Notes on Virginia - Jefferson

8/11/2019 Notes on Virginia - Jefferson

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/notes-on-virginia-jefferson 1/147

The Avalon Project at the Yale LawSchoolNotes on the State of Virginia

by Thomas Je erson

_A V!"T#S!$!NT_The following Notes were written in Virginia in the year %&'%( an)

somewhat correcte) an) enlarge) in the winter of %&'*( in answer to+,eries -ro-ose) to the A,thor( by a .oreigner of istinction( thenresi)ing among ,s/ The s,bjects are all treate) im-erfectly0 somescarcely to,che) on/ To a-ologi1e for this by )evelo-ing thecirc,mstances of the time an) -lace of their com-osition( wo,l) be too-en wo,n)s which have alrea)y ble) eno,gh/ To thesecirc,mstances some of their im-erfections may with tr,th beascribe)0 the great mass to the want of information an) want of talents in the writer/ 2e ha) a few co-ies -rinte)( which he gaveamong his frien)s3 an) a translation of them has been lately

-,blishe) in .rance( b,t with s,ch alterations as the laws of the -ressin that co,ntry ren)ere) necessary/ They are now o ere) to the

-,blic in their original form an) lang,age/.eb/ *&( %&'&/

+4!"Y # _An e5act )escri-tion of the limits an) bo,n)aries of the state of

Virginia6_Limits

Virginia is bo,n)e) on the !ast by the Atlantic3 on the North by aline of latit,)e( crossing the !astern Shore thro,gh 7at8ins9s Point(being abo,t :& )egrees/;&9 North latit,)e0 from thence by a streight line to <in=,ac( near the mo,th of Patowmac0 thence by thePatowmac( which is common to Virginia an) $arylan)( to the >rst fo,ntain of its northern branch0 thence by a meri)ian line( -assingthro,gh that fo,ntain till it intersects a line r,nning !ast an) 7est( inlatit,)e :? )egrees/@:9/@*/@ which )ivi)es $arylan) fromPennsylvania( an) which was mar8e) by $essrs/ $ason an) i5on0thence by that line( an) a contin,ation of it westwar)ly to the

com-letion of >ve )egrees of longit,)e from the eastern bo,n)ary of Pennsylvania( in the same latit,)e( an) thence by a meri)ian line tothe Bhio3 Bn the 7est by the Bhio an) $issisi-i( to latit,)e :C



)egrees/:D9/ North3 an) on the So,th by the line of latit,)e lastEmentione)/ Fy a)meas,rements thro,gh nearly the whole of this last line( an) s,--lying the ,nmeas,re) -arts from goo) )ata( the

Atlantic an) $issisi-i( are fo,n) in this latit,)e to be &;' miles)istant( e=,al to %: )egrees/:'9/ of longit,)e( rec8oning ;; miles an):%@@ feet to the )egree/ This being o,r com-rehension of longit,)e(that of o,r latit,)e( ta8en between this an) $ason an) i5on9s line( is: )egrees/%:9/@*/@ e=,al to **:/: miles( s,--osing a )egree of agreat circle to be C? m/ 'C@ f/ as com-,te) by <assini/ Thesebo,n)aries incl,)e an area somewhat triang,lar( of %*%;*; s=,aremiles( whereof &?C;D lie westwar) of the Allegany mo,ntains( an);&D:@ westwar) of the meri)ian of the mo,th of the Great Hanhaway/This state is therefore one thir) larger than the islan)s of Great Fritain an) #relan)( which are rec8one) at '':;& s=,are miles/

These limits res,lt from( %/ The antient charters from the crown

of !nglan)/ */ The grant of $arylan) to the Lor) Faltimore( an) thes,bse=,ent )eterminations of the Fritish co,rt as to the e5tent of that grant/ :/ The grant of Pennsylvania to 7illiam Penn( an) acom-act between the general assemblies of the commonwealths of Virginia an) Pennsylvania as to the e5tent of that grant/ @/ The grant of <arolina( an) act,al location of its northern bo,n)ary( by consent of both -arties/ ;/ The treaty of Paris of %&C:/ C/ The con>rmation of the charters of the neighbo,ring states by the convention of Virginiaat the time of constit,ting their commonwealth/ &/ The cession ma)eby Virginia to <ongress of all the lan)s to which they ha) title on theNorth si)e of the Bhio/+4!"Y ##

_A notice of its rivers( riv,lets( an) how far they are navigable6_"ivers an) Navigation

An ins-ection of a ma- of Virginia( will give a better i)ea of thegeogra-hy of its rivers( than any )escri-tion in writing/ Their navigation may be im-erfectly note)/

_"oano8e_( so far as it lies within this state( is no wherenavigable( b,t for canoes( or light battea,50 an)( even for these( ins,ch )etache) -arcels as to have -revente) the inhabitants fromavailing themselves of it at all/

_James "iver_( an) its waters( a or) navigation as follows/The whole of _!li1abeth "iver_( the lowest of those which r,n into

James "iver( is a harbo,r( an) wo,l) contain ,-war)s of :DD shi-s/The channel is from %;D to *DD fathom wi)e( an) at common Ioo)ti)e( a or)s %' feet water to Norfol8/ The Stra or)( a CD g,n shi-(went there( lightening herself to cross the bar at Sowell9s -oint/ The.ier "o)rig,e( -ierce) for C@ g,ns( an) carrying ;D( went therewitho,t lightening/ <raney islan)( at the mo,th of this river(comman)s its channel tolerably well/



_Nansemon) "iver_ is navigable to Slee-y hole( for vessels of *;D tons0 to S, ol8( for those of %DD tons0 an) to $ilner9s( for thoseof *;/

_Pagan <ree8_ a or)s ' or %D feet water to Smithfeil)( whicha)mits vessels of *D ton/

_<hic8ahominy_ has at its mo,th a bar( on which is only %* feet water at common Ioo) ti)e/ Vessels -assing that( may go ' miles ,-the river0 those of %D feet )ra,ght may go fo,r miles f,rther( an)those of si5 tons b,rthen( *D miles f,rther/

_A--amatto5_ may be navigate) as far as Froa)ways( by any vessel which has crosse) 2arrison9s bar in James river0 it 8ee-s ' or ?feet water a mile or two higher ,- to .isher9s bar( an) @ feet on that an) ,-war)s to Petersb,rgh( where all navigation ceases/

_James "iver_ itself a or)s harbo,r for vessels of any si1e in

2am-ton "oa)( b,t not in safety thro,gh the whole winter0 an) thereis navigable water for them as far as $,lberry islan)/ A @D g,n shi-goes to James town( an)( lightening herself( may -ass to 2arrison9sbar( on which there is only %; feet water/ Vessels of *;D tons may goto 7arwic80 those of %*; go to "oc8et9s( a mile below "ichmon)0 fromthence is abo,t & feet water to "ichmon)0 an) abo,t the center of the town( fo,r feet an) a half( where the navigation is interr,-te) by falls( which in a co,rse of si5 miles( )escen) abo,t 'D feet

-er-en)ic,lar3 above these it is res,me) in canoes an) battea,5( an)is -rosec,te) safely an) a)vantageo,sly to within %D miles of the

Fl,e ri)ge0 an) even thro,gh the Fl,e ri)ge a ton weight has beenbro,ght0 an) the e5-ence wo,l) not be great( when com-are) withits object( to o-en a tolerable navigation ,- Jac8son9s river an)<ar-enter9s cree8( to within *; miles of 2owar)9s cree8 of Greenbriar( both of which have then water eno,gh to Ioat vessels into theGreat Hanhaway/ #n some f,t,re state of -o-,lation( # thin8 it

-ossible( that its navigation may also be ma)e to interloc8 with that of the Patowmac( an) thro,gh that to comm,nicate by a short

-ortage with the Bhio/ #t is to be note)( that this river is calle) in thema-s _James "iver_( only to its conI,ence with the "ivanna0 thenceto the Fl,e ri)ge it is calle) the .l,vanna0 an) thence to its so,rce(

Jac8son9s river/ F,t in common s-eech( it is calle) James river to itsso,rce/

The _"ivanna_( a branch of James river( is navigable for canoesan) battea,5 to its intersection with the So,th 7est mo,ntains(which is abo,t ** miles0 an) may easily be o-ene) to navigationthro,gh those mo,ntains to its for8 above <harlottesville/

_Yor8 "iver_( at Yor8 town( a or)s the best harbo,r in the statefor vessels of the largest si1e/ The river there narrows to the wi)th of

a mile( an) is containe) within very high ban8s( close ,n)er whichthe vessels may ri)e/ #t hol)s @ fathom water at high ti)e for *; milesabove Yor8 to the mo,th of Poro-otan8( where the river is a mile an)



a half wi)e( an) the channel only &; fathom( an) -assing ,n)er ahigh ban8/ At the conI,ence of _Pam,n8ey_ an) _$atta-ony_( it isre),ce) to : fathom )e-th( which contin,es ,- Pam,n8ey to<,mberlan)( where the wi)th is %DD yar)s( an) ,- $atta-ony towithin two miles of .ra1er9s ferry( where it becomes * % * fathom)ee-( an) hol)s that abo,t >ve miles/ Pam,n8ey is then ca-able of navigation for loa)e) Iats to Froc8man9s bri)ge( ;D miles above2anover town( an) $atta-ony to owner9s bri)ge( &D miles above itsmo,th/

_Pian8atan8_( the little rivers ma8ing o,t of _$objac8 bay_ an)those of the _!astern shore_( receive only very small vessels( an)these can b,t enter them/

_"a--ahanoc8_ a or)s @ fathom water to 2obb9s hole( an) *fathom from thence to .re)eric8sb,rg/

_Patowmac_ is & % * miles wi)e at the mo,th0 @ % * at Nomony bay0 : at A=,ia0 % % * at 2allooing -oint0 % % @ at Ale5an)ria/ #tsso,n)ings are( & fathom at the mo,th0 ; at St/ George9s islan)0 @ % *at Lower $atcho)ic0 : at Swan9s -oint( an) thence ,- to Ale5an)ria0thence %D feet water to the falls( which are %: miles above

Ale5an)ria/ These falls are %; miles in length( an) of very great )escent( an) the navigation above them for battea,5 an) canoes( isso m,ch interr,-te) as to be little ,se)/ #t is( however( ,se) in asmall )egree ,- the <ohongoronta branch as far as .ort <,mberlan)(which was at the mo,th of 7ills9s cree83 an) is ca-able( at no great

e5-ence( of being ren)ere) very -racticable/ The Shenan)oah branchinterloc8s with James river abo,t the Fl,e ri)ge( an) may -erha-s inf,t,re be o-ene)/

The _$issisi-i_ will be one of the -rinci-al channels of f,t,recommerce for the co,ntry westwar) of the Alleghaney/ .rom themo,th of this river to where it receives the Bhio( is %DDD miles by water( b,t only ;DD by lan)( -assing thro,gh the <hic8asaw co,ntry/.rom the mo,th of the Bhio to that of the $isso,ri( is *:D miles by water( an) %@D by lan)/ .rom thence to the mo,th of the #llinois river(is abo,t *; miles/ The $issisi-i( below the mo,th of the $isso,ri( isalways m,))y( an) abo,n)ing with san) bars( which fre=,ently change their -laces/ 2owever( it carries %; feet water to the mo,th of the Bhio( to which -lace it is from one an) a half to two miles wi)e(an) thence to Has8as8ia from one mile to a mile an) a =,arter wi)e/#ts c,rrent is so ra-i)( that it never can be stemme) by the force of the win) alone( acting on sails/ Any vessel( however( navigate) withoars( may come ,- at any time( an) receive m,ch ai) from the win)/

A battea, -asses from the mo,th of Bhio to the mo,th of $issisi-i inthree wee8s( an) is from two to three months getting ,- again/,ring its Ioo)s( which are -erio)ical as those of the Nile( the largest vessels may -ass )own it( if their steerage can be ens,re)/ TheseIoo)s begin in A-ril( an) the river ret,rns into its ban8s early in

A,g,st/ The in,n)ation e5ten)s f,rther on the western than eastern



si)e( covering the lan)s in some -laces for ;D miles from its ban8s/ Above the mo,th of the $isso,ri( it becomes m,ch s,ch a river as theBhio( li8e it clear( an) gentle in its c,rrent( not =,ite so wi)e( the

-erio) of its Ioo)s nearly the same( b,t not rising to so great aheight/ The streets of the village at <ohoes are not more than %D feet above the or)inary level of the water( an) yet were never overIowe)/#ts be) )ee-ens every year/ <ohoes( in the memory of many -eo-lenow living( was ins,late) by every Ioo) of the river/ 7hat was the!astern channel has now become a la8e( ? miles in length an) one inwi)th( into which the river at this )ay never Iows/ This river yiel)st,rtle of a -ec,liar 8in)( -erch( tro,t( gar( -i8e( m,llets( herrings(car-( s-at,la >sh of ;D lb/ weight( cat >sh of an h,n)re) -o,n)sweight( b, alo >sh( an) st,rgeon/ Alligators or croco)iles have beenseen as high ,- as the Acansas/ #t also abo,n)s in herons( cranes(),c8s( brant( geese( an) swans/ #ts -assage is comman)e) by a fort

establishe) by this state( >ve miles below the mo,th of Bhio( an) tenmiles above the <arolina bo,n)ary/The $isso,ri( since the treaty of Paris ( the #llinois an) Northern

branches of the Bhio since the cession to <ongress( are no longer within o,r limits/ Yet having been so heretofore( an) still o-ening to,s channels of e5tensive comm,nication with the western an) northEwestern co,ntry( they shall be note) in their or)er/

The _$isso,ri_ is( in fact( the -rinci-al river( contrib,ting more tothe common stream than )oes the $issisi-i( even after its j,nctionwith the #llinois/ #t is remar8ably col)( m,))y an) ra-i)/ #tsoverIowings are consi)erable/ They ha--en ),ring the months of

J,ne an) J,ly/ Their commencement being so m,ch later than thoseof the $issisi-i( wo,l) in),ce a belief that the so,rces of the $isso,riare northwar) of those of the $issisi-i( ,nless we s,--ose that thecol) increases again with the ascent of the lan) from the $issisi-iwestwar)ly/ That this ascent is great( is -rove) by the ra-i)ity of theriver/ Si5 miles above the mo,th it is bro,ght within the com-ass of a=,arter of a mile9s wi)th3 yet the S-anish $erchants at Pancore( or St/ Lo,is( say they go two tho,san) miles ,- it/ #t hea)s far westwar)

of the "io Norte( or North "iver/ There is( in the villages of Has8as8ia(<ohoes an) St/ Vincennes( no inconsi)erable =,antity of -late( sai) tohave been -l,n)ere) ),ring the last war by the #n)ians from thech,rches an) -rivate ho,ses of Santa .e( on the North "iver( an)bro,ght to these villages for sale/ .rom the mo,th of Bhio to Santa .eare forty )ays jo,rney( or abo,t %DDD miles/ 7hat is the shortest )istance between the navigable waters of the $isso,ri( an) those of the North "iver( or how far this is navigable above Santa .e( # co,l)never learn/ .rom Santa .e to its mo,th in the G,l-h of $e5ico isabo,t %*DD miles/ The roa) from New Brleans to $e5ico crosses this

river at the -ost of "io Norte( 'DD miles below Santa .e3 an) from this -ost to New Brleans is abo,t %*DD miles0 th,s ma8ing *DDD milesbetween Santa .e an) New Brleans( -assing )own the North river(

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/paris.htm

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/paris.htm



"e) river an) $issisi-i0 whereas it is **:D thro,gh the $isso,ri an)$issisi-i/ .rom the same -ost of "io Norte( -assing near the mines of La Sierra an) Laig,ana( which are between the North river an) theriver Salina to Sartilla( is :&; miles0 an) from thence( -assing themines of <harcas( Kaccatecas an) Potosi( to the city of $e5ico is :&;miles0 in all( %;;D miles from Santa .e to the city of $e5ico/ .romNew Brleans to the city of $e5ico is abo,t %?;D miles3 the roa)s(after setting o,t from the "e) river( near Natchitoches( 8ee-inggenerally -arallel with the coast( an) abo,t two h,n)re) miles fromit( till it enters the city of $e5ico/

The _#llinois_ is a >ne river( clear( gentle( an) witho,t ra-i)s0insom,ch that it is navigable for battea,5 to its so,rce/ .rom thenceis a -ortage of two miles only to the <hic8ago( which a or)s abattea, navigation of %C miles to its entrance into la8e $ichigan/ The#llinois( abo,t %D miles above its mo,th( is :DD yar)s wi)e/

The _Has8as8ia_ is %DD yar)s wi)e at its entrance into the$issisi-i( an) -reserves that brea)th to the F, alo -lains( &D milesabove/ So far also it is navigable for loa)e) battea,5( an) -erha-sm,ch f,rther/ #t is not ra-i)/

The _Bhio_ is the most bea,tif,l river on earth/ #ts c,rrent gentle(waters clear( an) bosom smooth an) ,nbro8en by roc8s an) ra-i)s( asingle instance only e5ce-te)/

#t is % @ of a mile wi)e at .ort Pitt3

;DD yar)s at the mo,th of the GreatHanhaway3% mile an) *; -oles at Lo,isville3% @ of a mile on the ra-i)s( three or fo,rmiles below Lo,isville3% * a mile where the low co,ntry begins(which is *D miles above Green river3% % @ at the recei-t of the Tanissee3

An) a mile wi)e at the mo,th/#ts length( as meas,re) accor)ing to its mean)ers by <a-t/

2,tchings( is as follows3.rom .ort Pitt

Miles. Miles.

To Log's town 18 1/2 Little Miami 126 1/4

Big Beaver creek 103/4 Licking creek 8



Little Beaver cr. 131/2 Great Miami 26 3/4

ellow creek 11 3/4 Big Bones 32 1/2

Two creeks 21 3/4 !ent"cke# 44 1/4

Long reac$ %3 3/4 &a i(s )) 1/4

*n( Long reac$ 161/2 Low co"ntr# 1%% 3/4

M"sking"m 2% 1/2 B"+alo river 64 1/2

Little !an$awa# 121/4 ,a-as$ ) 1/4

ock$ocking 16 Big cave 42 3/4

Great !an$awa# 821/2 $awanee river %21/2

G"ian(ot 43 3/4 $erokee river 13

an(# creek 14 1/2 Massac 11

ioto 48 3/4 Missisi i 46

____%%''

#n common winter an) s-ring ti)es it a or)s %; feet water toLo,isville( %D feet to La Tarte9s ra-i)s( @D miles above the mo,th of the great Hanhaway( an) a s, ciency at all times for light battea,5 an) canoes to .ort Pitt/ The ra-i)s are in latit,)e :' )egrees/'9/ Thein,n)ations of this river begin abo,t the last of $arch( an) s,bsi)e in

J,ly/ ,ring these a >rst rate man of war may be carrie) fromLo,isville to New Brleans( if the s,))en t,rns of the river an) thestrength of its c,rrent will a)mit a safe steerage/ The ra-i)s at Lo,isville )escen) abo,t :D feet in a length of a mile an) a half/ Thebe) of the river there is a soli) roc8( an) is )ivi)e) by an islan) into

two branches( the so,thern of which is abo,t *DD yar)s wi)e( an) is)ry fo,r months in the year/ The be) of the northern branch is worninto channels by the constant co,rse of the water( an) attrition of the

-ebble stones carrie) on with that( so as to be -assable for battea,5 thro,gh the greater -art of the year/ Yet it is tho,ght that theso,thern arm may be the most easily o-ene) for constant navigation/The rise of the waters in these ra-i)s )oes not e5cee) %D or %* feet/

A -art of this islan) is so high as to have been never overIowe)( an)to comman) the settlement at Lo,isville( which is o--osite to it/ Thefort( however( is sit,ate) at the hea) of the falls/ The gro,n) on theSo,th si)e rises very gra),ally/



The _Tanissee_( <hero8ee or 2ogohege river is CDD yar)s wi)e at its mo,th( % @ of a mile at the mo,th of 2olston( an) *DD yar)s at <hotee( which is *D miles above 2olston( an) :DD miles above themo,th of the Tanissee/ This river crosses the so,thern bo,n)ary of Virginia( ;' miles from the $issisi-i/ #ts c,rrent is mo)erate/ #t isnavigable for loa)e) boats of any b,rthen to the $,scleshoals( wherethe river -asses thro,gh the <,mberlan) mo,ntain/ These shoals areC or ' miles long( -assable )ownwar)s for loa)e) canoes( b,t not ,-war)s( ,nless there be a swell in the river/ Above these thenavigation for loa)e) canoes an) battea,5 contin,es to the Longislan)/ This river has its in,n)ations also/ Above the <hic8amoggatowns is a whirl-ool calle) the S,c8ingE-ot( which ta8es in tr,n8s of trees or boats( an) throws them o,t again half a mile below/ #t isavoi)e) by 8ee-ing very close to the ban8( on the So,th si)e/ Thereare b,t a few miles -ortage between a branch of this river an) the

navigable waters of the river $obile( which r,ns into the g,l-h of $e5ico/ _<,mberlan)_( or Shawanee river( intersects the bo,n)ary

between Virginia an) North <arolina C& miles from the $issisi-i( an)again %?' miles from the same river( a little above the entrance of Bbey9s river into the <,mberlan)/ #ts clear for8 crosses the samebo,n)ary abo,t :DD miles from the $issisi-i/ <,mberlan) is a very gentle stream( navigable for loa)e) battea,5 'DD miles( witho,t interr,-tion0 then intervene some ra-i)s of %; miles in length( after which it is again navigable &D miles ,-war)s( which brings yo, within%D miles of the <,mberlan) mo,ntains/ #t is abo,t %*D yar)s wi)ethro,gh its whole co,rse( from the hea) of its navigation to itsmo,th/

The _7abash_ is a very bea,tif,l river( @DD yar)s wi)e at themo,th( an) :DD at St/ Vincennes( which is a -ost %DD miles above themo,th( in a )irect line/ 7ithin this s-ace there are two small ra-i)s(which give very little obstr,ction to the navigation/ #t is @DD yar)swi)e at the mo,th( an) navigable :D leag,es ,-war)s for canoes an)small boats/ .rom the mo,th of $a-le river to that of !el river is

abo,t 'D miles in a )irect line( the river contin,ing navigable( an)from one to two h,n)re) yar)s in wi)th/ The !el river is %;D yar)swi)e( an) a or)s at all times navigation for -eriag,as( to within %'miles of the $iami of the la8e/ The 7abash( from the mo,th of !elriver to Little river( a )istance of ;D miles )irect( is interr,-te) withfre=,ent ra-i)s an) shoals( which obstr,ct the navigation( e5ce-t in aswell/ Little river a or)s navigation ),ring a swell to within : miles of the $iami( which thence a or)s a similar navigation into la8e !rie(%DD miles )istant in a )irect line/ The 7abash overIows -erio)ically in corres-on)ence with the Bhio( an) in some -laces two leag,es

from its ban8s/ _Green "iver_ is navigable for loa)e) battea,5 at all times ;D

miles ,-war)s0 b,t it is then interr,-te) by im-assable ra-i)s( above



which the navigation again commences( an) contin,es goo) :D or @Dmiles to the mo,th of Farren river/

_Hent,c8y_ river is ?D yar)s wi)e at the mo,th( an) also at Foonsboro,gh( 'D miles above/ #t a or)s a navigation for loa)e)battea,5 %'D miles in a )irect line( in the winter ti)es/

The _Great $iami_ of the Bhio( is *DD yar)s wi)e at the mo,th/ At the Piccawee towns( &; miles above( it is re),ce) to :D yar)s0 it is(nevertheless( navigable for loa)e) canoes ;D miles above thesetowns/ The -ortage from its western branch into the $iami of La8e!rie( is ; miles0 that from its eastern branch into San),s8y river( is of ? miles/

_Salt_ river is at all times navigable for loa)e) battea,5 &D or 'Dmiles/ #t is 'D yar)s wi)e at its mo,th( an) 8ee-s that wi)th to itsfor8( *; miles above/

The _Little $iami_ of the Bhio( is CD or &D yar)s wi)e at itsmo,th( CD miles to its so,rce( an) a or)s no navigation/The _Sioto_ is *;D yar)s wi)e at its mo,th( which is in latit,)e :'

)egrees( **9/ an) at the Saltlic8 towns( *DD miles above the mo,th( it is yet %DD yar)s wi)e/ To these towns it is navigable for loa)e)battea,5( an) its eastern branch a or)s navigation almost to itsso,rce/

_Great San)y_ river is abo,t si5ty yar)s wi)e( an) navigablesi5ty miles for loa)e) battea,5/

_G,ian)ot_ is abo,t the wi)th of the river last mentione)( b,t ismore ra-i)/ #t may be navigate) by canoes si5ty miles/The _Great Hanhaway_ is a river of consi)erable note for the

fertility of its lan)s( an) still more( as lea)ing towar)s the hea)watersof James river/ Nevertheless( it is )o,btf,l whether its great an)n,mero,s ra-i)s will a)mit a navigation( b,t at an e5-ence to whichit will re=,ire ages to ren)er its inhabitants e=,al/ The great obstacles begin at what are calle) the great falls( ?D miles above themo,th( below which are only >ve or si5 ra-i)s( an) these -assable(with some )i c,lty( even at low water/ .rom the falls to the mo,th of Greenbriar is %DD miles( an) thence to the lea) mines %*D/ #t is *'D

yar)s wi)e at its mo,th/ _2oc8Ehoc8ing_ is 'D yar)s wi)e at its mo,th( an) yiel)s

navigation for loa)e) battea,5 to the PressE-lace( CD miles above itsmo,th/

The _Little Hanhaway_ is %;D yar)s wi)e at the mo,th/ #t yiel)s anavigation of %D miles only/ Perha-s its northern branch( calle)

J,ni,s9s cree8( which interloc8s with the western of $onongahela(may one )ay a)mit a shorter -assage from the latter into the Bhio/

The _$,s8ing,m_ is *'D yar)s wi)e at its mo,th( an) *DD yar)sat the lower #n)ian towns( %;D miles ,-war)s/ #t is navigable for small



battea,5 to within one mile of a navigable -art of <ayahoga river(which r,ns into la8e !rie/

At .ort Pitt the river Bhio loses its name( branching into the$onongahela an) Alleghaney/

The _$onongahela_ is @DD yar)s wi)e at its mo,th/ .rom thenceis %* or %; miles to the mo,th of Yohoganey( where it is :DD yar)swi)e/ Thence to "e)stone by water is ;D miles( by lan) :D/ Then tothe mo,th of <heat river by water @D miles( by lan) *'( the wi)thcontin,ing at :DD yar)s( an) the navigation goo) for boats/ Thencethe wi)th is abo,t *DD yar)s to the western for8( ;D miles higher( an)the navigation fre=,ently interr,-te) by ra-i)s0 which however with aswell of two or three feet become very -assable for boats/ #t thena)mits light boats( e5ce-t in )ry seasons( C; miles f,rther to thehea) of Tygarts valley( -resenting only some small ra-i)s an) falls of one or two feet -er-en)ic,lar( an) lessening in its wi)th to *D yar)s/The _7estern for8_ is navigable in the winter %D or %; miles towar)sthe northern of the Little Hanhaway( an) will a)mit a goo) waggonroa) to it/ The _Yohoganey_ is the -rinci-al branch of this river/ #t

-asses thro,gh the La,rel mo,ntain( abo,t :D miles from its mo,th0is so far from :DD to %;D yar)s wi)e( an) the navigation m,chobstr,cte) in )ry weather by ra-i)s an) shoals/ #n its -assagethro,gh the mo,ntain it ma8es very great falls( a)mitting nonavigation for ten miles to the T,r8ey foot/ Thence to the great crossing( abo,t *D miles( it is again navigable( e5ce-t in )ry seasons(an) at this -lace is *DD yar)s wi)e/ The so,rces of this river are)ivi)e) from those of the Patowmac by the Alleghaney mo,ntain/.rom the falls( where it intersects the La,rel mo,ntain( to .ort <,mberlan)( the hea) of the navigation on the Patowmac( is @D milesof very mo,ntaino,s roa)/ 7ills9s cree8( at the mo,th of which was.ort <,mberlan)( is :D or @D yar)s wi)e( b,t a or)s no navigation as

yet/ _<heat_ river( another consi)erable branch of the $onongahela(is *DD yar)s wi)e at its mo,th( an) %DD yar)s at the ,n8ar)9ssettlement( ;D miles higher/ #t is navigable for boats( e5ce-t in )ry seasons/ The bo,n)ary between Virginia an) Pennsylvania crosses it

abo,t three or fo,r miles above its mo,th/The _Alleghaney_ river( with a slight swell( a or)s navigation for light battea,5 to Venango( at the mo,th of .rench cree8( where it is*DD yar)s wi)e0 an) it is -ractise) even to Le F0oe,f( from whencethere is a -ortage of %; miles to Pres=,e #sle on La8e !rie/

The co,ntry watere) by the $issisi-i an) its eastern branches(constit,tes >veEeighths of the 4nite) States( two of which >veEeighths are occ,-ie) by the Bhio an) its waters3 the resi),ary streams which r,n into the G,l-h of $e5ico( the Atlantic( an) the St/La,rence water( the remaining threeEeighths/

Fefore we =,it the s,bject of the western waters( we will ta8e aview of their -rinci-al connections with the Atlantic/ These are three0



the 2,)son9s river( the Patowmac( an) the $issisi-i itself/ own thelast will -ass all heavy commo)ities/ F,t the navigation thro,gh theG,l-h of $e5ico is so )angero,s( an) that ,- the $issisi-i so )i c,lt an) te)io,s( that it is tho,ght -robable that !,ro-ean merchan)i1ewill not ret,rn thro,gh that channel/ #t is most li8ely that Io,r( timber(an) other heavy articles will be Ioate) on rafts( which willthemselves be an article for sale as well as their loa)ing( thenavigators ret,rning by lan) or in light battea,5/ There will thereforebe a com-etition between the 2,)son an) Patowmac rivers for theresi),e of the commerce of all the co,ntry westwar) of La8e !rie( onthe waters of the la8es( of the Bhio( an) ,--er -arts of the $issisi-i/To go to NewEYor8( that -art of the tra)e which comes from the la8esor their waters m,st >rst be bro,ght into La8e !rie/ Fetween La8eS,-erior an) its waters an) 2,ron are the ra-i)s of St/ $ary( whichwill -ermit boats to -ass( b,t not larger vessels/ La8es 2,ron an)

$ichigan a or) comm,nication with La8e !rie by vessels of ' feet )ra,ght/ That -art of the tra)e which comes from the waters of the$issisi-i m,st -ass from them thro,gh some -ortage into the watersof the la8es/ The -ortage from the #llinois river into a water of $ichigan is of one mile only/ .rom the 7abash( $iami( $,s8ing,m( or

Alleghaney( are -ortages into the waters of La8e !rie( of from one to>fteen miles/ 7hen the commo)ities are bro,ght into( an) have

-asse) thro,gh La8e !rie( there is between that an) Bntario aninterr,-tion by the falls of Niagara( where the -ortage is of ' miles0an) between Bntario an) the 2,)son9s river are -ortages at the falls

of Bnon)ago( a little above Bswego( of a =,arter of a mile0 from7oo) cree8 to the $ohaw8s river two miles0 at the little falls of the$ohaw8s river half a mile( an) from Schenecta)y to Albany %C miles/Fesi)es the increase of e5-ence occasione) by fre=,ent change of carriage( there is an increase) ris8 of -illage -ro),ce) by committingmerchan)i1e to a greater n,mber of han)s s,ccessively/ ThePatowmac o ers itself ,n)er the following circ,mstances/ .or thetra)e of the la8es an) their waters westwar) of La8e !rie( when it shall have entere) that la8e( it m,st coast along its so,thern shore(on acco,nt of the n,mber an) e5cellence of its harbo,rs( thenorthern( tho,gh shortest( having few harbo,rs( an) these ,nsafe/2aving reache) <ayahoga( to -rocee) on to NewEYor8 it will have '*;miles an) >ve -ortages3 whereas it is b,t @*; miles to Ale5an)ria( itsem-ori,m on the Patowmac( if it t,rns into the <ayahoga( an) -assesthro,gh that( Figbeaver( Bhio( Yohoganey( Mor $onongalia an) <heatan) Patowmac( an) there are b,t two -ortages0 the >rst of whichbetween <ayahoga an) Feaver may be remove) by ,niting theso,rces of these waters( which are la8es in the neighbo,rhoo) of each other( an) in a cham-aign co,ntry0 the other from the waters of Bhio to Patowmac will be from %; to @D miles( accor)ing to thetro,ble which shall be ta8en to a--roach the two navigations/ .or thetra)e of the Bhio( or that which shall come into it from its own watersor the $issisi-i( it is nearer thro,gh the Patowmac to Ale5an)ria than



to NewEYor8 by ;'D miles( an) it is interr,-te) by one -ortage only/There is another circ,mstance of )i erence too/ The la8esthemselves never free1e( b,t the comm,nications between themfree1e( an) the 2,)son9s river is itself sh,t ,- by the ice threemonths in the year0 whereas the channel to the <hesa-ea8 lea)s)irectly into a warmer climate/ The so,thern -arts of it very rarely free1e at all( an) whenever the northern )o( it is so near the so,rcesof the rivers( that the fre=,ent Ioo)s to which they are there liablebrea8 ,- the ice imme)iately( so that vessels may -ass thro,gh thewhole winter( s,bject only to acci)ental an) short )elays/ A)) to allthis( that in case of a war with o,r neighbo,rs the AngloEAmericans or the #n)ians( the ro,te to NewEYor8 becomes a frontier thro,gh almost its whole length( an) all commerce thro,gh it ceases from that moment/ EE F,t the channel to NewEYor8 is alrea)y 8nown to -ractice0whereas the ,--er waters of the Bhio an) the Patowmac( an) the

great falls of the latter( are yet to be cleare) of their >5e)obstr,ctions/+4!"Y ###

_A notice of the best seaE-orts of the state( an) how big are thevessels they can receive6_

2aving no -orts b,t o,r rivers an) cree8s( this +,ery has beenanswere) ,n)er the -rece)ing one/+4!"Y #V

_A notice of its_ $o,ntains6$o,ntains

.or the -artic,lar geogra-hy of o,r mo,ntains # m,st refer to .ry an) Je erson9s ma- of Virginia0 an) to !vans9s analysis of his ma- of

America for a more -hiloso-hical view of them than is to be fo,n) inany other wor8/ #t is worthy notice( that o,r mo,ntains are not solitary an) scattere) conf,se)ly over the face of the co,ntry0 b,t that they commence at abo,t %;D miles from the seaEcoast( are)is-ose) in ri)ges one behin) another( r,nning nearly -arallel withthe seaEcoast( tho,gh rather a--roaching it as they a)vance northE

eastwar)ly/ To the so,thEwest( as the tract of co,ntry between theseaEcoast an) the $ississi-i becomes narrower( the mo,ntainsconverge into a single ri)ge( which( as it a--roaches the G,l-h of $e5ico( s,bsi)es into -lain co,ntry( an) gives rise to some of thewaters of that G,l-h( an) -artic,larly to a river calle) the

A-alachicola( -robably from the A-alachies( an #n)ian nation formerly resi)ing on it/ 2ence the mo,ntains giving rise to that river( an) seenfrom its vario,s -arts( were calle) the A-alachian mo,ntains( being infact the en) or termination only of the great ri)ges -assing thro,ghthe continent/ !,ro-ean geogra-hers however e5ten)e) the name

northwar)ly as far as the mo,ntains e5ten)e)0 some giving it( after their se-aration into )i erent ri)ges( to the Fl,e ri)ge( others to theNorth mo,ntain( others to the Alleghaney( others to the La,rel ri)ge(



as may be seen in their )i erent ma-s/ F,t the fact # believe is( that none of these ri)ges were ever 8nown by that name to theinhabitants( either native or emigrant( b,t as they saw them so calle)in !,ro-ean ma-s/ #n the same )irection generally are the veins of limeEstone( coal an) other minerals hitherto )iscovere)3 an) so rangethe falls of o,r great rivers/ F,t the co,rses of the great rivers are at right angles with these/ James an) Patowmac -enetrate thro,gh allthe ri)ges of mo,ntains eastwar) of the Alleghaney0 that is bro8en by no waterco,rse/ #t is in fact the s-ine of the co,ntry between the

Atlantic on one si)e( an) the $issisi-i an) St/ La,rence on the other/The -assage of the Patowmac thro,gh the Fl,e ri)ge is -erha-s oneof the most st,-en)o,s scenes in nat,re/ Yo, stan) on a very high

-oint of lan)/ Bn yo,r right comes ,- the Shenan)oah( having range)along the foot of the mo,ntain an h,n)re) miles to see8 a vent/ Bn

yo,r left a--roaches the Patowmac( in =,est of a -assage also/ #n the

moment of their j,nction they r,sh together against the mo,ntain(ren) it as,n)er( an) -ass o to the sea/ The >rst glance of this sceneh,rries o,r senses into the o-inion( that this earth has been create)in time( that the mo,ntains were forme) >rst( that the rivers beganto Iow afterwar)s( that in this -lace -artic,larly they have been)amme) ,- by the Fl,e ri)ge of mo,ntains( an) have forme) anocean which >lle) the whole valley0 that contin,ing to rise they haveat length bro8en over at this s-ot( an) have torn the mo,ntain )ownfrom its s,mmit to its base/ The -iles of roc8 on each han)( b,t

-artic,larly on the Shenan)oah( the evi)ent mar8s of their )isr,-t,re

an) av,lsion from their be)s by the most -owerf,l agents of nat,re(corroborate the im-ression/ F,t the )istant >nishing which nat,rehas given to the -ict,re is of a very )i erent character/ #t is a tr,econtrast to the foreEgro,n)/ #t is as -laci) an) )elightf,l( as that iswil) an) tremen)o,s/ .or the mo,ntain being cloven as,n)er( she

-resents to yo,r eye( thro,gh the cleft( a small catch of smooth bl,ehori1on( at an in>nite )istance in the -lain co,ntry( inviting yo,( as it were( from the riot an) t,m,lt roaring aro,n)( to -ass thro,gh thebreach an) -artici-ate of the calm below/ 2ere the eye ,ltimately com-oses itself0 an) that way too the roa) ha--ens act,ally to lea)/Yo, cross the Patowmac above the j,nction( -ass along its si)ethro,gh the base of the mo,ntain for three miles( its terrible

-reci-ices hanging in fragments over yo,( an) within abo,t *D milesreach .re)eric town an) the >ne co,ntry ro,n) that/ This scene isworth a voyage across the Atlantic/ Yet here( as in the neighbo,rhoo)of the nat,ral bri)ge( are -eo-le who have -asse) their lives withinhalf a )o1en miles( an) have never been to s,rvey these mon,mentsof a war between rivers an) mo,ntains( which m,st have sha8en theearth itself to its center/ EE The height of o,r mo,ntains has not yet been estimate) with any )egree of e5actness/ The Alleghaney beingthe great ri)ge which )ivi)es the waters of the Atlantic from those of the $issisi-i( its s,mmit is )o,btless more elevate) above the oceanthan that of any other mo,ntain/ F,t its relative height( com-are)



with the base on which it stan)s( is not so great as that of someothers( the co,ntry rising behin) the s,ccessive ri)ges li8e the ste-sof stairs/ The mo,ntains of the Fl,e ri)ge( an) of these the Pea8s of Btter( are tho,ght to be of a greater height( meas,re) from their base( than any others in o,r co,ntry( an) -erha-s in North America/.rom )ata( which may fo,n) a tolerable conject,re( we s,--ose thehighest -ea8 to be abo,t @DDD feet -er-en)ic,lar( which is not a >fth

-art of the height of the mo,ntains of So,th America( nor one thir) of the height which wo,l) be necessary in o,r latit,)e to -reserve ice inthe o-en air ,nmelte) thro,gh the year/ The ri)ge of mo,ntains ne5t beyon) the Fl,e ri)ge( calle) by ,s the North mo,ntain( is of thegreatest e5tent0 for which reason they were name) by the #n)iansthe !n)less mo,ntains/

A s,bstance s,--ose) to be P,mice( fo,n) Ioating on the$issisi-i( has in),ce) a conject,re( that there is a volcano on some of

its waters3 an) as these are mostly 8nown to their so,rces( e5ce-t the $isso,ri( o,r e5-ectations of verifying the conject,re wo,l) of co,rse be le) to the mo,ntains which )ivi)e the waters of the$e5ican G,l-h from those of the So,th Sea0 b,t no volcano havingever yet been 8nown at s,ch a )istance from the sea( we m,st rather s,--ose that this Ioating s,bstance has been erroneo,sly )eeme)P,mice/+4!"Y V

_#ts <asca)es an) <averns6_

.alling S-ringThe only remar8able <asca)e in this co,ntry( is that of the .alling

S-ring in A,g,sta/ #t is a water of James river( where it is calle) Jac8son9s river( rising in the warm s-ring mo,ntains abo,t twenty miles So,th 7est of the warm s-ring( an) Iowing into that valley/

Abo,t three =,arters of a mile from its so,rce( it falls over a roc8 *DDfeet into the valley below/ The sheet of water is bro8en in its brea)thby the roc8 in two or three -laces( b,t not at all in its height/ Fetweenthe sheet an) roc8( at the bottom( yo, may wal8 across )ry/ This<ataract will bear no com-arison with that of Niagara( as to the=,antity of water com-osing it0 the sheet being only %* or %; feet wi)e above( an) somewhat more s-rea) below0 b,t it is half as highagain( the latter being only %;C feet( accor)ing to the mens,rationma)e by or)er of $/ Va,)re,il( Governor of <ana)a( an) %:Daccor)ing to a more recent acco,nt/$a)ison9s cave

#n the limeEstone co,ntry( there are many caverns of very consi)erable e5tent/ The most note) is calle) $a)ison9s <ave( an) ison the North si)e of the Fl,e ri)ge( near the intersection of the

"oc8ingham an) A,g,sta line with the So,th for8 of the so,thernriver of Shenan)oah/ #t is in a hill of abo,t *DD feet -er-en)ic,lar height( the ascent of which( on one si)e( is so stee-( that yo, may



-itch a bisc,it from its s,mmit into the river which washes its base/The entrance of the cave is( in this si)e( abo,t two thir)s of the way ,-/ #t e5ten)s into the earth abo,t :DD feet( branching intos,bor)inate caverns( sometimes ascen)ing a little( b,t moregenerally )escen)ing( an) at length terminates( in two )i erent

-laces( at basons of water of ,n8nown e5tent( an) which # sho,l) j,)ge to be nearly on a level with the water of the river0 however( # )onot thin8 they are forme) by reI,ent water from that( beca,se they are never t,rbi)0 beca,se they )o not rise an) fall in corres-on)encewith that in times of Ioo)( or of )ro,ght0 an) beca,se the water isalways cool/ #t is -robably one of the many reservoirs with which theinterior -arts of the earth are s,--ose) to abo,n)( An !yeE)ra,ght of $a)ison9s cave( on a scale of ;D feet to the inch/ The arrows shewwhere it )escen)s or ascen)s/ An) which yiel) s,--lies to thefo,ntains of water( )isting,ishe) from others only by its being

accessible/ The va,lt of this cave is of soli) limeEstone( from *D to @Dor ;D feet high( thro,gh which water is contin,ally -ercolating/ This(tric8ling )own the si)es of the cave( has incr,ste) them over in theform of elegant )ra-ery0 an) )ri--ing from the to- of the va,lt generates on that( an) on the base below( stalactites of a conicalform( some of which have met an) forme) massive col,mns/

