/AREAS_OF_WORK/Instrum ents/Investments/PECIs.

7 Tsachevsky, 2013, pp. 23–36.

8 International Energy Agency, Montenegro, Electricity generation by fuel, http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/MONTENEGRO2.pdf; International Energy Agency, Croatia, Electricity generation by fuel, http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/CROATIA2.pdf.

9 International Energy Agency, IEA Energy Statistics, OECD/IEA 2013, http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/MONTENEGRO4.pdf; http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/CROATIA4.pdf; http://www.iea.org/stats/WebGraphs/SLOVENIA4.pdf.

10 Energy Information Administration, Croatia, EIA Overview data for Croatia, May 30, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=hr.

11 International Energy Agency, Croatia. Balances for 2001–2011, IEA Energy Statistics, OECD/IEA 2013, http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=CROATIA&prod uct=Balances&year=2001.

12 British Petroleum, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013, June 2013, p. 23.

13 Ana-Maria Boromisa, Dariusz Kałan, “Croatia: On the Southern Flank,” in Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz, Dariusz Kałan (eds.) North-South Gas Corridor: Geopolitical Breakthrough in Central Europe, The Polish Institute of International Affairs, Warsaw, December 2013, p. 36; Energy

Community, Croatia. Gas Facts and Figures, http://www.energy- community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/MEMBERS/PARTICIPANTS /CROATIA.

14 Currency conversions based on exchange rates as of March 1, 2015. Historic exchange rates available at http://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/.

15 Anastasios Giamouridis, Spiros Paleovannis, “Security of Gas Supply in South Eastern Europe. Potential Contribution of Planned Pipelines, LNG and Storage,” NG 52, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, July 2011, p. 76; Boromisa, Kałan, 2013, p. 38.

16 “Croatia’s INA to Import Gas from Italian Group ENI,” Balkan Insight, December 17, 2010, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/croatia-s-ina-to- import-gas-from-italian-group-eni.

17 Energy Information Administration, Croatia, EIA Overview data for Croatia, May 30, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=hr.

18 The Janaf System, official website, http://www.janaf.hr/oil-pipeline/the-janaf- system/.

19 Natural Gas Europe, “Croatia Launches International Tender in Adriatic Sea,” NGE, April 2, 2014, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/croatia- international-tender-in-adriatic-sea; Haris Stefanatos, “Croatia’s oil reserves estimated at 747 million tons,” Independent Balkan News Agency, March 7, 2014, http://www.balkaneu.com/croatias-oil-reserves-estimated-747-million- tons/#sthash.8gmTGAfF.dpuf.

21 Ministry for Economic Development, Energy Sector of Montenegro,

http://www.mek.gov.me/ResourceManager/FileDownload.aspx?rid=50640&rTy pe=2&file=1235057632.pdf.

22 Stefan Ralchev, “Energy in the Western Balkans: A Strategic Overview,” Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, Bulgaria, August 2012, p. 6.

23 European Commission, “Screening Report Montenegro. Chapter 15 Energy,” 2013, pp. 4–6, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/montenegro/screening_reports/screening _report_montenegro_ch_15.pdf; V. Tsachevsky, 2013, pp. 66–67.

24 European Commission, “European Economy. Member States’ Energy Dependence: An Indicator-Based Assessment,” European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Occasional Papers No. 145, April 2013, pp. 235–237.

25 Geoplin, Natural Gas in Slovenia, http://www.geoplin.si/en/natural- gas/slovenian-market.

26 Alan Petzet, “Slovenia: Ascent to hook up tight gas-condensate well,” Oil & Gas Journal, February 11, 2011, http://www.ogj.com/articles/2011/11/slovenia- ascent-to-hook-up-tight-gas-condensate-well.html.

27 European Commission, “European Economy. Member States’ Energy Dependence: An Indicator-Based Assessment,” European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Occasional Papers No. 145, April 2013, p. 236.

20 “Five companies awarded for 10 exploration blocks in the Adriatic,” Croatian Hydrocarbon Agency Press Release, January 2, 2015, http://www.azu.hr/en- us/Home/ctl/Details/mid/708/ItemID/41.

28 Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Net electricity production, Slovenia, April 2014, http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=6260.

29 Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, World Water Day 2014, March 20, 2014, http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=6128.

30 David Koranyi, Ian Brzezinski, Matthew Bryza, “After Nabucco—Croatia to the Rescue of Central Europe’s Energy Security?” Energy Post, September 4, 2013, http://www.energypost.eu/after-nabucco-croatia-to-the-rescue-of- central-europes-energy-security/.