Another of these caves is near the North mo,ntain( in the co,nty of .re)eric8( on the lan)s of $r/ Kane/ The entrance into this is on theto- of an e5tensive ri)ge/ Yo, )escen) :D or @D feet( as into a well(from whence the cave then e5ten)s( nearly hori1ontally( @DD feet intothe earth( -reserving a brea)th of from *D to ;D feet( an) a height of from ; to %* feet/ After entering this cave a few feet( the merc,ry(which in the o-en air was at ;D )egrees/ rose to ;& )egrees/ of .arenheit9s thermometer( answering to%% )egrees/ of "ea,m,r9s( an)it contin,e) at that to the remotest -arts of the cave/ The ,niformtem-erat,re of the cellars of the observatory of Paris( which are ?Dfeet )ee-( an) of all s,bterranean cavities of any )e-th( where nochymical agents may be s,--ose) to -ro),ce a factitio,s heat( hasbeen fo,n) to be %D )egrees/ of "eam,r( e=,al to ;@ % * )egrees/ of .arenheit/ The tem-erat,re of the cave aboveEmentione) so nearly corres-on)s with this( that the )i erence may be ascribe) to a)i erence of instr,ments/Flowing cave

At the Panther ga-( in the ri)ge which )ivi)es the waters of the<ow an) the <alf -ast,re( is what is calle) the _Flowing cave/_ #t is inthe si)e of a hill( is of abo,t %DD feet )iameter( an) emits constantly a c,rrent of air of s,ch force( as to 8ee- the wee)s -rostrate to the)istance of twenty yar)s before it/ This c,rrent is strongest in )ry frosty weather( an) in long s-ells of rain wea8est/ "eg,lar

ins-irations an) e5-irations of air( by caverns an) >ss,res( have been -robably eno,gh acco,nte) for( by s,--osing them combine) withintermitting fo,ntains0 as they m,st of co,rse inhale air while their



reservoirs are em-tying themselves( an) again emit it while they are>lling/ F,t a constant iss,e of air( only varying in its force as theweather is )rier or )am-er( will re=,ire a new hy-othesis/ There isanother blowing cave in the <,mberlan) mo,ntain( abo,t a mile fromwhere it crosses the <arolina line/ All we 8now of this is( that it is not constant( an) that a fo,ntain of water iss,es from it/Nat,ral bri)ge

The _Nat,ral bri)ge_( the most s,blime of Nat,re9s wor8s( tho,ghnot com-rehen)e) ,n)er the -resent hea)( m,st not be

-retermitte)/ #t is on the ascent of a hill( which seems to have beencloven thro,gh its length by some great conv,lsion/ The >ss,re( j,st at the bri)ge( is( by some a)meas,rements( *&D feet )ee-( by othersonly *D;/ #t is abo,t @; feet wi)e at the bottom( an) ?D feet at theto-0 this of co,rse )etermines the length of the bri)ge( an) its height from the water/ #ts brea)th in the mi))le( is abo,t CD feet( b,t moreat the en)s( an) the thic8ness of the mass at the s,mmit of the arch(abo,t @D feet/ A -art of this thic8ness is constit,te) by a coat of earth( which gives growth to many large trees/ The resi),e( with thehill on both si)es( is one soli) roc8 of limeEstone/ The archa--roaches the SemiEelli-tical form0 b,t the larger a5is of the elli-sis(which wo,l) be the cor) of the arch( is many times longer than thetransverse/ Tho,gh the si)es of this bri)ge are -rovi)e) in some

-arts with a -ara-et of >5e) roc8s( yet few men have resol,tion towal8 to them an) loo8 over into the abyss/ Yo, invol,ntarily fall on

yo,r han)s an) feet( cree- to the -ara-et an) -ee- over it/ Loo8ing)own from this height abo,t a min,te( gave me a violent hea) ach/ #f the view from the tobe -ainf,l an) intolerable( that from below is)elightf,l in an e=,al e5treme/ #t is im-ossible for the emotionsarising from the s,blime( to be felt beyon) what they are here3 sobea,tif,l an arch( so elevate)( so light( an) s-ringing as it were ,- toheaven( the ra-t,re of the s-ectator is really in)escribableO The>ss,re contin,ing narrow( )ee-( an) streight for a consi)erable)istance above an) below the bri)ge( o-ens a short b,t very -leasingview of the North mo,ntain on one si)e( an) Fl,e ri)ge on the other(at the )istance each of them of abo,t >ve miles/ This bri)ge is in theco,nty of "oc8 bri)ge( to which it has given name( an) a or)s a

-,blic an) commo)io,s -assage over a valley( which cannot becrosse) elsewhere for a consi)erable )istance/ The stream -assing,n)er it is calle) <e)ar cree8/ #t is a water of James river( an)s, cient in the )riest seasons to t,rn a gristEmill( tho,gh its fo,ntainis not more than two miles above M %/+4!"Y V#

_A notice of the mines an) other s,bterraneo,s riches0 its trees( -lants(fr,its( Qc/_ %/ $ineralsGol)

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffvino.htm#jn1

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/jeffvino.htm#jn1



# 8new a single instance of gol) fo,n) in this state/ #t wasinters-erse) in small s-ec8s thro,gh a l,m- of ore( of abo,t fo,r

-o,n)s weight( which yiel)e) seventeen -ennyweight of gol)( of e5traor)inary ),ctility/ This ore was fo,n) on the North si)e of "a--ahanoc( abo,t fo,r miles below the falls/ # never hear) of any other in)ication of gol) in its neighbo,rhoo)/Lea)

Bn the Great Hanhaway( o--osite to the mo,th of <ri--le cree8(an) abo,t twentyE>ve miles from o,r so,thern bo,n)ary( in theco,nty of $ontgomery( are mines of lea)/ The metal is mi5e)(sometimes with earth( an) sometimes with roc8( which re=,ires theforce of g,n-ow)er to o-en it0 an) is accom-anie) with a -ortion of silver( too small to be worth se-aration ,n)er any -rocess hithertoattem-te) there/ The -ro-ortion yiel)e) is from ;D to 'D lb/ of -,remetal from %DD lb/ of washe) ore/ The most common is that of CD tothe %DD lb/ The veins are at sometimes most Iattering0 at others they )isa--ear s,))enly an) totally/ They enter the si)e of the hill( an)

-rocee) hori1ontally/ Two of them are wro,ght at -resent by the -,blic( the best of which is %DD yar)s ,n)er the hill/ These wo,l)em-loy abo,t ;D labo,rers to a)vantage/ 7e have not( however(more than :D generally( an) these c,ltivate their own corn/ They have -ro),ce) CD tons of lea) in the year0 b,t the general =,antity isfrom *D to *; tons/ The -resent f,rnace is a mile from the oreEban8(an) on the o--osite si)e of the river/ The ore is >rst waggone) to theriver( a =,arter of a mile( then la)en on boar) of canoes an) carrie)across the river( which is there abo,t *DD yar)s wi)e( an) then againta8en into waggons an) carrie) to the f,rnace/ This mo)e wasoriginally a)o-te)( that they might avail themselves of a goo)sit,ation on a cree8( for a -o,n)ing mill3 b,t it wo,l) be easy to havethe f,rnace an) -o,n)ing mill on the same si)e of the river( whichwo,l) yiel) water( witho,t any )am( by a canal of abo,t half a mile inlength/ .rom the f,rnace the lea) is trans-orte) %:D miles along agoo) roa)( lea)ing thro,gh the -ea8s of Btter to Lynch9s ferry( or 7inston9s( on James river( from whence it is carrie) by water abo,t the same )istance to 7estham/ This lan) carriage may be greatly shortene)( by )elivering the lea) on James river( above the bl,eri)ge( from whence a ton weight has been bro,ght on two canoes/The Great Hanhaway has consi)erable falls in the neighbo,rhoo) of the mines/ Abo,t seven miles below are three falls( of three or fo,r feet -er-en)ic,lar each0 an) three miles above is a ra-i) of threemiles contin,ance( which has been com-are) in its )escent to thegreat fall of James river/ Yet it is the o-inion( that they may be lai)o-en for ,sef,l navigation( so as to re),ce very m,ch the -ortagebetween the Hanhaway an) James river/

A val,able lea) mine is sai) to have been lately )iscovere) in<,mberlan)( below the mo,th of "e) river/ The greatest( however(8nown in the western co,ntry( are on the $issisi-i( e5ten)ing from



the mo,th of "oc8 river %;D miles ,-war)s/ These are not wro,ght(the lea) ,se) in that co,ntry being from the ban8s on the S-anishsi)e of the $issisi-i( o--osite to Has8as8ia/<o--er

A mine of co--er was once o-ene) in the co,nty of Amherst( on

the North si)e of James river( an) another in the o--osite co,ntry( onthe So,th si)e/ 2owever( either from ba) management or the -overty of the veins( they were )iscontin,e)/ 7e are tol) of a rich mine of native co--er on the B,abache( below the ,--er 7iaw/#ron

The mines of iron wor8e) at -resent are <allaway9s( "oss9s( an)Fallen)ine9s( on the So,th si)e of James river0 Bl)9s on the North si)e(in Albemarle0 $iller9s in A,g,sta( an) Kane9s in .re)eric/ These twolast are in the valley between the Fl,e ri)ge an) North mo,ntain/<allaway9s( "oss9s( $illar9s( an) Kane9s( ma8e abo,t %;D tons of bar iron each( in the year/ "oss9s ma8es also abo,t %CDD tons of -ig ironann,ally0 Fallen)ine9s %DDD0 <allaway9s( $illar9s( an) Kane9s( abo,t CDD each/ Fesi)es these( a forge of $r/ 2,nter9s( at .re)eric8sb,rgh(ma8es abo,t :DD tons a year of bar iron( from -igs im-orte) from$arylan)0 an) Taylor9s forge on Nea-sco of Patowmac( wor8s in thesame way( b,t to what e5tent # am not informe)/ The in)ications of iron in other -laces are n,mero,s( an) )is-erse) thro,gh all themi))le co,ntry/ The to,ghness of the cast iron of "oss9s an) Kane9sf,rnaces is very remar8able/ Pots an) other ,tensils( cast thinner

than ,s,al( of this iron( may be safely thrown into( or o,t of thewaggons in which they are trans-orte)/ SaltE-ans ma)e of the same(an) no longer wante) for that -,r-ose( cannot be bro8en ,-( in or)er to be melte) again( ,nless -revio,sly )rille) in many -arts/

#n the western co,ntry( we are tol) of iron mines between the$,s8ing,m an) Bhio0 of others on Hent,c8y( between the<,mberlan) an) Farren rivers( between <,mberlan) an) Tannissee(on "ee)y cree8( near the Long islan)( an) on <hesn,t cree8( abranch of the Great Hanhaway( near where it crosses the <arolinaline/ 7hat are calle) the iron ban8s( on the $issisi-i( are believe)( by a goo) j,)ge( to have no iron in them/ #n general( from what ishitherto 8nown of that co,ntry( it seems to want iron/Flac8 lea)

<onsi)erable =,antities of blac8 lea) are ta8en occasionally for ,se from 7interham( in the co,nty of Amelia/ # am not able( however(to give a -artic,lar state of the mine/ There is no wor8 establishe) at it( those who want( going an) -roc,ring it for themselves/Pit coal

The co,ntry on James river( from %; to *D miles above "ichmon)(an) for several miles northwar) an) so,thwar)( is re-lete withmineral coal of a very e5cellent =,ality/ Feing in the han)s of many



-ro-rietors( -its have been o-ene)( an) before the interr,-tion of o,r commerce were wor8e) to an e5tent e=,al to the )eman)/

#n the western co,ntry coal is 8nown to be in so many -laces( asto have in),ce) an o-inion( that the whole tract between the La,relmo,ntain( $issisi-i( an) Bhio( yiel)s coal/ #t is also 8nown in many

-laces on the North si)e of the Bhio/ The coal at Pittsb,rg is of very s,-erior =,ality/ A be) of it at that -lace has been aE>re since the year %&C;/ Another coalEhill on the Pi8eEr,n of $onongahela has beenaE>re ten years0 yet it has b,rnt away abo,t twenty yar)s only/Precio,s stones

# have 8nown one instance of an !meral) fo,n) in this co,ntry/ Amethysts have been fre=,ent( an) chrystals common0 yet not ins,ch n,mbers any of them as to be worth see8ing/

There is very goo) marble( an) in very great ab,n)ance( on

James river( at the mo,th of "oc8>sh/ The sam-les$arble

# have seen( were some of them of a white as -,re as one might e5-ect to >n) on the s,rface of the earth3 b,t most of them werevariegate) with re)( bl,e( an) -,r-le/ None of it has been ever wor8e)/ #t forms a very large -reci-ice( which hangs over a navigable

-art of the river/ #t is sai) there is marble at Hent,c8y/Limestone

F,t one vein of limeEstone is 8nown below the Fl,e ri)ge/ #ts >rst a--earance( in o,r co,ntry( is in Prince 7illiam( two miles below thePign,t ri)ge of mo,ntains0 thence it -asses on nearly -arallel withthat( an) crosses the "ivanna abo,t >ve miles below it( where it iscalle) the So,thEwest ri)ge/ #t then crosses 2ar)ware( above themo,th of 2,)son9s cree8( James river at the mo,th of "oc8>sh( at themarble =,arry before s-o8en of( -robably r,ns ,- that river to whereit a--ears again at "oss9s ironEwor8s( an) so -asses o so,thEwestwar)ly by .lat cree8 of Btter river/ #t is never more than oneh,n)re) yar)s wi)e/ .rom the Fl,e ri)ge westwar)ly the wholeco,ntry seems to be fo,n)e) on a roc8 of limeEstone( besi)es in>nite

=,antities on the s,rface( both loose an) >5e)/ This is c,t into be)s(which range( as the mo,ntains an) seaEcoast )o( from so,thEwest tonorthEeast( the lamina of each be) )eclining from the hori1on towar)sa -arallelism with the a5is of the earth/ Feing str,c8 with thisobservation( # ma)e( with a =,a)rant( a great n,mber of trials on theangles of their )eclination( an) fo,n) them to vary from ** )egreesto CD )egrees b,t averaging all my trials( the res,lt was within oneEthir) of a )egree of the elevation of the -ole or latit,)e of the -lace(an) m,ch the greatest -art of them ta8en se-arately were little)i erent from that3 by which it a--ears( that these lamina are( in the

main( -arallel with the a5is of the earth/ #n some instances( in)ee)( #fo,n) them -er-en)ic,lar( an) even reclining the other way3 b,t these were e5tremely rare( an) always atten)e) with signs of



conv,lsion( or other circ,mstances of sing,larity( which a)mitte) a -ossibility of removal from their original -osition/ These trials werema)e between $a)ison9s cave an) the Patowmac/ 7e hear of limeEstone on the $issisi-i an) Bhio( an) in all the mo,ntaino,s co,ntry between the eastern an) western waters( not on the mo,ntainsthemselves( b,t occ,-ying the vallies between them/

Near the eastern foot of the North mo,ntain are immense bo)iesof _Schist_( containing im-ressions of shells in a variety of forms/ #have receive) -etri>e) shells of very )i erent 8in)s from the >rst so,rces of the Hent,c8y( which bear no resemblance to any # haveever seen on the ti)eEwaters/ #t is sai) that shells are fo,n) in the

An)es( in So,thEAmerica( >fteen tho,san) feet above the level of theocean/ This is consi)ere) by many( both of the learne) an),nlearne)( as a -roof of an ,niversal )el,ge/ To the many consi)erations o--osing this o-inion( the following may be a))e)/

The atmos-here( an) all its contents( whether of water( air( or other matters( gravitate to the earth0 that is to say( they have weight/!5-erience tells ,s( that the weight of all these together never e5cee)s that of a col,mn of merc,ry of :% inches height( which ise=,al to one of rainEwater of :; feet high/ #f the whole contents of theatmos-here then were water( instea) of what they are( it wo,l) cover the globe b,t :; feet )ee-0 b,t as these waters( as they fell( wo,l)r,n into the seas( the s,-er>cial meas,re of which is to that of the)ry -arts of the globe as two to one( the seas wo,l) be raise) only ;*% * feet above their -resent level( an) of co,rse wo,l) overIow thelan)s to that height only/ #n Virginia this wo,l) be a very small

-ro-ortion even of the cham-aign co,ntry( the ban8s of o,r ti)eEwaters being fre=,ently( if not generally( of a greater height/ el,gesbeyon) this e5tent then( as for instance( to the North mo,ntain or toHent,c8y( seem o,t of the laws of nat,re/ F,t within it they may haveta8en -lace to a greater or less )egree( in -ro-ortion to thecombination of nat,ral ca,ses which may be s,--ose) to have

-ro),ce) them/ 2istory ren)ers -robable some instances of a -artial)el,ge in the co,ntry lying ro,n) the $e)iterranean sea/ #t has beenoften M % s,--ose)( an) is not ,nli8ely( that that sea was once ala8e/ 7hile s,ch( let ,s a)mit an e5traor)inary collection of thewaters of the atmos-here from the other -arts of the globe to havebeen )ischarge) over that an) the co,ntries whose waters r,n into it/Br witho,t s,--osing it a la8e( a)mit s,ch an e5traor)inary collectionof the waters of the atmos-here( an) an inI,5 of waters from the

Atlantic ocean( force) by long contin,e) 7estern win)s/ That la8e( or that sea( may th,s have been so raise) as to overIow the low lan)sa)jacent to it( as those of !gy-t an) Armenia( which( accor)ing to atra)ition of the !gy-tians an) 2ebrews( were overIowe) abo,t *:DD

years before the <hristian aera0 those of Attica( sai) to have beenoverIowe) in the time of Bgyges( abo,t ;DD years later0 an) those of Thessaly( in the time of e,calion( still :DD years -osterior/ F,t s,ch



)el,ges as these will not acco,nt for the shells fo,n) in the higher lan)s/ A secon) o-inion has been entertaine)( which is( that( in timesanterior to the recor)s either of history or tra)ition( the be) of theocean( the -rinci-al resi)ence of the shelle) tribe( has( by some great conv,lsion of nat,re( been heave) to the heights at which we now>n) shells an) other remains of marine animals/ The favo,rers of thiso-inion )o well to s,--ose the great events on which it rests to haveta8en -lace beyon) all the aeras of history0 for within these( certainly none s,ch are to be fo,n)3 an) we may vent,re to say f,rther( that no fact has ta8en -lace( either in o,r own )ays( or in the tho,san)s of

years recor)e) in history( which -roves the e5istence of any nat,ralagents( within or witho,t the bowels of the earth( of force s, cient toheave( to the height of %;(DDD feet( s,ch masses as the An)es/ The)i erence between the -ower necessary to -ro),ce s,ch an e ect(an) that which sh,Re) together the )i erent -arts of <alabria in o,r

)ays( is so immense( that( from the e5istence of the latter we are not a,thorise) to infer that of the former/$/ )e Voltaire has s,ggeste) a thir) sol,tion of this )i c,lty

M+,est/ encycl/ <o=,illes / 2e cites an instance in To,raine( where( inthe s-ace of 'D years( a -artic,lar s-ot of earth ha) been twicemetamor-hose) into soft stone( which ha) become har) whenem-loye) in b,il)ing/ #n this stone shells of vario,s 8in)s were

-ro),ce)( )iscoverable at >rst only with the microsco-e( b,t afterwar)s growing with the stone/ .rom this fact( # s,--ose( hewo,l) have ,s infer( that( besi)es the ,s,al -rocess for generatingshells by the elaboration of earth an) water in animal vessels( nat,remay have -rovi)e) an e=,ivalent o-eration( by -assing the samematerials thro,gh the -ores of calcareo,s earths an) stones3 as wesee calcareo,s )ro-stones generating every )ay by the -ercolation of water thro,gh limeEstone( an) new marble forming in the =,arriesfrom which the ol) has been ta8en o,t0 an) it might be as8e)(whether it is more )i c,lt for nat,re to shoot the calcareo,s j,iceinto the form of a shell( than other j,ices into the forms of chrystals(

-lants( animals( accor)ing to the constr,ction of the vessels thro,ghwhich they -ass6 There is a won)er somewhere/ #s it greatest on thisbranch of the )ilemma0 on that which s,--oses the e5istence of a

-ower( of which we have no evi)ence in any other case0 or on the>rst( which re=,ires ,s to believe the creation of a bo)y of water( an)its s,bse=,ent annihilation6 The establishment of the instance( cite)by $/ )e Voltaire( of the growth of shells ,nattache) to animalbo)ies( wo,l) have been that of his theory/ F,t he has not establishe) it/ 2e has not even left it on gro,n) so res-ectable as tohave ren)ere) it an object of en=,iry to the literati of his ownco,ntry/ Aban)oning this fact( therefore( the three hy-otheses aree=,ally ,nsatisfactory0 an) we m,st be contente) to ac8nowle)ge(that this great -haenomenon is as yet ,nsolve)/ #gnorance is



-referable to error0 an) he is less remote from the tr,th who believesnothing( then he who believes what is wrong/Stone

There is great ab,n)ance Mmore es-ecially when yo, a--roachthe mo,ntains of stone( white( bl,e( brown( Qc/ >t for the chissel(

goo) millEstone( s,ch also as stan)s the >re( an) slateEstone/ 7e aretol) of Iint( >t for g,nEIints( on the $eherrin in Fr,nswic( on the$issisi-i between the mo,th of Bhio an) Has8as8ia( an) on others of the western waters/ #singlass or mica is in several -laces0 loa)Estonealso( an) an Asbestos of a ligneo,s te5t,re( is sometimes to be met with/!arths

$arle abo,n)s generally/ A clay( of which( li8e the St,rbri)ge in!nglan)( bric8s are ma)e( which will resist long the violent action of >re( has been fo,n) on T,c8ahoe cree8 of James river( an) no )o,bt will be fo,n) in other -laces/ <hal8 is sai) to be in Foteto,rt an)Fe)for)/ #n the latter co,nty is some earth( believe) to be Gy-seo,s/Bchres are fo,n) in vario,s -arts/Nitre

#n the limeEstone co,ntry are many caves( the earthy Ioors of which are im-regnate) with nitre/ Bn "ich cree8( a branch of theGreat Hanhaway( abo,t CD miles below the lea) mines( is a very largeone( abo,t *D yar)s wi)e( an) entering a hill a =,arter or half a mile/The va,lt is of roc8( from ? to %; or *D feet above the Ioor/ A $r/

Lynch( who gives me this acco,nt( ,n)ertoo8 to e5tract the nitre/Fesi)es a coat of the salt which ha) forme) on the va,lt an) Ioor( hefo,n) the earth highly im-regnate) to the )e-th of seven feet insome -laces( an) generally of three( every b,shel yiel)ing on anaverage three -o,n)s of nitre/ $r/ Lynch having ma)e abo,t %DDD lb/of the salt from it( consigne) it to some others( who have since ma)e%D(DDD lb/ They have )one this by -,rs,ing the cave into the hill(never trying a secon) time the earth they have once e5ha,ste)( tosee how far or soon it receives another im-regnation/ At least >fty of these caves are wor8e) on the Greenbriar/ There are many of them8nown on <,mberlan) river/Salt

The co,ntry westwar) of the Alleghaney abo,n)s with s-rings of common salt/ The most remar8able we have hear) of are at F,llet9slic8( the Fig bones( the Fl,e lic8s( an) on the North for8 of 2olston/The area of F,llet9s lic8 is of many acres/ igging the earth to the)e-th of three feet( the water begins to boil ,-( an) the )ee-er yo,go( an) the )rier the weather( the stronger is the brine/ A tho,san)gallons of water yiel) from a b,shel to a b,shel an) a half of salt(

which is abo,t 'D lb/ of water to one lb/ of salt0 b,t of seaEwater *;lb/ yiel) one lb/ of salt/ So that seaEwater is more than three times asstrong as that of these s-rings/ A salt s-ring has been lately



)iscovere) at the T,r8ey foot on Yohogany( by which river it isoverIowe)( e5ce-t at very low water/ #ts merit is not yet 8nown/,ning9s lic8 is also as yet ,ntrie)( b,t it is s,--ose) to be the best on this si)e the Bhio/ The salt s-rings on the margin of the Bnon)agola8e are sai) to give a saline taste to the waters of the la8e/

$e)icinal s-ringsThere are several $e)icinal s-rings( some of which arein),bitably e cacio,s( while others seem to owe their re-,tation asm,ch to fancy( an) change of air an) regimen( as to their realvirt,es/ None of them having ,n)ergone a chemical analysis in s8ilf,lhan)s( nor been so far the s,bject of observations as to have

-ro),ce) a re),ction into classes of the )isor)ers which they relieve(it is in my -ower to give little more than an en,meration of them/

The most e cacio,s of these are two s-rings in A,g,sta( near the >rst so,rces of James river( where it is calle) Jac8son9s river/ They rise near the foot of the ri)ge of mo,ntains( generally calle) the7arm s-ring mo,ntain( b,t in the ma-s Jac8son9s mo,ntains/ The oneis )isting,ishe) by the name of the 7arm s-ring( an) the other of the2ot s-ring/ The 7arm s-ring iss,es with a very bol) stream(s, cient to wor8 a gristEmill( an) to 8ee- the waters of its bason(which is :D feet in )iameter( at the vital warmth( vi1/ ?C )egrees of .arenheit9s thermometer/ The matter with which these waters isallie) is very volatile0 its smell in)icates it to be s,l-h,reo,s( as also)oes the circ,mstance of its t,rning silver blac8/ They relieverhe,matisms/ Bther com-laints also of very )i erent nat,res havebeen remove) or lessene) by them/ #t rains here fo,r or >ve )ays inevery wee8/

The _2ot s-ring_ is abo,t si5 miles from the 7arm( is m,chsmaller( an) has been so hot as to have boile) an egg/ Some believeits )egree of heat to be lessene)/ #t raises the merc,ry in .arenheit9sthermometer to %%* )egrees( which is fever heat/ #t sometimesrelieves where the 7arm s-ring fails/ A fo,ntain of common water(iss,ing within a few inches of its margin( gives it a sing,lar a--earance/ <om-aring the tem-erat,re of these with that of the 2ot

s-rings of Hamschat8a( of which Hrachininni8ow gives an acco,nt( the)i erence is very great( the latter raising the merc,ry to *DD )egreeswhich is within %* )egrees of boiling water/ These s-rings are very m,ch resorte) to in s-ite of a total want of accommo)ation for thesic8/ Their waters are strongest in the hottest months( whichoccasions their being visite) in J,ly an) A,g,st -rinci-ally/

The Sweet s-rings are in the co,nty of Foteto,rt( at the easternfoot of the Alleghaney( abo,t @* miles from the 7arm s-rings/ They are still less 8nown/ 2aving been fo,n) to relieve cases in which theothers ha) been ine ect,ally trie)( it is -robable their com-osition is)i erent/ They are )i erent also in their tem-erat,re( being as col)



as common water3 which is not mentione)( however( as a -roof of a)istinct im-regnation/ This is among the >rst so,rces of James river/

Bn Patowmac river( in Fer8eley co,nty( above the Northmo,ntain( are $e)icinal s-rings( m,ch more fre=,ente) than thoseof A,g,sta/ Their -owers( however( are less( the waters wea8ly

minerali1e)( an) scarcely warm/ They are more visite)( beca,sesit,ate) in a fertile( -lentif,l( an) -o-,lo,s co,ntry( better -rovi)e)with accommo)ations( always safe from the #n)ians( an) nearest tothe more -o-,lo,s states/

#n Lo,isa co,nty( on the hea) waters of the So,th Anna branch of Yor8 river( are s-rings of some me)icinal virt,e/ They are not m,ch,se) however/ There is a wea8 chalybeate at "ichmon)0 an) many others in vario,s -arts of the co,ntry( which are of too little worth( or too little note( to be en,merate) after those beforeEmentione)/

7e are tol) of a S,l-h,r s-ring on 2owar)9s cree8 of Greenbriar(an) another at Foonsboro,gh on Hent,c8ey/F,rning s-ring

#n the low gro,n)s of the Great Hanhaway( & miles above themo,th of !l8 river( an) C& above that of the Hanhaway itself( is a holein the earth of the ca-acity of :D or @D gallons( from which iss,esconstantly a bit,mino,s va-o,r in so strong a c,rrent( as to give tothe san) abo,t its ori>ce the motion which it has in a boiling s-ring/Bn -resenting a lighte) can)le or torch within %' inches of the hole( it Iames ,- in a col,mn of %' inches )iameter( an) fo,r or >ve feet height( which sometimes b,rns o,t within *D min,tes( an) at other times has been 8nown to contin,e three )ays( an) then has been left still b,rning/ The Iame is ,nstea)y( of the )ensity of that of b,rnings-irits( an) smells li8e b,rning -it coal/ 7ater sometimes collects inthe bason( which is remar8ably col)( an) is 8e-t in eb,llition by theva-o,r iss,ing thro,gh it/ #f the va-o,r be >re) in that state( thewater soon becomes so warm that the han) cannot bear it( an)eva-orates wholly in a short time/ This( with the circ,mjacent lan)s(is the -ro-erty of his !5cellency General 7ashington an) of GeneralLewis/

There is a similar one on San)y river( the Iame of which is acol,mn of abo,t %* inches )iameter( an) : feet high/ General <lar8e(who informs me of it( 8in)le) the va-o,r( stai) abo,t an ho,r( an) left it b,rning/Sy-hon fo,ntains

The mention of ,ncommon s-rings lea)s me to that of Sy-honfo,ntains/ There is one of these near the intersection of the Lor).airfa59s bo,n)ary with the North mo,ntain( not far from Froc89s ga-(on the stream of which is a gristEmill( which grin)s two b,shel of grain at every Ioo) of the s-ring/ Another( near the <owE-ast,reriver( a mile an) a half below its conI,ence with the F,llE-ast,re



river( an) %C or %& miles from the 2ot s-rings( which intermits once inevery twelve ho,rs/ Bne also near the mo,th of the North 2olston/

After these may be mentione) the _Nat,ral 7ell_( on the lan)s of a $r/ Lewis in .re)eric8 co,nty/ #t is somewhat larger than a commonwell3 the water rises in it as near the s,rface of the earth as in the

neighbo,ring arti>cial wells( an) is of a )e-th as yet ,n8nown/ #t issai) there is a c,rrent in it ten)ing sensibly )ownwar)s/ #f this betr,e( it -robably fee)s some fo,ntain( of which it is the nat,ralreservoir( )isting,ishe) from others( li8e that of $a)ison9s cave( by being accessible/ #t is ,se) with a b,c8et an) win)lass as an or)inary well/Vegetables

A com-lete catalog,e of the trees( -lants( fr,its( Qc/ is -robably not )esire)/ # will s8etch o,t those which wo,l) -rinci-ally attract notice( as being %/ $e)icinal( */ !sc,lent( :/ Brnamental( or @/ 4sef,lfor fabrication0 a))ing the Linnaean to the -o-,lar names( as thelatter might not convey -recise information to a foreigner/ # shallcon>ne myself too to native -lants/

Me(icinal o "lar Linnaean

enna. assia lig"strina.

rsmart. ol#gon"magittat"m.

livers or goose5grass. Gali"m s "ri"m.

Lo-elia o several s ecies.

alma $risti. &icin"s.

7ames5town wee(. at"ra tramoni"m.

Mallow. Malva rot"n(i olia.

#rian mallow. i-isc"s mosc$entos.

i-isc"s virginic"s.

9n(ian mallow. i(a r$om-i olia.

i(a a-"tilon.

:irginia Mars$mallow. ;a aea$erma $ro(ita.

;a aea (ioica.

9n(ian $#sic. iraea tri oliata.

*" $or-ia 9 ecac"an$ae.

le"ris# root. scle ias (ec"m-ens.



:irginia snake5root. ristoloc$iaser entaria.

Black snake5root. ctaea racemosa.

eneca rattlesnake5root. ol#gala enega.

:alerian. :aleriana loc"stara(iata.

Gentiana a onaria :illosa <enta"ri"m.

Ginseng. ana= >"in>"e oli"m.

ngelica. ngelica s#lvestris.

assava. 7atro $a "rens.

*sc"lent o "lar Linnaean 2. T"cka$oe. L#co er(on t"-er. 7er"salem artic$oke.eliant$"s t"-eros"s. Long otatoes. onvolv"las -atatas. Grana(illas. Ma#cocks.Maracocks. assi?ora incarnata. anic. anic"m o man# s ecies. 9n(ian millet.olc"s la="s. olc"s strios"s. ,il( oat. @iAania a>"atica. ,il( ea. olic$os ola#ton. L" ine. L" in"s erennis. ,il( $o . "m"l"s l" "l"s. ,il( c$err#. r"n"s:irginiana. $erokee l"m-. r"n"s s#lvestris r"ct" ma ori. ,il( l"m-. r"n"ss#lvestris r"ct" minori. la#ton. ,il( cra-5a le. #r"s coronaria. &e( m"l-err#.Mor"s r"-ra. ersimmon. ios #ros :irginiana. "gar ma le. cer sacc$arin"m.cal# -ark $iccor#. 7"glans al-a cortice s>"amoso. la#ton. ommon $iccor#.

7"glans al-a r"ct" minore ranci(o. la#ton. accan or 9llinois n"t. ;ot (escri-e(-# Linnae"s Millar or la#ton. ,ere 9 to vent"re to (escri-e t$is s eaking o t$er"it rom memor# an( o t$e lea rom lants o two #ears growt$ 9 s$o"l( s eci #it as t$e 7"glans al-a oliolis lanceolatis ac"minatis serratis tomentosis r"ct"minore ovato com resso vi= insc"l to ("lci "tamine tenerrimo. 9t grows on t$e9llinois ,a-as$ C$io an( Missisi i. 9t is s oken o -# on Dlloa "n(er t$e name oacanos in $is ;oticias mericanas. *ntret. 6. Black waln"t. 7"glans nigra. ,$itewaln"t. 7"glans al-a. $esn"t. Eag"s castanea. $in>"a in. Eag"s "mila.aAlen"t. or#l"s avellana. Gra es. :itis. :ario"s kin(s t$o"g$ onl# t$ree(escri-e( -# la#ton. carlet traw-erries. Eragaria :irginiana o Millar.,$ortle-erries. :accini"m "liginos"mF ,il( goose-erries. &i-es gross"laria.ran-erries. :accini"m o=#coccos. Black ras -erries. &"-"s occi(entalis.

Black-erries. &"-"s r"ticos"s. ew-erries. &"-"s caesi"s. lo"(5-erries. &"-"sc$amaemor"s.

Crnamental o "lar Linnaean 3. lane5tree. latan"s occi(entalis. o lar.Lirio(en(ron t"li i era. o "l"s $etero $#lla. Black o lar. o "l"s nigra. s en.o "l"s trem"la. Lin(en or lime. Tilia mericana. &e( ?owering ma le. cerr"-r"m. orse5c$esn"t or B"ck's5e#e. esc"l"s avia. atal a. Bignonia catal a.Dm-rella. Magnolia tri etala. wam la"rel. Magnolia gla"ca. "c"m-er5tree.Magnolia ac"minata. ort"gal -a#. La"r"s in(ica. &e( -a#. La"r"s -or-onia. war 5rose -a#. &$o(o(en(ron ma=im"m. La"rel o t$e western co"ntr#. ". s eciesF,il( imento. La"r"s -enAoin. assa ras. La"r"s sassa ras. Loc"st. &o-inia se"(o5acacia. one#5loc"st. Gle(itsia. 1. Beta. ogwoo(. orn"s ?ori(a. Eringe or snow5

(ro tree. $ionant$"s :irginica. Bar-err#. Ber-eris v"lgaris. &e(-"( or 7"(as5tree.ercis ana(ensis. oll#. 9le= a>"i oli"m. ocks "r $awt$orn. rataeg"s coccinea.in(le5tree. *"on#m"s *"ro ae"s. *vergreen s in(le5tree. *"on#m"s merican"s.



9tea :irginica. *l(er. am-"c"s nigra. a aw. nnona trilo-a. an(le-err# m#rtle.M#rica ceri era. war 5la"rel. !almia ang"sti olia. calle( iv# !almia lati olia wit$ "s.9v#. e(era >"in>"e olia. Tr"m et $one#s"ckle. Lonicera sem ervirens. D rig$t$one#s"ckle. Aalea n"(i?ora. ellow asmine. Bignonia sem ervirens. al#cant$"s?ori("s. merican aloe. gave :irginica. "mac$. &$"s. ". s eciesF oke.$#tolacca (ecan(ra. Long moss. Tillan(sia Dsneoi(es.

o "lar or Ea-rication o "lar Linnaean 4. &ee(. r"n(o $ragmitis. :irginia$em . cni(a canna-ina. Ela=. Lin"m :irginian"m. Black or itc$5 ine. in"stae(a. ,$ite ine. in"s stro-"s. ellow ine. in"s :irginica. r"ce ine. in"soliis sing"lari-"s. la#ton. emlock s r"ce Hr. in"s ana(ensis. -or vitae. T$"#aocci(entalis. 7"ni er. 7"ni er"s virginica Icalle( ce(ar wit$ "sJ. # ress. " ress"s(istic$a. ,$ite ce(ar. " ress"s T$#oi(es. Black oak. "erc"s nigra. ,$ite oak."erc"s al-a. &e( oak. "erc"s r"-ra. ,illow oak. "erc"s $ellos. $esn"t oak."erc"s rin"s. Black ack oak. "erc"s a>"atica. la#ton. "er#F Gro"n( oak."erc"s "mila. la#ton. Live oak. "erc"s :irginiana. Millar. Black Birc$. Bet"lanigra. ,$ite -irc$. Bet"la al-a. Beac$. Eag"s s#lvatica. s$. Era=in"s mericana.Era=in"s ;ovae ngliae. Millar. *lm. Dlm"s mericana. ,illow. ali=. "er# s eciesF

weet G"m. Li>"i(am-ar st#raci?"a.The following were fo,n) in Virginia when >rst visite) by the

!nglish0 b,t it is not sai) whether of s-ontaneo,s growth( or by c,ltivation only/ $ost -robably they were natives of more so,thernclimates( an) han)e) along the continent from one nation to another of the savages/

Tobacco/ Nicotiana/$ai1e/ Kea mays/"o,n) -otatoes/ Solan,m t,beros,m/P,m-8ins/ <,c,rbita -e-o/<ymlings/ <,c,rbita verr,cosa/S=,ashes/ <,c,rbita melo-e-o/

There is an in>nit,)e of other -lants an) Iowers( for anen,meration an) scienti>c )escri-tion of which # m,st refer to the.lora Virginica of o,r great botanist r/ <layton( -,blishe) by Gronovi,s at Ley)en( in %&C*/ This acc,rate observer was a nativean) resi)ent of this state( -asse) a long life in e5-loring an))escribing its -lants( an) is s,--ose) to have enlarge) the botanicalcatalog,e as m,ch as almost any man who has live)/

Fesi)es these -lants( which are native( o,r _.arms_ -ro),cewheat( rye( barley( oats( b,c8 wheat( broom corn( an) #n)ian corn/The climate s,its rice well eno,gh wherever the lan)s )o/ Tobacco(hem-( Ia5( an) cotton( are sta-le commo)ities/ #n)ico yiel)s twoc,ttings/ The sil8Eworm is a native( an) the m,lberry( -ro-er for its

foo)( grows 8in)ly/7e c,ltivate also -otatoes( both the long an) the ro,n)( t,rni-s(carrots( -arsne-s( -,m-8ins( an) gro,n) n,ts MArachis/ B,r grasses



are L,cerne( St/ .oin( F,rnet( Timothy( ray an) orchar) grass0 re)(white( an) yellow clover0 greenswer)( bl,e grass( an) crab grass/

The _gar)ens_ yiel) m,s8 melons( water melons( tomatas( o8ra( -omegranates( >gs( an) the esc,lent -lants of !,ro-e/

The _orchar)s_ -ro),ce a--les( -ears( cherries( =,inces( -eaches( nectarines( a-ricots( almon)s( an) -l,mbs/

AnimalsB,r =,a)r,-e)s have been mostly )escribe) by Linnae,s an)

$ons/ )e F, on/ Bf these the $ammoth( or big b, alo( as calle) by the #n)ians( m,st certainly have been the largest/ Their tra)ition is(that he was carnivoro,s( an) still e5ists in the northern -arts of

America/ A )elegation of warriors from the elaware tribe havingvisite) the governor of Virginia( ),ring the -resent revol,tion( onmatters of b,siness( after these ha) been )isc,sse) an) settle) in

co,ncil( the governor as8e) them some =,estions relative to their co,ntry( an)( among others( what they 8new or ha) hear) of theanimal whose bones were fo,n) at the Saltlic8s( on the Bhio/ Their chief s-ea8er imme)iately -,t himself into an attit,)e of oratory( an)with a -om- s,ite) to what he conceive) the elevation of his s,bject(informe) him that it was a tra)ition han)e) )own from their fathers(That in antient times a her) of these tremen)o,s animals came tothe FigEbone lic8s( an) began an ,niversal )estr,ction of the bear()eer( el8s( b, aloes( an) other animals( which ha) been create) for the ,se of the #n)ians3 that the Great $an above( loo8ing )own an)

seeing this( was so enrage) that he sei1e) his lightning( )escen)e)on the earth( seate) himself on a neighbo,ring mo,ntain( on a roc8(of which his seat an) the -rint of his feet are still to be seen( an)h,rle) his bolts among them till the whole were sla,ghtere)( e5ce-t the big b,ll( who -resenting his forehea) to the shafts( shoo8 themo as they fell0 b,t missing one at length( it wo,n)e) him in the si)e0whereon( s-ringing ro,n)( he bo,n)e) over the Bhio( over the7abash( the #llinois( an) >nally over the great la8es( where he isliving at this )ay/9 #t is well 8nown that on the Bhio( an) in many -artsof America f,rther north( t,s8s( grin)ers( an) s8eletons of ,n-arallele) magnit,)e( are fo,n) in great n,mbers( some lying onthe s,rface of the earth( an) some a little below it/ A $r/ Stanley(ta8en -risoner by the #n)ians near the mo,th of the Tanissee( relates(that( after being transferre) thro,gh several tribes( from one toanother( he was at length carrie) over the mo,ntains west of the$isso,ri to a river which r,ns westwar)ly0 that these bones abo,n)e)there0 an) that the natives )escribe) to him the animal to which they belonge) as still e5isting in the northern -arts of their co,ntry0 fromwhich )escri-tion he j,)ge) it to be an ele-hant/ Fones of the same8in) have been lately fo,n)( some feet below the s,rface of theearth( in salines o-ene) on the North 2olston( a branch of theTanissee( abo,t the latit,)e of :C % * )egrees North/ .rom theacco,nts -,blishe) in !,ro-e( # s,--ose it to be )eci)e)( that these



are of the same 8in) with those fo,n) in Siberia/ #nstances arementione) of li8e animal remains fo,n) in the more so,thernclimates of both hemis-heres0 b,t they are either so loosely mentione) as to leave a )o,bt of the fact( so inacc,rately )escribe)as not to a,thori1e the classing them with the great northern bones(or so rare as to fo,n) a s,s-icion that they have been carrie) thither as c,riosities from more northern regions/ So that on the whole thereseem to be no certain vestiges of the e5istence of this animal f,rther so,th than the salines last mentione)/ #t is remar8able that the t,s8san) s8eletons have been ascribe) by the nat,ralists of !,ro-e to theele-hant( while the grin)ers have been given to the hi--o-otam,s( or riverEhorse/ Yet it is ac8nowle)ge)( that the t,s8s an) s8eletons arem,ch larger than those of the ele-hant( an) the grin)ers many timesgreater than those of the hi--o-otam,s( an) essentially )i erent inform/ 7herever these grin)ers are fo,n)( there also we >n) the t,s8s

an) s8eleton0 b,t no s8eleton of the hi--o-otam,s nor grin)ers of the ele-hant/ #t will not be sai) that the hi--o-otam,s an) ele-hant came always to the same s-ot( the former to )e-osit his grin)ers(an) the latter his t,s8s an) s8eleton/ .or what became of the -artsnot )e-osite) there6 7e m,st agree then that these remains belongto each other( that they are of one an) the same animal( that thiswas not a hi--o-otam,s( beca,se the hi--o-otam,s ha) no t,s8snor s,ch a frame( an) beca,se the grin)ers )i er in their si1e as wellas in the n,mber an) form of their -oints/ That it was not anele-hant( # thin8 ascertaine) by -roofs e=,ally )ecisive/ # will not

avail myself of the a,thority of the celebrate) M * anatomist( who(from an e5amination of the form an) str,ct,re of the t,s8s( has)eclare) they were essentially )i erent from those of the ele-hant0beca,se another M : anatomist( e=,ally celebrate)( has )eclare)( ona li8e e5amination( that they are -recisely the same/ Fetween twos,ch a,thorities # will s,--ose this circ,mstance e=,ivocal/ F,t( %/The s8eleton of the mammoth Mfor so the incognit,m has been calle)bes-ea8s an animal of >ve or si5 times the c,bic vol,me of theele-hant( as $ons/ )e F, on has a)mitte)/ */ The grin)ers are >vetimes as large( are s=,are( an) the grin)ing s,rface st,))e) with fo,r or >ve rows of bl,nt -oints3 whereas those of the ele-hant are broa)an) thin( an) their grin)ing s,rface Iat/ :/ # have never hear) aninstance( an) s,--ose there has been none( of the grin)er of anele-hant being fo,n) in America/ @/ .rom the 8nown tem-erat,rean) constit,tion of the ele-hant he co,l) never have e5iste) in thoseregions where the remains of the mammoth have been fo,n)/ Theele-hant is a native only of the torri) 1one an) its vicinities3 if( withthe assistance of warm a-artments an) warm clothing( he has been

-reserve) in life in the tem-erate climates of !,ro-e( it has only beenfor a small -ortion of what wo,l) have been his nat,ral -erio)( an)no instance of his m,lti-lication in them has ever been 8nown/ F,t nobones of the mammoth( as # have before observe)( have been ever fo,n) f,rther so,th than the salines of the 2olston( an) they have



been fo,n) as far north as the Arctic circle/ Those( therefore( who areof o-inion that the ele-hant an) mammoth are the same( m,st believe( %/ That the ele-hant 8nown to ,s can e5ist an) m,lti-ly inthe fro1en 1one0 or( */ That an internal >re may once have warme)those regions( an) since aban)one) them( of which( however( theglobe e5hibits no ,ne=,ivocal in)ications0 or( :/ That the obli=,ity of the ecli-tic( when these ele-hants live)( was so great as to incl,)ewithin the tro-ics all those regions in which the bones are fo,n)0 thetro-ics being( as is before observe)( the nat,ral limits of habitationfor the ele-hant/ F,t if it be a)mitte) that this obli=,ity has really )ecrease)( an) we a)o-t the highest rate of )ecrease yet -reten)e)(that is( of one min,te in a cent,ry( to transfer the northern tro-ic tothe Arctic circle( wo,l) carry the e5istence of these s,--ose)ele-hants *;D(DDD years bac80 a -erio) far beyon) o,r conce-tion of the ),ration of animal bones left e5-ose) to the o-en air( as these

are in many instances/ Fesi)es( tho,gh these regions wo,l) then bes,--ose) within the tro-ics( yet their winters wo,l) have been toosevere for the sensibility of the ele-hant/ They wo,l) have ha) toob,t one )ay an) one night in the year( a circ,mstance to which wehave no reason to s,--ose the nat,re of the ele-hant >tte)/2owever( it has been )emonstrate)( that( if a variation of obli=,ity inthe ecli-tic ta8es -lace at all( it is vibratory( an) never e5cee)s thelimits of ? )egrees( which is not s, cient to bring these bones withinthe tro-ics/ Bne of these hy-otheses( or some other e=,ally vol,ntary an) ina)missible to ca,tio,s -hiloso-hy( m,st be a)o-te) to s,--ort

the o-inion that these are the bones of the ele-hant/ .or my own -art( # >n) it easier to believe that an animal may have e5iste)(resembling the ele-hant in his t,s8s( an) general anatomy( while hisnat,re was in other res-ects e5tremely )i erent/ .rom the :Dth)egree of So,th latit,)e to the :Dth of North( are nearly the limitswhich nat,re has >5e) for the e5istence an) m,lti-lication of theele-hant 8nown to ,s/ Procee)ing thence northwar)ly to :C % *)egrees( we enter those assigne) to the mammoth/ The f,rther wea)vance North( the more their vestiges m,lti-ly as far as the earthhas been e5-lore) in that )irection0 an) it is as -robable asotherwise( that this -rogression contin,es to the -ole itself( if lan)e5ten)s so far/ The center of the .ro1en 1one then may be the Achmeof their vigo,r( as that of the Torri) is of the ele-hant/ Th,s nat,reseems to have )rawn a belt of se-aration between these twotremen)o,s animals( whose brea)th in)ee) is not -recisely 8nown(tho,gh at -resent we may s,--ose it abo,t C % * )egrees of latit,)e0to have assigne) to the ele-hant the regions So,th of these con>nes(an) those North to the mammoth( fo,n)ing the constit,tion of theone in her e5treme of heat( an) that of the other in the e5treme of col)/ 7hen the <reator has therefore se-arate) their nat,re as far asthe e5tent of the scale of animal life allowe) to this -lanet wo,l)

-ermit( it seems -erverse to )eclare it the same( from a -artialresemblance of their t,s8s an) bones/ F,t to whatever animal we



ascribe these remains( it is certain s,ch a one has e5iste) in America(an) that it has been the largest of all terrestrial beings/ #t sho,l)have s, ce) to have resc,e) the earth it inhabite)( an) theatmos-here it breathe)( from the im-,tation of im-otence in theconce-tion an) no,rishment of animal life on a large scale3 to havestiIe)( in its birth( the o-inion of a writer( the most learne) too of allothers in the science of animal history( that in the new worl)(

F, on/ 5viii/ %**/ e)/ Paris/ %&C@/La nat,re vivante est bea,co,- moins agissante( bea,co,-

moins forte39 that nat,re is less active( less energetic on one si)e of the globe than she is on the other/ As if both si)es were not warme)by the same genial s,n0 as if a soil of the same chemical com-osition(was less ca-able of elaboration into animal n,triment0 as if the fr,itsan) grains from that soil an) s,n( yiel)e) a less rich chyle( gave lesse5tension to the soli)s an) I,i)s of the bo)y( or -ro),ce) sooner inthe cartilages( membranes( an) >bres( that rigi)ity which restrains allf,rther e5tension( an) terminates animal growth/ The tr,th is( that aPigmy an) a Patagonian( a $o,se an) a $ammoth( )erive their )imensions from the same n,tritive j,ices/ The )i erence of increment )e-en)s on circ,mstances ,nsearchable to beings witho,r ca-acities/ !very race of animals seems to have receive) fromtheir $a8er certain laws of e5tension at the time of their formation/Their elaborative organs were forme) to -ro),ce this( while -ro-er obstacles were o--ose) to its f,rther -rogress/ Felow these limitsthey cannot fall( nor rise above them/ 7hat interme)iate station they shall ta8e may )e-en) on soil( on climate( on foo)( on a caref,lchoice of bree)ers/ F,t all the manna of heaven wo,l) never raisethe $o,se to the b,l8 of the $ammoth/

5viii/ %DDE%;C/The o-inion a)vance) by the <o,nt )e F, on( is %/ That the

animals common both to the ol) an) new worl)( are smaller in thelatter/ */ That those -ec,liar to the new( are on a smaller scale/ :/That those which have been )omesticate) in both( have )egenerate)in America3 an) @/ That on the whole it e5hibits fewer s-ecies/ An)the reason he thin8s is( that the heats of America are less0 that morewaters are s-rea) over its s,rface by nat,re( an) fewer of these)raine) o by the han) of man/ #n other wor)s( that _heat_ is frien)ly(an) _moist,re_ a)verse to the -ro),ction an) )evelo-ement of large=,a)r,-e)s/ # will not meet this hy-othesis on its >rst )o,btf,lgro,n)( whether the climate of America be com-aratively moreh,mi)6 Feca,se we are not f,rnishe) with observations s, cient to)eci)e this =,estion/ An) tho,gh( till it be )eci)e)( we are as free to)eny( as others are to a rm the fact( yet for a moment let it bes,--ose)/ The hy-othesis( after this s,--osition( -rocee)s toanother0 that _moist,re_ is ,nfrien)ly to animal growth/ The tr,th of this is inscr,table to ,s by reasonings a -riori/ Nat,re has hi))enfrom ,s her mo),s agen)i/ B,r only a--eal on s,ch =,estions is to



e5-erience0 an) # thin8 that e5-erience is against the s,--osition/ #t is by the assistance of _heat_ an) _moist,re_ that vegetables areelaborate) from the elements of earth( air( water( an) >re/ 7eaccor)ingly see the more h,mi) climates -ro),ce the greater =,antity of vegetables/ Vegetables are me)iately or imme)iately thefoo) of every animal3 an) in -ro-ortion to the =,antity of foo)( wesee animals not only m,lti-lie) in their n,mbers( b,t im-rove) intheir b,l8( as far as the laws of their nat,re will a)mit/ Bf this o-inionis the <o,nt )e F, on himself in another -art of his wor83

viii/ %:@/en general il -aroit =,e les -ays ,n -e, _froi)s_ conviennent

mie,5 a nos boe,fs =,e les -ays cha,)s( et =,9ils sont )9a,tant -l,sgros et -l,s gran)s =,e le climat est -l,s _h,mi)e_ et -l,s abon)ansen -at,rages/ Les boe,fs )e anemarc8( )e la Po)olie( )e l948raineet )e la Tartarie =,9habitent les <almo,=,es sont les -l,s gran)s )eto,s/9 2ere then a race of animals( an) one of the largest too( hasbeen increase) in its )imensions by _col)_ an) _moist,re_( in )irect o--osition to the hy-othesis( which s,--oses that these twocirc,mstances )iminish animal b,l8( an) that it is their contraries

_heat_ an) _)ryness_ which enlarge it/ F,t when we a--eal toe5-erience( we are not to rest satis>e) with a single fact/ Let ,stherefore try o,r =,estion on more general gro,n)/ Let ,s ta8e two

-ortions of the earth( !,ro-e an) America for instance( s, ciently e5tensive to give o-eration to general ca,ses0 let ,s consi)er thecirc,mstances -ec,liar to each( an) observe their e ect on animalnat,re/ America( r,nning thro,gh the torri) as well as tem-erate

1one( has more _heat_( collectively ta8en( than !,ro-e/ F,t !,ro-e(accor)ing to o,r hy-othesis( is the _)ryest_/ They are e=,ally a)a-te) then to animal -ro),ctions0 each being en)owe) with one of those ca,ses which befrien) animal growth( an) with one whicho--oses it/ #f it be tho,ght ,ne=,al to com-are !,ro-e with America(which is so m,ch larger( # answer( not more so than to com-are

America with the whole worl)/ Fesi)es( the -,r-ose of thecom-arison is to try an hy-othesis( which ma8es the si1e of animals

)e-en) on the _heat_ an) _moist,re_ of climate/ #f therefore we ta8ea region( so e5tensive as to com-rehen) a sensible )istinction of climate( an) so e5tensive too as that local acci)ents( or theinterco,rse of animals on its bor)ers( may not materially a ect thesi1e of those in its interior -arts( we shall com-ly with thosecon)itions which the hy-othesis may reasonably )eman)/ Theobjection wo,l) be the wea8er in the -resent case( beca,se any interco,rse of animals which may ta8e -lace on the con>nes of !,ro-e an) Asia( is to the a)vantage of the former( Asia -ro),cingcertainly larger animals than !,ro-e/ Let ,s then ta8e a com-arative

view of the +,a)r,-e)s of !,ro-e an) America( -resenting them tothe eye in three )i erent tables( in one of which shall be en,merate)those fo,n) in both co,ntries0 in a secon) those fo,n) in one only0 in



a thir) those which have been )omesticate) in both/ To facilitate thecom-arison( let those of each table be arrange) in gra)ationaccor)ing to their si1es( from the greatest to the smallest( so far astheir si1es can be conject,re)/ The weights of the large animals shallbe e5-resse) in the !nglish avoir),-oise -o,n) an) its )ecimals3those of the smaller in the o,nce an) its )ecimals/ Those which aremar8e) th,s ( are act,al weights of -artic,lar s,bjects( )eeme)among the largest of their s-ecies/ Those mar8e) th,s ( aref,rnishe) by j,)icio,s -ersons( well ac=,ainte) with the s-ecies( an)saying( from conject,re only( what the largest in)ivi),al they ha)seen wo,l) -robably have weighe)/ The other weights are ta8en from$essrs/ F, on an) 9A,benton( an) are of s,ch s,bjects as camecas,ally to their han)s for )issection/ This circ,mstance m,st beremembere) where their weights an) mine stan) o--ose)3 the latter being state)( not to -ro),ce a concl,sion in favo,r of the American

s-ecies( b,t to j,stify a s,s-ension of o-inion ,ntil we are better informe)( an) a s,s-icion in the mean time that there is no ,niform)i erence in favo,r of either0 which is all # -reten)/

A com-arative View of the +,a)r,-e)s of !,ro-e an) of America/

#/ _Aboriginals of both_/!,ro-e/ America/lb/ lb/$ammothF, alo/ Fison %'DD7hite bear/ B,rs bla <aribo,/ "enneFear/ B,rs %;:/& @%D!l8/ !lan/ Brignal( mate)"e) )eer/ <erf *''/' *&:.allow )eer/ aim %C&/'7olf/ Lo,- C?/'"oe/ <hevre,il ;C/&Gl,tton/ Glo,ton/ <a jo,7il) cat/ <hat sa,va :DLyn5/ Lo,- cervier *;/Feaver/ <astor %'/; @;Fa)ger/ Flairea, %:/C"e) .o5/ "enar) %:/;Grey .o5/ #satis

Btter/ Lo,tre '/? %*$ona5/ $armotte C/;Vison/ .o,ine */'



2e)gehog/ 2erisson */*$artin/ $arte %/? Co1/7ater rat/ "at )9ea, &/;7esel/ Felette */* o1/.lying s=,irrel/ Pol ,che */* @Shrew mo,se/ $,sarai %/##/ _Aboriginals of one only_/!,ro-e/ America/lb/ lb/Sanglier/ 7il) boar *'D/ Ta-ir ;:@/$o,Ion/ 7il) shee- ;C/ !l8( ro,n) horne) @;D/

Fo,=,etin/ 7il) goat P,maLievre/ 2are &/C Jag,ar *%'/La-in/ "abbet :/@ <abiai %D?/P,tois/ Polecat :/: Tamanoir %D?/Genette :/% Taman),a C;/@esman/ $,s8rat o1/ <o,gar of N/ Amer/ &;/!c,re,il/ S=,irrel %*/ <o,gar of S/ Amer/ ;?/2ermine/ !rmin '/* Bcelot

"at/ "at &/; Pecari @C/:Loirs :/% Jag,aret @:/CLerot/ ormo,se %/' AlcoTa,-e/ $ole %/* Lama2amster /? Paco

Kisel Paca :*/&Leming ServalSo,ris/ $o,se /C Sloth/ 4na, *& % @SaricovienneHincajo,Tato, Habasso, *%/'4rson/ 4rchin"accoon/ "aton %C/;<oati<oen)o, %C/:Sloth/ Ai %:/Sa-ajo, B,ariniSa-ajo, <oaita ?/'



Tato, !nc,bertTato, A-arTato, <achica &/Little <oen)o, C/;B-oss,m/ Sarig,eTa-eti$argay<rabier

Ago,ti @/*Sa-ajo, Sai :/;Tato, <ir=,insonTato, Tato,ate :/:

##/ TAFL! contin,e)/!,ro-e/ America/$o, ette S=,ash$o, ette <hinche$o, ette <one-ate/Sc,n8$o, ette/ Korilla7hab,s/ 2are/ "abbet

A-erea A8o,chiBn)atra/ $,s8ratPiloriGreat grey s=,irrel */&.o5 s=,irrel of Virginia */C*;S,ri8ate */$in8 */Sa-ajo,/ Sajo, %/'#n)ian -ig/ <ochon)9#n)e %/CSa-ajo,/ Saimiri %/;Phalanger<o=,allinLesser grey s=,irrel %/;Flac8 s=,irrel %/;"e) s=,irrel %D/ o1/Sagoin Sa8i



Sagoin PincheSagoin Tamarin o1/Sagoin B,istiti @/@Sagoin $ari8ineSagoin $ico<ayo-ollin.o,rmillier$armoseSarig,e of <ayenneT,can"e) mole o1/Gro,n) s=,irrel @/

###/ _ omesticate) in both_/!,ro-e/ America/lb/ lb/<ow &C:/ *;DD2orse %:CC

Ass2og %*DDShee- %*;

Goat 'Dog C&/C<at &/# have not inserte) in the >rst table the M @ Phoca nor leatherE

winge) bat( beca,se the one living half the year in the water( an) theother being a winge) animal( the in)ivi),als of each s-ecies may visit both continents/

Bf the animals in the %st table $ons/ )e F, on himself informs,s( U V##/ %:D/ / *%:/W that the beaver( the otter( an) shrewmo,se( tho,gh of the same s-ecies( are larger in America than!,ro-e/ This sho,l) therefore have correcte) the generality of hise5-ressions V###/ %@;/ an) elsewhere( that the animals common tothe two co,ntries( are consi)erably less in America than in !,ro-e(Q cela sans a,c,ne e5ce-tion/9 2e tells ,s too( U+,a)r,-/ V###/ ::@/e)it/ Paris( %&&&W that on e5amining a bear from America( heremar8e) no )i erence( )ans _la forme_ )e cet o,rs )9Ameri=,ecom-are a cel,i )9!,ro-e/9 F,t a))s from Fartram9s jo,rnal( that an

American bear weighe) @DD lb/ !nglish( e=,al to :C& lb/ .rench3

whereas we >n) the !,ro-ean bear e5amine) by $ons/ 9A,benton(U V##/ '*/W weighe) b,t %@% lb/ .rench/ That the -almate) !l8 is larger



in America than !,ro-e we are informe) by Halm( a Nat,ralist whovisite) the

#/ *::/ Lon)/ %&&*/former by -,blic a--ointment for the e5-ress -,r-ose of

e5amining the s,bjects of Nat,ral history/ #n this#b/ *::/fact Pennant conc,rs with him/ UFarrington9s $iscellanies/W The

same Halm tells ,s that the Flac8 $oose( or#/ 55vii/"enne of America( is as high as a tall horse0 an) <atesby( that it

is abo,t the bigness of a mi))le si1e) o5/ The #V/ %C*/same acco,nt of their si1e has been given me by many who have

seen them/ F,t $ons/ 9A,benton says that the "enne of !,ro-e isb,t abo,t the si1e of a "e)E)eer/ V/ @*/The wesel is larger in America than in !,ro-e( as may be seen by

com-aring its )imensions as re-orte) by $ons/ 9A,benton an)Halm/ The latter tells ,s( that the

#/ :;?/ #/ @'/ **%/ *;%/ ##/ ;*/lyn5( ba)ger( re) fo5( an) Iying s=,irrel( are the _same_ in

America as in !,ro-e3 by which e5-ression # ,n)erstan)( they are thesame in all material circ,mstances( in si1e as well as others3 for if they were smaller(

##/ &'/they wo,l) )i er from the !,ro-ean/ B,r grey fo5 is( by

<atesby9s acco,nt( little )i erent in si1e an) sha-e from the!,ro-ean fo5/ # -res,me he means the re) fo5

#/ **D/of !,ro-e( as )oes Halm( where he says( that in si1e they )o not

=,ite come ,- to o,r fo5es/9 .or -rocee)ing ne5t to the re) fo5 of America( he says they are entirely the same with the !,ro-ean sort/97hich shews he ha) in view one !,ro-ean sort only( which was there)/ So that the res,lt of their testimony is( that the American grey fo5 is somewhat less than the !,ro-ean re)0 which is e=,ally tr,e of the

V##/ C:/ #V/ %%?/ 2arris( ##/:'&/ F, on/ +,a)/ # / %/grey fo5 of !,ro-e( as may be seen by com-aring the meas,res

of the <o,nt )e F, on an) $ons/ 9A,benton/ The white bear of America is as large as that of !,ro-e/ The bones of the $ammothwhich have been fo,n) in America( are as large as those fo,n) in theol) worl)/ #t may be as8e)( why # insert the $ammoth( as if it stille5iste)6 # as8 in ret,rn( why # sho,l) omit it( as if it )i) not e5ist6



S,ch is the oeconomy of nat,re( that no instance can be -ro),ce) of her having -ermitte) any one race of her animals to become e5tinct0of her having forme) any lin8 in her great wor8 so wea8 as to bebro8en/ To a)) to this( the tra)itionary testimony of the #n)ians( that this animal still e5ists in the northern an) western -arts of America(wo,l) be a))ing the light of a ta-er to that of the meri)ian s,n/Those -arts still remain in their aboriginal state( ,ne5-lore) an),n)ist,rbe) by ,s( or by others for ,s/ 2e may as well e5ist therenow( as he )i) formerly where we >n) his bones/ #f he be acarnivoro,s animal( as some Anatomists have conject,re)( an) the#n)ians a rm( his early retirement may be acco,nte) for from thegeneral )estr,ction of the wil) game by the #n)ians( whichcommences in the >rst instant of their connection with ,s( for the

-,r-ose of -,rchasing matchcoats( hatchets( an) >re loc8s( with their s8ins/ There remain then the b, alo( re) )eer( fallow )eer( wolf( roe(

gl,tton( wil) cat( mona5( vison( he)geEhog( martin( an) water rat( of the com-arative si1es of which we have not s, cient testimony/ #t )oes not a--ear that $essrs/ )e F, on an) 9A,benton havemeas,re)( weighe)( or seen those of America/ #t is sai) of some of them( by some travellers( that they are smaller than the !,ro-ean/F,t who were these travellers6 2ave they not been men of a very )i erent )escri-tion from those who have lai) o-en to ,s the other three =,arters of the worl)6 7as nat,ral history the object of their travels6 i) they meas,re or weigh the animals they s-ea8 of6 or )i)they not j,)ge of them by sight( or -erha-s even from re-ort only6

7ere they ac=,ainte) with the animals of their own co,ntry( withwhich they ,n)erta8e to com-are them6 2ave they not been soignorant as often to mista8e the s-ecies6 A tr,e answer to these=,estions wo,l) -robably lighten their a,thority( so as to ren)er it ins, cient for the fo,n)ation of an hy-othesis/ 2ow ,nri-e we yet are( for an acc,rate com-arison of the animals of the two co,ntries(will a--ear from the wor8 of $ons/ )e F, on/ The i)eas we sho,l)have forme) of the si1es of some animals( from the information heha) receive) at his >rst -,blications concerning them( are very )i erent from what his s,bse=,ent comm,nications give ,s/ An)in)ee) his can)o,r in this can never be too m,ch -raise)/ Bnesentence of his boo8 m,st )o him immortal hono,r/ J9aime

+,a)/ # / %;'a,tant ,ne -ersonne =,i me releve )9,ne erre,r( =,9,ne a,tre

=,i m9a--ren) ,ne verite( -arce =,9en e et ,ne erre,r corrigee est ,ne verite/9 2e seems to have

V/ %'@/tho,ght the <abiai he >rst e5amine) wante) little of its f,ll

growth/ #l n9etoit -as encore to,tEaEfait a),lte/9 Yet he weighe) b,t @C % * lb/ an) he fo,n)

+,a)/ # / %:*/



afterwar)s( that these animals( when f,ll grown( weigh %DD lb/2e ha) s,--ose)( from the e5amination of a

# / */ jag,ar( sai) to be two years ol)( which weighe) b,t %C lb/ %* o1/

that( when he sho,l) have ac=,ire) his f,ll growth( he wo,l) not belarger than a mi))le si1e) )og/

+,a)/ # / @%/F,t a s,bse=,ent acco,nt raises his weight to *DD lb/ .,rther

information will( )o,btless( -ro),ce f,rther corrections/ The won)er is( not that there is yet something in this great wor8 to correct( b,t that there is so little/ The res,lt of this view then is( that of *C=,a)r,-e)s common to both co,ntries( & are sai) to be larger in

America( & of e=,al si1e( an) %* not s, ciently e5amine)/ So that the >rst table im-eaches the >rst member of the assertion( that of

the animals common to both co,ntries( the American are smallest(et cela sans a,c,ne e5ce-tion/9 #t shews it not j,st( in all the latit,)ein which its a,thor has a)vance) it( an) -robably not to s,ch a)egree as to fo,n) a )istinction between the two co,ntries/

Procee)ing to the secon) table( which arranges the animalsfo,n) in one of the two co,ntries only( $ons/ )e F, on observes(that the ta-ir( the ele-hant of America( is b,t of the si1e of a smallcow/ To -reserve o,r com-arison( # will a)) that the wil) boar( theele-hant of !,ro-e( is little more than half that si1e/ # have ma)e anel8 with ro,n) or cylin)rical horns( an animal of America( an) -ec,liar to it0 beca,se # have seen many of them myself( an) more of their horns0 an) beca,se # can say( from the best information( that( inVirginia( this 8in) of el8 has abo,n)e) m,ch( an) still e5ists insmaller n,mbers0 an) # co,l) never learn that the -almate) 8in) ha)been seen here at all/ # s,--ose this con>ne) to the more Northernlatit,)es M ; / # have ma)e o,r hare or rabbet -ec,liar( believing it tobe )i erent from both the !,ro-ean animals of those )enominations(an) calling it therefore by its Algon=,in

Halm ##/ :@D/#/ '*/

name 7hab,s( to 8ee- it )istinct from these/ Halm is of the sameo-inion/ # have en,merate) the s=,irrels accor)ing to o,r own8nowle)ge( )erive) from )aily sight of them( beca,se # am not ableto reconcile with that the !,ro-ean a--ellations an) )escri-tions/ #have hear) of other s-ecies( b,t they have never come within my own notice/ These( # thin8( are the only instances in which # have)e-arte) from the a,thority of $ons/ )e F, on in the constr,ction of this table/ # ta8e him for my gro,n) wor8( beca,se # thin8 him thebest informe) of any Nat,ralist who has ever written/ The res,lt is(that there are %' =,a)r,-e)s -ec,liar to !,ro-e0 more than fo,r times as many( to wit &@( -ec,liar to America0 that the M C >rst of these &@ weighs more than the whole col,mn of !,ro-eans0 an)conse=,ently this secon) table )is-roves the secon) member of the



assertion( that the animals -ec,liar to the new worl) are on a smaller scale( so far as that assertion relie) on !,ro-ean animals for s,--ort3an) it is in f,ll o--osition to the theory which ma8es the animalvol,me to )e-en) on the circ,mstances of _heat_ an) _moist,re_/

The ###)/ table com-rehen)s those =,a)r,-e)s only which are

)omestic in both co,ntries/ That some of these( in some -arts of America( have become less than their original stoc8( is )o,btlesstr,e0 an) the reason is very obvio,s/ #n a thinly -eo-le) co,ntry( thes-ontaneo,s -ro),ctions of the forests an) waste >el)s are s, cient to s,--ort in)i erently the )omestic animals of the farmer( with avery little ai) from him in the severest an) scarcest season/ 2etherefore >n)s it more convenient to receive them from the han) of nat,re in that in)i erent state( than to 8ee- ,- their si1e by a carean) no,rishment which wo,l) cost him m,ch labo,r/ #f( on this lowfare( these animals )win)le( it is no more than they )o in those -arts

of !,ro-e where the -overty of the soil( or -overty of the owner(re),ces them to the same scanty s,bsistance/ #t is the ,niform e ect of one an) the same ca,se( whether acting on this or that si)e of theglobe/ #t wo,l) be erring therefore against that r,le of -hiloso-hy(which teaches ,s to ascribe li8e e ects to li8e ca,ses( sho,l) weim-,te this )imin,tion of si1e in America to any imbecility or want of ,niformity in the o-erations of nat,re/ #t may be a rme) with tr,ththat( in those co,ntries( an) with those in)ivi),als of America( wherenecessity or c,riosity has -ro),ce) e=,al attention as in !,ro-e tothe no,rishment of animals( the horses( cattle( shee-( an) hogs of the one continent are as large as those of the other/ There are

-artic,lar instances( well atteste)( where in)ivi),als of this co,ntry have im-orte) goo) bree)ers from !nglan)( an) have im-rove) their si1e by care in the co,rse of some years/ To ma8e a fair com-arisonbetween the two co,ntries( it will not answer to bring together animals of what might be )eeme) the mi))le or or)inary si1e of their s-ecies0 beca,se an error in j,)ging of that mi))le or or)inary si1ewo,l) vary the res,lt of the com-arison/ Th,s $onsie,r 9A,bentonconsi)ers a

V##/ @:*/horse of @ feet ; inches high an) @DD lb/ weight .rench( e=,al to@ feet '/C inches an) @:C lb/ !nglish( as a mi))le si1e) horse/ S,ch aone is )eeme) a small horse in America/ The e5tremes m,st therefore be resorte) to/ The same anatomist )issecte) a horse of ;feet ? inches height( .rench meas,re(

V##/ @&@/e=,al to C feet %/& !nglish/ This is near C inches higher than any

horse # have seen3 an) co,l) it be s,--ose) that # ha) seen the

largest horses in America( the concl,sion wo,l) be( that o,rs have)iminishe)( or that we have bre) from a smaller stoc8/ #n <onnectic,t an) "ho)eE#slan)( where the climate is favorable to the -ro),ction of



grass( b,lloc8s have been sla,ghtere) which weighe) *;DD( **DD(an) *%DD lb/ nett0 an) those of %'DD lb/ have been fre=,ent/ # haveseen a M & hog weigh %D;D lb/ after the bloo)( bowels( an) hair ha)been ta8en from him/ Fefore he was 8ille) an attem-t was ma)e toweigh him with a -air of steelEyar)s( gra),ate) to %*DD lb/ b,t heweighe) more/ Yet this hog was -robably not within >fty generationsof the !,ro-ean stoc8/ # am well informe) of another which weighe)%%DD lb/ gross/ Asses have been still more neglecte) than any other )omestic animal in America/ They are neither fe) nor ho,se) in themost rigoro,s season of the year/ Yet they are larger than thosemeas,re)

V###/ @'/ :;/ CC/by $ons/ 9A,benton( of : feet & % @ inches( : feet @ inches( an)

: feet * % * inches( the latter weighing only *%;/' lb/ These si1es( #s,--ose( have been -ro),ce) by the same negligence in !,ro-e(which has -ro),ce) a li8e )imin,tion here/ 7here care has beenta8en of them on that si)e of the water( they have been raise) to asi1e bor)ering on that of the horse0 not by the _heat_ an) _)ryness_ of the climate( b,t by goo) foo) an) shelter/ Goats have been alsom,ch neglecte) in America/ Yet they are very -roli>c here( bearingtwice or three times a year( an) from one to >ve 8i)s

V###/ ?C/at a birth/ $ons/ )e F, on has been sensible of a )i erence in

this circ,mstance in favo,r of America/ F,t what are their greatest

weights # cannot say/ A large# / @%/shee- here weighs %DD lb/ # observe $ons/ 9A,benton calls a

ram of C* lb/ one of the mi))le si1e/ F,t to say what are thee5tremes of growth in these an) the other )omestic animals of

America( wo,l) re=,ire information of which no one in)ivi),al is -ossesse)/ The weights act,ally 8nown an) state) in the thir) table -rece)ing will s, ce to shew( that we may concl,)e( on -robablegro,n)s( that( with e=,al foo) an) care( the climate of America will

-reserve the races of )omestic animals as large as the !,ro-eanstoc8 from which they are )erive)0 an) conse=,ently that the thir)member of $ons/ )e F, on9s assertion( that the )omestic animalsare s,bject to )egeneration from the climate of America( is as

-robably wrong as the >rst an) secon) were certainly so/That the last -art of it is erroneo,s( which a rms that the

s-ecies of American =,a)r,-e)s are com-aratively few( is evi)ent from the tables ta8en all together/ Fy these it a--ears

/ *%?/

that there are an h,n)re) s-ecies aboriginal of America/ $ons/)e F, on s,--oses abo,t )o,ble that n,mber e5isting on the wholeearth/ Bf these !,ro-e( Asia( an) Africa( f,rnish s,--ose %*C0 that is(



the *C common to !,ro-e an) America( an) abo,t %DD which are not in America at all/ The American s-ecies then are to those of the rest of the earth( as %DD to %*C( or @ to ;/ F,t the resi),e of the earthbeing )o,ble the e5tent of America( the e5act -ro-ortion wo,l) havebeen b,t as @ to '/

2itherto # have consi)ere) this hy-othesis as a--lie) to br,teanimals only( an) not in its e5tension to the man of America( whether aboriginal or trans-lante)/ #t is the o-inion of $ons/ )e F, on that the former f,rnishes no e5ce-tion to

V###/ %@C/it/ +,oi=,e le sa,vage ), no,vea, mon)e soit aE-e,E-res )e

meme stat,re =,e l9homme )e notre mon)e( cela ne s, t -as -o,r =,9il -,isse faire ,ne e5ce-tion a, fait general ), ra-etissement )e lanat,re vivante )ans to,t ce continent3 le sa,vage est foible Q -etit

-ar les organes )e la generation0 il n9a ni -oil( ni barbe( Q n,llear)e,r -o,r sa femelle0 =,oi=,e -l,s leger =,e l9!,ro-een -arce =,9ila -l,s )9habit,)e a co,rir( il est ce-en)ant bea,co,- moins fort )ecor-s0 il est a,ssi bien moins sensible( Q ce-en)ant -l,s craintif Q

-l,s lache0 il n9a n,lle vivacite( n,lle activite )ans l9ame0 celle ),cor-s est moins ,n e5ercice( ,n mo,vement volontaire =,9,nenecessite )9action ca,see -ar le besoin0 ote1 l,i la faim Q la soif( vo,s)etr,ire1 en meme tem-s le -rinci-e actif )e to,s ses mo,vemens0 il)eme,rera st,-i)ement en re-os s,r ses jambes o, co,che -en)ant )es jo,rs entiers/ #l ne fa,t -as aller chercher -l,s loin la ca,se )e la

vie )is-ersee )es sa,vages Q )e le,r eloignement -o,r la societe3 la -l,s -recie,se etincelle ), fe, )e la nat,re le,r a ete ref,see0 ilsman=,ent )9ar)e,r -o,r le,r femelle( Q -ar conse=,ent )9amo,r -o,r le,r semblables3 ne connoissant -as l9attachement le -l,s vif( le -l,sten)re )e to,s( le,rs a,tres sentimens )e ce genre sont froi)s Qlang,issans0 ils aiment foiblement le,rs -eres Q le,rs enfans0 lasociete la -l,s intime )e to,tes( celle )e la meme famille( n9a )oncche1 e,5 =,e )e foibles liens0 la societe )9,ne famille a l9a,tre n9en a

-oint ), to,t3 )es lors n,lle re,nion( n,lle re-,bli=,e( n,lle etat social/ La -hysi=,e )e l9amo,r fait che1 e,5 le moral )es moe,rs0 le,r

coe,r est glace( le,r societe froi)e( Q le,r em-ire ),r/ #ls neregar)ent le,rs femmes =,e comme )es servantes )e -eine o, )esbetes )e somme =,9ils chargent( sans menagement( ), far)ea, )ele,r chasse( Q =,9ils forcent sans -itie( sans reconnoissance( a )eso,vrages =,i so,vent sont a,)ess,s )e le,rs forces3 ils n9ont =,e -e,)9enfans0 ils en ont -e, )e soin0 to,t se ressent )e le,r -remier )efa,t0 ils sont in)i erents -arce =,9ils sont -e, -,issans( Q cettein)i erence -o,r le se5e est la tache originelle =,i Ietrit la nat,re(=,i l9em-eche )e s9e-ano,ir( Q =,i )etr,isant les germes )e la vie(co,-e en meme tem-s la racine )e la societe/ L9homme ne fait )onc

-oint )9e5ce-tion ici/ La nat,re en l,i ref,sant les -,issances )el9amo,r l9a -l,s maltraite Q -l,s ra-etisse =,9a,c,n )es anima,5/9 AnaRicting -ict,re in)ee)( which( for the honor of h,man nat,re( # am



gla) to believe has no original/ Bf the #n)ian of So,th America # 8nownothing0 for # wo,l) not honor with the a--ellation of 8nowle)ge(what # )erive from the fables -,blishe) of them/ These # believe to be

j,st as tr,e as the fables of Aeso-/ This belief is fo,n)e) on what #have seen of man( white( re)( an) blac8( an) what has been writtenof him by a,thors( enlightene) themselves( an) writing ami)st anenlightene) -eo-le/ The #n)ian of North America being more withino,r reach( # can s-ea8 of him somewhat from my own 8nowle)ge( b,t more from the information of others better ac=,ainte) with him( an)on whose tr,th an) j,)gment # can rely/ .rom these so,rces # am ableto say( in contra)iction to this re-resentation( that he is neither more)efective in ar)or( nor more im-otent with his female( than the whitere),ce) to the same )iet an) e5ercise3 that he is brave( when anenter-ri1e )e-en)s on bravery0 e),cation with him ma8ing the -oint of honor consist in the )estr,ction of an enemy by stratagem( an) in

the -reservation of his own -erson free from inj,ry0 or -erha-s this isnat,re0 while it is e),cation which teaches ,s to M ' honor forcemore than >nesse3 that he will )efen) himself against an host of enemies( always ch,sing to be 8ille)( rather than to M ? s,rren)er(tho,gh it be to the whites( who he 8nows will treat him well3 that inother sit,ations also he meets )eath with more )eliberation( an)en),res tort,res with a >rmness ,n8nown almost to religio,senth,siasm with ,s3 that he is a ectionate to his chil)ren( caref,l of them( an) in),lgent in the e5treme3 that his a ections com-rehen)his other connections( wea8ening( as with ,s( from circle to circle( as

they rece)e from the center3 that his frien)shi-s are strong an)faithf,l to the ,ttermost M %D e5tremity3 that his sensibility is 8een(even the warriors wee-ing most bitterly on the loss of their chil)ren(tho,gh in general they en)eavo,r to a--ear s,-erior to h,manevents3 that his vivacity an) activity of min) is e=,al to o,rs in thesame sit,ation0 hence his eagerness for h,nting( an) for games of chance/ The women are s,bmitte) to ,nj,st )r,)gery/ This # believeis the case with every barbaro,s -eo-le/ 7ith s,ch( force is law/ Thestronger se5 therefore im-oses on the wea8er/ #t is civili1ation alonewhich re-laces women in the enjoyment of their nat,ral e=,ality/That >rst teaches ,s to s,b),e the sel>sh -assions( an) to res-ect those rights in others which we val,e in o,rselves/ 7ere we in e=,albarbarism( o,r females wo,l) be e=,al )r,)ges/ The man with themis less strong than with ,s( b,t their woman stronger than o,rs0 an)both for the same obvio,s reason0 beca,se o,r man an) their womanis habit,ate) to labo,r( an) forme) by it/ 7ith both races the se5 which is in),lge) with ease is least athletic/ An #n)ian man is small inthe han) an) wrist for the same reason for which a sailor is large an)strong in the arms an) sho,l)ers( an) a -orter in the legs an) thighs/EE They raise fewer chil)ren than we )o/ The ca,ses of this are to befo,n)( not in a )i erence of nat,re( b,t of circ,mstance/ The womenvery fre=,ently atten)ing the men in their -arties of war an) of h,nting( chil)Ebearing becomes e5tremely inconvenient to them/ #t is



sai)( therefore( that they have learnt the -ractice of -roc,ringabortion by the ,se of some vegetable0 an) that it even e5ten)s to

-revent conce-tion for a consi)erable time after/ ,ring these -artiesthey are e5-ose) to n,mero,s ha1ar)s( to e5cessive e5ertions( to thegreatest e5tremities of h,nger/ !ven at their homes the nation)e-en)s for foo)( thro,gh a certain -art of every year( on thegleanings of the forest3 that is( they e5-erience a famine once inevery year/ 7ith all animals( if the female be ba)ly fe)( or not fe) at all( her yo,ng -erish3 an) if both male an) female be re),ce) to li8ewant( generation becomes less active( less -ro),ctive/ To theobstacles then of want an) ha1ar)( which nat,re has o--ose) to them,lti-lication of wil) animals( for the -,r-ose of restraining their n,mbers within certain bo,n)s( those of labo,r an) of vol,ntary abortion are a))e) with the #n)ian/ No won)er then if they m,lti-ly less than we )o/ 7here foo) is reg,larly s,--lie)( a single farm will

shew more of cattle( than a whole co,ntry of forests can of b, aloes/The same #n)ian women( when marrie) to white tra)ers( who fee)them an) their chil)ren -lentif,lly an) reg,larly( who e5em-t themfrom e5cessive )r,)gery( who 8ee- them stationary an) ,ne5-ose)to acci)ent( -ro),ce an) raise as many chil)ren as the white women/#nstances are 8nown( ,n)er these circ,mstances( of their rearing a)o1en chil)ren/ An inh,man -ractice once -revaile) in this co,ntry of ma8ing slaves of the #n)ians/ #t is a fact well 8nown with ,s( that the#n)ian women so enslave) -ro),ce) an) raise) as n,mero,s familiesas either the whites or blac8s among whom they live)/ EE #t has been

sai)( that #n)ians have less hair than the whites( e5ce-t on the hea)/F,t this is a fact of which fair -roof can scarcely be ha)/ 7ith them it is )isgracef,l to be hairy on the bo)y/ They say it li8ens them tohogs/ They therefore -l,c8 the hair as fast as it a--ears/ F,t thetra)ers who marry their women( an) -revail on them to )iscontin,ethis -ractice( say( that nat,re is the same with them as with thewhites/ Nor( if the fact be tr,e( is the conse=,ence necessary whichhas been )rawn from it/ Negroes have notorio,sly less hair than thewhites0 yet they are more ar)ent/ F,t if col) an) moist,re be theagents of nat,re for )iminishing the races of animals( how comes sheall at once to s,s-en) their o-eration as to the -hysical man of thenew worl)( whom the <o,nt ac8nowle)ges to be a -e, -res )ememe stat,re =,e l9homme )e notre mon)e(9 an) to let loose their inI,ence on his moral