31 Tsachevsky, 2013, p. 106.

32 Information on signed Intergovernmental Declaration for Ionian Adriatic gas pipeline and MoU on implementation of this project between Swiss Company EGL and Plinacro Ltd, Plinacro Official Website, http://www.plinacro.hr/default.aspx?id=103.

33 “Next steps in Adriatic-Ionian Gas Pipeline project agreed,” Dalje.com, September 26, 2013, http://dalje.com/en-croatia/next-steps-in-adriatic-ionian- gas-pipeline-project-agreed/484997.

34 Western Balkans Investment Framework, Ionian Adriatic Pipeline, WBIF, http://www.wbif-ipf.eu/index.php?page_id=377&id=74.

35 Information on signed Intergovernmental Declaration for Ionian Adriatic gas pipeline and MoU on implementation of this project between Swiss Company EGL and Plinacro Ltd, Plinacro Official Website, http://www.plinacro.hr/default.aspx?id=103.

36 Energy Community, Ministerial Declaration of the Ionian Adriatic Gas Pipeline Project, September 25, 2007, http://www.energy- community.org/pls/portal/docs/40178.PDF.

37 “Trans Adriatic Pipeline: South Eastern Europe is key to building a Pan- European gas market,” EurActive, October 27, 2011, http://pr.euractiv.com/pr/trans-adriatic-pipeline-south-eastern-europe-key- building-pan-european-gas-market-91626; Aygun Badalova, “TAP continues working with Ionian Adriatic Pipeline developers,” Trend News Agency, November 6, 2013, http://en.trend.az/capital/energy/2208629.html.

38 Ibid.

39 “Goodwill on TAP, IAP, Signed in Tirana,” Natural Gas Europe, May 28, 2013, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/goodwill-tap-iap-albania-greece- pipelines.

40 Republic of Croatia, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, Joint Statement of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy and Montenegro, June 12, 2013, http://www.mvep.hr/files/file/2013/130613-jointstatement.pdf.

41 “Dubrovnik: Strong commitment and full support for Trans-Adriatic and Ionian Adriatic Pipeline with a purpose of strengthening regional energy stability,” Montenegro Ministry of Interior, June 13, 2013, http://www.mup.gov.me/en/search/129256/Dubrovnik-Strong-commitment- and-full-support-for-Trans-Adriatic-and-Ionian Adriatic-Pipeline-with-a- purpose-of-strengthening-reg.html.

42 Government of Montenegro, European Energy Commissioner: EU pledges full support to Montenegro for implementing Ionian Adriatic Pipeline project, June 26, 2014, http://www.gov.me/en/News/140000/European-Energy- Commissioner-EU-pledges-full-support-to-Montenegro-for-implementing- Ionian-Adriatic-Pipeline-project.html.

43 Kostis Geropulos, “Croatia: ‘Ionian Adriatic Pipeline is top priority,’ ” New Europe, September 27, 2013, http://www.neurope.eu/article/croatia-ionian- adriatic-pipeline-top-priority%E2%80%99.

44 Stevo Kolundižić, “The future of Croatia’s natural gas supply from the perspective of import infrastructure,” Nafta, Vol. 63, No. (5–6), 2012, p. 185.

45 “Croatia would like IAP construction to kick off in 2016 at latest - econ min,” SEE News, December 17, 2013, http://powermarket.seenews.com/news/croatia- would-like-iap-construction-to-kick-off-in-2016-at-latest-econ-min-395565.

46 Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz, Dariusz Kałan (eds.) North–South Gas Corridor: Geopolitical Breakthrough in Central Europe, The Polish Institute of International Affairs, Warsaw, December 2013, p. 11.

47 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas, Gas Regional Investment Plan Southern Corridor 2012–2021 Annex B: Infrastructure Projects, ENTSOG, pp. 9–11, http://www.entsog.eu/public/uploads/files/publications/GRIPs/2012/GRIP_SC _AnnexB.pdf.

48 ADRIA LNG Official Wesbsite, http://www.adria- lng.hr/index_en.php?f=&m=2&s=0.

49 Qatar to supply liquefied gas, PV International, December 3, 2012, http://www.privredni.hr/pvint/PVI0220.pdf.

50 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas, Gas Regional Investment Plan: Southern Corridor 2012–2021, Annex B: Infrastructure Projects, ENTSOG, p. 58, http://www.entsog.eu/public/uploads/files/publications/GRIPs/2012/GRIP_SC _AnnexB.pdf.