V###/ %@;/fac,lties6 2ow has this combination of the elements an) other

-hysical ca,ses( so contrary to the enlargement of animal nat,re inthis new worl)( these obstacles to the )evelo-ement an) formationof great germs(9 been arreste) an) s,s-en)e)( so as to -ermit the

h,man bo)y to ac=,ire its j,st )imensions( an) by what inconceivable -rocess has their action been )irecte) on his min)alone6 To j,)ge of the tr,th of this( to form a j,st estimate of their



geni,s an) mental -owers( more facts are wanting( an) great allowance to be ma)e for those circ,mstances of their sit,ationwhich call for a )is-lay of -artic,lar talents only/ This )one( we shall

-robably >n) that they are forme) in min) as well as in bo)y( on thesame mo),le with the M %% 2omo sa-iens !,ro-ae,s/9 The

-rinci-les of their society forbi))ing all com-,lsion( they are to be le)to ),ty an) to enter-ri1e by -ersonal inI,ence an) -ers,asion/2ence elo=,ence in co,ncil( bravery an) a))ress in war( become thefo,n)ations of all conse=,ence with them/ To these ac=,irements alltheir fac,lties are )irecte)/ Bf their bravery an) a))ress in war wehave m,lti-lie) -roofs( beca,se we have been the s,bjects on whichthey were e5ercise)/ Bf their eminence in oratory we have fewer e5am-les( beca,se it is )is-laye) chieIy in their own co,ncils/ Some(however( we have of very s,-erior l,stre/ # may challenge the wholeorations of emosthenes an) <icero( an) of any more eminent orator(

if !,ro-e has f,rnishe) more eminent( to -ro),ce a single -assage(s,-erior to the s-eech of Logan( a $ingo chief( to Lor) ,nmore(when governor of this state/ An)( as a testimony of their talents inthis line( # beg leave to intro),ce it( >rst stating the inci)entsnecessary for ,n)erstan)ing it/ #n the s-ring of the year %&&@( arobbery an) m,r)er were committe) on an inhabitant of the frontiersof Virginia( by two #n)ians of the Shawanee tribe/ The neighbo,ringwhites( accor)ing to their c,stom( ,n)ertoo8 to -,nish this o,trage ina s,mmary way/ <ol/ <resa-( a man infamo,s for the many m,r)ershe ha) committe) on those m,chEinj,re) -eo-le( collecte) a -arty(

an) -rocee)e) )own the Hanhaway in =,est of vengeance/4nfort,nately a canoe of women an) chil)ren( with one man only(was seen coming from the o--osite shore( ,narme)( an),ns,s-ecting an hostile attac8 from the whites/ <resa- an) his -arty conceale) themselves on the ban8 of the river( an) the moment thecanoe reache) the shore( single) o,t their objects( an)( at one >re(8ille) every -erson in it/ This ha--ene) to be the family of Logan(who ha) long been )isting,ishe) as a frien) of the whites/ This,nworthy ret,rn -rovo8e) his vengeance/ 2e accor)ingly signali1e)himself in the war which ens,e)/ #n the a,t,mn of the same year( a)ecisive battle was fo,ght at the mo,th of the Great Hanhaway(between the collecte) forces of the Shawanees( $ingoes( an)elawares( an) a )etachment of the Virginia militia/ The #n)ians were)efeate)( an) s,e) for -eace/ Logan however )is)aine) to be seenamong the s,--liants/ F,t( lest the sincerity of a treaty sho,l) be)istr,ste)( from which so )isting,ishe) a chief absente) himself( hesent by a messenger the following s-eech to be )elivere) to Lor),nmore/

# a--eal to any white man to say( if ever he entere) Logan9scabin h,ngry( an) he gave him not meat0 if ever he came col) an)na8e)( an) he clothe) him not/ ,ring the co,rse of the last long an)bloo)y war( Logan remaine) i)le in his cabin( an a)vocate for -eace/



S,ch was my love for the whites( that my co,ntrymen -ointe) asthey -asse)( an) sai)( Logan is the frien) of white men/9 # ha) eventho,ght to have live) with yo,( b,t for the inj,ries of one man/ <ol/<resa-( the last s-ring( in col) bloo)( an) ,n-rovo8e)( m,r)ere) allthe relations of Logan( not s-aring even my women an) chil)ren/There r,ns not a )roof my bloo) in the veins of any living creat,re/This calle) on me for revenge/ # have so,ght it3 # have 8ille) many3 #have f,lly gl,tte) my vengeance/ .or my co,ntry( # rejoice at thebeams of -eace/ F,t )o not harbo,r a tho,ght that mine is the joy of fear/ Logan never felt fear/ 2e will not t,rn on his heel to save his life/7ho is there to mo,rn for Logan6 EE Not one/9

Fefore we con)emn the #n)ians of this continent as wantinggeni,s( we m,st consi)er that letters have not yet been intro),ce)among them/ 7ere we to com-are them in their -resent state withthe !,ro-eans North of the Al-s( when the "oman arms an) arts >rst

crosse) those mo,ntains( the com-arison wo,l) be ,ne=,al(beca,se( at that time( those -arts of !,ro-e were swarming withn,mbers0 beca,se n,mbers -ro),ce em,lation( an) m,lti-ly thechances of im-rovement( an) one im-rovement begets another/ Yet #may safely as8( 2ow many goo) -oets( how many ablemathematicians( how many great inventors in arts or sciences( ha)!,ro-e North of the Al-s then -ro),ce)6 An) it was si5teen cent,riesafter this before a Newton co,l) be forme)/ # )o not mean to )eny(that there are varieties in the race of man( )isting,ishe) by their

-owers both of bo)y an) min)/ # believe there are( as # see to be thecase in the races of other animals/ # only mean to s,ggest a )o,bt(whether the b,l8 an) fac,lties of animals )e-en) on the si)e of the

Atlantic on which their foo) ha--ens to grow( or which f,rnishes theelements of which they are com-o,n)e)6 7hether nat,re hasenliste) herself as a <is or TransEAtlantic -artisan6 # am in),ce) tos,s-ect( there has been more elo=,ence than so,n) reasoning)is-laye) in s,--ort of this theory0 that it is one of those cases wherethe j,)gment has been se),ce) by a glowing -en3 an) whilst # ren)er every trib,te of honor an) esteem to the celebrate) Koologist( whohas a))e)( an) is still a))ing( so many -recio,s things to thetreas,res of science( # m,st )o,bt whether in this instance he has not cherishe) error also( by len)ing her for a moment his vivi)imagination an) bewitching lang,age/

So far the <o,nt )e F, on has carrie) this new theory of theten)ency of nat,re to belittle her -ro),ctions on this si)e the

Atlantic/ #ts a--lication to the race of whites( trans-lante) from!,ro-e( remaine) for the Abbe "aynal/ Bn )oit etre etonne Mhe says=,e l9Ameri=,e n9ait -as encore -ro),it ,n bon -oete( ,n habilemathematicien( ,n homme )e genie )ans ,n se,l art( o, ,ne se,le

science/9 &/ 2ist/ Philos/ -/ ?*/ e)/ $aestricht/ %&&@/ America has not yet -ro),ce) one goo) -oet/9 7hen we shall have e5iste) as a -eo-leas long as the Gree8s )i) before they -ro),ce) a 2omer( the "omans



a Virgil( the .rench a "acine an) Voltaire( the !nglish a Sha8es-earean) $ilton( sho,l) this re-roach be still tr,e( we will en=,ire fromwhat ,nfrien)ly ca,ses it has -rocee)e)( that the other co,ntries of !,ro-e an) =,arters of the earth shall not have inscribe) any namein the roll of -oets M %* / F,t neither has America -ro),ce) oneable mathematician( one man of geni,s in a single art or a singlescience/9 #n war we have -ro),ce) a 7ashington( whose memory willbe a)ore) while liberty shall have votaries( whose name will tri,m-hover time( an) will in f,t,re ages ass,me its j,st station among themost celebrate) worthies of the worl)( when that wretche)

-hiloso-hy shall be forgotten which wo,l) have arrange) him amongthe )egeneracies of nat,re/ #n -hysics we have -ro),ce) a .ran8lin(than whom no one of the -resent age has ma)e more im-ortant )iscoveries( nor has enriche) -hiloso-hy with more( or moreingenio,s sol,tions of the -haenomena of nat,re/ 7e have s,--ose)

$r/ "ittenho,se secon) to no astronomer living3 that in geni,s hem,st be the >rst( beca,se he is selfEta,ght/ As an artist he hase5hibite) as great a -roof of mechanical geni,s as the worl) has ever

-ro),ce)/ 2e has not in)ee) ma)e a worl)0 b,t he has by imitationa--roache) nearer its $a8er than any man who has live) from thecreation to this )ay M %: / As in -hiloso-hy an) war( so ingovernment( in oratory( in -ainting( in the -lastic art( we might shewthat America( tho,gh b,t a chil) of yester)ay( has alrea)y givenho-ef,l -roofs of geni,s( as well of the nobler 8in)s( which aro,se thebest feelings of man( which call him into action( which s,bstantiate

his free)om( an) con),ct him to ha--iness( as of the s,bor)inate(which serve to am,se him only/ 7e therefore s,--ose( that thisre-roach is as ,nj,st as it is ,n8in)0 an) that( of the geni,ses whicha)orn the -resent age( America contrib,tes its f,ll share/ .or com-aring it with those co,ntries( where geni,s is most c,ltivate)(where are the most e5cellent mo)els for art( an) sca ol)ings for theattainment of science( as .rance an) !nglan) for instance( wecalc,late th,s/ The 4nite) States contain three millions of inhabitants0 .rance twenty millions0 an) the Fritish islan)s ten/ 7e

-ro),ce a 7ashington( a .ran8lin( a "ittenho,se/ .rance then sho,l)have half a )o1en in each of these lines( an) GreatEFritain half that n,mber( e=,ally eminent/ #t may be tr,e( that .rance has3 we are b,t

j,st becoming ac=,ainte) with her( an) o,r ac=,aintance so far gives,s high i)eas of the geni,s of her inhabitants/ #t wo,l) be inj,ring toomany of them to name -artic,larly a Voltaire( a F, on( theconstellation of !ncyclo-e)ists( the Abbe "aynal himself( Qc/ Qc/ 7etherefore have reason to believe she can -ro),ce her f,ll =,ota of geni,s/ The -resent war having so long c,t o all comm,nicationwith GreatEFritain( we are not able to ma8e a fair estimate of thestate of science in that co,ntry/ The s-irit in which she wages war isthe only sam-le before o,r eyes( an) that )oes not seem thelegitimate o s-ring either of science or of civili1ation/ The s,n of her glory is fast )escen)ing to the hori1on/ 2er -hiloso-hy has crosse)



the <hannel( her free)om the Atlantic( an) herself seems -assing tothat awf,l )issol,tion( whose iss,e is not given h,man foresight toscan M %@ /

2aving given a s8etch of o,r minerals( vegetables( an)=,a)r,-e)s( an) being le) by a -ro,) theory to ma8e a com-arison

of the latter with those of !,ro-e( an) to e5ten) it to the $an of America( both aboriginal an) emigrant( # will -rocee) to theremaining articles com-rehen)e) ,n)er the -resent =,ery/

Fetween ninety an) an h,n)re) of o,r bir)s have been )escribe)by <atesby/ 2is )rawings are better as to form an) attit,)e( thancolo,ring( which is generally too high/ They are the following/

F#" S B. V#"G#N#A/Fesi)es these( we haveThe "oyston crow/ <orv,s corni5/<rane/ Ar)ea <ana)ensis/2o,se swallow/ 2ir,n)o r,stica/Gro,n) swallow/ 2ir,n)o ri-aria/Greatest grey eagle/Smaller t,r8ey b,11ar)( with a feathere) hea)/Greatest owl( or nighthaw8/7ethaw8( which fee)s Iying/"aven/7ater -elican of the $issisi-i( whose -o,ch hol)s a -ec8/Swan/Loon/The <ormorant/,c8 an) $allar)/7i)geon/Shel)rach( or <anvas bac8/

Flac8 hea)/Fallcoot/S-rigtail/i)a--er( or o-chic8/S-oon bille) ),c8/7aterEwitch/7aterE-heasant/$owEbir)/

Fl,e -eter/7ater wagtail/



YellowElegge) sni-e/S=,atting sni-e/Small -lover/7histling -lover/7oo)coc8/"e) bir)( with blac8 hea)( wings an) tail/

An) )o,btless many others which have not yet been )escribe)an) classe)/

To this catalog,e of o,r in)igeno,s animals( # will a)) a short acco,nt of an anomaly of nat,re( ta8ing -lace sometimes in the raceof negroes bro,ght from Africa( who( tho,gh blac8 themselves( havein rare instances( white chil)ren( calle) Albinos/ # have 8nown fo,r of these myself( an) have faithf,l acco,nts of three others/ Thecirc,mstances in which all the in)ivi),als agree are these/ They areof a -alli) ca)avero,s white( ,ntinge) with re)( witho,t any colo,re)s-ots or seams0 their hair of the same 8in) of white( short( coarse(an) c,rle) as is that of the negro0 all of them well forme)( strong(healthy( -erfect in their senses( e5ce-t that of sight( an) born of

-arents who ha) no mi5t,re of white bloo)/ Three of these Albinoswere sisters( having two other f,ll sisters( who were blac8/ The

yo,ngest of the three was 8ille) by lightning( at twelve years of age/The el)est )ie) at abo,t *& years of age( in chil)Ebe)( with her secon) chil)/ The mi))le one is now alive in health( an) has iss,e( as

the el)est ha)( by a blac8 man( which iss,e was blac8/ They are,ncommonly shrew)( =,ic8 in their a--rehensions an) in re-ly/ Their eyes are in a -er-et,al trem,lo,s vibration( very wea8( an) m,cha ecte) by the s,n3 b,t they see better in the night than we )o/ They are of the -ro-erty of <ol/ S8i-with( of <,mberlan)/ The fo,rth is anegro woman( whose -arents came from G,inea( an) ha) three other chil)ren( who were of their own colo,r/ She is frec8le)( her eyeEsight so wea8 that she is oblige) to wear a bonnet in the s,mmer0 b,t it isbetter in the night than )ay/ She ha) an Albino chil) by a blac8 man/#t )ie) at the age of a few wee8s/ These were the -ro-erty of <ol/

<arter( of Albemarle/ A si5th instance is a woman of the -ro-erty of a$r/ F,tler( near Petersb,rgh/ She is sto,t an) rob,st( has iss,e a)a,ghter( jet blac8( by a blac8 man/ # am not informe) as to her eyesight/ The seventh instance is of a male belonging to a $r/ Lee( of <,mberlan)/ 2is eyes are trem,lo,s an) wea8/ 2e is tall of stat,re(an) now a)vance) in years/ 2e is the only male of the Albinos whichhave come within my information/ 7hatever be the ca,se of the)isease in the s8in( or in its colo,ring matter( which -ro),ces thischange( it seems more inci)ent to the female than male se5/ To these# may a)) the mention of a negro man within my own 8nowle)ge(born blac8( an) of blac8 -arents0 on whose chin( when a boy( a whites-ot a--eare)/ This contin,e) to increase till he became a man( by which time it ha) e5ten)e) over his chin( li-s( one chee8( the ,n)er



jaw an) nec8 on that si)e/ #t is of the Albino white( witho,t any mi5t,re of re)( an) has for several years been stationary/ 2e isrob,st an) healthy( an) the change of colo,r was not accom-anie)with any sensible )isease( either general or to-ical/

Bf o,r >sh an) insects there has been nothing li8e a f,ll

)escri-tion or collection/ $ore of them are )escribe) in <atesby thanin any other wor8/ $any also are to be fo,n) in Sir 2ans Sloane9s Jamaica( as being common to that an) this co,ntry/ The honeyEbee isnot a native of o,r continent/ $arcgrave in)ee) mentions a s-eciesof honeyEbee in Frasil/ F,t this has no sting( an) is therefore )i erent from the one we have( which resembles -erfectly that of !,ro-e/ The#n)ians conc,r with ,s in the tra)ition that it was bro,ght from!,ro-e0 b,t when( an) by whom( we 8now not/ The bees havegenerally e5ten)e) themselves into the co,ntry( a little in a)vance of the white settlers/ The #n)ians therefore call them the white man9s

Iy( an) consi)er their a--roach as in)icating the a--roach of thesettlements of the whites/ A =,estion here occ,rs( 2ow far northwar)ly have these insects been fo,n)6 That they are ,n8nownin La-lan)( # infer from Sche er9s information( that the La-lan)ers eat the -ine bar8( -re-are) in a certain way( instea) of those thingssweetene) with s,gar/ 2oc come),nt -ro reb,s saccharo con)itis/9Sche / La--/ c/ %'/ <ertainly( if they ha) honey( it wo,l) be a better s,bstit,te for s,gar than any -re-aration of the -ine bar8/ Halm tells,s the honey bee

#/ %*C/cannot live thro,gh the winter in <ana)a/ They f,rnish then an

a))itional -roof of the remar8able fact >rst observe) by the <o,nt )eF, on( an) which has thrown s,ch a bla1e of light on the >el) of nat,ral history( that no animals are fo,n) in both continents( b,t those which are able to bear the col) of those regions where they

-robably join/M % */ F, on !-o=,es( ?C/M : 9A,benton/

M @ #t is sai)( that this animal is sel)om seen above :D milesfrom shore( or beyon) the ;Cth )egree of latit,)e/ The interjacent islan)s between Asia an) America a)mit his -assing from onecontinent to the other witho,t e5cee)ing these bo,n)s/ An)( in fact(travellers tell ,s that these islan)s are -laces of -rinci-al resort for them( an) es-ecially in the season of bringing forth their yo,ng/

M ; The )escri-tions of Theo)at( enys an) La 2ontan( cite) by $ons/ )e F, on ,n)er the article !lan( a,thori1e the s,--osition(that the IatEhorne) el8 is fo,n) in the northern -arts of America/ #t has not however e5ten)e) to o,r latit,)es/ Bn the other han)( # co,l)never learn that the ro,n)Ehorne) el8 has been seen f,rther Norththan the 2,)son9s river/ This agrees with the former el8 in its generalcharacter( being( li8e that( when com-are) with a )eer( very m,ch



larger( its ears longer( broa)er( an) thic8er in -ro-ortion( its hair m,ch longer( nec8 an) tail shorter( having a )ewla- before the breast Mcar,nc,la g,tt,ralis Linnaei a white s-ot often( if not always0 of afoot )iameter( on the hin)er -art of the b,ttoc8s ro,n) the tail0 itsgait a trot( an) atten)e) with a rattling of the hoofs3 b,t )isting,ishe) from that )ecisively by its horns( which are not

-almate)( b,t ro,n) an) -ointe)/ This is the animal )escribe) by <atesby as the <erv,s major American,s( the Stag of America( le <erf )e l9Ameri=,e/ F,t it )i ers from the <erv,s as totally( as )oes the

-almate) el8 from the )ama/ An) in fact it seems to stan) in thesame relation to the -almate) el8( as the re) )eer )oes to the fallow/#t has abo,n)e) in Virginia( has been seen( within my 8nowle)ge( onthe !astern si)e of the Fl,e ri)ge since the year %&C;( is nowcommon beyon) those mo,ntains( has been often bro,ght to ,s an)tame)( an) their horns are in the han)s of many/ # sho,l) )esignate it

as the Alces American,s cornib,s teretib,s/9 #t were to be wishe)(that Nat,ralists( who are ac=,ainte) with the renne an) el8 of !,ro-e( an) who may hereafter visit the northern -arts of America(wo,l) e5amine well the animals calle) there by the names of grey an) blac8 moose( caribo,( orignal( an) el8/ $ons/ )e F, on has )onewhat co,l) be )one from the materials in his han)s( towar)s clearing,- the conf,sion intro),ce) by the loose a--lication of these namesamong the animals they are meant to )esignate/ 2e re),ces thewhole to the renne an) IatEhorne) el8/ .rom all the information #have been able to collect( # strongly s,s-ect they will be fo,n) to

cover three( if not fo,r )istinct s-ecies of animals/ # have seen s8insof a moose( an) of the caribo,3 they )i er more from each other( an)from that of the ro,n)Ehorne) el8( than # ever saw two s8ins )i er which belonge) to )i erent in)ivi),als of any wil) s-ecies/ These)i erences are in the colo,r( length( an) coarseness of the hair( an)in the si1e( te5t,re( an) mar8s of the s8in/ Perha-s it will be fo,n)that there is( %/ the moose( blac8 an) grey( the former being sai) tobe the male( an) the latter the female/ */ The caribo, or renne/ :/The IatEhorne) el8( or orignal/ @/ The ro,n)Ehorne) el8/ Sho,l) thislast( tho,gh -ossessing so nearly the characters of the el8( be fo,n)to be the same with the <erf )9Ar)ennes or Fran)hirt1 of Germany(still there will remain the three s-ecies >rst en,merate)/

M C The Ta-ir is the largest of the animals -ec,liar to America/ #collect his weight th,s/ $ons/ )e F, on says( ###/ *&@/ that he is of the si1e of a Keb,( or a small cow/ 2e gives ,s the meas,res of a

Keb,( ib/ ?@/ as ta8en by himself( vi1/ ; feet & inches from the m,11leto the root of the tail( an) ; feet % inch circ,mference behin) the forelegs/ A b,ll( meas,ring in the same way C feet ? inches an) ; feet *inches( weighe) CDD lb/ V###/ %;:/ The Keb, then( an) of co,rse theTa-ir( wo,l) weigh abo,t ;DD lb/ F,t one in)ivi),al of every s-eciesof !,ro-ean -ec,liars wo,l) -robably weigh less than @DD lb/ Theseare .rench meas,res an) weights/



M & #n 7illiamsb,rg( A-ril( %&C?/M ' Sol "o)omonte s-re11a )i venireSe non( )ove la via meno e sic,ra/

Ariosto/ %@/ %%&/M ? #n so j,)icio,s an a,thor as on 4lloa( an) one to whom we

are in)ebte) for the most -recise information we have of So,th America( # )i) not e5-ect to >n) s,ch assertions as the following/

Los #n)ios venci)os son los mas cobar)es y -,silanimes =,e se -e,)en ver3 EE se hacen inocentes( se h,millan hasta el )es-recio()isc,l-an s, inconsi)era)o arrojo( y con las s,-licas y los r,egos )anseg,ras -r,ebas )e s, -,silanimi)a)/ EE o lo =,e resieren las historias)e la <on=,ista( sobre s,s gran)es acciones( es en ,n senti)o>g,ra)o( o el caracter )e estas gentes no es ahora seg,n eraentonces0 -ero lo =,e no tiene ),)a es( =,e las Naciones )e la -arte

Se-tentrional s,bsisten en la misma liberta) =,e siem-re han teni)o(sin haber si)o soj,1ga)os -or alg,n Princi-e e5trano( y =,e vivenseg,n s, regimen y cost,mbres )e to)a la vi)a( sin =,e haya habi)omotivo -ara =,e m,)en )e caracter0 y en estos se ve lo mismo( =,es,ce)e en los )el Per,( y )e to)a la America $eri)ional( re),ci)os( y =,e n,nca lo han esta)o/9 Noticias Americanas/ !ntretenimiento V###/%/ on 4lloa here a)mits( that the a,thors who have )escribe) the#n)ians of So,th America( before they were enslave)( ha)re-resente) them as a brave -eo-le( an) therefore seems to haves,s-ecte) that the cowar)ice which he ha) observe) in those of the

-resent race might be the e ect of s,bj,gation/ F,t( s,--osing the#n)ians of North America to be cowar)s also( he concl,)es theancestors of those of So,th America to have been so too( an)therefore that those a,thors have given >ctions for tr,ths/ 2e was

-robably not ac=,ainte) himself with the #n)ians of North America(an) ha) forme) his o-inion of them from hearEsay/ Great n,mbers of .rench( of !nglish( an) of Americans( are -erfectly ac=,ainte) withthese -eo-le/ 2a) he ha) an o--ort,nity of en=,iring of any of these(they wo,l) have tol) him( that there never was an instance 8nown of an #n)ian begging his life when in the -ower of his enemies3 on thecontrary( that he co,rts )eath by every -ossible ins,lt an)

-rovocation/ 2is reasoning then wo,l) have been reverse) th,s/Since the -resent #n)ian of North America is brave( an) a,thors tell,s( that the ancestors of those of So,th America were brave also0 it m,st follow( that the cowar)ice of their )escen)ants is the e ect of s,bj,gation an) ill treatment/9 .or he observes( ib/ Msymbol omitte) /*&/ that los obrages los ani=,ilan -or la inh,mani)a) con =,e se lestrata/9

M %D A remar8able instance of this a--eare) in the case of the

late <ol/ Fyr)( who was sent to the <hero8ee nation to transact someb,siness with them/ #t ha--ene) that some of o,r )isor)erly -eo-leha) j,st 8ille) one or two of that nation/ #t was therefore -ro-ose) in



the co,ncil of the <hero8ees that <ol/ Fyr) sho,l) be -,t to )eath( inrevenge for the loss of their co,ntrymen/ Among them was a chief calle) Silo,ee( who( on some former occasion( ha) contracte) anac=,aintance an) frien)shi- with <ol/ Fyr)/ 2e came to him every night in his tent( an) tol) him not to be afrai)( they sho,l) not 8illhim/ After many )ays )eliberation( however( the )etermination was(contrary to Silo,ee9s e5-ectation( that Fyr) sho,l) be -,t to )eath(an) some warriors were )is-atche) as e5ec,tioners/ Silo,eeatten)e) them( an) when they entere) the tent( he threw himself between them an) Fyr)( an) sai) to the warriors( this man is my frien)3 before yo, get at him( yo, m,st 8ill me/9 Bn which they ret,rne)( an) the co,ncil res-ecte) the -rinci-le so m,ch as torece)e from their )etermination/

M %% Linn/ Syst/ e>nition of a $an/M %* 2as the worl) as yet -ro),ce) more than two -oets(

ac8nowle)ge) to be s,ch by all nations6 An !nglishman( only( rea)s$ilton with )elight( an #talian Tasso( a .renchman the 2enria)e( aPort,g,ese <amo,ens3 b,t 2omer an) Virgil have been the ra-t,reof every age an) nation3 they are rea) with enth,siasm in their originals by those who can rea) the originals( an) in translations by those who cannot/

M %: There are vario,s ways of 8ee-ing tr,th o,t of sight/ $r/"ittenho,se9s mo)el of the -lanetary system has the -lagiary a--ellation of an Brrery0 an) the =,a)rant invente) by Go)frey( an

American also( an) with the ai) of which the !,ro-ean nationstraverse the globe( is calle) 2a)ley9s =,a)rant/M %@ #n a later e)ition of the Abbe "aynal9s wor8( he has

with)rawn his cens,re from that -art of the new worl) inhabite) by the .e)eroEAmericans0 b,t has left it still on the other -arts/ North

America has always been more accessible to strangers than So,th/ #f he was mista8en then as to the former( he may be so as to the latter/The glimmerings which reach ,s from So,th America enable ,s only to see that its inhabitants are hel) ,n)er the acc,m,late) -ress,reof slavery( s,-erstition( an) ignorance/ 7henever they shall be ableto rise ,n)er this weight( an) to shew themselves to the rest of theworl)( they will -robably shew they are li8e the rest of the worl)/ 7ehave not yet s, cient evi)ence that there are more _la8es_ an)

_fogs_ in So,th America than in other -arts of the earth/ As little )owe 8now what wo,l) be their o-eration on the min) of man/ That co,ntry has been visite) by S-aniar)s an) Port,g,e1e chieIy( an)almost e5cl,sively/ These( going from a co,ntry of the ol) worl)remar8ably )ry in its soil an) climate( fancie) there were more la8esan) fogs in So,th America than in !,ro-e/ An inhabitant of #relan)(Swe)en( or .inlan)( wo,l) have forme) the contrary o-inion/ 2a)So,th America then been )iscovere) an) seate) by a -eo-le from afenny co,ntry( it wo,l) -robably have been re-resente) as m,ch)rier than the ol) worl)/ A -atient -,rs,it of facts( an) ca,tio,s



combination an) com-arison of them( is the )r,)gery to which manis s,bjecte) by his $a8er( if he wishes to attain s,re 8nowle)ge/

+4!"Y V## _A notice of all what can increase the -rogress of h,man

8nowle)ge6_<limate4n)er the latit,)e of this =,ery( # will -res,me it not im-ro-er

nor ,nacce-table to f,rnish some )ata for estimating the climate of Virginia/ Jo,rnals of observations on the =,antity of rain( an) )egreeof heat( being lengthy( conf,se)( an) too min,te to -ro),ce generalan) )istinct i)eas( # have ta8en >ve years observations( to wit( from%&&* to %&&&( ma)e in 7illiamsb,rgh an) its neighbo,rhoo)( havere),ce) them to an average for every month in the year( an) state)those averages in the following table( a))ing an analytical view of the

win)s ),ring the same -erio)/The rains of every month( Mas of Jan,ary for instance thro,ghthe whole -erio) of years( were a))e) se-arately( an) an average)rawn from them/ The coolest an) warmest -oint of the same )ay ineach year of the -erio) were a))e) se-arately( an) an average of thegreatest col) an) greatest heat of that )ay( was forme)/ .rom theaverages of every )ay in the month( a general average for the wholemonth was forme)/ The -oint from which the win) blew was observe)two or three times in every )ay/ These observations( in the month of

Jan,ary for instance( thro,gh the whole -erio) amo,nte) to ::&/ At &: of these( the win) was from the North0 at @&( from the NorthEeast(Qc/ So that it will be easy to see in what -ro-ortion each win) ,s,ally

-revails in each month3 or( ta8ing the whole year( the total of observations thro,gh the whole -erio) having been :C?'( it will beobserve) that C%% of them were from the North( ;;' from the NorthEeast( Qc/

Tho,gh by this table it a--ears we have on an average @& inchesof rain ann,ally( which is consi)erably more than ,s,ally falls in!,ro-e( yet from the information # have collecte)( # s,--ose we have

a m,ch greater -ro-ortion of s,nshine here than there/ Perha-s it willbe fo,n) there are twice as many clo,)y )ays in the mi))le -arts of !,ro-e( as in the 4nite) States of America/ # mention the mi))le

-arts of !,ro-e( beca,se my information )oes not e5ten) to itsnorthern or so,thern -arts/

.all of Least Q greatestrain( )aily heat by 7#N S/Qc/ in .arenheit9sinches thermometer/ N/ N/!/ !/ S/!/ S/ S/7/ 7/ N/7/ Total/

Jan/ :/%?* :' % * to @@ &: @& :* %D %% &' @D @C ::&.eb/ */D@? @% @& % * C% ;* *@ %% @ C: :D :% *&C



$ar/ :/?; @' ;@ % * @? @@ :' *' %@ ': *? :: :%' A-ril :/C' ;C C* % * :; @@ ;@ %? ? ;' %' *D *;&$ay */'&% C: &D % * *& :C C* *: & &@ :* *D *'%

J,ne :/&;% &% % * &' % @ ** :@ @: *@ %: '% *; *; *C& J,ly @/@?& && '* % * @% @@ &; %; & ?; :* %? :*' A,g/ ?/%;: &C % @ '% @: ;* @D :D ? %D: *& :D ::@Se-t/ @/&C% C? % * &@ % @ &D CD ;% %' %D '% %' :& :@;Bct/ :/C:: C% % @ CC % * ;* && C@ %; C ;C *: :@ :*&Nov/ */C%& @& : @ ;: % * &@ *% *D %@ ? C: :; ;' *?@ec/ */'&& @: @' : @ C@ :& %' %C %D ?% @* ;C ::@Total/ @&/D:' '/A/$/ @/P/$/ C%% ;@' ;*% **: %D? ?*C :;% @D?

:C?'

#n an e5tensive co,ntry( it will of co,rse be e5-ecte) that theclimate is not the same in all its -arts/ #t is remar8able that( -rocee)ing on the same -arallel of latit,)e westwar)ly( the climatebecomes col)er in li8e manner as when yo, -rocee) northwar)ly/This contin,es to be the case till yo, attain the s,mmit of the

Alleghaney( which is the highest lan) between the ocean an) the$issisi-i/ .rom thence( )escen)ing in the same latit,)e to the$issisi-i( the change reverses0 an)( if we may believe travellers( it becomes warmer there than it is in the same latit,)e on the sea si)e/Their testimony is strengthene) by the vegetables an) animals which

s,bsist an) m,lti-ly there nat,rally( an) )o not on o,r sea coast/Th,s <atal-as grow s-ontaneo,sly on the $issisi-i( as far as thelatit,)e of :& )egrees/ an) ree)s as far as :' )egrees/ Perro=,etseven winter on the Sioto( in the :?th )egree of latit,)e/ #n thes,mmer of %&&?( when the thermometer was at ?D )egrees/ at $onticello( an) ?C at 7illiamsb,rgh( it was %%D )egrees/ at Has8as8ia/ Perha-s the mo,ntain( which overhangs this village on theNorth si)e( may( by its reIe5ion( have contrib,te) somewhat to

-ro),ce this heat/ The )i erence of tem-erat,re of the air at the seacoast( or on <hesa-ea8 bay( an) at the Alleghaney( has not been

ascertaine)0 b,t cotem-orary observations( ma)e at 7illiamsb,rgh(or in its neighbo,rhoo)( an) at $onticello( which is on the most eastern ri)ge of mo,ntains( calle) the So,th 7est( where they areintersecte) by the "ivanna( have f,rnishe) a ratio by which that )i erence may in some )egree be conject,re)/ These observationsma8e the )i erence between 7illiamsb,rgh an) the nearest mo,ntains( at the -osition before mentione)( to be on an average C% ' )egrees of .arenheit9s thermometer/ Some allowance however isto be ma)e for the )i erence of latit,)e between these two -laces(the latter being :' )egrees/'9/%& / which is ;*9/** / North of theformer/ Fy cotem-orary observations of between >ve an) si5 wee8s(the average) an) almost ,nvarie) )i erence of the height of merc,ry in the barometer( at those two -laces( was /&'@ of an inch(



the atmos-here at $onticello being so m,ch the lightest( that is tosay( abo,t % :& of its whole weight/ #t sho,l) be observe)( however(that the hill of $onticello is of ;DD feet -er-en)ic,lar height abovethe river which washes its base/ This -osition being nearly centralbetween o,r northern an) so,thern bo,n)aries( an) between the bay an) Alleghaney( may be consi)ere) as f,rnishing the best average of the tem-erat,re of o,r climate/ 7illiamsb,rgh is m,ch too near theSo,thEeastern corner to give a fair i)ea of o,r general tem-erat,re/

F,t a more remar8able )i erence is in the win)s which -revail inthe )i erent -arts of the co,ntry/ The following table e5hibits acom-arative view of the win)s -revailing at 7illiamsb,rgh( an) at $onticello/ #t is forme) by re),cing nine months observations at $onticello to fo,r -rinci-al -oints( to wit( the NorthEeast( So,thEeast(So,thEwest( an) NorthEwest0 these -oints being -er-en)ic,lar to( or

-arallel with o,r coast( mo,ntains an) rivers3 an) by re),cing( in li8e

manner( an e=,al n,mber of observations( to wit( @*%/ from the -rece)ing table of win)s at 7illiamsb,rgh( ta8ing them -ro-ortionably from every -oint/

N/!/ S/!/ S/7/ N/7/ Total/7illiamsb,rgh %*& C% %:* %D% @*%$onticello :* ?% %*C %&* @*%Fy this it may be seen that the So,thEwest win) -revails e=,ally

at both -laces0 that the NorthEeast is( ne5t to this( the -rinci-al win)towar)s the sea coast( an) the NorthEwest is the -re)ominant win) at the mo,ntains/ The )i erence between these two win)s to sensation(an) in fact( is very great/ The NorthEeast is loa)e) with va-o,r(insom,ch( that the salt ma8ers have fo,n) that their crystals wo,l)not shoot while that blows0 it brings a )istressing chill( is heavy an)o--ressive to the s-irits3 the NorthEwest is )ry( cooling( elastic an)animating/ The !astern an) So,thEeastern bree1es come on generally in the afternoon/ They have a)vance) into the co,ntry very sensibly within the memory of -eo-le now living/ They formerly )i) not

-enetrate far above 7illiamsb,rgh/ They are now fre=,ent at "ichmon)( an) every now an) then reach the mo,ntains/ They )e-osit most of their moist,re however before they get that far/ Asthe lan)s become more cleare)( it is -robable they will e5ten) stillf,rther westwar)/

Going o,t into the o-en air( in the tem-erate( an) in the warmmonths of the year( we often meet with bo)ies of warm air( which(

-assing by ,s in two or three secon)s( )o not a or) time to the most sensible thermometer to sei1e their tem-erat,re/ J,)ging from my feelings only( # thin8 they a--roach the or)inary heat of the h,manbo)y/ Some of them -erha-s go a little beyon) it/ They are of abo,t

*D or :D feet )iameter hori1ontally/ Bf their height we have noe5-erience0 b,t -robably they are glob,lar vol,mes wafte) or rolle)along with the win)/ F,t whence ta8en( where fo,n)( or how



generate)6 They are not to be ascribe) to Volcanos( beca,se wehave none/ They )o not ha--en in the winter when the farmers 8in)lelarge >res in clearing ,- their gro,n)s/ They are not con>ne) to thes-ring season( when we have >res which traverse whole co,nties(cons,ming the leaves which have fallen from the trees/ An) they aretoo fre=,ent an) general to be ascribe) to acci)ental >res/ # am

-ers,a)e) their ca,se m,st be so,ght for in the atmos-here itself( toai) ,s in which # 8now b,t of these constant circ,mstances0 a )ry air0a tem-erat,re as warm at least as that of the s-ring or a,t,mn0 an)a mo)erate c,rrent of win)/ They are most fre=,ent abo,t s,nEset0rare in the mi))le -arts of the )ay0 an) # )o not recollect having ever met with them in the morning/

The variation in the weight of o,r atmos-here( as in)icate) by the barometer( is not e=,al to two inches of merc,ry/ ,ring twelvemonths observation at 7illiamsb,rgh( the e5tremes were *?( an)

:D/'C inches( the )i erence being %/'C of an inch3 an) in ninemonths( ),ring which the height of the merc,ry was note) at $onticello( the e5tremes were *'/@' an) *?/C? inches( the variationbeing %/*% of an inch/ A gentleman( who has observe) his barometer many years( ass,res me it has never varie) two inches/ <otem-orary observations( ma)e at $onticello an) 7illiamsb,rgh( -rove) thevariations in the weight of air to be sim,ltaneo,s an) corres-on)ingin these two -laces/

B,r changes from heat to col)( an) col) to heat( are very s,))enan) great/ The merc,ry in .arenheit9s thermometer has been 8nownto )escen) from ?* )egrees/ to @&)egrees/ in thirteen ho,rs/

#t is ta8en for grante)( that the -rece)ing table of average) heat will not give a false i)ea on this s,bject( as it -ro-oses to state only the or)inary heat an) col) of each month( an) not those which aree5traor)inary/ At 7illiamsb,rgh in A,g,st %&CC( the merc,ry in.arenheit9s thermometer was at ?')egrees/ corres-on)ing with *?% : of "ea,m,r/ At the same -lace in Jan,ary %&'D( it was at C)egrees/ corres-on)ing with %% % * below D/ of "ea,m,r/ # believeM these may be consi)ere) to be nearly the e5tremes of heat an)

col) in that -art of the co,ntry/ The latter may most certainly( as( at that time( Yor8 river( at Yor8 town( was fro1en over( so that -eo-lewal8e) across it0 a circ,mstance which -roves it to have been col)er than the winter of %&@D( %&@%( ,s,ally calle) the col) winter( whenYor8 river )i) not free1e over at that -lace/ #n the same season of %&'D( <hesa-ea8 bay was soli)( from its hea) to the mo,th of Patowmac/ At Anna-olis( where it is ; % @ miles over between thenearest -oints of lan)( the ice was from ; to & inches thic8 =,iteacross( so that loa)e) carriages went over on it/ Those( o,r e5tremesof heat an) col)( of C)egrees/ an) ?')egrees/ were in)ee) very )istressing to ,s( an) were tho,ght to -,t the e5tent of the h,manconstit,tion to consi)erable trial/ Yet a Siberian wo,l) haveconsi)ere) them as scarcely a sensible variation/ At Jenniseit1 in that



co,ntry( in latit,)e ;')egrees/ we are tol)( that the col) in %&:; s,n8 the merc,ry by .arenheit9s scale to %*C )egrees/ below nothing0 an)the inhabitants of the same co,ntry ,se stove rooms two or threetimes a wee8( in which they stay two ho,rs at a time( the atmos-hereof which raises the merc,ry to %:; )egrees/ above nothing/ Latee5-eriments shew that the h,man bo)y will e5ist in rooms heate) to%@D )egrees/ of "ea,m,r( e=,al to :@& )egrees/ of .arenheit( an)%:; )egrees/ above boiling water/ The hottest -oint of the *@ ho,rs isabo,t fo,r o9cloc8( P/ $/ an) the )awn of )ay the col)est/

M At Paris( in %&;:( the merc,ry in "ea,m,r9s thermometer wasat :D % * above D( an) in %&&C( it was at %C below D/ The e5tremitiesof heat an) col) therefore at Paris( are greater than at 7illiamsb,rgh(which is in the hottest -art of Virginia/

The access of frost in a,t,mn( an) its recess in the s-ring( )o not seem to )e-en) merely on the )egree of col)0 m,ch less on the air9sbeing at the free1ing -oint/ 7hite frosts are fre=,ent when thethermometer is at @& )egrees/ have 8ille) yo,ng -lants of #n)ian cornat @' )egrees/ an) have been 8nown at ;@ )egrees/ Flac8 frost( an)even ice( have been -ro),ce) at :' % * )egrees/ which is C % *)egrees above the free1ing -oint/ That other circ,mstances m,st becombine) with the col) to -ro),ce frost( is evi)ent from this also(that on the higher -arts of mo,ntains( where it is absol,tely col)er than in the -lains on which they stan)( frosts )o not a--ear so early by a consi)erable s-ace of time in a,t,mn( an) go o sooner in thes-ring( than in the -lains/ # have 8nown frosts so severe as to 8ill thehiccory trees ro,n) abo,t $onticello( an) yet not inj,re the ten)er fr,it blossoms then in bloom on the to- an) higher -arts of themo,ntain0 an) in the co,rse of @D years( ),ring which it has beensettle)( there have been b,t two instances of a general loss of fr,it on it3 while( in the circ,mjacent co,ntry( the fr,it has esca-e) b,t twice in the last seven years/ The -lants of tobacco( which grow fromthe roots of those which have been c,t o in the s,mmer( arefre=,ently green here at <hristmas/ This -rivilege against the frost is,n)o,bte)ly combine) with the want of )ew on the mo,ntains/ That

the )ew is very rare on their higher -arts( # may say with certainty(from %* years observations( having scarcely ever( ),ring that time(seen an ,ne=,ivocal -roof of its e5istence on them at all ),rings,mmer/ Severe frosts in the )e-th of winter -rove that the region of )ews e5ten)s higher in that season than the to-s of the mo,ntains3b,t certainly( in the s,mmer season( the va-o,rs( by the time they attain that height( are become so atten,ate) as not to s,bsi)e an)form a )ew when the s,n retires/

The weavil has not yet ascen)e) the high mo,ntains/ A more satisfactory estimate of o,r climate to some( may

-erha-s be forme)( by noting the -lants which grow here( s,bject however to be 8ille) by o,r severest col)s/ These are the >g(

-omegranate( articho8e( an) !,ro-ean waln,t/ #n mil) winters(



lett,ce an) en)ive re=,ire no shelter0 b,t generally they nee) aslight covering/ # )o not 8now that the want of long moss( ree)(myrtle( swam- la,rel( holly an) cy-ress( in the ,--er co,ntry(

-rocee)s from a greater )egree of col)( nor that they were ever 8ille)with any )egree of col) in the lower co,ntry/ The aloe live) in7illiamsb,rgh in the o-en air thro,gh the severe winter of %&&?(%&'D/

A change in o,r climate however is ta8ing -lace very sensibly/Foth heats an) col)s are become m,ch more mo)erate within thememory even of the mi))leEage)/ Snows are less fre=,ent an) less)ee-/ They )o not often lie( below the mo,ntains( more than one(two( or three )ays( an) very rarely a wee8/ They are remembere) tohave been formerly fre=,ent( )ee-( an) of long contin,ance/ Theel)erly inform me the earth ,se) to be covere) with snow abo,t three months in every year/ The rivers( which then sel)om faile) to

free1e over in the co,rse of the winter( scarcely ever )o so now/ Thischange has -ro),ce) an ,nfort,nate I,ct,ation between heat an)col)( in the s-ring of the year( which is very fatal to fr,its/ .rom the

year %&@% to %&C?( an interval of twentyEeight years( there was noinstance of fr,it 8ille) by the frost in the neighbo,rhoo) of $onticello/

An intense col)( -ro),ce) by constant snows( 8e-t the b,)s loc8e),- till the s,n co,l) obtain( in the s-ring of the year( so >5e) anascen)ency as to )issolve those snows( an) -rotect the b,)s( ),ringtheir )evelo-ement( from every )anger of ret,rning col)/ Theacc,m,late) snows of the winter remaining to be )issolve) alltogether in the s-ring( -ro),ce) those overIowings of o,r rivers( sofre=,ent then( an) so rare now/

2aving ha) occasion to mention the -artic,lar sit,ation of $onticello for other -,r-oses( # will j,st ta8e notice that its elevationa or)s an o--ort,nity of seeing a -haenomenon which is rare at lan)( tho,gh fre=,ent at sea/ The seamen call it _looming_/Philoso-hy is as yet in the rear of the seamen( for so far from havingacco,nte) for it( she has not given it a name/ #ts -rinci-al e ect is toma8e )istant objects a--ear larger( in o--osition to the general law

of vision( by which they are )iminishe)/ # 8new an instance( at Yor8 town( from whence the water -ros-ect eastwar)ly is witho,t termination( wherein a canoe with three men( at a great )istance(was ta8en for a shi- with its three masts/ # am little ac=,ainte) withthe -haenomenon as it shews itself at sea0 b,t at $onticello it isfamiliar/ There is a solitary mo,ntain abo,t @D miles o ( in the So,th(whose nat,ral sha-e( as -resente) to view there( is a reg,lar cone0b,t( by the e ect of looming( it sometimes s,bsi)es almost totally into the hori1on0 sometimes it rises more ac,te an) more elevate)0sometimes it is hemis-herical0 an) sometimes its si)es are

-er-en)ic,lar( its to- Iat( an) as broa) as its base/ #n short it ass,mes at times the most whimsical sha-es( an) all these -erha-ss,ccessively in the same morning/ The Fl,e ri)ge of mo,ntains



comes into view( in the North !ast( at abo,t %DD miles )istance( an)(a--roaching in a )irect line( -asses by within *D miles( an) goes o to the So,thEwest/ This -haenomenon begins to shew itself on thesemo,ntains( at abo,t ;D miles )istance( an) contin,es beyon) that asfar as they are seen/ # remar8 no -artic,lar state( either in the weight(moist,re( or heat of the atmos-here( necessary to -ro),ce this/ Theonly constant circ,mstances are( its a--earance in the morning only(an) on objects at least @D or ;D miles )istant/ #n this latter circ,mstance( if not in both( it )i ers from the looming on the water/"efraction will not acco,nt for this metamor-hosis/ That only changesthe -ro-ortions of length an) brea)th( base an) altit,)e( -reservingthe general o,tlines/ Th,s it may ma8e a circle a--ear elli-tical( raiseor )e-ress a cone( b,t by none of its laws( as yet )evelo-e)( will it ma8e a circle a--ear a s=,are( or a cone a s-here/

+4!"Y V###

_The n,mber of its inhabitants6_Po-,lationThe following table shews the n,mber of -ersons im-orte) for

the establishment of o,r colony in its infant state( an) the cens,s of inhabitants at )i erent -erio)s( e5tracte) from o,r historians an)

-,blic recor)s( as -artic,larly as # have ha) o--ort,nities an) leis,reto e5amine them/ S,ccessive lines in the same year shew s,ccessive

-erio)s of time in that year/ # have state) the cens,s in two )i erent col,mns( the whole inhabitants having been sometimes n,mbere)(

an) sometimes the _tythes_ only/ This term( with ,s( incl,)es the freemales above %C years of age( an) slaves above that age of bothse5es/ A f,rther e5amination of o,r recor)s wo,l) ren)er this history of o,r -o-,lation m,ch more satisfactory an) -erfect( by f,rnishing agreater n,mber of interme)iate terms/ Those however which are herestate) will enable ,s to calc,late( with a consi)erable )egree of

-recision( the rate at which we have increase)/ ,ring the infancy of the colony( while n,mbers were small( wars( im-ortations( an) other acci)ental circ,mstances ren)er the -rogression I,ct,ating an)irreg,lar/ Fy the year %C;@( however( it becomes tolerably ,niform(im-ortations having in a great meas,re cease) from the )issol,tionof the com-any( an) the inhabitants become too n,mero,s to besensibly a ecte) by #n)ian wars/ Feginning at that -erio)( therefore(we >n) that from thence to the year %&&*( o,r tythes ha) increase)from &*D? to %;:(DDD/ The whole term being of %%' years( yiel)s a),-lication once in every *& % @ years/ The interme)iateen,merations ta8en in %&DD( %&@'( an) %&;?( f,rnish -roofs of the,niformity of this -rogression/ Sho,l) this rate of increase contin,e(we shall have between si5 an) seven millions of inhabitants within ?;

years/ #f we s,--ose o,r co,ntry to be bo,n)e)( at some f,t,re )ay(by the meri)ian of the mo,th of the Great Hanhaway( Mwithin which it has been before conject,re)( are C@(@?% s=,are miles there will thenbe %DD inhabitants for every s=,are mile( which is nearly the state of



-o-,lation in the Fritish islan)s/ 2ere # will beg leave to -ro-ose a)o,bt/ The -resent )esire of America is to -ro),ce ra-i) -o-,lationby as great im-ortations of foreigners as -ossible/ F,t is this fo,n)e)in goo) -olicy6 The a)vantage -ro-ose) is the m,lti-lication of n,mbers/ Now let ,s s,--ose Mfor e5am-le only that( in this state(we co,l) )o,ble o,r n,mbers in one year by the im-ortation of foreigners0 an) this is a greater accession than the most sang,inea)vocate for emigration has a right to e5-ect/ Then # say( beginningwith a )o,ble stoc8( we shall attain any given )egree of -o-,lationonly *& years an) : months sooner than if we -rocee) on o,r singlestoc8/ #f we -ro-ose fo,r millions an) a half as a com-etent

-o-,lation for this state( we sho,l) be ;@ % * years attaining it( co,l)we at once )o,ble o,r n,mbers0 an) '% : @ years( if we rely onnat,ral -ro-agation( as may be seen by the following table/

Settlers <ens,s of <ens,s of

Years im-orte)/ #nhabitants/ Tythes/%CD& %DD@D%*D%CD' %:D&D%CD? @?D%CCD%C%D %;D*DD%C%% : shi- loa)s:DD%C%* 'D%C%& @DD

%C%' *DD@DCDD%C%? %*%C%C*% %:DD%C** :'DD*;DD%C*' :DDD

%C:* *DDD%C@@ @'**



%C@; ;DDD%C;* &DDD%C;@ &*D?%&DD **(DDD%&@' '*(%DD%&;? %D;(DDD%&&* %;:(DDD%&'* ;C&(C%@#n the >rst col,mn are state) -erio)s of *& % @ years0 in the

secon) are o,r n,mbers( at each -erio)( as they will be if we -rocee)on o,r act,al stoc80 an) in the thir) are what they wo,l) be( at thesame -erio)s( were we to set o,t from the )o,ble of o,r -resent stoc8/

Procee)ing on Procee)ing ono,r -resent stoc8/ a )o,ble stoc8/%&'% ;C&(C%@ %(%:;(**'%'D' % @ %(%:;(**' *(*&D(@;C%':; % * *(*&D(@;C @(;@D(?%*%'C* : @ @(;@D(?%*# have ta8en the term of fo,r millions an) a half of inhabitants for

e5am-le9s sa8e only/ Yet # am -ers,a)e) it is a greater n,mber than

the co,ntry s-o8en of( consi)ering how m,ch inarrable lan) it contains( can clothe an) fee)( witho,t a material change in the=,ality of their )iet/ F,t are there no inconveniences to be throwninto the scale against the a)vantage e5-ecte) from a m,lti-licationof n,mbers by the im-ortation of foreigners6 #t is for the ha--iness of those ,nite) in society to harmoni1e as m,ch as -ossible in matterswhich they m,st of necessity transact together/ <ivil government being the sole object of forming societies( its a)ministration m,st becon),cte) by common consent/ !very s-ecies of government has itss-eci>c -rinci-les/ B,rs -erha-s are more -ec,liar than those of any other in the ,niverse/ #t is a com-osition of the freest -rinci-les of the!nglish constit,tion( with others )erive) from nat,ral right an)nat,ral reason/ To these nothing can be more o--ose) than thema5ims of absol,te monarchies/ Yet( from s,ch( we are to e5-ect thegreatest n,mber of emigrants/ They will bring with them the

-rinci-les of the governments they leave( imbibe) in their early yo,th0 or( if able to throw them o ( it will be in e5change for an,nbo,n)e) licentio,sness( -assing( as is ,s,al( from one e5treme toanother/ #t wo,l) be a miracle were they to sto- -recisely at the -oint of tem-erate liberty/ These -rinci-les( with their lang,age( they willtransmit to their chil)ren/ #n -ro-ortion to their n,mbers( they willshare with ,s the legislation/ They will inf,se into it their s-irit( war-an) bias its )irection( an) ren)er it a heterogeneo,s( incoherent(



)istracte) mass/ # may a--eal to e5-erience( ),ring the -resent contest( for a veri>cation of these conject,res/ F,t( if they be not certain in event( are they not -ossible( are they not -robable6 #s it not safer to wait with -atience *& years an) three months longer( for theattainment of any )egree of -o-,lation )esire)( or e5-ecte)6 $ay not o,r government be more homogeneo,s( more -eaceable( more),rable6 S,--ose *D millions of re-,blican Americans thrown all of as,))en into .rance( what wo,l) be the con)ition of that 8ing)om6 #f it wo,l) be more t,rb,lent( less ha--y( less strong( we may believethat the a))ition of half a million of foreigners to o,r -resent n,mbers wo,l) -ro),ce a similar e ect here/ #f they come of themselves( they are entitle) to all the rights of citi1enshi-3 b,t #)o,bt the e5-e)iency of inviting them by e5traor)inary enco,ragements/ # mean not that these )o,bts sho,l) be e5ten)e)to the im-ortation of ,sef,l arti>cers/ The -olicy of that meas,re

)e-en)s on very )i erent consi)erations/ S-are no e5-ence inobtaining them/ They will after a while go to the -lo,gh an) the hoe0b,t( in the mean time( they will teach ,s something we )o not 8now/#t is not so in agric,lt,re/ The in)i erent state of that among ,s )oesnot -rocee) from a want of 8nowle)ge merely0 it is from o,r havings,ch =,antities of lan) to waste as we -lease/ #n !,ro-e the object isto ma8e the most of their lan)( labo,r being ab,n)ant3 here it is toma8e the most of o,r labo,r( lan) being ab,n)ant/

#t will be -ro-er to e5-lain how the n,mbers for the year %&'*have been obtaine)0 as it was not from a -erfect cens,s of theinhabitants/ #t will at the same time )evelo-e the -ro-ortion betweenthe free inhabitants an) slaves/ The following ret,rn of ta5ablearticles for that year was given in/

;:(*'? free males above *% years of age/*%%(C?' slaves of all ages an) se5es/*:(&CC not )isting,ishe) in the ret,rns( b,t sai) to betitheable slaves/%?;(@:? horses/

CD?(&:@ cattle/;(%*C wheels of ri)ingEcarriages/%?% taverns/There were no ret,rns from the ' co,nties of Lincoln( Je erson(

.ayette( $onongalia( Yohogania( Bhio( Northam-ton( an) Yor8/ To >n)the n,mber of slaves which sho,l) have been ret,rne) instea) of the*:(&CC titheables( we m,st mention that some observations on aformer cens,s ha) given reason to believe that the n,mbers abovean) below %C years of age were e=,al/ The )o,ble of this n,mber(

therefore( to wit( @&(;:* m,st be a))e) to *%%(C?'( which will give,s *;?(*:D slaves of all ages an) se5es/ To >n) the n,mber of freeinhabitants( we m,st re-eat the observation( that those above an)



below %C are nearly e=,al/ F,t as the n,mber ;:(*'? omits themales between %C an) *%( we m,st s,--ly them from conject,re/ Bna former e5-eriment it ha) a--eare) that abo,t oneEthir) of o,r militia( that is( of the males between %C an) ;D( were ,nmarrie)/Hnowing how early marriage ta8es -lace here( we shall not be far wrong in s,--osing that the ,nmarrie) -art of o,r militia are thosebetween %C an) *%/ #f there be yo,ng men who )o not marry till after *%( there are as many who marry before that age/ F,t as the menabove ;D were not incl,)e) in the militia( we will s,--ose the,nmarrie)( or those between %C an) *%( to be oneEfo,rth of thewhole n,mber above %C( then we have the following calc,lation3

;:(*'? free males above *% years of age/%&(&C: free males between %C an) *%/&%(D;* free males ,n)er %C/

%@*(%D@ free females of all ages/EEEEEEE*'@(*D' free inhabitants of all ages/*;?(*:D slaves of all ages/EEEEEEE;@:(@:' inhabitants( e5cl,sive of the ' co,nties from which e no

ret,rns/ #n these ' co,nties in the years %&&? an) %&'D were :(%C%militia/ Say then(

:(%C% free males above the age of %C/:(%C% )itto ,n)er %C/C(:** free females/EEEEEE%*(C@@ free inhabitants in these ' co,nties/ To >n) the n,mber

of slaves( say( as *'@(*D' to *;?(*:D( so is %*(C@@ to %%(;:*/ A))ingthe thir) of these n,mbers to the >rst( an) the fo,rth to the secon)(we have(

*?C(';* free inhabitants/*&D(&C* slaves/EEEEEEE;C&(C%@ inhabitants of every age( se5( an) con)ition/ F,t

*?C(';*( the n,mber of free inhabitants( are to *&D(&C*( the n,mber of slaves( nearly as %% to %D/ 4n)er the mil) treatment o,r slavese5-erience( an) their wholesome( tho,gh coarse( foo)( this blot ino,r co,ntry increases as fast( or faster( than the whites/ ,ring theregal government( we ha) at one time obtaine) a law( which im-ose)s,ch a ),ty on the im-ortation of slaves( as amo,nte) nearly to a

-rohibition( when one inconsi)erate assembly( -lace) ,n)er a -ec,liarity of circ,mstance( re-eale) the law/ This re-eal met a joyf,lsanction from the then sovereign( an) no )evices( no e5-e)ients(



which co,l) ever after be attem-te) by s,bse=,ent assemblies( an)they sel)om met witho,t attem-ting them( co,l) s,ccee) in gettingthe royal assent to a renewal of the ),ty/ #n the very >rst session hel),n)er the re-,blican government( the assembly -asse) a law for the

-er-et,al -rohibition of the im-ortation of slaves/ This will in somemeas,re sto- the increase of this great -olitical an) moral evil( whilethe min)s of o,r citi1ens may be ri-ening for a com-leteemanci-ation of h,man nat,re/

+4!"Y # _The n,mber an) con)ition of the militia an) reg,lar troo-s( an)

their -ay6_$ilitaryThe following is a state of the militia( ta8en from ret,rns of %&'D

an) %&'%( e5ce-t in those co,nties mar8e) with an asteris8( the

ret,rns from which are somewhat ol)er/Sit,ation/ <o,nties/ $ilitia/7estwar) of the Lincoln CDD

Allegany/ @@;'/ Je erson :DD.ayette %;CBhio$onongalia %DDD7ashington '*?

$ontgomery %D&%GreenEbriar ;D*Fetween the Allegany 2am-shire ?:Dan) Fl,e "i)ge/ &C&:/ Fer8eley %%DD.re)eric8 %%@:Shenan)o ?*;"oc8ingham '&;

A,g,sta %:&;"oc8bri)ge C*;Foteto,rt &DDFetween the Fl,e ri)ge Lo,)o,n %&@Can) Ti)e waters/ .a,=,ier %D&'%'('*' <,l-e-er %;%:S-otsylvania @'DBrange CDDLo,isa CD:Goochlan) ;;D.l,vanna *?C



Albemarle '&: Amherst '?CF,chingham C*;Fe)for) %:DD2enry %DD@Pittsylvania &*;2alifa5 %%:?<harlotte C%*Prince !)war) ;'?<,mberlan) @D'Powhatan ::D

Amelia %%*;

L,nenb,rg C&&$ec8lenb,rg %%DDFr,nswic ;;?Sit,ation/ <o,nties/ $ilitia/Fetween James river Greenesville ;DDan) <arolina/ C?;?/ inwi))ie &;D<hester>el) C;;Prince George :'*

S,rry :'DS,sse5 &DDSo,tham-ton '&@#sle of 7ight CDDNansemon) C@@Norfol8 ''DPrincess Anne ;?@Fetween James an) Yor8 2enrico C%?rivers/ :DD?/ 2anover &?CNew Hent @%'<harles <ity *'C

James <ity *:;7illiamsb,rg %*?Yor8 *@@7arwic8 %DD!li1abeth <ity %'*Fetween Yor8 an) <aroline 'D;"a--ahanoc8/ :*C?/ Hing 7illiam @:C



Hing Q +,een ;DD!sse5 @C'$i))lese5 *%DGlo,cester ';DFetween "a--ahonoc8 .airfa5 C;*Q Patowmac/ @%:&/ Prince 7illiam C%@Sta or) ;DDHing George @':"ichmon) @%*7estmorelan) ;@@North,mberl/ C:DLancaster :D*

!ast/ Shore/ %C:'/ Accomac %*D'Northam-ton @:D7hole $ilitia of the State @?(?&%!very ableEbo)ie) freeman( between the ages of %C an) ;D( is

enrolle) in the militia/ Those of every co,nty are forme) intocom-anies( an) these again into one or more battalions( accor)ing tothe n,mbers in the co,nty/ They are comman)e) by colonels( an)other s,bor)inate o cers( as in the reg,lar service/ #n every co,nty is a co,ntyElie,tenant( who comman)s the whole militia of his co,nty(

b,t ran8s only as a colonel in the >el)/ 7e have no general o cersalways e5isting/ These are a--ointe) occasionally( when an invasionor ins,rrection ha--ens( an) their commission )etermines with theoccasion/ The governor is hea) of the military( as well as civil -ower/The law re=,ires every militiaEman to -rovi)e himself with the arms,s,al in the reg,lar service/ F,t this inj,nction was alwaysin)i erently com-lie) with( an) the arms they ha) have been sofre=,ently calle) for to arm the reg,lars( that in the lower -arts of theco,ntry they are entirely )isarme)/ #n the mi))le co,ntry a fo,rth or >fth -art of them may have s,ch >reloc8s as they ha) -rovi)e) to)estroy the no5io,s animals which infest their farms0 an) on thewestern si)e of the Fl,e ri)ge they are generally arme) with riIes/The -ay of o,r militia( as well as of o,r reg,lars( is that of the<ontinental reg,lars/ The con)ition of o,r reg,lars( of whom we havenone b,t <ontinentals( an) -art of a battalion of state troo-s( is soconstantly on the change( that a state of it at this )ay wo,l) not beits state a month hence/ #t is m,ch the same with the con)ition of theother <ontinental troo-s( which is well eno,gh 8nown/

+4!"Y

_The marine6_$arine



Fefore the -resent invasion of this state by the Fritish ,n)er thecomman) of General Philli-s( we ha) three vessels of %C g,ns( one of %@( >ve small gallies( an) two or three arme) boats/ They weregenerally so ba)ly manne) as sel)om to be in con)ition for service/Since the -erfect -ossession of o,r rivers ass,me) by the enemy( #believe we are left with a single arme) boat only/

+4!"Y # _A )escri-tion of the #n)ians establishe) in that state6_ Aborigines7hen the >rst e ect,al settlement of o,r colony was ma)e(

which was in %CD&( the co,ntry from the seaEcoast to the mo,ntains(an) from Patowmac to the most so,thern waters of James river( wasocc,-ie) by ,-war)s of forty )i erent tribes of #n)ians/ Bf these the

_Powhatans_( the _$annahoacs_( an) _$onacans_( were the most

-owerf,l/ Those between the seaEcoast an) falls of the rivers( were inamity with one another( an) attache) to the _Powhatans_ as their lin8 of ,nion/ Those between the falls of the rivers an) the mo,ntains(were )ivi)e) into two confe)eracies0 the tribes inhabiting the hea)waters of Patowmac an) "a--ahanoc being attache) to the

_$annahoacs_0 an) those on the ,--er -arts of James river to the _$onacans_/ F,t the _$onacans_ an) their frien)s were in amity withthe _$annahoacs_ an) their frien)s( an) wage) joint an) -er-et,alwar against the _Powhatans_/ 7e are tol) that the _Powhatans_(

_$annahoacs_( an) _$onacans_( s-o8e lang,ages so ra)ically

)i erent( that inter-reters were necessary when they transacte)b,siness/ 2ence we may conject,re( that this was not the casebetween all the tribes( an) -robably that each s-o8e the lang,age of the nation to which it was attache)0 which we 8now to have been thecase in many -artic,lar instances/ Very -ossibly there may have beenantiently three )i erent stoc8s( each of which m,lti-lying in a longco,rse of time( ha) se-arate) into so many little societies/ This

-ractice res,lts from the circ,mstance of their having never s,bmitte) themselves to any laws( any coercive -ower( any sha)owof government/ Their only contro,ls are their manners( an) that moral sense of right an) wrong( which( li8e the sense of tasting an)feeling( in every man ma8es a -art of his nat,re/ An o ence against these is -,nishe) by contem-t( by e5cl,sion from society( or( wherethe case is serio,s( as that of m,r)er( by the in)ivi),als whom it concerns/ #m-erfect as this s-ecies of coercion may seem( crimes arevery rare among them3 insom,ch that were it ma)e a =,estion(whether no law( as among the savage Americans( or too m,ch law( asamong the civili1e) !,ro-eans( s,bmits man to the greatest evil( onewho has seen both con)itions of e5istence wo,l) -rono,nce it to bethe last3 an) that the shee- are ha--ier of themselves( than ,n)er care of the wolves/ #t will be sai)( that great societies cannot e5ist witho,t government/ The Savages therefore brea8 them into smallones/



The territories of the _Powhatan_ confe)eracy( so,th of thePatowmac( com-rehen)e) abo,t 'DDD s=,are miles( :D tribes( an)*@DD warriors/ <a-t/ Smith tells ,s( that within CD miles of Jamestown were ;DDD -eo-le( of whom %;DD were warriors/ .rom this we>n) the -ro-ortion of their warriors to their whole inhabitants( was as: to %D/ The _Powhatan_ confe)eracy then wo,l) consist of abo,t 'DDD inhabitants( which was one for every s=,are mile0 being abo,t the twentieth -art of o,r -resent -o-,lation in the same territory(an) the h,n)re)th of that of the Fritish islan)s/

Fesi)es these( were the _Nottoways_( living on Nottoway river(the _$eherrins_ an) _T,teloes_ on $eherrin river( who wereconnecte) with the #n)ians of <arolina( -robably with the <howanocs/

The -rece)ing table contains a state of these several tribes(accor)ing to their confe)eracies an) geogra-hical sit,ation( withtheir n,mbers when we >rst became ac=,ainte) with them( wherethese n,mbers are 8nown/ The n,mbers of some of them are againstate) as they were in the year %CC?( when an attem-t was ma)e by the assembly to en,merate them/ Probably the en,meration isim-erfect( an) in some meas,re conject,ral( an) that a f,rther search into the recor)s wo,l) f,rnish many more -artic,lars/ 7hat wo,l) be the melancholy se=,el of their history( may however bea,g,re) from the cens,s of %CC?0 by which we )iscover that thetribes therein en,merate) were( in the s-ace of C* years( re),ce) toabo,t oneEthir) of their former n,mbers/ S-irit,o,s li=,ors( the smallE

-o5( war( an) an abri)gment of territory( to a -eo-le who live) -rinci-ally on the s-ontaneo,s -ro),ctions of nat,re( ha) committe)terrible havoc8 among them( which generation( ,n)er the obstacleso--ose) to it among them( was not li8ely to ma8e goo)/ That thelan)s of this co,ntry were ta8en from them by con=,est( is not sogeneral a tr,th as is s,--ose)/ # >n) in o,r historians an) recor)s(re-eate) -roofs of -,rchase( which cover a consi)erable -art of thelower co,ntry0 an) many more wo,l) )o,btless be fo,n) on f,rther search/ The ,--er co,ntry we 8now has been ac=,ire) altogether by

-,rchases ma)e in the most ,ne5ce-tionable form/

7estwar) of all these tribes( beyon) the mo,ntains( an)e5ten)ing to the great la8es( were the _$assawomecs_( a most -owerf,l confe)eracy( who harrasse) ,nremittingly the _Powhatans_ an) _$anahoacs_/ These were -robably the ancestors of the tribes8nown at -resent by the name of the _Si5 Nations_/

Very little can now be )iscovere) of the s,bse=,ent history of these tribes severally/ The _<hic8ahominies_ remove)( abo,t the year %CC%( to $atta-ony river/ Their chief( with one from each of the tribesof the Pam,n8ies an) $atta-onies( atten)e) the treaty of Albany in%C';/ This seems to have been the last cha-ter in their history/ They retaine) however their se-arate name so late as %&D;( an) were at length blen)e) with the Pam,n8ies an) $atta-onies( an) e5ist at

-resent only ,n)er their names/ There remain of the _$atta-onies_



three or fo,r men only( an) they have more negro than #n)ian bloo)in them/ They have lost their lang,age( have re),ce) themselves( by vol,ntary sales( to abo,t >fty acres of lan)( which lie on the river of their own name( an) have( from time to time( been joining thePam,n8ies( from whom they are )istant b,t %D miles/ The

_Pam,n8ies_ are re),ce) to abo,t %D or %* men( tolerably -,re frommi5t,re with other colo,rs/ The ol)er ones among them -reservetheir lang,age in a small )egree( which are the last vestiges onearth( as far as we 8now( of the Powhatan lang,age/ They have abo,t :DD acres of very fertile lan)( on Pam,n8ey river( so encom-asse) by water that a gate sh,ts in the whole/ Bf the _Nottoways_( not a maleis left/ A few women constit,te the remains of that tribe/ They areseate) on Nottoway river( in So,tham-ton co,nty( on very fertilelan)s/ At a very early -erio)( certain lan)s were mar8e) o,t an)a--ro-riate) to these tribes( an) were 8e-t from encroachment by

the a,thority of the laws/ They have ,s,ally ha) tr,stees a--ointe)(whose ),ty was to watch over their interests( an) g,ar) them fromins,lt an) inj,ry/

The _$onacans_ an) their frien)s( better 8nown latterly by thename of _T,scaroras_( were -robably connecte) with the$assawomecs( or .ive Nations/ .or tho,gh we are M % tol) their lang,ages were so )i erent that the intervention of inter-reters wasnecessary between them( yet )o we also M * learn that the !rigas( anation formerly inhabiting on the Bhio( were of the same originalstoc8 with the .ive Nations( an) that they -artoo8 also of theT,scarora lang,age/ Their )ialects might( by long se-aration( havebecome so ,nli8e as to be ,nintelligible to one another/ 7e 8now that in %&%*( the .ive Nations receive) the T,scaroras into their confe)eracy( an) ma)e them the Si5th Nation/ They receive) the$eherrins an) T,teloes also into their -rotection3 an) it is most

-robable( that the remains of many other of the tribes( of whom we>n) no -artic,lar acco,nt( retire) westwar)ly in li8e manner( an)were incor-orate) with one or other of the western tribes/

M % Smith/

M * !vans/# 8now of no s,ch thing e5isting as an #n)ian mon,ment3 for #

wo,l) not hono,r with that name arrow -oints( stone hatchets( stone -i-es( an) halfEsha-en images/ Bf labo,r on the large scale( # thin8 there is no remain as res-ectable as wo,l) be a common )itch for the)raining of lan)s3 ,nless in)ee) it be the Farrows( of which many areto be fo,n) all over this co,ntry/ These are of )i erent si1es( some of them constr,cte) of earth( an) some of loose stones/ That they werere-ositories of the )ea)( has been obvio,s to all3 b,t on what

-artic,lar occasion constr,cte)( was matter of )o,bt/ Some havetho,ght they covere) the bones of those who have fallen in battlesfo,ght on the s-ot of interment/ Some ascribe) them to the c,stom(sai) to -revail among the #n)ians( of collecting( at certain -erio)s(



the bones of all their )ea)( wheresoever )e-osite) at the time of )eath/ Bthers again s,--ose) them the general se-,lchres for towns(conject,re) to have been on or near these gro,n)s0 an) this o-inionwas s,--orte) by the =,ality of the lan)s in which they are fo,n)(Mthose constr,cte) of earth being generally in the softest an) most fertile mea)owEgro,n)s on river si)es an) by a tra)ition( sai) to behan)e) )own from the Aboriginal #n)ians( that( when they settle) in atown( the >rst -erson who )ie) was -lace) erect( an) earth -,t abo,t him( so as to cover an) s,--ort him0 that( when another )ie)( anarrow -assage was ),g to the >rst( the secon) recline) against him(an) the cover of earth re-lace)( an) so on/ There being one of thesein my neighbo,rhoo)( # wishe) to satisfy myself whether any( an)which of these o-inions were j,st/ .or this -,r-ose # )etermine) too-en an) e5amine it thoro,ghly/ #t was sit,ate) on the low gro,n)s of the "ivanna( abo,t two miles above its -rinci-al for8( an) o--osite to

some hills( on which ha) been an #n)ian town/ #t was of a s-heroi)icalform( of abo,t @D feet )iameter at the base( an) ha) been of abo,t twelve feet altit,)e( tho,gh now re),ce) by the -lo,gh to seven an)a half( having been ,n)er c,ltivation abo,t a )o1en years/ Fefore thisit was covere) with trees of twelve inches )iameter( an) ro,n) thebase was an e5cavation of >ve feet )e-th an) wi)th( from whencethe earth ha) been ta8en of which the hilloc8 was forme)/ # >rst ),gs,-er>cially in several -arts of it( an) came to collections of h,manbones( at )i erent )e-ths( from si5 inches to three feet below thes,rface/ These were lying in the ,tmost conf,sion( some vertical(

some obli=,e( some hori1ontal( an) )irecte) to every -oint of thecom-ass( entangle)( an) hel) together in cl,sters by the earth/Fones of the most )istant -arts were fo,n) together( as( for instance(the small bones of the foot in the hollow of a sc,ll( many sc,lls wo,l)sometimes be in contact( lying on the face( on the si)e( on the bac8(to- or bottom( so as( on the whole( to give the i)ea of bones em-tie)

-romisc,o,sly from a bag or bas8et( an) covere) over with earth(witho,t any attention to their or)er/ The bones of which the greatest n,mbers remaine)( were sc,lls( jawEbones( teeth( the bones of thearms( thighs( legs( feet( an) han)s/ A few ribs remaine)( somevertebrae of the nec8 an) s-ine( witho,t their -rocesses( an) oneinstance only of the M : bone which serves as a base to thevertebral col,mn/ The sc,lls were so ten)er( that they generally fellto -ieces on being to,che)/ The other bones were stronger/ Therewere some teeth which were j,)ge) to be smaller than those of ana),lt0 a sc,ll( which( on a slight view( a--eare) to be that of aninfant( b,t it fell to -ieces on being ta8en o,t( so as to -revent satisfactory e5amination0 a rib( an) a fragment of the ,n)erEjaw of a

-erson abo,t half grown0 another rib of an infant0 an) -art of the jawof a chil)( which ha) not yet c,t its teeth/ This last f,rnishing themost )ecisive -roof of the b,rial of chil)ren here( # was -artic,lar inmy attention to it/ #t was -art of the rightEhalf of the ,n)erEjaw/ The

-rocesses( by which it was artic,late) to the tem-oral bones( were



entire0 an) the bone itself >rm to where it ha) been bro8en o (which( as nearly as # co,l) j,)ge( was abo,t the -lace of the eyeEtooth/ #ts ,--er e)ge( wherein wo,l) have been the soc8ets of theteeth( was -erfectly smooth/ $eas,ring it with that of an a),lt( by

-lacing their hin)er -rocesses together( its bro8en en) e5ten)e) tothe -en,ltimate grin)er of the a),lt/ This bone was white( all theothers of a san) colo,r/ The bones of infants being soft( they -robably )ecay sooner( which might be the ca,se so few were fo,n) here/ #

-rocee)e) then to ma8e a -er-en)ic,lar c,t thro,gh the bo)y of thebarrow( that # might e5amine its internal str,ct,re/ This -asse) abo,t three feet from its center( was o-ene) to the former s,rface of theearth( an) was wi)e eno,gh for a man to wal8 thro,gh an) e5amineits si)es/ At the bottom( that is( on the level of the circ,mjacent -lain(# fo,n) bones0 above these a few stones( bro,ght from a cli a=,arter of a mile o ( an) from the river oneEeighth of a mile o 0 then

a large interval of earth( then a strat,m of bones( an) so on/ At oneen) of the section were fo,r strata of bones -lainly )isting,ishable0 at the other( three0 the strata in one -art not ranging with those inanother/ The bones nearest the s,rface were least )ecaye)/ No holeswere )iscovere) in any of them( as if ma)e with b,llets( arrows( or other wea-ons/ # conject,re) that in this barrow might have been atho,san) s8eletons/ !very one will rea)ily sei1e the circ,mstancesabove relate)( which militate against the o-inion( that it covere) thebones only of -ersons fallen in battle0 an) against the tra)ition also(which wo,l) ma8e it the common se-,lchre of a town( in which the

bo)ies were -lace) ,-right( an) to,ching each other/ A--earancescertainly in)icate that it has )erive) both origin an) growth from theacc,stomary collection of bones( an) )e-osition of them together0that the >rst collection ha) been )e-osite) on the common s,rface of the earth( a few stones -,t over it( an) then a covering of earth( that the secon) ha) been lai) on this( ha) covere) more or less of it in

-ro-ortion to the n,mber of bones( an) was then also covere) withearth0 an) so on/ The following are the -artic,lar circ,mstanceswhich give it this as-ect/ %/ The n,mber of bones/ */ Their conf,se)

-osition/ :/ Their being in )i erent strata/ @/ The strata in one -art having no corres-on)ence with those in another/ ;/ The )i erent states of )ecay in these strata( which seem to in)icate a )i erence inthe time of inh,mation/ C/ The e5istence of infant bones amongthem/

M : The os sacr,m/F,t on whatever occasion they may have been ma)e( they are of

consi)erable notoriety among the #n)ians3 for a -arty -assing( abo,t thirty years ago( thro,gh the -art of the co,ntry where this barrow is(went thro,gh the woo)s )irectly to it( witho,t any instr,ctions or

en=,iry( an) having stai) abo,t it some time( with e5-ressions whichwere constr,e) to be those of sorrow( they ret,rne) to the high roa)(which they ha) left abo,t half a )o1en miles to -ay this visit( an)



-,rs,e) their jo,rney/ There is another barrow( m,ch resembling thisin the low gro,n)s of the So,th branch of Shenan)oah( where it iscrosse) by the roa) lea)ing from the "oc8E>sh ga- to Sta,nton/ Fothof these have( within these )o1en years( been cleare) of their treesan) -,t ,n)er c,ltivation( are m,ch re),ce) in their height( an)s-rea) in wi)th( by the -lo,gh( an) will -robably )isa--ear in time/There is another on a hill in the Fl,e ri)ge of mo,ntains( a few milesNorth of 7oo)9s ga-( which is ma)e ,- of small stones throwntogether/ This has been o-ene) an) fo,n) to contain h,man bones(as the others )o/ There are also many others in other -arts of theco,ntry/

Great =,estion has arisen from whence came those aboriginalinhabitants of America6 iscoveries( long ago ma)e( were s, cient to shew that a -assage from !,ro-e to America was always

-racticable( even to the im-erfect navigation of ancient times/ #n

going from Norway to #celan)( from #celan) to Groenlan)( fromGroenlan) to Labra)or( the >rst traject is the wi)est3 an) this havingbeen -ractise) from the earliest times of which we have any acco,nt of that -art of the earth( it is not )i c,lt to s,--ose that thes,bse=,ent trajects may have been sometimes -asse)/ Again( thelate )iscoveries of <a-tain <oo8( coasting from Hamschat8a to<alifornia( have -rove) that( if the two continents of Asia an)

America be se-arate) at all( it is only by a narrow streight/ So that from this si)e also( inhabitants may have -asse) into America3 an)the resemblance between the #n)ians of America an) the !asterninhabitants of Asia( wo,l) in),ce ,s to conject,re( that the former are the )escen)ants of the latter( or the latter of the former3e5ce-ting in)ee) the !s8ima,5( who( from the same circ,mstance of resemblance( an) from i)entity of lang,age( m,st be )erive) fromthe Groenlan)ers( an) these -robably from some of the northern

-arts of the ol) continent/ A 8nowle)ge of their several lang,ageswo,l) be the most certain evi)ence of their )erivation which co,l) be

-ro),ce)/ #n fact( it is the best -roof of the a nity of nations whichever can be referre) to/ 2ow many ages have ela-se) since the!nglish( the ,tch( the Germans( the Swiss( the Norwegians( anesan) Swe)es have se-arate) from their common stoc86 Yet how many more m,st ela-se before the -roofs of their common origin( whiche5ist in their several lang,ages( will )isa--ear6 #t is to be lamente)then( very m,ch to be lamente)( that we have s, ere) so many of the #n)ian tribes alrea)y to e5ting,ish( witho,t o,r having -revio,sly collecte) an) )e-osite) in the recor)s of literat,re( the generalr,)iments at least of the lang,ages they s-o8e/ 7ere vocab,lariesforme) of all the lang,ages s-o8en in North an) So,th America(

-reserving their a--ellations of the most common objects in nat,re(of those which m,st be -resent to every nation barbaro,s or civilise)(with the inIections of their no,ns an) verbs( their -rinci-les of regimen an) concor)( an) these )e-osite) in all the -,blic libraries( it



wo,l) f,rnish o--ort,nities to those s8ille) in the lang,ages of theol) worl) to com-are them with these( now( or at any f,t,re time(an) hence to constr,ct the best evi)ence of the )erivation of this

-art of the h,man race/F,t im-erfect as is o,r 8nowle)ge of the tong,es s-o8en in

America( it s, ces to )iscover the following remar8able fact/ Arranging them ,n)er the ra)ical ones to which they may be -al-ably trace)( an) )oing the same by those of the re) men of Asia(there will be fo,n) -robably twenty in America( for one in Asia( of those ra)ical lang,ages( so calle) beca,se( if they were ever thesame( they have lost all resemblance to one another/ A se-arationinto )ialects may be the wor8 of a few ages only( b,t for two )ialectsto rece)e from one another till they have lost all vestiges of their common origin( m,st re=,ire an immense co,rse of time0 -erha-snot less than many -eo-le give to the age of the earth/ A greater

n,mber of those ra)ical changes of lang,age having ta8en -laceamong the re) men of America( -roves them of greater anti=,ity than those of Asia/

# will now -rocee) to state the nations an) n,mbers of the Aborigines which still e5ist in a res-ectable an) in)e-en)ant form/ An) as their ,n)e>ne) bo,n)aries wo,l) ren)er it )i c,lt to s-ecify those only which may be within any certain limits( an) it may not be,nacce-table to -resent a more general view of them( # will re),cewithin the form of a <atalog,e all those within( an) circ,mjacent to(the 4nite) States( whose names an) n,mbers have come to my notice/ These are ta8en from fo,r )i erent lists( the >rst of which wasgiven in the year %&;? to General Stanwi5 by George <roghan(e-,ty agent for #n)ian a airs ,n)er Sir 7illiam Johnson0 the secon)was )rawn ,- by a .rench tra)er of consi)erable note( resi)ent among the #n)ians many years( an) anne5e) to <olonel Fo,=,et9s

-rinte) acco,nt of his e5-e)ition in %&C@/ The thir) was ma)e o,t by <a-tain 2,tchins( who visite) most of the tribes( by or)er( for the

-,r-ose of learning their n,mbers in %&C'/ An) the fo,rth by Johno)ge( an #n)ian tra)er( in %&&?( e5ce-t the n,mbers mar8e) (

which are from other information/The following tribes are also mentione)3 555F,t( a--rehen)ing these might be )i erent a--ellations for some

of the tribes alrea)y en,merate)( # have not inserte) them in thetable( b,t state them se-arately as worthy of f,rther in=,iry/ Thevariations observable in n,mbering the same tribe may sometimesbe ascribe) to im-erfect information( an) sometimes to a greater or less com-rehension of settlements ,n)er the same name/

+4!"Y ## _A notice of the co,nties( cities( townshi-s( an) villages6_



<o,nties( TownsThe co,nties have been en,merate) ,n)er +,ery # / They are &@

in n,mber( of very ,ne=,al si1e an) -o-,lation/ Bf these :; are onthe ti)e waters( or in that -arallel0 *: are in the $i)lan)s( betweenthe ti)e waters an) Fl,e ri)ge of mo,ntains0 ' between the Fl,e

ri)ge an) Alleghaney0 an) ' westwar) of the Alleghaney/The state( by another )ivision( is forme) into -arishes( many of which are commens,rate with the co,nties3 b,t sometimes a co,nty com-rehen)s more than one -arish( an) sometimes a -arish morethan one co,nty/ This )ivision ha) relation to the religion of the state(a Parson of the Anglican ch,rch( with a >5e) salary( having beenheretofore establishe) in each -arish/ The care of the -oor wasanother object of the -arochial )ivision/

7e have no townshi-s/ B,r co,ntry being m,ch intersecte) withnavigable waters( an) tra)e bro,ght generally to o,r )oors( instea)of o,r being oblige) to go in =,est of it( has -robably been one of theca,ses why we have no towns of any conse=,ence/ 7illiamsb,rgh(which( till the year %&'D( was the seat of o,r government( never containe) above %'DD inhabitants0 an) Norfol8( the most -o-,lo,stown we ever ha)( containe) b,t CDDD/ B,r towns( b,t more -ro-erly o,r villages or hamlets( are as follows/

Bn _James river_ an) its waters( Norfol8( Portsmo,th( 2am-ton(S, ol8( Smith>el)( 7illiamsb,rgh( Petersb,rg( "ichmon) the seat of o,r government( $anchester( <harlottesville( New Lon)on/