51 Anastasios Giamouridis, Spiros Paleovannis, “Security of Gas Supply in South Eastern Europe. Potential Contribution of Planned Pipelines, LNG and Storage,” NG 52, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, July 2011, pp. 91–92.

52 Plinacro Official Website, http://www.plinacro.hr/default.aspx?id=494.

53 “Croatia confirms plans for new LNG terminal in 2016,” Reuters, July 3, 2012,

http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/03/croatia-lng-project- idUSL6E8I36O620120703; “Croatia Mulling LNG Alternative,” Natural Gas Europe, May 21, 2012, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/croatia-mulling-lng- alternative-6476.

54 Western Balkans Investment Framework, LNG Regasification Vessel, http://www.wbif-ipf.eu/index.php?page_id=377&id=71.

55 European Network of Transmission System Operators for Gas, Gas Regional Investment Plan Southern Corridor 2012–2021, Annex B: Infrastructure Projects, ENTSOG, pp. 10–14, http://www.entsog.eu/public/uploads/files/publications/GRIPs/2012/GRIP_SC _AnnexB.pdf.

56 Ibid; Boromisa, Kałan, p. 39

57 Barbara Corrao, “Allarme italiano: ‘La Croazia ci sta scippando il Tap’ ” (Italian warning: “Croatia is swindling us on TAP project”), FIRST Online, May 5, 2014, http://www.firstonline.info/a/2014/05/06/lallarme-di-tap-italia-la- croazia-ci-sta-scippando/ece0d80d-3d17-4d4d-8541-bfe25d41b9f3.

58 Emiliano Fittipaldi, Chiara Spagnolo, “Arrivano I NO TAP” (NO TAP is coming), Espresso, December 15, 2013, p.42; “TAP Receives Approval of Environmental Impact Assessment from Italy,” Natural Gas Europe, September 12, 2014, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/trans-adriatic-pipeline-italy-eia.

59 Davide Tabarelli, “Environmental Effects of the TAP Pipeline,” Natural Gas Europe, June 13, 2014, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/environmental- effects-of-the-tap-pipeline.

60 Margarita Assenova, “South Stream as Kremlin’s Geopolitical Tool, Eurasia Daily Monitor,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation, Vol: 9 Issue: 199, October 31, 2012, http://www.jamestown.org/regions/europe/single/?tx_ttnews[pointer]=2&tx_tt news[tt_news]=40039&tx_ttnews[backPid]=671&cHash=dadbf9fa78926e5dd68 5b405621ec7c4#.U5LSlShtYwI.

61 South Stream Official Website, http://www.south-stream.info/en/.

62 Murat Tinas, “Putin Surprises All as South Stream Fades Away,” Natural Gas Europe, December 2, 2014, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/south-stream- pipeline-fades-away.

63 Fabio Indeo, “The Decline of the Nabucco Project: a Geopolitical Defeat for the EU,” EGS Global Energy Monitor, Vol. 1, No.7, pp. 1–3.

64 “Montenegro to Join South Stream Project,” South Stream Official Website,

February 3, 2012, http://www.south-stream.info/en/press/news/news-item/montenegro-to-join-south-stream/.

65 South Stream Official Website, Croatia, http://www.south-stream.info/en/partners/croatia/.

66 Vladimir Socor, “Igor Sechin Door-Crashing in Croatia,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation, Vol: 10 Issue: 116, June 19, 2013, http://www.jamestown.org/

regions/europe/single/?tx_ttnews[pointer]=1&tx_tt news[tt_news]=41039&tx_ttnews[backPid]=671&cHash=4e6fb002c055b02362 55dd85dc128b5c#.U5TLYihtYwI.

67 Joseph Orovic, “Russia's Rosneft said looking to buy INA and Petrol in the Balkans,” Business New Europe, February 26, 2014, http://www.bne.eu/content/russias-rosneft-said-looking-buy-ina-and-petrol- balkans; “Zarubezhneft mulls $1.27 bln projects in Croatia,” Reuters, January 17, 2012, http://de.reuters.com/article/idUKL6E8CH4CD20120117.

68 Vladimir Socor, “Croatian Government Considers Expansion of Russian Energy Companies (Part Two),” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation, Vol: 10, Issue: 33, February 21, 2013, http://www.jamestown.org/regions/europe/single/?tx_ttnews[pointer]=2&tx_tt news[tt_news]=40486&tx_ttnews[backPid]=671&cHash=48066d751e300e3370 65615ad3f8dc35#.U5TVFChtYwI.