Bn _Yor8 river_ an) its waters( Yor8( Newcastle( 2anover/Bn _"a--ahannoc_( 4rbanna( Portroyal( .re)eric8sb,rg(

.almo,th/Bn _Patowmac_ an) its waters( ,mfries( <olchester( Ale5an)ria(

7inchester( Sta,nton/Bn _Bhio_( Lo,isville/There are other -laces at which( li8e some of the foregoing( the

_laws_ have sai) there shall be towns0 b,t _Nat,re_ has sai) thereshall not( an) they remain ,nworthy of en,meration/ _Norfol8_ will

-robably be the em-ori,m for all the tra)e of the <hesa-ea8 bay an)its waters0 an) a canal of ' or %D miles will bring to it all that of

Albemarle so,n) an) its waters/ Secon)ary to this -lace( are thetowns at the hea) of the ti)ewaters( to wit( Petersb,rgh on

A--amatto5( "ichmon) on James river( Newcastle on Yor8 river( Ale5an)ria on Patowmac( an) Faltimore on the Pata-sco/ .rom thesethe )istrib,tion will be to s,bor)inate sit,ations in the co,ntry/

Acci)ental circ,mstances however may contro,l the in)ications of nat,re( an) in no instances )o they )o it more fre=,ently than in the

rise an) fall of towns/+4!"Y ### _The constit,tion of the state( an) its several charters6_



<onstit,tion+,een !li1abeth by her lettersE-atent( bearing )ate $arch *;(

%;'@( license) Sir 7alter "aleigh to search for remote heathen lan)s(not inhabite) by <hristian -eo-le( an) grante) to him( in fee sim-le(all the soil within *DD leag,es of the -laces where his -eo-le sho,l)(

within C years( ma8e their )wellings or abi)ings0 reserving only( toherself an) her s,ccessors( their allegiance an) one >fth -art of allthe gol) an) silver ore they sho,l) obtain/ Sir 7alter imme)iately sent o,t two shi-s which visite) 7ococon islan) in North <arolina(an) the ne5t year )is-atche) seven with %D& men( who settle) in"oano8e islan)( abo,t latit,)e :; )egrees/;D9/ 2ere B8is8o( 8ing of the 7eo-omeiocs( in a f,ll co,ncil of his -eo-le( is sai) to haveac8nowle)ge) himself the homager of the +,een of !nglan)( an)(after her( of Sir 7alter "aleigh/ A s,--ly of ;D men were sent in %;'C(an) %;D in %;'&/ 7ith these last( Sir 7alter sent a Governor(

a--ointe) him twelve assistants( gave them a charter of incor-oration( an) instr,cte) them to settle on <hesa-ea8 bay/ They lan)e) however at 2atoras8/ #n %;''( when a Ieet was rea)y to sailwith a new s,--ly of colonists an) necessaries( they were )etaine)by the +,een to assist against the S-anish Arma)a/ Sir 7alter havingnow e5-en)e) @D(DDD l/ in these enter-ri1es( obstr,cte) occasionally by the crown( witho,t a shilling of ai) from it( was ,n)er a necessity of engaging others to a)vent,re their money/ 2e therefore( by )ee)bearing )ate the &th of $arch %;'?( by the name of Sir 7alter "aleigh( <hief Governor of Assamacomoc( M-robably Acomac ( alias7inga)acoia( alias Virginia( grante) to Thomas Smith an) others( inconsi)eration of their a)vent,ring certain s,ms of money( liberty of tra)e to his new co,ntry( free from all c,stoms an) ta5es for seven

years( e5ce-ting the >fth -art of the gol) an) silver ore to beobtaine)0 an) sti-,late) with them( an) the other assistants( then inVirginia( that he wo,l) con>rm the )ee) of incor-oration which heha) given in %;'&( with all the -rerogatives( j,ris)ictions( royaltiesan) -rivileges grante) to him by the +,een/ Sir 7alter( at )i erent times( sent >ve other a)vent,res hither( the last of which was in%CD*3 for in %CD: he was attainte)( an) -,t into close im-risonment(which -,t an en) to his cares over his infant colony/ 7hat was the

-artic,lar fate of the colonists he ha) before sent an) seate)( hasnever been 8nown3 whether they were m,r)ere)( or incor-orate)with the savages/

Some gentlemen an) merchants( s,--osing that by the attain)er of Sir 7alter "aleigh the grant to him was forfeite)( not en=,iringover caref,lly whether the sentence of an !nglish co,rt co,l) a ect lan)s not within the j,ris)iction of that co,rt( -etitione) 8ing Jamesfor a new grant of Virginia to them/ 2e accor)ingly e5ec,te) a grant

to Sir Thomas Gates an) others( bearing )ate the ?th of $arch %CD&(,n)er which( in the same year a settlement was e ecte) at JamesEtown an) ever after maintaine)/ Bf this grant however no -artic,lar



notice nee) be ta8en( as it was s,-erse)e) by lettersE-atent of thesame 8ing( of $ay *:( %CD?( to the !arl of Salisb,ry an) others(incor-orating them by the name of the Treas,rer an) <om-any of a)vent,rers an) -lanters of the <ity of Lon)on for the >rst colony inVirginia(9 granting to them an) their s,ccessors all the lan)s inVirginia from Point <omfort along the sea coast to the northwar) *DDmiles( an) from the same -oint along the sea coast to the so,thwar)*DD miles( an) all the s-ace from this -recinct on the sea coast ,-into the lan)( 7est an) NorthEwest( from sea to sea( an) the islan)swithin one h,n)re) miles of it( with all the commo)ities( j,ris)ictions(royalties( -rivileges( franchises an) -reEeminences within the same(an) thereto an) thereabo,ts( by sea an) lan)( a--ertaining( in asam-le manner as ha) before been grante) to any a)vent,rer3 to behel) of the 8ing an) his s,ccessors( in common soccage( yiel)ing one>fth -art of the gol) an) silver ore to be therein fo,n)( for all manner

of services0 establishing a co,ncil in !nglan) for the )irection of theenter-rise( the members of which were to be chosen an) )is-lace)by the voice of the majority of the com-any an) a)vent,rers( an)were to have the nomination an) revocation of governors( o cers(an) ministers( which by them sho,l) be tho,ght nee)f,l for thecolony( the -ower of establishing laws an) forms of government an)magistracy( obligatory not only within the colony( b,t also on the seasin going an) coming to an) from it0 a,thorising them to carry thither any -ersons who sho,l) consent to go( freeing them for ever from allta5es an) im-ositions on any goo)s or merchan)i1e on im-ortation

into the colony( or e5-ortation o,t of it( e5ce-t the >ve -er cent/ ),efor c,stom on all goo)s im-orte) into the Fritish )ominions(accor)ing to the ancient tra)e of merchants0 which >ve -er cent/ only being -ai)( they might( within %: months( reEe5-ort the same goo)sinto foreign -arts( witho,t any c,stom( ta5( or other ),ty( to the 8ingor any his o cers or )e-,ties3 with -owers of waging war against those who sho,l) annoy them3 giving to the inhabitants of the colony all the rights of nat,ral s,bjects( as if born an) abi)ing in !nglan)0an) )eclaring that these letters sho,l) be constr,e)( in all )o,btf,l

-arts( in s,ch manner as sho,l) be most for the bene>t of thegrantees/

Afterwar)s( on the %*th of $arch %C%*( by other lettersE-atent(the 8ing a))e) to his former grants( all islan)s in any -art of theocean between the :Dth an) @%st )egrees of latit,)e( an) within :DDleag,es of any of the -arts before grante) to the Treas,rer an)com-any( not being -ossesse) or inhabite) by any other christian

-rince or state( nor within the limits of the northern colony/#n -,rs,ance of the a,thorities given to the com-any by these

charters( an) more es-ecially of that -art in the charter of %CD?(

which a,thorise) them to establish a form of government( they onthe *@th of J,ly %C*%( by charter ,n)er their common seal( )eclare)that from thenceforwar) there sho,l) be two s,-reme co,ncils in



Virginia( the one to be calle) the co,ncil of state( to be -lace) an))is-lace) by the treas,rer( co,ncil in !nglan)( an) com-any( fromtime to time( whose o ce was to be that of assisting an) a)visingthe governor0 the other to be calle) the general assembly( to beconvene) by the governor once yearly or oftener( which was toconsist of the co,ncil of state( an) two b,rgesses o,t of every town(h,n)re)( or -lantation( to be res-ectively chosen by the inhabitants/#n this all matters were to be )eci)e) by the greater -art of the votes

-resent0 reserving to the governor a negative voice0 an) they were tohave -ower to treat( cons,lt( an) concl,)e all emergent occasionsconcerning the -,blic weal( an) to ma8e laws for the behoof an)government of the colony( imitating an) following the laws an) -olicy of !nglan) as nearly as might be3 -rovi)ing that these laws sho,l)have no force till rati>e) in a general =,arter co,rt of the com-any in!nglan)( an) ret,rne) ,n)er their common seal( an) )eclaring that(

after the government of the colony sho,l) be well frame) an)settle)( no or)ers of the co,ncil in !nglan) sho,l) bin) the colony ,nless rati>e) in the sai) general assembly/ The 8ing an) com-any =,arrelle)( an)( by a mi5t,re of law an) force( the latter were o,ste)of all their rights( witho,t retrib,tion( after having e5-en)e) %DD(DDDl/ in establishing the colony( witho,t the smallest ai) fromgovernment/ Hing James s,s-en)e) their -owers by -roclamation of

J,ly %;( %C*@( an) <harles #/ too8 the government into his own han)s/Foth si)es ha) their -artisans in the colony3 b,t in tr,th the -eo-le of the colony in general tho,ght themselves little concerne) in the

)is-,te/ There being three -arties intereste) in these severalcharters( what -asse) between the >rst an) secon) it was tho,ght co,l) not a ect the thir)/ #f the 8ing sei1e) on the -owers of thecom-any( they only -asse) into other han)s( witho,t increase or )imin,tion( while the rights of the -eo-le remaine) as they were/ F,t they )i) not remain so long/ The northern -arts of their co,ntry weregrante) away to the Lor)s Faltimore an) .airfa5( the >rst of theseobtaining also the rights of se-arate j,ris)iction an) government/

An) in %C;D the -arliament( consi)ering itself as stan)ing in the -lace of their )e-ose) 8ing( an) as having s,ccee)e) to all his -owers( witho,t as well as within the realm( began to ass,me a right over the colonies( -assing an act for inhibiting their tra)e with foreignnations/ This s,ccession to the e5ercise of the 8ingly a,thority gavethe >rst colo,r for -arliamentary interference with the colonies( an)

-ro),ce) that fatal -rece)ent which they contin,e) to follow after they ha) retire)( in other res-ects( within their -ro-er f,nctions/7hen this colony( therefore( which still maintaine) its o--osition to<romwell an) the -arliament( was in),ce) in %C;% to lay )own their arms( they -revio,sly sec,re) their most essential rights( by asolemn convention( which having never seen in -rint( # will here insert literally from the recor)s/



A"T#<L!S agree) on Q concl,)e) at James <ittie in Virginia for the s,rren)ering an) settling of that -lantation ,n)er ye obe)ience Qgoverment of the common wealth of !nglan) by the <ommissionersof the <o,ncill of state by a,thoritie of the -arliamt/ of !nglan) Q by the Gran) assembly of the Governo,r( <o,ncill Q F,rgesses of that co,ntrey/

.irst it is agree) an) conste) that the -lantation of Virginia( an)all the inhabitants thereof shall be an) remaine in ),e obe)ience an)s,bjection to the <omon wealth of !nglan)( accor)ing to ye lawesthere establishe)( an) that this s,bmission an) s,bscri-tion beeac8nowle)ge) a vol,ntary act not force) nor constraine) by acon=,est ,-on the co,ntrey( an) that they shall have Q enjoy s,chfree)omes an) -rivile)ges as belong to the free borne -eo-le of !nglan)( an) that the former government by the <omissions an)#nstr,ctions be voi) an) n,ll/

*ly( Secon)ly that the Gran) assembly as formerly shallconvene Q transact the a airs of Virginia wherein nothing is to beacte) or )one contrarie to the government of the <omon wealth of !nglan) Q the lawes there establishe)/

:ly( That there shall be a f,ll Q totall remission an) in)em-nitieof all acts( wor)s( or writeings )one or s-o8en against the -arliament of !nglan) in relation to the same/

@ly( That Virginia shall have Q enjoy ye antient bo,n)s an)Lymitts grante) by the charters of the former 8ings( an) that we shall

see8 a new charter from the -arliament to that -,r-ose against any that have intrencht ,-on ye rights thereof/;ly( That all the -attents of lan) grante) ,n)er the collony seale

by any of the -rece)ent governo,rs shall be Q remaine in their f,llforce Q strength/

Cly( That the -rivile)ge of haveing ftie acres of lan) for every -erson trans-orte) in that collonie shall contin,e as formerly grante)/

&ly( That ye -eo-le of Virginia have free tra)e as ye -eo-le of

!nglan) )o enjoy to all -laces an) with all nations accor)ing to yelawes of that common wealth( an) that Virginia shall enjoy all -rivile)ges e=,all with any !nglish -lantations in America/

'ly( That Virginia shall be free from all ta5es( c,stoms Qim-ositions whatsoever( Q none to be im-ose) on them witho,t consent of the Gran) assembly( An) soe that neither ortes nor castles bee erecte) or garrisons maintaine) witho,t their consent/

?ly( That no charge shall be re=,ire) from this co,ntry inres-ect of this -resent Ieet/

%Dly( That for the f,t,re settlement of the co,ntrey in their ),eobe)ience( the !ngagement shall be ten)re) to all ye inhabitantsaccor)ing to act of -arliament ma)e to that -,r-ose( that all -ersons



who shall ref,se to s,bscribe the sai) engagement( shall have a yeare9s time if they -lease to remove themselves Q their estates o,t of Virginia( an) in the mean time ),ring the sai) yeare to have e=,all

j,stice as formerly/%%ly( That ye ,se of the boo8e of common -rayer shall be

-ermitte) for one yeare ens,einge with referrence to the consent of ye major -art of the -arishes( -rovi)e) that those things which relateto 8ingshi-- or that government be not ,se) -,bli=,ely( an) thecontin,ance of ministers in their -laces( they not mis)emeaningthemselves( an) the -ayment of their acc,stome) ),es an)agreements ma)e with them res-ectively shall be left as they nowstan) ),reing this ens,eing yeare/

%*ly( That no man9s cattell shall be =,estione) as ye com-anies,nles s,ch as have been entr,ste) with them or have )is-ose) of them witho,t or)er/

%:ly( That all amm,nition( -ow)er Q armes( other then for -rivate ,se( shall be )elivere) ,-( sec,ritie being given to ma8esatisfaction for it/

%@ly( That all goo)s allrea)ie bro,ght hither by ye ,tch or others which are now on shoar shall be free from s,r-ri1all/

%;ly( That the =,ittrents grante) ,nto ,s by the late 8inge for seaven yeares bee con>rme)/

%Cly( That ye commissioners for the -arliament s,bscribeingthese articles engage themselves Q the hono,r of the -arliament for the f,ll -erformance thereof3 an) that the -resent governo,r Q yeco,ncill Q the b,rgesses )o li8ewise s,bscribe Q engage the wholecollony on their -arts/

"#<2/ F!NN!TT/ EEEE Seale/79m/ <LA#FB"N!/ EEEE Seale/! $BN <4"T#S/ EEEE Seale/Theise articles were signe) Q seale) by the <ommissioners of

the <o,ncill of state for the <ommonwealth of !nglan) the twelveth

)ay of $arch %C;%/9Then follow the articles sti-,late) by the governor an) co,ncil(which relate merely to their own -ersons an) -ro-erty( an) then theens,ing instr,ment3

An act of in)em-nitie ma)e att the s,rren)er of the co,ntrey/7hereas by the a,thoritie of the -arliament of !nglan) wee the

commissioners a--ointe) by the co,ncill of state a,thori1e) theretohaving bro,ght a Ieete Q force before James cittie in Virginia tore),ce that collonie ,n)er the obe)ience of the commonwealth of

!nglan)( Q >n)eing force raise) by the Governo,r Q co,ntrey toma8e o--osition against the sai) Reet whereby ass,re) )anger a--earinge of the r,ine Q )estr,ction of ye -lantation( for -revention



whereof the F,rgesses of all the severall -lantations being calle) toa)vise Q assist therein( ,--on long Q serio,s )ebate( an) in sa)contem-lation of the greate miseries Q certaine )estr,ction whichwere soe neerely hovering over the whole co,ntrey0 7ee the sai)<omissioners have tho,ght >tt Q con)escen)e) an) grante) to signeQ con>rme ,n)er o,r han)s( seales( Q by o,r oath( Articles bearinge)ate with theise -resents( an) )o f,rther )eclare that by ye a,thoritieof the -arliament Q commonwealth of !nglan) )erive) ,nto ,s theire<omissioners( that accor)ing to the articles in generall wee havegrante) an act of in)em-nitie an) oblivion to all the inhabitants of this colloney from all wor)s( actions( or writings that have beens-o8en acte) or writt against the -arliament or commonwealth of !nglan) or any other -erson from the beginning of the worl) to this)aye/ An) this wee have )one that all the inhabitants of the colloniemay live =,ietly Q sec,rely ,n)er the comonwealth of !nglan)/ An)

wee )o -romise that the -arliament an) commonwealth of !nglan)shall con>rme Q ma8e goo) all those transactions of o,rs/ 7ittneso,r han)s Q seales this %*th of $arch %C;%/ "ichar) Fennett EE Seale/79m/ <laiborne EE Seale/ !)m/ <,rtis EE Seale/9

The colony s,--ose)( that( by this solemn convention( entere)into with arms in their han)s( they ha) sec,re) the M % antient limitsof their co,ntry( M * its free tra)e( its e5em-tion from M : ta5ationb,t by their own assembly( an) e5cl,sion of M @ military force fromamong them/ Yet in every of these -oints was this conventionviolate) by s,bse=,ent 8ings an) -arliaments( an) other infractionsof their constit,tion( e=,ally )angero,s( committe)/ Their General

Assembly( which was com-ose) of the co,ncil of state an) b,rgesses(sitting together an) )eci)ing by -l,rality of voices( was s-lit into twoho,ses( by which the co,ncil obtaine) a se-arate negative on their laws/ A--eals from their s,-reme co,rt( which ha) been >5e) by lawin their General Assembly( were arbitrarily revo8e) to !nglan)( to bethere hear) before the 8ing an) co,ncil/ #nstea) of fo,r h,n)re)miles on the sea coast( they were re),ce)( in the s-ace of thirty

years( to abo,t one h,n)re) miles/ Their tra)e with foreigners wastotally s,--resse)( an)( when carrie) to GreatEFritain( was thereloa)e) with im-osts/ #t is ,nnecessary( however( to glean ,- theseveral instances of inj,ry( as scattere) thro,gh American an) Fritishhistory( an) the more es-ecially as( by -assing on to the accession of the -resent 8ing( we shall >n) s-ecimens of them all( aggravate)(m,lti-lie) an) cro,)e) within a small com-ass of time( so as toevince a >5e) )esign of consi)ering o,r rights nat,ral( conventionalan) chartere) as mere n,llities/ The following is an e-itome of the>rst >fteen years of his reign/ The colonies were ta5e) internally an)e5ternally0 their essential interests sacri>ce) to in)ivi),als in GreatEFritain0 their legislat,res s,s-en)e)0 charters ann,lle)0 trials by

j,ries ta8en away0 their -ersons s,bjecte) to trans-ortation acrossthe Atlantic( an) to trial before foreign j,)icatories0 their



s,--lications for re)ress tho,ght beneath answer0 themselves -,blishe) as cowar)s in the co,ncils of their mother co,ntry an)co,rts of !,ro-e0 arme) troo-s sent among them to enforces,bmission to these violences0 an) act,al hostilities commence)against them/ No alternative was -resente) b,t resistance( or ,ncon)itional s,bmission/ Fetween these co,l) be no hesitation/They close) in the a--eal to arms/ They )eclare) themselvesin)e-en)ent States/ They confe)erate) together into one great re-,blic0 th,s sec,ring to every state the bene>t of an ,nion of their whole force/ #n each state se-arately a new form of government wasestablishe)/ Bf o,rs -artic,larly the following are the o,tlines/ Thee5ec,tive -owers are lo)ge) in the han)s of a governor( chosenann,ally( an) inca-able of acting more than three years in seven/ 2eis assiste) by a co,ncil of eight members/ The j,)iciary -owers are)ivi)e) among several co,rts( as will be hereafter e5-laine)/

Legislation is e5ercise) by two ho,ses of assembly( the one calle) theho,se of elegates( com-ose) of two members from each co,nty(chosen ann,ally by the citi1ens -ossessing an estate for life in %DDacres of ,ninhabite) lan)( or *; acres with a ho,se on it( or in aho,se or lot in some town3 the other calle) the Senate( consisting of *@ members( chosen =,a)rennially by the same electors( who for this

-,r-ose are )istrib,te) into *@ )istricts/ The conc,rrence of bothho,ses is necessary to the -assage of a law/ They have thea--ointment of the governor an) co,ncil( the j,)ges of the s,-erior co,rts( a,)itors( attorneyEgeneral( treas,rer( register of the lan)

o ce( an) )elegates to congress/ As the )ismemberment of the stateha) never ha) its con>rmation( b,t( on the contrary( ha) always beenthe s,bject of -rotestation an) com-laint( that it might never be ino,r own -ower to raise scr,-les on that s,bject( or to )ist,rb theharmony of o,r new confe)eracy( the grants to $arylan)(Pennsylvania( an) the two <arolinas( were rati>e)/

This constit,tion was forme) when we were new an),ne5-erience) in the science of government/ #t was the >rst toowhich was forme) in the whole 4nite) States/ No won)er then that time an) trial have )iscovere) very ca-ital )efects init/

%/ The majority of the men in the state( who -ay an) >ght for itss,--ort( are ,nre-resente) in the legislat,re( the roll of freehol)ersintitle) to vote( not incl,)ing generally the half of those on the roll of the militia( or of the ta5Egatherers/

*/ Among those who share the re-resentation( the shares arevery ,ne=,al/ Th,s the co,nty of 7arwic8( with only one h,n)re)>ghting men( has an e=,al re-resentation with the co,nty of Lo,)on(which has %&@C/ So that every man in 7arwic8 has as m,ch inI,encein the government as %& men in Lo,)on/ F,t lest it sho,l) be tho,ght that an e=,al inters-ersion of small among large co,nties( thro,ghthe whole state( may -revent any )anger of inj,ry to -artic,lar -arts



of it( we will )ivi)e it into )istricts( an) shew the -ro-ortions of lan)(of >ghting men( an) of re-resentation in each/

S=,are .ighting elegates Senatorsmiles/ men/Fetween the seaEcoast an)falls of the rivers %%(*D; %?(D%* &% %*M ;Fetween the falls of therivers an) the Fl,e ri)geof mo,ntains %'(&;? %'('*' @C 'Fetween the Fl,e ri)ge an)the Alleghaney %%(?%% &(C&: %C *

Fetween the Alleghaney an)the Bhio &?(C;D @(@;' %C *M CTotal %*%(;*; @?(?&% %@ *@

An ins-ection of this table will s,--ly the -lace of commentarieson it/ #t will a--ear at once that nineteen tho,san) men( living belowthe falls of the rivers( -ossess half the senate( an) want fo,r members only of -ossessing a majority of the ho,se of )elegates0 awant more than s,--lie) by the vicinity of their sit,ation to the seat

of government( an) of co,rse the greater )egree of convenience an) -,nct,ality with which their members may an) will atten) in thelegislat,re/ These nineteen tho,san)( therefore( living in one -art of the co,ntry( give law to ,-war)s of thirty tho,san)( living in another(an) a--oint all their chief o cers e5ec,tive an) j,)iciary/ .rom the)i erence of their sit,ation an) circ,mstances( their interests willoften be very )i erent/

:/ The senate is( by its constit,tion( too homogeneo,s with theho,se of )elegates/ Feing chosen by the same electors( at the sametime( an) o,t of the same s,bjects( the choice falls of co,rse on menof the same )escri-tion/ The -,r-ose of establishing )i erent ho,sesof legislation is to intro),ce the inI,ence of )i erent interests or )i erent -rinci-les/ Th,s in GreatEFritain it is sai) their constit,tionrelies on the ho,se of commons for honesty( an) the lor)s for wis)om0 which wo,l) be a rational reliance if honesty were to bebo,ght with money( an) if wis)om were here)itary/ #n some of the

American states the )elegates an) senators are so chosen( as that the >rst re-resent the -ersons( an) the secon) the -ro-erty of thestate/ F,t with ,s( wealth an) wis)om have e=,al chance for a)mission into both ho,ses/ 7e )o not therefore )erive from these-aration of o,r legislat,re into two ho,ses( those bene>ts which a

-ro-er com-lication of -rinci-les is ca-able of -ro),cing( an) those



which alone can com-ensate the evils which may be -ro),ce) by their )issensions/

@/ All the -owers of government( legislative( e5ec,tive( an) j,)iciary( res,lt to the legislative bo)y/ The concentrating these in thesame han)s is -recisely the )e>nition of )es-otic government/ #t will

be no alleviation that these -owers will be e5ercise) by a -l,rality of han)s( an) not by a single one/ %&: )es-ots wo,l) s,rely be aso--ressive as one/ Let those who )o,bt it t,rn their eyes on there-,blic of Venice/ As little will it avail ,s that they are chosen by o,rselves/ An _elective )es-otism_ was not the government wefo,ght for0 b,t one which sho,l) not only be fo,n)e) on free

-rinci-les( b,t in which the -owers of government sho,l) be so)ivi)e) an) balance) among several bo)ies of magistracy( as that noone co,l) transcen) their legal limits( witho,t being e ect,ally chec8e) an) restraine) by the others/ .or this reason that

convention( which -asse) the or)inance of government( lai) itsfo,n)ation on this basis( that the legislative( e5ec,tive an) j,)iciary )e-artments sho,l) be se-arate an) )istinct( so that no -ersonsho,l) e5ercise the -owers of more than one of them at the sametime/ F,t no barrier was -rovi)e) between these several -owers/ The

j,)iciary an) e5ec,tive members were left )e-en)ant on thelegislative( for their s,bsistence in o ce( an) some of them for their contin,ance in it/ #f therefore the legislat,re ass,mes e5ec,tive an)

j,)iciary -owers( no o--osition is li8ely to be ma)e0 nor( if ma)e( canit be e ect,al0 beca,se in that case they may -,t their -rocee)ingsinto the form of an act of assembly( which will ren)er them obligatory on the other branches/ They have accor)ingly( in many instances()eci)e) rights which sho,l) have been left to j,)iciary controversy3an) the )irection of the e5ec,tive( ),ring the whole time of their session( is becoming habit,al an) familiar/ An) this is )one with no illintention/ The views of the -resent members are -erfectly ,-right/7hen they are le) o,t of their reg,lar -rovince( it is by art in others(an) ina)vertence in themselves/ An) this will -robably be the casefor some time to come/ F,t it will not be a very long time/ $an8in)soon learn to ma8e intereste) ,ses of every right an) -ower whichthey -ossess( or may ass,me/ The -,blic money an) -,blic liberty(inten)e) to have been )e-osite) with three branches of magistracy(b,t fo,n) ina)vertently to be in the han)s of one only( will soon be)iscovere) to be so,rces of wealth an) )ominion to those who hol)them0 )isting,ishe) too by this tem-ting circ,mstance( that they arethe instr,ment( as well as the object of ac=,isition/ 7ith money wewill get men( sai) <aesar( an) with men we will get money/ Nor sho,l) o,r assembly be )el,)e) by the integrity of their own

-,r-oses( an) concl,)e that these ,nlimite) -owers will never beab,se)( beca,se themselves are not )is-ose) to ab,se them/ They sho,l) loo8 forwar) to a time( an) that not a )istant one( whencorr,-tion in this( as in the co,ntry from which we )erive o,r origin(



will have sei1e) the hea)s of government( an) be s-rea) by themthro,gh the bo)y of the -eo-le0 when they will -,rchase the voices of the -eo-le( an) ma8e them -ay the -rice/ 2,man nat,re is the sameon every si)e of the Atlantic( an) will be ali8e inI,ence) by the sameca,ses/ The time to g,ar) against corr,-tion an) tyranny( is beforethey shall have gotten hol) on ,s/ #t is better to 8ee- the wolf o,t of the fol)( than to tr,st to )rawing his teeth an) talons after he shallhave entere)/ To ren)er these consi)erations the more cogent( wem,st observe in a))ition(

;/ That the or)inary legislat,re may alter the constit,tion itself/Bn the )iscontin,ance of assemblies( it became necessary tos,bstit,te in their -lace some other bo)y( com-etent to the or)inary b,siness of government( an) to the calling forth the -owers of thestate for the maintenance of o,r o--osition to GreatEFritain/<onventions were therefore intro),ce)( consisting of two )elegates

from each co,nty( meeting together an) forming one ho,se( on the -lan of the former ho,se of F,rgesses( to whose -laces they s,ccee)e)/ These were at >rst chosen anew for every -artic,lar session/ F,t in $arch %&&;( they recommen)e) to the -eo-le toch,se a convention( which sho,l) contin,e in o ce a year/ This was)one accor)ingly in A-ril %&&;( an) in the J,ly following that convention -asse) an or)inance for the election of )elegates in themonth of A-ril ann,ally/ #t is well 8nown( that in J,ly %&&;( ase-aration from GreatEFritain an) establishment of "e-,blicangovernment ha) never yet entere) into any -erson9s min)/ Aconvention therefore( chosen ,n)er that or)inance( cannot be sai) tohave been chosen for -,r-oses which certainly )i) not e5ist in themin)s of those who -asse) it/ 4n)er this or)inance( at the ann,alelection in A-ril %&&C( a convention for the year was chosen/#n)e-en)ance( an) the establishment of a new form of government(were not even yet the objects of the -eo-le at large/ Bne e5tract from the -am-hlet calle) <ommon Sense ha) a--eare) in theVirginia -a-ers in .ebr,ary( an) co-ies of the -am-hlet itself ha) got into a few han)s/ F,t the i)ea ha) not been o-ene) to the mass of the -eo-le in A-ril( m,ch less can it be sai) that they ha) ma)e ,-their min)s in its favor/ So that the electors of A-ril %&&C( no morethan the legislators of J,ly %&&;( not thin8ing of in)e-en)ance an) a

-ermanent re-,blic( co,l) not mean to vest in these )elegates -owers of establishing them( or any a,thorities other than those of the or)inary legislat,re/ So far as a tem-orary organi1ation of government was necessary to ren)er o,r o--osition energetic( so far their organi1ation was vali)/ F,t they receive) in their creation no

-owers b,t what were given to every legislat,re before an) since/They co,l) not therefore -ass an act transcen)ant to the -owers of other legislat,res/ #f the -resent assembly -ass any act( an) )eclareit shall be irrevocable by s,bse=,ent assemblies( the )eclaration ismerely voi)( an) the act re-ealable( as other acts are/ So far( an) no



farther a,thori1e)( they organi1e) the government by the or)inanceentitle) a <onstit,tion or .orm of government/ #t -reten)s to nohigher a,thority than the other or)inances of the same session0 it )oes not say( that it shall be -er-et,al0 that it shall be ,nalterable by other legislat,res0 that it shall be transcen)ant above the -owers of those( who they 8new wo,l) have e=,al -ower with themselves/ Not only the silence of the instr,ment is a -roof they tho,ght it wo,l) bealterable( b,t their own -ractice also3 for this very convention(meeting as a 2o,se of elegates in General Assembly with the newSenate in the a,t,mn of that year( -asse) acts of assembly incontra)iction to their or)inance of government0 an) every assembly from that time to this has )one the same/ # am safe therefore in the

-osition( that the constit,tion itself is alterable by the or)inary legislat,re/ Tho,gh this o-inion seems fo,n)e) on the >rst elementsof common sense( yet is the contrary maintaine) by some -ersons/ %/

Feca,se( say they( the conventions were veste) with every -ower necessary to ma8e e ect,al o--osition to GreatEFritain/ F,t tocom-lete this arg,ment( they m,st go on( an) say f,rther( that e ect,al o--osition co,l) not be ma)e to GreatEFritain( witho,t establishing a form of government -er-et,al an) ,nalterable by thelegislat,re0 which is not tr,e/ An o--osition which at some time or other was to come to an en)( co,l) not nee) a -er-et,al instit,tionto carry it on3 an) a government( amen)able as its )efects sho,l) be)iscovere)( was as li8ely to ma8e e ect,al resistance( as one whichsho,l) be ,nalterably wrong/ Fesi)es( the assemblies were as m,ch

veste) with all -owers re=,isite for resistance as the conventionswere/ #f therefore these -owers incl,)e) that of mo)elling the form of government in the one case( they )i) so in the other/ The assembliesthen as well as the conventions may mo)el the government0 that is(they may alter the or)inance of government/ */ They ,rge( that if theconvention ha) meant that this instr,ment sho,l) be alterable( astheir other or)inances were( they wo,l) have calle) it an or)inance3b,t they have calle) it a _constit,tion_( which e5 vi termini meansan act above the -ower of the or)inary legislat,re/9 # answer that

_constit,tio_( _constit,t,m_( _stat,t,m_( _le5_( are convertible terms/_<onstit,tio_ )icit,r j,s =,o) a -rinci-e con)it,r/9 _<onstit,t,m_(=,o) ab im-eratorib,s rescri-t,m stat,t,mve est/9 _Stat,t,m_(i)em =,o) le5/9 <alvini Le5icon j,ri)ic,m/ _<onstit,tion_ an)

_stat,te_ were originally terms of the M & civil law( an) from thenceintro),ce) by !cclesiastics into the !nglish law/ Th,s in the stat,te*; 2en/ '/ c/ %?/ Msymbol omitte) / %/ _<onstit,tions_ an)

_or)inances_9 are ,se) as synonimo,s/ The term _constit,tion_ hasmany other signi>cations in -hysics an) in -olitics0 b,t in

J,ris-r,)ence( whenever it is a--lie) to any act of the legislat,re( it invariably means a stat,te( law( or or)inance( which is the -resent case/ No inference then of a )i erent meaning can be )rawn from thea)o-tion of this title3 on the contrary( we might concl,)e( that( by their a 5ing to it a term synonimo,s with or)inance( or stat,te( they



meant it to be an or)inance or stat,te/ F,t of what conse=,ence istheir meaning( where their -ower is )enie)6 #f they meant to )o morethan they ha) -ower to )o( )i) this give them -ower6 #t is not thename( b,t the a,thority which ren)ers an act obligatory/ Lor) <o8esays( an article of the stat,te %% "/ */ c/ ;/ that no -erson sho,l)attem-t to revo8e any or)inance then ma)e( is re-eale)( for that s,ch restraint is against the j,ris)iction an) -ower of the -arliament/9@/ inst/ @*/ an) again( tho,gh )ivers -arliaments have attem-te) torestrain s,bse=,ent -arliaments( yet co,l) they never e ect it0 for the latter -arliament hath ever -ower to abrogate( s,s-en)( =,alify(e5-lain( or ma8e voi) the former in the whole or in any -art thereof(notwithstan)ing any wor)s of restraint( -rohibition( or -enalty( in theformer3 for it is a ma5im in the laws of the -arliament( =,o) leges

-osteriores -riores contrarias abrogant/9 @/ inst/ @:/ EE To get ri) of themagic s,--ose) to be in the wor) _constit,tion_( let ,s translate it

into its )e>nition as given by those who thin8 it above the -ower of the law0 an) let ,s s,--ose the convention instea) of saying( 7e(the or)inary legislat,re( establish a _constit,tion_(9 ha) sai)( 7e( theor)inary legislat,re( establish an act _above the -ower of theor)inary legislat,re/_9 oes not this e5-ose the abs,r)ity of theattem-t6 :/ F,t( say they( the -eo-le have ac=,iesce)( an) this hasgiven it an a,thority s,-erior to the laws/ #t is tr,e( that the -eo-le)i) not rebel against it3 an) was that a time for the -eo-le to rise inrebellion6 Sho,l) a -r,)ent ac=,iescence( at a critical time( beconstr,e) into a con>rmation of every illegal thing )one ),ring that

-erio)6 Fesi)es( why sho,l) they rebel6 At an ann,al election( they ha) chosen )elegates for the year( to e5ercise the or)inary -owers of legislation( an) to manage the great contest in which they wereengage)/ These )elegates tho,ght the contest wo,l) be best manage) by an organi1e) government/ They therefore( amongothers( -asse) an or)inance of government/ They )i) not -res,me tocall it -er-et,al an) ,nalterable/ They well 8new they ha) no -ower to ma8e it so0 that o,r choice of them ha) been for no s,ch -,r-ose(an) at a time when we co,l) have no s,ch -,r-ose in contem-lation/2a) an ,nalterable form of government been me)itate)( -erha-s wesho,l) have chosen a )i erent set of -eo-le/ There was no ca,sethen for the -eo-le to rise in rebellion/ F,t to what )angero,s lengthswill this arg,ment lea)6 i) the ac=,iescence of the colonies ,n)er the vario,s acts of -ower e5ercise) by GreatEFritain in o,r infant state( con>rm these acts( an) so far invest them with the a,thority of the -eo-le as to ren)er them ,nalterable( an) o,r -resent resistancewrong6 Bn every ,na,thoritative e5ercise of -ower by the legislat,re(m,st the -eo-le rise in rebellion( or their silence be constr,e) into as,rren)er of that -ower to them6 #f so( how many rebellions sho,l)we have ha) alrea)y6 Bne certainly for every session of assembly/The other states in the 4nion have been of o-inion( that to ren)er aform of government ,nalterable by or)inary acts of assembly( the

-eo-le m,st )elegate -ersons with s-ecial -owers/ They have





s,rely the -eo-le will say( an) their re-resentatives( while yet they have honest re-resentatives( will a)vise them to say( that they willnot ac8nowle)ge as laws any acts not consi)ere) an) assente) to by the major -art of their )elegates/

#n en,merating the )efects of the constit,tion( it wo,l) be wrong

to co,nt among them what is only the error of -artic,lar -ersons/ #necember %&&C( o,r circ,mstances being m,ch )istresse)( it was -ro-ose) in the ho,se of )elegates to create a _)ictator_( investe)with every -ower legislative( e5ec,tive an) j,)iciary( civil an)military( of life an) of )eath( over o,r -ersons an) over o,r

-ro-erties3 an) in J,ne %&'%( again ,n)er calamity( the same -ro-osition was re-eate)( an) wante) a few votes only of being -asse)/ EE Bne who entere) into this contest from a -,re love of liberty( an) a sense of inj,re) rights( who )etermine) to ma8e every sacri>ce( an) to meet every )anger( for the reEestablishment of those

rights on a >rm basis( who )i) not mean to e5-en) his bloo) an)s,bstance for the wretche) -,r-ose of changing this master for that(b,t to -lace the -owers of governing him in a -l,rality of han)s of hisown choice( so that the corr,-t will of no one man might in f,t,reo--ress him( m,st stan) confo,n)e) an) )ismaye) when he is tol)(that a consi)erable -ortion of that -l,rality ha) me)itate) thes,rren)er of them into a single han)( an)( in lie, of a limite)monarch( to )eliver him over to a )es-otic oneO 2ow m,st we >n) hise orts an) sacri>ces ab,se) an) baRe)( if he may still by a singlevote be lai) -rostrate at the feet of one manO #n Go)9s name( fromwhence have they )erive) this -ower6 #s it from o,r ancient laws6None s,ch can be -ro),ce)/ #s it from any -rinci-le in o,r newconstit,tion( e5-resse) or im-lie)6 !very lineament of that e5-resse)or im-lie)( is in f,ll o--osition to it/ #ts f,n)amental -rinci-le is( that the state shall be governe) as a commonwealth/ #t -rovi)es are-,blican organi1ation( -roscribes ,n)er the name of _-rerogative_ the e5ercise of all -owers ,n)e>ne) by the laws0 -laces on this basisthe whole system of o,r laws0 an)( by consoli)ating them together(ch,ses that they shall be left to stan) or fall together( never -rovi)ingfor any circ,mstances( nor a)mitting that s,ch co,l) arise( whereineither sho,l) be s,s-en)e)( no( not for a moment/ B,r antient lawse5-ressly )eclare( that those who are b,t )elegates themselves shallnot )elegate to others -owers which re=,ire j,)gment an) integrity in their e5ercise/ EE Br was this -ro-osition move) on a s,--ose)right in the movers of aban)oning their -osts in a moment of )istress6 The same laws forbi) the aban)onment of that -ost( evenon or)inary occasions0 an) m,ch more a transfer of their -owers intoother han)s an) other forms( witho,t cons,lting the -eo-le/ They never a)mit the i)ea that these( li8e shee- or cattle( may be givenfrom han) to han) witho,t an a--eal to their own will/ EE 7as it fromthe necessity of the case6 Necessities which )issolve a government()o not convey its a,thority to an oligarchy or a monarchy/ They throw



bac8( into the han)s of the -eo-le( the -owers they ha) )elegate)(an) leave them as in)ivi),als to shift for themselves/ A lea)er may o er( b,t not im-ose himself( nor be im-ose) on them/ $,ch less cantheir nec8s be s,bmitte) to his swor)( their breath be hel) at his willor ca-rice/ The necessity which sho,l) o-erate these tremen)o,se ects sho,l) at least be -al-able an) irresistible/ Yet in bothinstances( where it was feare)( or -reten)e) with ,s( it was belie) by the event/ #t was belie) too by the -rece)ing e5-erience of o,r sister states( several of whom ha) gra--le) thro,gh greater )i c,ltieswitho,t aban)oning their forms of government/ 7hen the -ro-ositionwas >rst ma)e( $assach,sets ha) fo,n) even the government of committees s, cient to carry them thro,gh an invasion/ F,t we at the time of that -ro-osition were ,n)er no invasion/ 7hen the secon)was ma)e( there ha) been a))e) to this e5am-le those of "ho)eE#slan)( NewEYor8( NewEJersey( an) Pennsylvania( in all of which the

re-,blican form ha) been fo,n) e=,al to the tas8 of carrying themthro,gh the severest trials/ #n this state alone )i) there e5ist so littlevirt,e( that fear was to be >5e) in the hearts of the -eo-le( an) tobecome the motive of their e5ertions an) the -rinci-le of their government6 The very tho,ght alone was treason against the -eo-le0was treason against man8in) in general0 as rivetting for ever thechains which bow )own their nec8s( by giving to their o--ressors a

-roof( which they wo,l) have tr,m-ete) thro,gh the ,niverse( of theimbecility of re-,blican government( in times of -ressing )anger( toshiel) them from harm/ Those who ass,me the right of giving away

the reins of government in any case( m,st be s,re that the her)(whom they han) on to the ro)s an) hatchet of the )ictator( will lay their nec8s on the bloc8 when he shall no) to them/ F,t if o,r assemblies s,--ose) s,ch a resignation in the -eo-le( # ho-e they mistoo8 their character/ # am of o-inion( that the government( instea)of being brace) an) invigorate) for greater e5ertions ,n)er their )i c,lties( wo,l) have been thrown bac8 ,-on the b,nglingmachinery of co,nty committees for a)ministration( till a conventionco,l) have been calle)( an) its wheels again set into reg,lar motion/7hat a cr,el moment was this for creating s,ch an embarrassment(for -,tting to the -roof the attachment of o,r co,ntrymen tore-,blican governmentO Those who meant well( of the a)vocates for this meas,re( Man) most of them meant well( for # 8now them