69 European Commission, Third package for Electricity & Gas markets,

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/gas_electricity/legislation/third_legislative_package _en.htm.

70 “Joint company for South Stream gas branch construction to Croatia to be set up in second half of 2013,” Gazprom Press release, January 17, 2013, http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2013/january/article154317/; “Gazprom: Joint Venture for South Stream to Croatia,” Balkan Open Report, January 20, 2013, http://www.balkanopen.com/article.php?id=1092.

71 “Gazprom, Slovenia Enter JV for South Stream,” Natural Gas Europe, May 31, 2012, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/gazprom-slovenia-jv-south-stream.

72 “Slovenia Firmly Supports South Stream Project,” The Slovenia Times, April 27, 2013, http://www.sloveniatimes.com/slovenia-firmly-supports-south- stream-project.

73 “South Stream in Slovenia: An Update on Progress,” Presentation by Marjan Eberlinc, General Manager of Plinovodi d.o.o, in “South Stream: the Evolution of a Pipeline” conference in Ljubljana, Slovenia, October 24, 2013), Natural Gas Europe, Gas Dialogues, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/pdfs/gas- dialogues/South%20Stream%20Project%20- %20An%20update%20on%20progress%20Ljubljana%2024_10_2013_dist.pdf.

74 Kostis Geropulos, “Putin’s Move: South Stream to Austria,” New Europe, May 1, 2014, http://www.neurope.eu/article/putin%E2%80%99s-move-south- stream-austria.

75 “Gazprom ends plan to build South Stream pipeline to Italy,” Reuters, April 30, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/30/gazprom-southstream- italy-idUSL6N0NM6ZY20140430; “Gas: Guidi, per Italia sempre strategico South Stream” (Natural Gas: Guidi, South Stream is always strategic for Italy), Europarlamento24, May 26, 2014, http://www.europarlamento24.eu/gas-guidi- per-italia-sempre-strategico-south-stream/0,1254,106_ART_7034,00.html.

76 European Commission, “Antitrust: Commission opens proceedings against Gazprom,” European Commission, Press Release, IP/12/937, September 4, 2012, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-937_en.htm.

77 Barbara Lewis, “EU asks Bulgaria to stop work on Gazprom's South Stream pipeline,” Reuters, June 3, 2014, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/03/uk- eu-southstream-bulgaria-idUKKBN0EE0SU20140603.

78 “GazpromDiscussesSouthStreamProjectwithCroatia,”NaturalGas Europe, July 10, 2014, http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/gazprom-south- stream-project-croatia.

79 Jonathan Stern, Simon Pirani, Katja Yafimava, “Does the cancellation of South Stream signal a fundamental reorientation of Russian gas export policy?” Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, January 2015, pp. 6–7, http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Does- cancellation-of-South-Stream-signal-a-fundamental-reorientation-of-Russian- gas-export-policy-GPC-5.pdf.

80 Vladimir Socor, “Azerbaijan’s TANAP Project: Foundation of the Southern Corridor & New Developments,” in “Azerbaijan and the Southern Gas Corridor to Europe. Implications for U.S. and European Energy Security,” Conference Report, Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation, September 13, 2013, p. 15, http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Conference_Report_- _Azerbaijan_and_the_Southern_Gas_Corridor_-_FINAL_web_version.pdf.

81 “Azerbaijan expresses its interest for the gasification of Albania,” Independent Balkan News Agency, September 26, 2013, http://www.balkaneu.com/azerbaijan-expresses-interest-gasification-albania/.

82 Seymur Aliyev, “Azerbaijan signs MoU on gas supplies to Albania, Croatia and Montenegro,” Trend News Agency, December 17, 2013, http://en.trend.az/capital/energy/2222427.html.

83 Natasa Radic, “Ionian Adriatic pipeline project under way,” Independent Balkan News Agency, July 9, 2013, http://www.balkaneu.com/ionian-adriatic- pipeline-project/.

84 Emin Aliyev, “Podgorica to host Azerbaijani-Montenegrin Business Forum,” Trend News Agency, February 20, 2014, http://en.trend.az/capital/business/2244111.html.

85 “Croatia turns to Azerbaijan for energy, tourism investments,” New Europe, November 11, 2012, http://www.neurope.eu/article/croatia-turns-azerbaijan- energy-tourism-investments.

86 Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Economic Development and Technology, “Minister Stepišnik visits the Republic of Azerbaijan,” August 29, 2013, http://www.mgrt.gov.si/nc/en/media_room/news/article//9399/.