-ersonally( ha) been their fellowElabo,rers in the common ca,se( an)ha) often -rove) the -,rity of their -rinci-les ( ha) been se),ce) intheir j,)gment by the e5am-le of an ancient re-,blic( whoseconstit,tion an) circ,mstances were f,n)amentally )i erent/ They ha) so,ght this -rece)ent in the history of "ome( where alone it wasto be fo,n)( an) where at length too it ha) -rove) fatal/ They ha)ta8en it from a re-,blic( rent by the most bitter factions an) t,m,lts(where the government was of a heavyEhan)e) ,nfeeling aristocracy(over a -eo-le ferocio,s( an) ren)ere) )es-erate by -overty an)wretche)ness0 t,m,lts which co,l) not be allaye) ,n)er the most



trying circ,mstances( b,t by the omni-otent han) of a single )es-ot/Their constit,tion therefore allowe) a tem-orary tyrant to be erecte)(,n)er the name of a ictator0 an) that tem-orary tyrant( after a fewe5am-les( became -er-et,al/ They misa--lie) this -rece)ent to a

-eo-le( mil) in their )is-ositions( -atient ,n)er their trial( ,nite) for the -,blic liberty( an) a ectionate to their lea)ers/ F,t if from theconstit,tion of the "oman government there res,lte) to their Senatea -ower of s,bmitting all their rights to the will of one man( )oes it follow( that the assembly of Virginia have the same a,thority6 7hat cla,se in o,r constit,tion has s,bstit,te) that of "ome( by way of resi),ary -rovision( for all cases not otherwise -rovi)e) for6 Br if they may ste- a) libit,m into any other form of government for

-rece)ents to r,le ,s by( for what o--ression may not a -rece)ent befo,n) in this worl) of the bell,m omni,m in omnia6 EE Searching for the fo,n)ations of this -ro-osition( # can >n) none which may

-reten) a colo,r of right or reason( b,t the )efect before )evelo-e)(that there being no barrier between the legislative( e5ec,tive( an) j,)iciary )e-artments( the legislat,re may sei1e the whole3 that having sei1e) it( an) -ossessing a right to >5 their own =,or,m( they may re),ce that =,or,m to one( whom they may call a chairman(s-ea8er( )ictator( or by any other name they -lease/ EE B,r sit,ationis in)ee) -erilo,s( an) # ho-e my co,ntrymen will be sensible of it(an) will a--ly( at a -ro-er season( the -ro-er reme)y0 which is aconvention to >5 the constit,tion( to amen) its )efects( to bin) ,-the several branches of government by certain laws( which when

they transgress their acts shall become n,llities0 to ren)er ,nnecessary an a--eal to the -eo-le( or in other wor)s a rebellion(on every infraction of their rights( on the -eril that their ac=,iescenceshall be constr,e) into an intention to s,rren)er those rights/

M % Art/ @/M * Art/ &/M : Art/ '/M @ Art/ '/M ; Bf these( ;@* are on the !astern shore/M C Bf these( **(C%C are !astwar) of the meri)ian of the mo,th

of the Great Hanhaway/M & To _bi)_( to _set_( was the antient legislative wor) of the

!nglish/ Ll/ 2lotharii Q !a)rici/ Ll/ #nae/ Ll/ !a)wer)i/ Ll/ Aathelstani/M ' Fro/ abr/ <or-orations/ :%/:@/ 2a8ewell( ?:/M ? P, / B / hom/ l/ */ c/ C/ %*/M %D J,ne @( %&'%/+4!"Y #V

_The a)ministration of j,stice an) )escri-tion of the laws6_Laws



The state is )ivi)e) into co,nties/ #n every co,nty are a--ointe)magistrates( calle) j,stices of the -eace( ,s,ally from eight to thirty or forty in n,mber( in -ro-ortion to the si1e of the co,nty( of the most )iscreet an) honest inhabitants/ They are nominate) by their fellows(b,t commissione) by the governor( an) act witho,t rewar)/ Thesemagistrates have j,ris)iction both criminal an) civil/ #f the =,estionbefore them be a =,estion of law only( they )eci)e on it themselves3b,t if it be of fact( or of fact an) law combine)( it m,st be referre) toa j,ry/ #n the latter case( of a combination of law an) fact( it is ,s,alfor the j,rors to )eci)e the fact( an) to refer the law arising on it tothe )ecision of the j,)ges/ F,t this )ivision of the s,bject lies withtheir )iscretion only/ An) if the =,estion relate to any -oint of -,blicliberty( or if it be one of those in which the j,)ges may be s,s-ecte)of bias( the j,ry ,n)erta8e to )eci)e both law an) fact/ #f they bemista8en( a )ecision against right( which is cas,al only( is less

)angero,s to the state( an) less aRicting to the loser( than one whichma8es -art of a reg,lar an) ,niform system/ #n tr,th( it is better totoss ,- cross an) -ile in a ca,se( than to refer it to a j,)ge whosemin) is war-e) by any motive whatever( in that -artic,lar case/ F,t the common sense of twelve honest men gives still a better chanceof j,st )ecision( than the ha1ar) of cross an) -ile/ These j,)gese5ec,te their -rocess by the sheri or coroner of the co,nty( or by constables of their own a--ointment/ #f any free -erson commit ano ence against the commonwealth( if it be below the )egree of felony( he is bo,n) by a j,stice to a--ear before their co,rt( to

answer it on in)ictment or information/ #f it amo,nt to felony( he iscommitte) to jail( a co,rt of these j,stices is calle)0 if they one5amination thin8 him g,ilty( they sen) him to the jail of the generalco,rt( before which co,rt he is to be trie) >rst by a gran) j,ry of *@(of whom %: m,st conc,r in o-inion3 if they >n) him g,ilty( he is thentrie) by a j,ry of %* men of the co,nty where the o ence wascommitte)( an) by their ver)ict( which m,st be ,nanimo,s( he isac=,itte) or con)emne) witho,t a--eal/ #f the criminal be a slave thetrial by the co,nty co,rt is >nal/ #n every case however( e5ce-t that of high treason( there resi)es in the governor a -ower of -ar)on/ #nhigh treason( the -ar)on can only Iow from the general assembly/ #ncivil matters these j,stices have j,ris)iction in all cases of whatever val,e( not a--ertaining to the )e-artment of the a)miralty/ This

j,ris)iction is twofol)/ #f the matter in )is-,te be of less val,e than @% C )ollars( a single member may try it at any time an) -lace withinhis co,nty( an) may awar) e5ec,tion on the goo)s of the -arty cast/#f it be of that or greater val,e( it is )eterminable before the co,nty co,rt( which consists of fo,r at the least of those j,stices( an)assembles at the co,rtEho,se of the co,nty on a certain )ay in every month/ .rom their )etermination( if the matter be of the val,e of ten

-o,n)s sterling( or concern the title or bo,n)s of lan)s( an a--eal liesto one of the s,-erior co,rts/



There are three s,-erior co,rts( to wit( the highEco,rt of chancery( the general co,rt( an) co,rt of a)miralty/ The >rst an)secon) of these receive a--eals from the co,nty co,rts( an) alsohave original j,ris)iction where the s,bject of controversy is of theval,e of ten -o,n)s sterling( or where it concerns the title or bo,n)sof lan)/ The j,ris)iction of the a)miralty is original altogether/ ThehighEco,rt of chancery is com-ose) of three j,)ges( the general co,rt of >ve( an) the co,rt of a)miralty of three/ The two >rst hol) their sessions at "ichmon) at state) times( the chancery twice in the year(an) the general co,rt twice for b,siness civil an) criminal( an) twicemore for criminal only/ The co,rt of a)miralty sits at 7illiamsb,rghwhenever a controversy arises/

There is one s,-reme co,rt( calle) the co,rt of a--eals(com-ose) of the j,)ges of the three s,-erior co,rts( assemblingtwice a year at state) times at "ichmon)/ This co,rt receives a--eals

in all civil cases from each of the s,-erior co,rts( an) )eterminesthem >nally/ F,t it has no original j,ris)iction/#f a controversy arise between two foreigners of a nation in

alliance with the 4nite) States( it is )eci)e) by the <ons,l for their State( or( if both -arties ch,se it( by the or)inary co,rts of j,stice/ #f one of the -arties only be s,ch a foreigner( it is triable before theco,rts of j,stice of the co,ntry/ F,t if it shall have been instit,te) in aco,nty co,rt( the foreigner may remove it into the general co,rt( or co,rt of chancery( who are to )etermine it at their >rst sessions( asthey m,st also )o if it be originally commence) before them/ #n casesof life an) )eath( s,ch foreigners have a right to be trie) by a j,ry(the one half foreigners( the other natives/

All -,blic acco,nts are settle) with a boar) of a,)itors(consisting of three members( a--ointe) by the general assembly( any two of whom may act/ F,t an in)ivi),al( )issatis>e) with the)etermination of that boar)( may carry his case into the -ro-er s,-erior co,rt/

A )escri-tion of the laws/The general assembly was constit,te)( as has been alrea)y

shewn( by lettersE-atent of $arch the ?th( %CD&( in the @th year of the reign of James the .irst/ The laws of !nglan) seem to have beena)o-te) by consent of the settlers( which might easily eno,gh be)one whilst they were few an) living all together/ Bf s,ch a)o-tionhowever we have no other -roof than their -ractice( till the year %CC%( when they were e5-ressly a)o-te) by an act of the assembly(e5ce-t so far as a )i erence of con)ition9 ren)ere) themina--licable/ 4n)er this a)o-tion( the r,le( in o,r co,rts of j,)icat,rewas( that the common law of !nglan)( an) the general stat,tes

-revio,s to the @th of James( were in force here0 b,t that nos,bse=,ent stat,tes were( _,nless we were name) in them_( sai) the j,)ges an) other -artisans of the crown( b,t _name) or not name)_(



sai) those who reIecte) freely/ #t will be ,nnecessary to attem-t a)escri-tion of the laws of !nglan)( as that may be fo,n) in !nglish

-,blications/ To those which were establishe) here( by the a)o-tionof the legislat,re( have been since a))e) a n,mber of acts of assembly -asse) ),ring the monarchy( an) or)inances of conventionan) acts of assembly enacte) since the establishment of the re-,blic/The following variations from the Fritish mo)el are -erha-s worthy of being s-eci>e)/

ebtors ,nable to -ay their )ebts( an) ma8ing faithf,l )elivery of their whole e ects( are release) from con>nement( an) their -ersonsfor ever )ischarge) from restraint for s,ch -revio,s )ebts3 b,t any

-ro-erty they may afterwar)s ac=,ire will be s,bject to their cre)itors/

The -oor( ,nable to s,--ort themselves( are maintaine) by anassessment on the titheable -ersons in their -arish/ This assessment is levie) an) a)ministere) by twelve -ersons in each -arish( calle)vestrymen( originally chosen by the ho,se8ee-ers of the -arish( b,t afterwar)s >lling vacancies in their own bo)y by their own choice/These are ,s,ally the most )iscreet farmers( so )istrib,te) thro,ghtheir -arish( that every -art of it may be ,n)er the imme)iate eye of some one of them/ They are well ac=,ainte) with the )etails an)0oeconomy of -rivate life( an) they >n) s, cient in),cements toe5ec,te their charge well( in their -hilanthro-y( in the a--robation of their neighbo,rs( an) the )istinction which that gives them/ The -oor who have neither -ro-erty( frien)s( nor strength to labo,r( areboar)e) in the ho,ses of goo) farmers( to whom a sti-,late) s,m isann,ally -ai)/ To those who are able to hel- themselves a little( or have frien)s from whom they )erive some s,cco,rs( ina)e=,atehowever to their f,ll maintenance( s,--lementory ai)s are given(which enable them to live comfortably in their own ho,ses( or in theho,ses of their frien)s/ Vagabon)s( witho,t visible -ro-erty or vocation( are -lace) in wor8ho,ses( where they are well cloathe)(fe)( lo)ge)( an) ma)e to labo,r/ Nearly the same metho) of

-rovi)ing for the -oor -revails thro,gh all o,r states0 an) from

Savannah to Portsmo,th yo, will sel)om meet a beggar/ #n the larger towns in)ee) they sometimes -resent themselves/ These are ,s,ally foreigners( who have never obtaine) a settlement in any -arish/ #never yet saw a native American begging in the streets or highways/

A s,bsistence is easily gaine) here3 an) if( by misfort,nes( they arethrown on the charities of the worl)( those -rovi)e) by their ownco,ntry are so comfortable an) so certain( that they never thin8 of relin=,ishing them to become strolling beggars/ Their sit,ation too(when sic8( in the family of a goo) farmer( where every member isem,lo,s to )o them 8in) o ces( where they are visite) by all the

neighbo,rs( who bring them the little rarities which their sic8ly a--etites may crave( an) who ta8e by rotation the nightly watch over them( when their con)ition re=,ires it( is witho,t com-arison better



than in a general hos-ital( where the sic8( the )ying( an) the )ea)are cramme) together( in the same rooms( an) often in the samebe)s/ The )isa)vantages( inse-arable from general hos-itals( ares,ch as can never be co,nter-oise) by all the reg,larities of me)icine an) regimen/ Nat,re an) 8in) n,rsing save a m,ch greater

-ro-ortion in o,r -lain way( at a smaller e5-ence( an) with lessab,se/ Bne branch only of hos-ital instit,tion is wanting with ,s0 that is( a general establishment for those labo,ring ,n)er )i c,lt cases of chir,rgery/ The ai)s of this art are not e=,ivocal/ F,t an ablechir,rgeon cannot be ha) in every -arish/ S,ch a rece-tacle sho,l)therefore be -rovi)e) for those -atients3 b,t no others sho,l) bea)mitte)/

$arriages m,st be solemni1e) either on s-ecial licence( grante)by the >rst magistrate of the co,nty( on -roof of the consent of the

-arent or g,ar)ian of either -arty ,n)er age( or after solemn

-,blication( on three several S,n)ays( at some -lace of religio,sworshi-( in the -arishes where the -arties resi)e/ The act of solemni1ation may be by the minister of any society of <hristians(who shall have been -revio,sly license) for this -,r-ose by the co,rt of the co,nty/ +,a8ers an) $enonists however are e5em-te) from allthese con)itions( an) marriage among them is to be solemni1e) by the society itself/

A foreigner of any nation( not in o-en war with ,s( becomesnat,rali1e) by removing to the state to resi)e( an) ta8ing an oath of >)elity3 an) there,-on ac=,ires every right of a native citi1en3 an)citi1ens may )ivest themselves of that character( by )eclaring( by solemn )ee)( or in o-en co,rt( that they mean to e5-atriatethemselves( an) no longer to be citi1ens of this state/

<onveyances of lan) m,st be registere) in the co,rt of theco,nty wherein they lie( or in the general co,rt( or they are voi)( asto cre)itors( an) s,bse=,ent -,rchasers/

Slaves -ass by )escent an) )ower as lan)s )o/ 7here the)escent is from a -arent( the heir is bo,n) to -ay an e=,al share of their val,e in money to each of his brothers an) sisters/

Slaves( as well as lan)s( were entailable ),ring the monarchy3b,t( by an act of the >rst re-,blican assembly( all )onees in tail(

-resent an) f,t,re( were veste) with the absol,te )ominion of theentaile) s,bject/

Fills of e5change( being -roteste)( carry %D -er cent/ interest from their )ate/

No -erson is allowe)( in any other case( to ta8e more than >ve -er cent/ -er ann,m sim-le interest( for the loan of monies/

Gaming )ebts are ma)e voi)( an) monies act,ally -ai) to)ischarge s,ch )ebts Mif they e5cee)e) @D shillings may be





crown( thereafter( ma)e general -,rchases of the #n)ians from timeto time( an) the governor -arcelle) them o,t by s-ecial grants(conforme) to the r,les before )escribe)( which it was not in his

-ower( or in that of the crown( to )is-ense with/ Grants(,naccom-anie) by their -ro-er legal circ,mstances( were set asi)ereg,larly by _scire facias_( or by bill in <hancery/ Since theestablishment of o,r new government( this or)er of things is b,t littlechange)/ An in)ivi),al( wishing to a--ro-riate to himself lan)s still,na--ro-riate) by any other( -ays to the -,blic treas,rer a s,m of money -ro-ortione) to the =,antity he wants/ 2e carries thetreas,rer9s recei-t to the a,)itors of -,blic accom-ts( who there,-on)ebit the treas,rer with the s,m( an) or)er the register of the lan)Eo ce to give the -arty a warrant for his lan)/ 7ith this warrant fromthe register( he goes to the s,rveyor of the co,nty where the lan) lieson which he has cast his eye/ The s,rveyor lays it o for him( gives

him its e5act )escri-tion( in the form of a certi>cate( which certi>catehe ret,rns to the lan)Eo ce( where a grant is ma)e o,t( an) issigne) by the governor/ This vests in him a -erfect )ominion in hislan)s( transmissible to whom he -leases by )ee) or will( or by )escent to his heirs if he )ie intestate/

$any of the laws which were in force ),ring the monarchy beingrelative merely to that form of government( or inc,lcating -rinci-lesinconsistent with re-,blicanism( the >rst assembly which met after the establishment of the commonwealth a--ointe) a committee torevise the whole co)e( to re),ce it into -ro-er form an) vol,me( an)re-ort it to the assembly/ This wor8 has been e5ec,te) by threegentlemen( an) re-orte)0 b,t -robably will not be ta8en ,- till arestoration of -eace shall leave to the legislat,re leis,re to gothro,gh s,ch a wor8/

The -lan of the revisal was this/ The common law of !nglan)( by which is meant( that -art of the !nglish law which was anterior to the)ate of the ol)est stat,tes e5tant( is ma)e the basis of the wor8/ #t was tho,ght )angero,s to attem-t to re),ce it to a te5t3 it wastherefore left to be collecte) from the ,s,al mon,ments of it/

Necessary alterations in that( an) so m,ch of the whole bo)y of theFritish stat,tes( an) of acts of assembly( as were tho,ght -ro-er tobe retaine)( were )igeste) into %*C new acts( in which sim-licity of stile was aime) at( as far as was safe/ The following are the most remar8able alterations -ro-ose)3

To change the r,les of )escent( so as that the lan)s of any -erson )ying intestate shall be )ivisible e=,ally among all hischil)ren( or other re-resentatives( in e=,al )egree/

To ma8e slaves )istrib,table among the ne5t of 8in( as other moveables/

To have all -,blic e5-ences( whether of the general treas,ry( or of a -arish or co,nty( Mas for the maintenance of the -oor( b,il)ing



bri)ges( co,rtEho,ses( Qc/ s,--lie) by assessments on the citi1ens(in -ro-ortion to their -ro-erty/

To hire ,n)erta8ers for 8ee-ing the -,blic roa)s in re-air( an)in)emnify in)ivi),als thro,gh whose lan)s new roa)s shall beo-ene)/

To )e>ne with -recision the r,les whereby aliens sho,l) becomeciti1ens( an) citi1ens ma8e themselves aliens/To establish religio,s free)om on the broa)est bottom/To emanci-ate all slaves born after -assing the act/ The bill

re-orte) by the revisors )oes not itself contain this -ro-osition0 b,t an amen)ment containing it was -re-are)( to be o ere) to thelegislat,re whenever the bill sho,l) be ta8en ,-( an) f,rther )irecting( that they sho,l) contin,e with their -arents to a certainage( then be bro,ght ,-( at the -,blic e5-ence( to tillage( arts or

sciences( accor)ing to their geni,sses( till the females sho,l) beeighteen( an) the males twentyEone years of age( when they sho,l)be coloni1e) to s,ch -lace as the circ,mstances of the time sho,l)ren)er most -ro-er( sen)ing them o,t with arms( im-lements of ho,shol) an) of the han)icraft arts( fee)s( -airs of the ,sef,l)omestic animals( Qc/ to )eclare them a free an) in)e-en)ant

-eo-le( an) e5ten) to them o,r alliance an) -rotection( till they shallhave ac=,ire) strength0 an) to sen) vessels at the same time toother -arts of the worl) for an e=,al n,mber of white inhabitants0 toin),ce whom to migrate hither( -ro-er enco,ragements were to be

-ro-ose)/ #t will -robably be as8e)( 7hy not retain an) incor-oratethe blac8s into the state( an) th,s save the e5-ence of s,--lying( by im-ortation of white settlers( the vacancies they will leave6 ee-roote) -rej,)ices entertaine) by the whites0 ten tho,san)recollections( by the blac8s( of the inj,ries they have s,staine)0 new

-rovocations0 the real )istinctions which nat,re has ma)e0 an) many other circ,mstances( will )ivi)e ,s into -arties( an) -ro),ceconv,lsions which will -robably never en) b,t in the e5termination of the one or the other race/ EE To these objections( which are -olitical(may be a))e) others( which are -hysical an) moral/ The >rst )i erence which stri8es ,s is that of colo,r/ 7hether the blac8 of thenegro resi)es in the retic,lar membrane between the s8in an) scarfEs8in( or in the scarfEs8in itself0 whether it -rocee)s from the colo,r of the bloo)( the colo,r of the bile( or from that of some other secretion(the )i erence is >5e) in nat,re( an) is as real as if its seat an) ca,sewere better 8nown to ,s/ An) is this )i erence of no im-ortance6 #s it not the fo,n)ation of a greater or less share of bea,ty in the tworaces6 Are not the >ne mi5t,res of re) an) white( the e5-ressions of every -assion by greater or less s, ,sions of colo,r in the one(

-referable to that eternal monotony( which reigns in theco,ntenances( that immoveable veil of blac8 which covers all theemotions of the other race6 A)) to these( Iowing hair( a moreelegant symmetry of form( their own j,)gment in favo,r of the



whites( )eclare) by their -reference of them( as ,niformly as is the -reference of the Branootan for the blac8 women over those of hisown s-ecies/ The circ,mstance of s,-erior bea,ty( is tho,ght worthy attention in the -ro-agation of o,r horses( )ogs( an) other )omesticanimals0 why not in that of man6 Fesi)es those of colo,r( >g,re( an)hair( there are other -hysical )istinctions -roving a )i erence of race/They have less hair on the face an) bo)y/ They secrete less by the8i)nies( an) more by the glan)s of the s8in( which gives them a very strong an) )isagreeable o)o,r/ This greater )egree of trans-irationren)ers them more tolerant of heat( an) less so of col)( than thewhites/ Perha-s too a )i erence of str,ct,re in the -,lmonary a--arat,s( which a late ingenio,s M % e5-erimentalist has)iscovere) to be the -rinci-al reg,lator of animal heat( may have)isable) them from e5tricating( in the act of ins-iration( so m,ch of that I,i) from the o,ter air( or oblige) them in e5-iration( to -art

with more of it/ They seem to re=,ire less slee-/ A blac8( after har)labo,r thro,gh the )ay( will be in),ce) by the slightest am,sementsto sit ,- till mi)night( or later( tho,gh 8nowing he m,st be o,t withthe >rst )awn of the morning/ They are at least as brave( an) morea)vent,resome/ F,t this may -erha-s -rocee) from a want of foretho,ght( which -revents their seeing a )anger till it be -resent/7hen -resent( they )o not go thro,gh it with more coolness or stea)iness than the whites/ They are more ar)ent after their female3b,t love seems with them to be more an eager )esire( than a ten)er )elicate mi5t,re of sentiment an) sensation/ Their griefs are

transient/ Those n,mberless aRictions( which ren)er it )o,btf,lwhether heaven has given life to ,s in mercy or in wrath( are less felt(an) sooner forgotten with them/ #n general( their e5istence a--earsto -artici-ate more of sensation than reIection/ To this m,st beascribe) their )is-osition to slee- when abstracte) from their )iversions( an) ,nem-loye) in labo,r/ An animal whose bo)y is at rest( an) who )oes not reIect( m,st be )is-ose) to slee- of co,rse/<om-aring them by their fac,lties of memory( reason( an)imagination( it a--ears to me( that in memory they are e=,al to thewhites0 in reason m,ch inferior( as # thin8 one co,l) scarcely be fo,n)ca-able of tracing an) com-rehen)ing the investigations of !,cli)0an) that in imagination they are ),ll( tasteless( an) anomalo,s/ #t wo,l) be ,nfair to follow them to Africa for this investigation/ 7e willconsi)er them here( on the same stage with the whites( an) wherethe facts are not a-ocry-hal on which a j,)gment is to be forme)/ #t will be right to ma8e great allowances for the )i erence of con)ition(of e),cation( of conversation( of the s-here in which they move/$any millions of them have been bro,ght to( an) born in America/$ost of them in)ee) have been con>ne) to tillage( to their ownhomes( an) their own society3 yet many have been so sit,ate)( that they might have availe) themselves of the conversation of their masters0 many have been bro,ght ,- to the han)icraft arts( an) fromthat circ,mstance have always been associate) with the whites/



Some have been liberally e),cate)( an) all have live) in co,ntrieswhere the arts an) sciences are c,ltivate) to a consi)erable )egree(an) have ha) before their eyes sam-les of the best wor8s fromabroa)/ The #n)ians( with no a)vantages of this 8in)( will often carve>g,res on their -i-es not )estit,te of )esign an) merit/ They willcrayon o,t an animal( a -lant( or a co,ntry( so as to -rove thee5istence of a germ in their min)s which only wants c,ltivation/ They astonish yo, with stro8es of the most s,blime oratory0 s,ch as -rovetheir reason an) sentiment strong( their imagination glowing an)elevate)/ F,t never yet co,l) # >n) that a blac8 ha) ,ttere) atho,ght above the level of -lain narration0 never see even anelementary trait of -ainting or sc,l-t,re/ #n m,sic they are moregenerally gifte) than the whites with acc,rate ears for t,ne an) time(an) they have been fo,n) ca-able of imagining a small catch M * /7hether they will be e=,al to the com-osition of a more e5tensive

r,n of melo)y( or of com-licate) harmony( is yet to be -rove)/ $isery is often the -arent of the most a ecting to,ches in -oetry/ EE Amongthe blac8s is misery eno,gh( Go) 8nows( b,t no -oetry/ Love is the

-ec,liar 0oestr,m of the -oet/ Their love is ar)ent( b,t it 8in)les thesenses only( not the imagination/ "eligion in)ee) has -ro),ce) aPhyllis 7hately0 b,t it co,l) not -ro),ce a -oet/ The com-ositions

-,blishe) ,n)er her name are below the )ignity of criticism/ Theheroes of the ,ncia) are to her( as 2erc,les to the a,thor of that

-oem/ #gnati,s Sancho has a--roache) nearer to merit incom-osition0 yet his letters )o more hono,r to the heart than the

hea)/ They breathe the -,rest e ,sions of frien)shi- an) general -hilanthro-y( an) shew how great a )egree of the latter may becom-o,n)e) with strong religio,s 1eal/ 2e is often ha--y in the t,rnof his com-liments( an) his stile is easy an) familiar( e5ce-t when hea ects a Shan)ean fabrication of wor)s/ F,t his imagination is wil)an) e5travagant( esca-es incessantly from every restraint of reasonan) taste( an)( in the co,rse of its vagaries( leaves a tract of tho,ght as incoherent an) eccentric( as is the co,rse of a meteor thro,gh thes8y/ 2is s,bjects sho,l) often have le) him to a -rocess of sober reasoning3 yet we >n) him always s,bstit,ting sentiment for )emonstration/ 4-on the whole( tho,gh we a)mit him to the >rst

-lace among those of his own colo,r who have -resente) themselvesto the -,blic j,)gment( yet when we com-are him with the writers of the race among whom he live)( an) -artic,larly with the e-istolary class( in which he has ta8en his own stan)( we are com-elle) toenroll him at the bottom of the col,mn/ This criticism s,--oses theletters -,blishe) ,n)er his name to be gen,ine( an) to have receive)amen)ment from no other han)0 -oints which wo,l) not be of easy investigation/ The im-rovement of the blac8s in bo)y an) min)( inthe >rst instance of their mi5t,re with the whites( has been observe)by every one( an) -roves that their inferiority is not the e ect merely of their con)ition of life/ 7e 8now that among the "omans( abo,t the

A,g,stan age es-ecially( the con)ition of their slaves was m,ch more



)e-lorable than that of the blac8s on the continent of America/ Thetwo se5es were con>ne) in se-arate a-artments( beca,se to raise achil) cost the master more than to b,y one/ <ato( for a very restricte) in),lgence to his slaves in this -artic,lar( M : too8 fromthem a certain -rice/ F,t in this co,ntry the slaves m,lti-ly as fast asthe free inhabitants/ Their sit,ation an) manners -lace thecommerce between the two se5es almost witho,t restraint/ EE Thesame <ato( on a -rinci-le of 0oeconomy( always sol) his sic8 an)s,-erann,ate) slaves/ 2e gives it as a stan)ing -rece-t to a master visiting his farm( to sell his ol) o5en( ol) waggons( ol) tools( ol) an))isease) servants( an) every thing else become ,seless/ Ven)at boves vet,los( -la,str,m vet,s( ferramenta vetera( serv,m senem(serv,m morbos,m( Q si =,i) ali,) s,-ersit ven)at/9 <ato )e rer,stica/ c/ */ The American slaves cannot en,merate this among theinj,ries an) ins,lts they receive/ #t was the common -ractice to

e5-ose in the islan)S,et/ <la,)/ *;/of Aesc,la-i,s( in the Tyber( )isease) slaves( whose c,re was li8e

to become te)io,s/ The !m-eror <la,)i,s( by an e)ict( gave free)omto s,ch of them as sho,l) recover( an) >rst )eclare)( that if any

-erson chose to 8ill rather than to e5-ose them( it sho,l) be )eeme)homici)e/ The e5-osing them is a crime of which no instance hase5iste) with ,s0 an) were it to be followe) by )eath( it wo,l) be

-,nishe) ca-itally/ 7e are tol) of a certain Ve)i,s Pollio( who( in the -resence of A,g,st,s( wo,l) have given a slave as foo) to his >sh(for having bro8en a glass/ 7ith the "omans( the reg,lar metho) of ta8ing the evi)ence of their slaves was ,n)er tort,re/ 2ere it hasbeen tho,ght better never to resort to their evi)ence/ 7hen a master was m,r)ere)( all his slaves( in the same ho,se( or within hearing(were con)emne) to )eath/ 2ere -,nishment falls on the g,ilty only(an) as -recise -roof is re=,ire) against him as against a freeman/ Yet notwithstan)ing these an) other )isco,raging circ,mstances amongthe "omans( their slaves were often their rarest artists/ They e5celle)too in science( insom,ch as to be ,s,ally em-loye) as t,tors to their

master9s chil)ren/ !-ictet,s( Terence( an) Phae)r,s( were slaves/ F,t they were of the race of whites/ #t is not their con)ition then( b,t nat,re( which has -ro),ce) the )istinction/ EE 7hether f,rther observation will or will not verify the conject,re( that nat,re has beenless bo,ntif,l to them in the en)owments of the hea)( # believe that in those of the heart she will be fo,n) to have )one them j,stice/That )is-osition to theft with which they have been bran)e)( m,st beascribe) to their sit,ation( an) not to any )e-ravity of the moralsense/ The man( in whose favo,r no laws of -ro-erty e5ist( -robably feels himself less bo,n) to res-ect those ma)e in favo,r of others/

7hen arg,ing for o,rselves( we lay it )own as a f,n)amental( that laws( to be j,st( m,st give a reci-rocation of right3 that( witho,t this(they are mere arbitrary r,les of con),ct( fo,n)e) in force( an) not in



conscience3 an) it is a -roblem which # give to the master to solve(whether the religio,s -rece-ts against the violation of -ro-erty werenot frame) for him as well as his slave6 An) whether the slave may not as j,sti>ably ta8e a little from one( who has ta8en all from him( ashe may slay one who wo,l) slay him6 That a change in the relationsin which a man is -lace) sho,l) change his i)eas of moral right an)wrong( is neither new( nor -ec,liar to the colo,r of the blac8s/ 2omer tells ,s it was so *CDD years ago/

X9!misy( ga1 t9 aretes a-oainylai eyryth-a Keys Aneros( eyt( an min 8ata )olion ema1 elesin/ _B)_/ %&/ :*:/ Jove >59) it certain( that whatever )ay$a8es man a slave( ta8es half his worth away/F,t the slaves of which 2omer s-ea8s were whites/

Notwithstan)ing these consi)erations which m,st wea8en their res-ect for the laws of -ro-erty( we >n) among them n,mero,sinstances of the most rigi) integrity( an) as many as among their better instr,cte) masters( of benevolence( gratit,)e( an) ,nsha8en>)elity/ EE The o-inion( that they are inferior in the fac,lties of reasonan) imagination( m,st be ha1ar)e) with great )i )ence/ To j,stify ageneral concl,sion( re=,ires many observations( even where thes,bject may be s,bmitte) to the Anatomical 8nife( to B-tical glasses(to analysis by >re( or by solvents/ 2ow m,ch more then where it is afac,lty( not a s,bstance( we are e5amining0 where it el,)es theresearch of all the senses0 where the con)itions of its e5istence arevario,s an) vario,sly combine)0 where the e ects of those which are

-resent or absent bi) )e>ance to calc,lation0 let me a)) too( as acirc,mstance of great ten)erness( where o,r concl,sion wo,l))egra)e a whole race of men from the ran8 in the scale of beingswhich their <reator may -erha-s have given them/ To o,r re-roach it m,st be sai)( that tho,gh for a cent,ry an) a half we have ha) ,n)er o,r eyes the races of blac8 an) of re) men( they have never yet beenviewe) by ,s as s,bjects of nat,ral history/ # a)vance it therefore as a

s,s-icion only( that the blac8s( whether originally a )istinct race( or ma)e )istinct by time an) circ,mstances( are inferior to the whites inthe en)owments both of bo)y an) min)/ #t is not against e5-erienceto s,--ose( that )i erent s-ecies of the same gen,s( or varieties of the same s-ecies( may -ossess )i erent =,ali>cations/ 7ill not alover of nat,ral history then( one who views the gra)ations in all theraces of animals with the eye of -hiloso-hy( e5c,se an e ort to 8ee-those in the )e-artment of man as )istinct as nat,re has forme)them6 This ,nfort,nate )i erence of colo,r( an) -erha-s of fac,lty( isa -owerf,l obstacle to the emanci-ation of these -eo-le/ $any of

their a)vocates( while they wish to vin)icate the liberty of h,mannat,re( are an5io,s also to -reserve its )ignity an) bea,ty/ Some of these( embarrasse) by the =,estion 7hat f,rther is to be )one with



them69 join themselves in o--osition with those who are act,ate) by sor)i) avarice only/ Among the "omans emanci-ation re=,ire) b,t one e ort/ The slave( when ma)e free( might mi5 with( witho,t staining the bloo) of his master/ F,t with ,s a secon) is necessary(,n8nown to history/ 7hen free)( he is to be remove) beyon) thereach of mi5t,re/

The revise) co)e f,rther -ro-oses to -ro-ortion crimes an) -,nishments/ This is attem-te) on the following scale/

#/ <rimes whose -,nishment e5ten)s to _Life/_%/ 2igh treason/ eath by hanging/.orfeit,re of lan)s an) goo)s to thecommonwealth/*/ Petty treason/ eath by hanging/ issection/.orfeit,re of half the lan)s an) goo)s to there-resentatives of the -arty slain/:/ $,r)er/%/ by -oison/ eath by -oison/.orfeit,re of oneEhalf as before/*/ in ,el/ eath by hanging/ Gibbeting( if the challenger/.orfeit,re of oneEhalf as before( ,nless it bethe -arty challenge)( then the forfeit,re is to

the commonwealth/:/ in any other way/ eath by hanging/.orfeit,re of oneEhalf as before/@/ $ansla,ghter/ The secon) o ence is m,r)er/##/ <rimes whose -,nishment goes to _Limb_/%/ "a-e( ismemberment/*/ So)omy( :/ $aiming( "etaliation( an) the forfeit,re of half the

@/ is>g,ring lan)s an) goo)s to the s, erer/###/ <rimes -,nishable by _Labo,r/_%/ $ansla,ghter( %st o ence/ Labo,r V##/ yearsfor the -,blic/.orfeit,re of half as in m,r)er/*/ <o,nterfeiting money/ Labo,r V#/ years/.orfeit,re of lan)s an) goo)s tothe commonwealth/:/ Arson/ Labo,r V/ years/@/ As-ortation of vessels/



"e-aration threeEfol)/;/ "obbery/ Labo,r #V/ years/C/ F,rglary/ "e-aration )o,ble/&/ 2o,sebrea8ing/ Labo,r ###/ years/'/ 2orseEstealing/ "e-aration/?/ Gran) Larcency/ Labo,r ##/ years/"e-aration/ Pillory/%D/ Petty Larcency/ Labo,r #/ year/"e-aration/ Pillory/%%/ Pretensions to witchEcraft( Qc/ ,c8ing/ Stri-es/

%*/ !5c,sable homici)e/ to be -itie)( not -,nishe)/%:/ S,ici)e/ %@/ A-ostacy/ 2eresy/ Par)on an) -rivilege of clergy are -ro-ose) to be abolishe)0 b,t

if the ver)ict be against the )efen)ant( the co,rt in their )iscretion(may allow a new trial/ No attain)er to ca,se a corr,-tion of bloo)( or forfeit,re of )ower/ Slaves g,ilty of o ences -,nishable in others by labo,r( to be trans-orte) to Africa( or elsewhere( as thecirc,mstances of the time a)mit( there to be contin,e) in slavery/ A

rigoro,s regimen -ro-ose) for those con)emne) to labo,r/ Another object of the revisal is( to )i ,se 8nowle)ge more

generally thro,gh the mass of the -eo-le/ This bill -ro-oses to lay o every co,nty into small )istricts of >ve or si5 miles s=,are( calle)h,n)re)s( an) in each of them to establish a school for teachingrea)ing( writing( an) arithmetic/ The t,tor to be s,--orte) by theh,n)re)( an) every -erson in it entitle) to sen) their chil)ren three

years gratis( an) as m,ch longer as they -lease( -aying for it/ Theseschools to be ,n)er a visitor( who is ann,ally to ch,se the boy( of best geni,s in the school( of those whose -arents are too -oor to givethem f,rther e),cation( an) to sen) him forwar) to one of thegrammar schools( of which twenty are -ro-ose) to be erecte) in)i erent -arts of the co,ntry( for teaching Gree8( Latin( geogra-hy(an) the higher branches of n,merical arithmetic/ Bf the boys th,ssent in any one year( trial is to be ma)e at the grammar schools oneor two years( an) the best geni,s of the whole selecte)( an)contin,e) si5 years( an) the resi),e )ismisse)/ Fy this means twenty of the best geni,sses will be ra8e) from the r,bbish ann,ally( an) beinstr,cte)( at the -,blic e5-ence( so far as the grammer schools go/

At the en) of si5 years instr,ction( one half are to be )iscontin,e)Mfrom among whom the grammar schools will -robably be s,--lie)with f,t,re masters 0 an) the other half( who are to be chosen for the





science/ F,t that time is not lost which is em-loye) in -rovi)ing toolsfor f,t,re o-eration3 more es-ecially as in this case the boo8s -,t into the han)s of the yo,th for this -,r-ose may be s,ch as will at the same time im-ress their min)s with ,sef,l facts an) goo)

-rinci-les/ #f this -erio) be s, ere) to -ass in i)leness( the min)becomes lethargic an) im-otent( as wo,l) the bo)y it inhabits if ,ne5ercise) ),ring the same time/ The sym-athy between bo)y an)min) ),ring their rise( -rogress an) )ecline( is too strict an) obvio,sto en)anger o,r being misle) while we reason from the one to theother/ EE As soon as they are of s, cient age( it is s,--ose) they willbe sent on from the grammar schools to the ,niversity( whichconstit,tes o,r thir) an) last stage( there to st,)y those scienceswhich may be a)a-te) to their views/ EE Fy that -art of o,r -lan which

-rescribes the selection of the yo,ths of geni,s from among theclasses of the -oor( we ho-e to avail the state of those talents which

nat,re has sown as liberally among the -oor as the rich( b,t which -erish witho,t ,se( if not so,ght for an) c,ltivate)/ EE F,t of all theviews of this law none is more im-ortant( none more legitimate( thanthat of ren)ering the -eo-le the safe( as they are the ,ltimate(g,ar)ians of their own liberty/ .or this -,r-ose the rea)ing in the >rst stage( where _they_ will receive their whole e),cation( is -ro-ose)(as has been sai)( to be chieIy historical/ 2istory by a--rising them of the -ast will enable them to j,)ge of the f,t,re0 it will avail them of the e5-erience of other times an) other nations0 it will =,alify themas j,)ges of the actions an) )esigns of men0 it will enable them to

8now ambition ,n)er every )isg,ise it may ass,me0 an) 8nowing it(to )efeat its views/ #n every government on earth is some trace of h,man wea8ness( some germ of corr,-tion an) )egeneracy( whichc,nning will )iscover( an) wic8e)ness insensibly o-en( c,ltivate( an)im-rove/ !very government )egenerates when tr,ste) to the r,lersof the -eo-le alone/ The -eo-le themselves therefore are its only safe )e-ositories/ An) to ren)er even them safe their min)s m,st beim-rove) to a certain )egree/ This in)ee) is not all that is necessary(tho,gh it be essentially necessary/ An amen)ment of o,r constit,tionm,st here come in ai) of the -,blic e),cation/ The inI,ence over government m,st be share) among all the -eo-le/ #f every in)ivi),alwhich com-oses their mass -artici-ates of the ,ltimate a,thority( thegovernment will be safe0 beca,se the corr,-ting the whole mass wille5cee) any -rivate reso,rces of wealth3 an) -,blic ones cannot be

-rovi)e) b,t by levies on the -eo-le/ #n this case every man wo,l)have to -ay his own -rice/ The government of GreatEFritain has beencorr,-te)( beca,se b,t one man in ten has a right to vote for members of -arliament/ The sellers of the government therefore get nineEtenths of their -rice clear/ #t has been tho,ght that corr,-tion isrestraine) by con>ning the right of s, rage to a few of the wealthier of the -eo-le3 b,t it wo,l) be more e ect,ally restraine) by ane5tension of that right to s,ch n,mbers as wo,l) bi) )e>ance to themeans of corr,-tion/



Lastly( it is -ro-ose)( by a bill in this revisal( to begin a -,bliclibrary an) gallery( by laying o,t a certain s,m ann,ally in boo8s(

-aintings( an) stat,es/M % <rawfor)/M * The instr,ment -ro-er to them is the Fanjar( which they

bro,ght hither from Africa( an) which is the original of the g,itar( itschor)s being -recisely the fo,r lower chor)s of the g,itar/M : XTos )olos eta5en orismeno nomismatos omilein tais

thera-ainisin/EE Pl,tarch/ <ato/+4!"Y V

_The colleges an) -,blic establishments( the roa)s( b,il)ings(Qc/6_

<olleges( F,il)ings( "oa)s( Qc/The college of 7illiam an) $ary is the only -,blic seminary of

learning in this state/ #t was fo,n)e) in the time of 8ing 7illiam an)=,een $ary( who grante) to it *D(DDD acres of lan)( an) a -enny a

-o,n) ),ty on certain tobaccoes e5-orte) from Virginia an)$arylan)( which ha) been levie) by the stat,te of *; <ar/ */ Theassembly also gave it( by tem-orary laws( a ),ty on li=,ors im-orte)(an) s8ins an) >rs e5-orte)/ .rom these reso,rces it receive),-war)s of :DDD l/ comm,nib,s annis/ The b,il)ings are of bric8(s, cient for an in)i erent accommo)ation of -erha-s an h,n)re)

st,)ents/ Fy its charter it was to be ,n)er the government of twenty visitors( who were to be its legislators( an) to have a -resi)ent an)si5 -rofessors( who were incor-orate)/ #t was allowe) are-resentative in the general assembly/ 4n)er this charter( a

-rofessorshi- of the Gree8 an) Latin lang,ages( a -rofessorshi- of mathematics( one of moral -hiloso-hy( an) two of )ivinity( wereestablishe)/ To these were anne5e)( for a si5th -rofessorshi-( aconsi)erable )onation by $r/ Foyle of !nglan)( for the instr,ction of the #n)ians( an) their conversion to <hristianity/ This was calle) the

-rofessorshi- of Fra erton( from an estate of that name in !nglan)( -,rchase) with the monies given/ The a)mission of the learners of Latin an) Gree8 >lle) the college with chil)ren/ This ren)ering it )isagreeable an) )egra)ing to yo,ng gentlemen alrea)y -re-are) for entering on the sciences( they were )isco,rage) from resorting to it(an) th,s the schools for mathematics an) moral -hiloso-hy( whichmight have been of some service( became of very little/ The reven,estoo were e5ha,ste) in accommo)ating those who came only toac=,ire the r,)iments of science/ After the -resent revol,tion( thevisitors( having no -ower to change those circ,mstances in theconstit,tion of the college which were >5e) by the charter( an) beingtherefore con>ne) in the n,mber of -rofessorshi-s( ,n)ertoo8 tochange the objects of the -rofessorshi-s/ They e5cl,)e) the two



schools for )ivinity( an) that for the Gree8 an) Latin lang,ages( an)s,bstit,te) others0 so that at -resent they stan) th,s3

A Professorshi- for Law an) Police3 Anatomy an) $e)icine3Nat,ral Philoso-hy an) $athematics3$oral Philoso-hy( the Law of Nat,re an) Nations( the .ine Arts3$o)ern Lang,ages3.or the Fra erton/

An) it is -ro-ose)( so soon as the legislat,re shall have leis,re tota8e ,- this s,bject( to )esire a,thority from them to increase then,mber of -rofessorshi-s( as well for the -,r-ose of s,b)ivi)ingthose alrea)y instit,te)( as of a))ing others for other branches of science/ To the -rofessorshi-s ,s,ally establishe) in the ,niversitiesof !,ro-e( it wo,l) seem -ro-er to a)) one for the antient lang,agesan) literat,re of the North( on acco,nt of their connection with o,r own lang,age( laws( c,stoms( an) history/ The -,r-oses of theFra erton instit,tion wo,l) be better answere) by maintaining a

-er-et,al mission among the #n)ian tribes( the object of which(besi)es instr,cting them in the -rinci-les of <hristianity( as thefo,n)er re=,ires( sho,l) be to collect their tra)itions( laws( c,stoms(lang,ages( an) other circ,mstances which might lea) to a )iscovery of their relation with one another( or )escent from other nations/7hen these objects are accom-lishe) with one tribe( the missionary

might -ass on to another/The roa)s are ,n)er the government of the co,nty co,rts(s,bject to be contro,le) by the general co,rt/ They or)er new roa)sto be o-ene) wherever they thin8 them necessary/ The inhabitants of the co,nty are by them lai) o into -recincts( to each of which they allot a convenient -ortion of the -,blic roa)s to be 8e-t in re-air/S,ch bri)ges as may be b,ilt witho,t the assistance of arti>cers( they are to b,il)/ #f the stream be s,ch as to re=,ire a bri)ge of reg,lar wor8manshi-( the co,rt em-loys wor8men to b,il) it( at the e5-enceof the whole co,nty/ #f it be too great for the co,nty( a--lication isma)e to the general assembly( who a,thori1e in)ivi),als to b,il) it(an) to ta8e a >5e) toll from all -assengers( or give sanction to s,chother -ro-osition as to them a--ears reasonable/

.erries are a)mitte) only at s,ch -laces as are -artic,larly -ointe) o,t by law( an) the rates of ferriage are >5e)/

Taverns are license) by the co,rts( who >5 their rates from timeto time/

The -rivate b,il)ings are very rarely constr,cte) of stone or bric80 m,ch the greatest -ro-ortion being of scantling an) boar)s(

-laistere) with lime/ #t is im-ossible to )evise things more ,gly(,ncomfortable( an) ha--ily more -erishable/ There are two or three

-lans( on one of which( accor)ing to its si1e( most of the ho,ses in



the state are b,ilt/ The -oorest -eo-le b,il) h,ts of logs( lai)hori1ontally in -ens( sto--ing the interstices with m,)/ These arewarmer in winter( an) cooler in s,mmer( than the more e5-ensiveconstr,ctions of scantling an) -lan8/ The wealthy are attentive to theraising of vegetables( b,t very little so to fr,its/ The -oorer -eo-leatten) to neither( living -rinci-ally on mil8 an) animal )iet/ This is themore ine5c,sable( as the climate re=,ires in)is-ensably a free ,se of vegetable foo)( for health as well as comfort( an) is very frien)ly tothe raising of fr,its/ EE The only -,blic b,il)ings worthy mention arethe <a-itol( the Palace( the <ollege( an) the 2os-ital for L,natics( allof them in 7illiamsb,rg( heretofore the seat of o,r government/ The<a-itol is a light an) airy str,ct,re( with a -ortico in front of twoor)ers( the lower of which( being oric( is tolerably j,st in its

-ro-ortions an) ornaments( save only that the intercolonnations aretoo large/ The ,--er is #onic( m,ch too small for that on which it is

mo,nte)( its ornaments not -ro-er to the or)er( nor -ro-ortione)within themselves/ #t is crowne) with a -e)iment( which is too highfor its s-an/ Yet( on the whole( it is the most -leasing -iece of architect,re we have/ The Palace is not han)some witho,t3 b,t it iss-acio,s an) commo)io,s within( is -rettily sit,ate)( an)( with thegro,n)s anne5e) to it( is ca-able of being ma)e an elegant seat/ The<ollege an) 2os-ital are r,)e( misEsha-en -iles( which( b,t that they have roofs( wo,l) be ta8en for bric8E8ilns/ There are no other -,blicb,il)ings b,t ch,rches an) co,rtEho,ses( in which no attem-ts arema)e at elegance/ #n)ee) it wo,l) not be easy to e5ec,te s,ch an

attem-t( as a wor8man co,l) scarcely be fo,n) here ca-able of )rawing an or)er/ The geni,s of architect,re seems to have she) itsmale)ictions over this lan)/ F,il)ings are often erecte)( by in)ivi),als( of consi)erable e5-ence/ To give these symmetry an)taste wo,l) not increase their cost/ #t wo,l) only change thearrangement of the materials( the form an) combination of themembers/ This wo,l) often cost less than the b,rthen of barbaro,sornaments with which these b,il)ings are sometimes charge)/ F,t the >rst -rinci-les of the art are ,n8nown( an) there e5ists scarcely amo)el among ,s s, ciently chaste to give an i)ea of them/

Architect,re being one of the >ne arts( an) as s,ch within the)e-artment of a -rofessor of the college( accor)ing to the newarrangement( -erha-s a s-ar8 may fall on some yo,ng s,bjects of nat,ral taste( 8in)le ,- their geni,s( an) -ro),ce a reformation inthis elegant an) ,sef,l art/ F,t all we shall )o in this way will -ro),ceno -ermanent im-rovement to o,r co,ntry( while the ,nha--y

-rej,)ice -revails that ho,ses of bric8 or stone are less wholesomethan those of woo)/ A )ew is often observe) on the walls of theformer in rainy weather( an) the most obvio,s sol,tion is( that therain has -enetrate) thro,gh these walls/ The following facts however are s, cient to -rove the error of this sol,tion/ %/ This )ew on thewalls a--ears when there is no rain( if the state of the atmos-here bemoist/ */ #t a--ears on the -artition as well as the e5terior walls/ :/ So



also on -avements of bric8 or stone/ @/ #t is more co-io,s in -ro-ortion as the walls are thic8er0 the reverse of which o,ght to bethe case( if this hy-othesis were j,st/ #f col) water be -o,re) into avessel of stone( or glass( a )ew forms instantly on the o,tsi)e3 b,t if it be -o,re) into a vessel of woo)( there is no s,ch a--earance/ #t isnot s,--ose)( in the >rst case( that the water has e5,)e) thro,ghthe glass( b,t that it is -reci-itate) from the circ,mambient air0 asthe h,mi) -articles of va-o,r( -assing from the boiler of an alembicthro,gh its refrigerant( are -reci-itate) from the air( in which they were s,s-en)e)( on the internal s,rface of the refrigerant/ 7alls of bric8 or stone act as the refrigerant in this instance/ They ares, ciently col) to con)ense an) -reci-itate the moist,re s,s-en)e)in the air of the room( when it is heavily charge) therewith/ F,t wallsof woo) are not so/ The =,estion then is( whether air in which thismoist,re is left Ioating( or that which is )e-rive) of it( be most

wholesome6 #n both cases the reme)y is easy/ A little >re 8in)le) inthe room( whenever the air is )am-( -revents the -reci-itation on thewalls3 an) this -ractice( fo,n) healthy in the warmest as well ascol)est seasons( is as necessary in a woo)en as in a stone or a bric8 ho,se/ # )o not mean to say( that the rain never -enetrates thro,ghwalls of bric8/ Bn the contrary # have seen instances of it/ F,t with ,sit is only thro,gh the northern an) eastern walls of the ho,se( after anorthEeasterly storm( these being the only ones which contin,e longeno,gh to force thro,gh the walls/ This however ha--ens too rarely to give a j,st character of ,nwholesomeness to s,ch ho,ses/ #n a

ho,se( the walls of which are of wellEb,rnt bric8 an) goo) mortar( #have seen the rain -enetrate thro,gh b,t twice in a )o1en or >fteen years/ The inhabitants of !,ro-e( who )well chieIy in ho,ses of stoneor bric8( are s,rely as healthy as those of Virginia/ These ho,ses havethe a)vantage too of being warmer in winter an) cooler in s,mmer than those of woo)( of being chea-er in their >rst constr,ction( wherelime is convenient( an) in>nitely more ),rable/ The latter consi)eration ren)ers it of great im-ortance to era)icate this

-rej,)ice from the min)s of o,r co,ntrymen/ A co,ntry whoseb,il)ings are of woo)( can never increase in its im-rovements to any consi)erable )egree/ Their ),ration is highly estimate) at ;D years/!very half cent,ry then o,r co,ntry becomes a tab,la rasa( whereonwe have to set o,t anew( as in the >rst moment of seating it/7hereas when b,il)ings are of ),rable materials( every new e)i>ceis an act,al an) -ermanent ac=,isition to the state( a))ing to itsval,e as well as to its ornament/

+4!"Y V# _The meas,res ta8en with regar) of the estates an) -ossessions

of the rebels( commonly calle) Tories6_

Tories A Tory has been -ro-erly )e>ne) to be a traitor in tho,ght( b,t

not in )ee)/ The only )escri-tion( by which the laws have





com-lete victory over the religio,s of all other -ers,asions/Possesse)( as they became( of the -owers of ma8ing( a)ministering(an) e5ec,ting the laws( they shewe) e=,al intolerance in thisco,ntry with their Presbyterian brethren( who ha) emigrate) to thenorthern government/ The -oor +,a8ers were Iying from -ersec,tionin !nglan)/ They cast their eyes on these new co,ntries as asyl,msof civil an) religio,s free)om0 b,t they fo,n) them free only for thereigning sect/ Several acts of the Virginia assembly of %C;?( %CC*(an) %C?:( ha) ma)e it -enal in -arents to ref,se to have their chil)ren ba-ti1e)0 ha) -rohibite) the ,nlawf,l assembling of +,a8ers0 ha) ma)e it -enal for any master of a vessel to bring a+,a8er into the state0 ha) or)ere) those alrea)y here( an) s,ch assho,l) come thereafter( to be im-risone) till they sho,l) abj,re theco,ntry0 -rovi)e) a mil)er -,nishment for their >rst an) secon)ret,rn( b,t )eath for their thir)0 ha) inhibite) all -ersons from

s, ering their meetings in or near their ho,ses( entertaining themin)ivi),ally( or )is-osing of boo8s which s,--orte) their tenets/ #f noca-ital e5ec,tion too8 -lace here( as )i) in NewE!nglan)( it was not owing to the mo)eration of the ch,rch( or s-irit of the legislat,re( asmay be inferre) from the law itself0 b,t to historical circ,mstanceswhich have not been han)e) )own to ,s/ The Anglicans retaine) f,ll

-ossession of the co,ntry abo,t a cent,ry/ Bther o-inions began thento cree- in( an) the great care of the government to s,--ort their own ch,rch( having begotten an e=,al )egree of in)olence in itsclergy( twoEthir)s of the -eo-le ha) become )issenters at the

commencement of the -resent revol,tion/ The laws in)ee) were stillo--ressive on them( b,t the s-irit of the one -arty ha) s,bsi)e) intomo)eration( an) of the other ha) risen to a )egree of )eterminationwhich comman)e) res-ect/

The -resent state of o,r laws on the s,bject of religion is this/The convention of $ay %&&C( in their )eclaration of rights( )eclare) it to be a tr,th( an) a nat,ral right( that the e5ercise of religion sho,l)be free0 b,t when they -rocee)e) to form on that )eclaration theor)inance of government( instea) of ta8ing ,- every -rinci-le)eclare) in the bill of rights( an) g,ar)ing it by legislative sanction(they -asse) over that which asserte) o,r religio,s rights( leavingthem as they fo,n) them/ The same convention( however( when they met as a member of the general assembly in Bctober %&&C( re-eale)all _acts of -arliament_ which ha) ren)ere) criminal the maintainingany o-inions in matters of religion( the forbearing to re-air to ch,rch(an) the e5ercising any mo)e of worshi-0 an) s,s-en)e) the lawsgiving salaries to the clergy( which s,s-ension was ma)e -er-et,al inBctober %&&?/ Stat,tory o--ressions in religion being th,s wi-e)away( we remain at -resent ,n)er those only im-ose) by thecommon law( or by o,r own acts of assembly/ At the common law(

_heresy_ was a ca-ital o ence( -,nishable by b,rning/ #ts )e>nitionwas left to the ecclesiastical j,)ges( before whom the conviction was(





Government is j,st as infallible too when it >5es systems in -hysics/Galileo was sent to the in=,isition for a rming that the earth was as-here3 the government ha) )eclare) it to be as Iat as a trencher(an) Galileo was oblige) to abj,re his error/ This error however at length -revaile)( the earth became a globe( an) escartes )eclare)it was whirle) ro,n) its a5is by a vorte5/ The government in which helive) was wise eno,gh to see that this was no =,estion of civil

j,ris)iction( or we sho,l) all have been involve) by a,thority invortices/ #n fact( the vortices have been e5-lo)e)( an) the Newtonian

-rinci-le of gravitation is now more >rmly establishe)( on the basis of reason( than it wo,l) be were the government to ste- in( an) toma8e it an article of necessary faith/ "eason an) e5-eriment havebeen in),lge)( an) error has Ie) before them/ #t is error alone whichnee)s the s,--ort of government/ Tr,th can stan) by itself/ S,bject o-inion to coercion3 whom will yo, ma8e yo,r in=,isitors6 .allible

men0 men governe) by ba) -assions( by -rivate as well as -,blicreasons/ An) why s,bject it to coercion6 To -ro),ce ,niformity/ F,t is,niformity of o-inion )esireable6 No more than of face an) stat,re/#ntro),ce the be) of Procr,stes then( an) as there is )anger that thelarge men may beat the small( ma8e ,s all of a si1e( by lo--ing theformer an) stretching the latter/ i erence of o-inion isa)vantageo,s in religion/ The several sects -erform the o ce of a<ensor mor,m over each other/ #s ,niformity attainable6 $illions of innocent men( women( an) chil)ren( since the intro),ction of <hristianity( have been b,rnt( tort,re)( >ne)( im-risone)0 yet we

have not a)vance) one inch towar)s ,niformity/ 7hat has been thee ect of coercion6 To ma8e one half the worl) fools( an) the other half hy-ocrites/ To s,--ort rog,ery an) error all over the earth/ Let ,sreIect that it is inhabite) by a tho,san) millions of -eo-le/ That these -rofess -robably a tho,san) )i erent systems of religion/ That o,rs is b,t one of that tho,san)/ That if there be b,t one right( an)o,rs that one( we sho,l) wish to see the ??? wan)ering sectsgathere) into the fol) of tr,th/ F,t against s,ch a majority we cannot e ect this by force/ "eason an) -ers,asion are the only -racticableinstr,ments/ To ma8e way for these( free en=,iry m,st be in),lge)0an) how can we wish others to in),lge it while we ref,se it o,rselves/F,t every state( says an in=,isitor( has establishe) some religion/ Notwo( say #( have establishe) the same/ #s this a -roof of the infallibility of establishments6 B,r sister states of Pennsylvania an) New Yor8(however( have long s,bsiste) witho,t any establishment at all/ Thee5-eriment was new an) )o,btf,l when they ma)e it/ #t hasanswere) beyon) conce-tion/ They Io,rish in>nitely/ "eligion is wells,--orte)0 of vario,s 8in)s( in)ee)( b,t all goo) eno,gh0 all s, cient to -reserve -eace an) or)er3 or if a sect arises( whose tenets wo,l)s,bvert morals( goo) sense has fair -lay( an) reasons an) la,ghs it o,t of )oors( witho,t s, ering the state to be tro,ble) with it/ They )o not hang more malefactors than we )o/ They are not more)ist,rbe) with religio,s )issensions/ Bn the contrary( their harmony is



,n-arallele)( an) can be ascribe) to nothing b,t their ,nbo,n)e)tolerance( beca,se there is no other circ,mstance in which they )i er from every nation on earth/ They have ma)e the ha--y )iscovery(that the way to silence religio,s )is-,tes( is to ta8e no notice of them/ Let ,s too give this e5-eriment fair -lay( an) get ri)( while wemay( of those tyrannical laws/ #t is tr,e( we are as yet sec,re) against them by the s-irit of the times/ # )o,bt whether the -eo-le of thisco,ntry wo,l) s, er an e5ec,tion for heresy( or a three yearsim-risonment for not com-rehen)ing the mysteries of the Trinity/ F,t is the s-irit of the -eo-le an infallible( a -ermanent reliance6 #s it government6 #s this the 8in) of -rotection we receive in ret,rn for therights we give ,-6 Fesi)es( the s-irit of the times may alter( will alter/B,r r,lers will become corr,-t( o,r -eo-le careless/ A single 1ealot may commence -ersec,tor( an) better men be his victims/ #t cannever be too often re-eate)( that the time for >5ing every essential

right on a legal basis is while o,r r,lers are honest( an) o,rselves,nite)/ .rom the concl,sion of this war we shall be going )own hill/ #t will not then be necessary to resort every moment to the -eo-le for s,--ort/ They will be forgotten( therefore( an) their rights)isregar)e)/ They will forget themselves( b,t in the sole fac,lty of ma8ing money( an) will never thin8 of ,niting to e ect a ),e res-ect for their rights/ The shac8les( therefore( which shall not be 8noc8e)o at the concl,sion of this war( will remain on ,s long( will be ma)eheavier an) heavier( till o,r rights shall revive or e5-ire in aconv,lsion/

M .,rnea,5 -assim/+4!"Y V###

_The -artic,lar c,stoms an) manners that may ha--en to bereceive) in that state6_

$anners#t is )i c,lt to )etermine on the stan)ar) by which the manners

of a nation may be trie)( whether _catholic_( or _-artic,lar_/ #t is more)i c,lt for a native to bring to that stan)ar) the manners of his ownnation( familiari1e) to him by habit/ There m,st )o,btless be an,nha--y inI,ence on the manners of o,r -eo-le -ro),ce) by thee5istence of slavery among ,s/ The whole commerce between master an) slave is a -er-et,al e5ercise of the most boistero,s -assions( themost ,nremitting )es-otism on the one -art( an) )egra)ings,bmissions on the other/ B,r chil)ren see this( an) learn to imitateit0 for man is an imitative animal/ This =,ality is the germ of alle),cation in him/ .rom his cra)le to his grave he is learning to )owhat he sees others )o/ #f a -arent co,l) >n) no motive either in his

-hilanthro-y or his selfElove( for restraining the intem-erance of

-assion towar)s his slave( it sho,l) always be a s, cient one that his chil) is -resent/ F,t generally it is not s, cient/ The -arent storms( the chil) loo8s on( catches the lineaments of wrath( -,ts on



the same airs in the circle of smaller slaves( gives a loose to his worst of -assions( an) th,s n,rse)( e),cate)( an) )aily e5ercise) intyranny( cannot b,t be stam-e) by it with o)io,s -ec,liarities/ Theman m,st be a -ro)igy who can retain his manners an) morals,n)e-rave) by s,ch circ,mstances/ An) with what e5ecration sho,l)the statesman be loa)e)( who -ermitting one half the citi1ens th,s totram-le on the rights of the other( transforms those into )es-ots( an)these into enemies( )estroys the morals of the one -art( an) theamor -atriae of the other/ .or if a slave can have a co,ntry in thisworl)( it m,st be any other in -reference to that in which he is bornto live an) labo,r for another3 in which he m,st loc8 ,- the fac,ltiesof his nat,re( contrib,te as far as )e-en)s on his in)ivi),alen)eavo,rs to the evanishment of the h,man race( or entail his ownmiserable con)ition on the en)less generations -rocee)ing from him/7ith the morals of the -eo-le( their in),stry also is )estroye)/ .or in

a warm climate( no man will labo,r for himself who can ma8e another labo,r for him/ This is so tr,e( that of the -ro-rietors of slaves a very small -ro-ortion in)ee) are ever seen to labo,r/ An) can the libertiesof a nation be tho,ght sec,re when we have remove) their only >rmbasis( a conviction in the min)s of the -eo-le that these liberties areof the gift of Go)6 That they are not to be violate) b,t with his wrath6#n)ee) # tremble for my co,ntry when # reIect that Go) is j,st3 that his j,stice cannot slee- for ever3 that consi)ering n,mbers( nat,rean) nat,ral means only( a revol,tion of the wheel of fort,ne( ane5change of sit,ation( is among -ossible events3 that it may become

-robable by s,-ernat,ral interferenceO The Almighty has no attrib,tewhich can ta8e si)e with ,s in s,ch a contest/ EE F,t it is im-ossible tobe tem-erate an) to -,rs,e this s,bject thro,gh the vario,sconsi)erations of -olicy( of morals( of history nat,ral an) civil/ 7em,st be contente) to ho-e they will force their way into every one9smin)/ # thin8 a change alrea)y -erce-tible( since the origin of the

-resent revol,tion/ The s-irit of the master is abating( that of theslave rising from the ),st( his con)ition mollifying( the way # ho-e

-re-aring( ,n)er the a,s-ices of heaven( for a total emanci-ation(an) that this is )is-ose)( in the or)er of events( to be with theconsent of the masters( rather than by their e5tir-ation/

+4!"Y # _The -resent state of man,fact,res( commerce( interior an)

e5terior tra)e6_$an,fact,res7e never ha) an interior tra)e of any im-ortance/ B,r e5terior

commerce has s, ere) very m,ch from the beginning of the -resent contest/ ,ring this time we have man,fact,re) within o,r familiesthe most necessary articles of cloathing/ Those of cotton will bear some com-arison with the same 8in)s of man,fact,re in !,ro-e0 b,t those of wool( Ia5 an) hem- are very coarse( ,nsightly( an),n-leasant3 an) s,ch is o,r attachment to agric,lt,re( an) s,ch o,r



-reference for foreign man,fact,res( that be it wise or ,nwise( o,r -eo-le will certainly ret,rn as soon as they can( to the raising rawmaterials( an) e5changing them for >ner man,fact,res than they areable to e5ec,te themselves/

The -olitical oeconomists of !,ro-e have establishe) it as a

-rinci-le that every state sho,l) en)eavo,r to man,fact,re for itself3an) this -rinci-le( li8e many others( we transfer to America( witho,t calc,lating the )i erence of circ,mstance which sho,l) often

-ro),ce a )i erence of res,lt/ #n !,ro-e the lan)s are either c,ltivate)( or loc8e) ,- against the c,ltivator/ $an,fact,re m,st therefore be resorte) to of necessity not of choice( to s,--ort thes,r-l,s of their -eo-le/ F,t we have an immensity of lan) co,rtingthe in),stry of the h,sban)man/ #s it best then that all o,r citi1enssho,l) be em-loye) in its im-rovement( or that one half sho,l) becalle) o from that to e5ercise man,fact,res an) han)icraft arts for

the other6 Those who labo,r in the earth are the chosen -eo-le of Go)( if ever he ha) a chosen -eo-le( whose breasts he has ma)e his -ec,liar )e-osit for s,bstantial an) gen,ine virt,e/ #t is the foc,s inwhich he 8ee-s alive that sacre) >re( which otherwise might esca-efrom the face of the earth/ <orr,-tion of morals in the mass of c,ltivators is a -haenomenon of which no age nor nation hasf,rnishe) an e5am-le/ #t is the mar8 set on those( who not loo8ing ,-to heaven( to their own soil an) in),stry( as )oes the h,sban)man(for their s,bsistance( )e-en) for it on the cas,alties an) ca-rice of c,stomers/ e-en)ance begets s,bservience an) venality( s, ocatesthe germ of virt,e( an) -re-ares >t tools for the )esigns of ambition/This( the nat,ral -rogress an) conse=,ence of the arts( hassometimes -erha-s been retar)e) by acci)ental circ,mstances3 b,t(generally s-ea8ing( the -ro-ortion which the aggregate of the other classes of citi1ens bears in any state to that of its h,sban)men( is the

-ro-ortion of its ,nso,n) to its healthy -arts( an) is a goo)Eeno,ghbarometer whereby to meas,re its )egree of corr,-tion/ 7hile wehave lan) to labo,r then( let ,s never wish to see o,r citi1ensocc,-ie) at a wor8Ebench( or twirling a )ista / <ar-enters( masons(smiths( are wanting in h,sban)ry3 b,t( for the general o-erations of man,fact,re( let o,r wor8Esho-s remain in !,ro-e/ #t is better tocarry -rovisions an) materials to wor8men there( than bring them tothe -rovisions an) materials( an) with them their manners an)

-rinci-les/ The loss by the trans-ortation of commo)ities across the Atlantic will be ma)e ,- in ha--iness an) -ermanence of government/ The mobs of great cities a)) j,st so m,ch to thes,--ort of -,re government( as sores )o to the strength of theh,man bo)y/ #t is the manners an) s-irit of a -eo-le which -reserve are-,blic in vigo,r/ A )egeneracy in these is a can8er which soon eatsto the heart of its laws an) constit,tion/

+4!"Y



_A notice of the commercial -ro),ctions -artic,lar to the state(an) of those objects which the inhabitants are oblige) to get from!,ro-e an) from other -arts of the worl)6_

<ommercial -ro),ctionsFefore the -resent war we e5-orte)( comm,nib,s annis(

accor)ing to the best information # can get( nearly as follows3 A"T#<L!S/ +,antity/ Price Am/in )ollars/ in )ollars/Tobacco ;;(DDD hh)s at :D )/ -er %(C;D(DDDof %DDD lb/ hh)/7ht 'DD(DDD at ; C )/ -er CCC(CCC * :b,shels b,sh/#n)ian corn CDD(DDD at % : )/ -er *DD(DDDb,shels b,sh/Shi--ing EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE %DD(DDD$asts( -lan8s( EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE CC(CCC * :s8antling(shingles(stavesTar( -itch( :D(DDD at % % : )/ -er @D(DDDt,r-entine barrels bar/Peltry( vi1/ %'D hh)s/ at ; %* )/ @*(DDDs8ins of )eer( of CDD lb/ -er lb/beavers( otters(m,s8rats(racoons( fo5esPor8 @(DDD at %D )/ -er @D(DDDbarrels bar/

.la5Esee)( EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE '(DDDhem-( cottonPitEcoal( EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE C(CCC * :

-igEironPeas ;(DDD at * : )/ -er :(::: % :b,shels b,sh/Feef %(DDD at : % : )/ :(::: % :barrels -er bar/

St,rgeon( EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE :(::: % :white sha)(



herringFran)y from EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE %(CCC * :

-eaches an)a--les( an)whis8ey2orses EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE %(CCC * :This s,m is e=,al to ';D(DDD l/ Virginiamoney( CD&(%@* g,ineas/ *('::(::: % : /#n the year %&;' we e5-orte) seventy tho,san) hogshea)s of

tobacco( which was the greatest =,antity ever -ro),ce) in thisco,ntry in one year/ F,t its c,lt,re was fast )eclining at thecommencement of this war an) that of wheat ta8ing its -lace3 an) it m,st contin,e to )ecline on the ret,rn of -eace/ # s,s-ect that the

change in the tem-erat,re of o,r climate has become sensible tothat -lant( which( to be goo)( re=,ires an e5traor)inary )egree of heat/ F,t it re=,ires still more in)is-ensably an ,ncommon fertility of soil3 an) the -rice which it comman)s at mar8et will not enable the

-lanter to -ro),ce this by man,re/ 7as the s,--ly still to )e-en) onVirginia an) $arylan) alone( as its c,lt,re becomes more )i c,lt(the -rice wo,l) rise( so as to enable the -lanter to s,rmo,nt those)i c,lties an) to live/ F,t the western co,ntry on the $issisi-i( an)the mi)lan)s of Georgia( having fresh an) fertile lan)s in ab,n)ance(an) a hotter s,n( will be able to ,n)ersell these two states( an) will

oblige them to aban)on the raising tobacco altogether/ An) a ha--y obligation for them it will be/ #t is a c,lt,re -ro),ctive of in>nitewretche)ness/ Those em-loye) in it are in a contin,e) state of e5ertion beyon) the -owers of nat,re to s,--ort/ Little foo) of any 8in) is raise) by them0 so that the men an) animals on these farmsare ba)ly fe)( an) the earth is ra-i)ly im-overishe)/ The c,ltivationof wheat is the reverse in every circ,mstance/ Fesi)es cloathing theearth with herbage( an) -reserving its fertility( it fee)s the labo,rers

-lentif,lly( re=,ires from them only a mo)erate toil( e5ce-t in theseason of harvest( raises great n,mbers of animals for foo) an)service( an) )i ,ses -lenty an) ha--iness among the whole/ 7e >n)it easier to ma8e an h,n)re) b,shels of wheat than a tho,san)weight of tobacco( an) they are worth more when ma)e/ The weavilin)ee) is a formi)able obstacle to the c,ltivation of this grain with ,s/F,t -rinci-les are alrea)y 8nown which m,st lea) to a reme)y/ Th,sa certain )egree of heat( to wit( that of the common air in s,mmer( isnecessary to hatch the egg/ #f s,bterranean granaries( or others(therefore( can be contrive) below that tem-erat,re( the evil will bec,re) by col)/ A )egree of heat beyon) that which hatches the egg(we 8now will 8ill it/ F,t in aiming at this we easily r,n into that which

-ro),ces -,trefaction/ To -ro),ce -,trefaction( however( threeagents are re=,isite( heat( moist,re( an) the e5ternal air/ #f the



absence of any one of these be sec,re)( the other two may safely bea)mitte)/ 2eat is the one we want/ $oist,re then( or e5ternal air(m,st be e5cl,)e)/ The former has been )one by e5-osing the grainin 8ilns to the action of >re( which -ro),ces heat( an) e5tractsmoist,re at the same time3 the latter( by -,tting the grain intohogshea)s( covering it with a coat of lime( an) hea)ing it ,-/ #n thissit,ation its b,l8 -ro),ces a heat s, cient to 8ill the egg0 themoist,re is s, ere) to remain in)ee)( b,t the e5ternal air ise5cl,)e)/ A nicer o-eration yet has been attem-te)0 that is( to

-ro),ce an interme)iate tem-erat,re of heat between that which8ills the egg( an) that which -ro),ces -,trefaction/ The threshing thegrain as soon as it is c,t( an) laying it in its cha in large hea-s( hasbeen fo,n) very nearly to hit this tem-erat,re( tho,gh not -erfectly(nor always/ The hea- generates heat s, cient to 8ill most of theeggs( whilst the cha commonly restrains it from rising into

-,trefaction/ F,t all these metho)s abri)ge too m,ch the =,antity which the farmer can manage( an) enable other co,ntries to,n)ersell him which are not infeste) with this insect/ There is still a)esi)erat,m then to give with ,s )ecisive tri,m-h to this branch of agric,lt,re over that of tobacco/ EE The c,lt,re of wheat( by enlargingo,r -ast,re( will ren)er the Arabian horse an article of very consi)erable -ro>t/ !5-erience has shewn that o,rs is the -artic,lar climate of America where he may be raise) witho,t )egeneracy/So,thwar)ly the heat of the s,n occasions a )e>ciency of -ast,re(an) northwar)ly the winters are too col) for the short an) >ne hair(

the -artic,lar sensibility an) constit,tion of that race/ Animalstrans-lante) into ,nfrien)ly climates( either change their nat,re an)ac=,ire new fences against the new )i c,lties in which they are

-lace)( or they m,lti-ly -oorly an) become e5tinct/ A goo)fo,n)ation is lai) for their -ro-agation here by o,r -ossessingalrea)y great n,mbers of horses of that bloo)( an) by a )eci)e)taste an) -reference for them establishe) among the -eo-le/ Their

-atience of heat witho,t inj,ry( their s,-erior win)( >t them better inthis an) the more so,thern climates even for the )r,)geries of the

-lo,gh an) waggon/ Northwar)ly they will become an object only to -ersons of taste an) fort,ne( for the sa))le an) light carriages/ Tothese( an) for these ,ses( their Ieetness an) bea,ty will recommen)them/ EE Fesi)es these there will be other val,able s,bstit,tes whenthe c,ltivation of tobacco shall be )iscontin,e)( s,ch as cotton in theeastern -arts of the state( an) hem- an) Ia5 in the western/

#t is not easy to say what are the articles either of necessity(comfort( or l,5,ry( which we cannot raise( an) which we thereforeshall be ,n)er a necessity of im-orting from abroa)( as every thinghar)ier than the olive( an) as har)y as the >g( may be raise) here inthe o-en air/ S,gar( co ee an) tea( in)ee)( are not between theselimits0 an) habit having -lace) them among the necessaries of lifewith the wealthy -art of o,r citi1ens( as long as these habits remain(



we m,st go for them to those co,ntries which are able to f,rnishthem/

+4!"Y # _The weights( meas,res( an) the c,rrency of the har) money6

Some )etails relating to the e5change with !,ro-e6_7eights( $eas,res( $oneyB,r weights an) meas,res are the same which are >5e) by acts

of -arliament in !nglan)/ EE 2ow it has ha--ene) that in this as wellas the other American states the nominal val,e of coin was ma)e to)i er from what it was in the co,ntry we ha) left( an) to )i er amongo,rselves too( # am not able to say with certainty/ # >n) that in %C:%o,r ho,se of b,rgesses )esire) of the -rivy co,ncil in !nglan)( a coin)ebase) to twentyE>ve -er cent3 that in %C@; they forbi) )ealing by barter for tobacco( an) establishe) the S-anish -iece of eight at si5

shillings( as the stan)ar) of their c,rrency3 that in %C;; they change)it to >ve shillings sterling/ #n %C'D they sent an a))ress to the 8ing( inconse=,ence of which( by -roclamation in %C':( he >5e) the val,e of .rench crowns( ri5)ollars an) -ieces of eight at si5 shillings( an) thecoin of NewE!nglan) at one shilling/ That in %&%D( %&%@( %&*&( an)%&C*( other reg,lations were ma)e( which will be better -resente) tothe eye state) in the form of a table as follows3

%&%D/ %&%@/ %&*&/ %&C*/G,ineas EE EE *Cs

Fritish gol) coin not mille)( EE EE ;s thecoine) gol) of S-ain an) .rance( )wt/che=,ins( Arabian gol)( moi)ores ofPort,gal<oine) gol) of the em-ire EE EE ;s the EE EE @s: the)wt/ )wt/!nglish mille) silver money( in EE EE ;s%D Cs:

-ro-ortion to the crown( at

Pieces of eight of $e5ico( Seville( : : @ EE EE @ )/an) Pillar( ),catoons of .lan)ers( )/ the the.rench ec,s( or silver Lo,is( )wt/ )wt/cr,sa)os of Porrt,galPer, -ieces( cross )ollars( an) : % * EE EE : : @ol) ri5)ollars of the em-ire )/ the )/ the)wt/ )wt/Bl) Fritish silver coin not mille) EE EE : : @)/ the)wt/



The >rst sym-tom of the )e-reciation of o,r -resent -a-erEmoney( was that of silver )ollars selling at si5 shillings( which ha)before been worth b,t >ve shillings an) nine-ence/ The assembly there,-on raise) them by law to si5 shillings/ As the )ollar is nowli8ely to become the moneyE,nit of America( as it -asses at this ratein some of o,r sisterEstates( an) as it facilitates their com-,tation in

-o,n)s an) shillings( Q e converso( this seems to be more convenient than it9s former )enomination/ F,t as this -artic,lar coin now stan)shigher than any other in the -ro-ortion of %:: % : to %*;( or %C to %;(it will be necessary to raise the others in the same -ro-ortion/

+4!"Y ## _The -,blic income an) e5-ences6_"even,eThe nominal amo,nt of these varying constantly an) ra-i)ly( with

the constant an) ra-i) )e-reciation of o,r -a-erEmoney( it becomesim-racticable to say what they are/ 7e >n) o,rselves cheate) inevery essay by the )e-reciation intervening between the )eclarationof the ta5 an) its act,al recei-t/ #t will therefore be more satisfactory to consi)er what o,r income may be when we shall >n) means of collecting what the -eo-le may s-are/ # sho,l) estimate the wholeta5able -ro-erty of this state at an h,n)re) millions of )ollars( or thirty millions of -o,n)s o,r money/ Bne -er cent on this( com-are)with any thing we ever yet -ai)( wo,l) be )eeme) a very heavy ta5/Yet # thin8 that those who manage well( an) ,se reasonable

0oeconomy( co,l) -ay one an) a half -er cent( an) maintain their ho,sho,l) comfortably in the mean time( witho,t aliening any -art of their -rinci-al( an) that the -eo-le wo,l) s,bmit to this willingly for the -,r-ose of s,--orting their -resent contest/ 7e may say then(that we co,l) raise( an) o,ght to raise( from one million to onemillion an) a half of )ollars ann,ally( that is from three h,n)re) tofo,r h,n)re) an) >fty tho,san) -o,n)s( Virginia money/

Bf o,r e5-ences it is e=,ally )i c,lt to give an e5act state( an)for the same reason/ They are mostly state) in -a-er money( whichvarying contin,ally( the legislat,re en)eavo,rs at every session( by new corrections( to a)a-t the nominal s,ms to the val,e it is wishe)they sho,l) bear/ # will state them therefore in real coin( at the -oint at which they en)eavo,r to 8ee- them/

_ ollars/_The ann,al e5-ences of the general assemblyare abo,t *D(DDDThe governor :(::: % :The co,ncil of state %D(CCC * :

Their cler8s %(%CC * :!leven j,)ges %%DDD



The cler8 of the chancery CCC * :The attorney general %(DDDThree a,)itors an) a solicitor ;(::: % :Their cler8s *(DDDThe treas,rer *(DDD2is cler8s *(DDDThe 8ee-er of the -,blic jail %(DDDThe -,blic -rinter %(CCC * :<ler8s of the inferior co,rts @:(::: % :P,blic levy3 this is chieIy for thee5-ences of criminal j,stice @D(DDD<o,nty levy( for bri)ges( co,rt ho,ses(

-risons( Qc/ @D(DDD$embers of congress &DDD+,ota of the .e)eral civil list( s,--ose)% C of abo,t &'(DDD )ollars %:(DDD!5-ences of collection( C -er cent/ on theabove %*(:%DThe clergy receive only vol,ntarycontrib,tions3 s,--ose them on an

average % ' of a )ollar a tythe on*DD(DDD tythes *;(DDD<ontingencies( to ma8e ro,n) n,mbers notfar from tr,th &(;*: % :EEEEEEEEEE*;D(DDDollars( or ;:(;&% g,ineas/ This estimate is e5cl,sive of the

military e5-ence/ That varies with the force act,ally em-loye)( an) in

time of -eace will -robably be little or nothing/ #t is e5cl,sive also of the -,blic )ebts( which are growing while # am writing( an) cannot therefore be now >5e)/ So it is of the maintenance of the -oor( whichbeing merely a matter of charity( cannot be )eeme) e5-en)e) in thea)ministration of government/ An) if we stri8e o,t the *;(DDD )ollarsfor the services of the clergy( which neither ma8es -art of that a)ministration( more than what is -ai) to -hysicians or lawyers( an)being vol,ntary( is either m,ch or nothing as every one -leases( it leaves **;(DDD )ollars( e=,al to @'(*D' g,ineas( the real cost of thea--arat,s of government with ,s/ This( )ivi)e) among the act,alinhabitants of o,r co,ntry( comes to abo,t twoE>fths of a )ollar( *%)sterling( or @* sols( the -rice which each -ays ann,ally for the

-rotection of the resi),e of his -ro-erty( that of his -erson( an) the



other a)vantages of a free government/ The -,blic reven,es of Great Fritain )ivi)e) in li8e manner on its inhabitants wo,l) be si5teentimes greater/ e),cting even the )o,ble of the e5-ences of government( as before estimate)( from the million an) a half of )ollars which we before s,--ose) might be ann,ally -ai) witho,t )istress( we may concl,)e that this state can contrib,te one millionof )ollars ann,ally towar)s s,--orting the fe)eral army( -aying thefe)eral )ebt( b,il)ing a fe)eral navy( or o-ening roa)s( clearingrivers( forming safe -orts( an) other ,sef,l wor8s/

To this estimate of o,r abilities( let me a)) a wor) as to thea--lication of them( if( when cleare) of the -resent contest( an) of the )ebts with which that will charge ,s( we come to meas,re forcehereafter with any !,ro-ean -ower/ S,ch events are )evo,tly to be)e-recate)/ Yo,ng as we are( an) with s,ch a co,ntry before ,s to >llwith -eo-le an) with ha--iness( we sho,l) -oint in that )irection the

whole generative force of nat,re( wasting none of it in e orts of m,t,al )estr,ction/ #t sho,l) be o,r en)eavo,r to c,ltivate the -eacean) frien)shi- of every nation( even of that which has inj,re) ,smost( when we shall have carrie) o,r -oint against her/ B,r interest will be to throw o-en the )oors of commerce( an) to 8noc8 o all itsshac8les( giving -erfect free)om to all -ersons for the vent of whatever they may ch,se to bring into o,r -orts( an) as8ing thesame in theirs/ Never was so m,ch false arithmetic em-loye) on any s,bject( as that which has been em-loye) to -ers,a)e nations that it is their interest to go to war/ 7ere the money which it has cost togain( at the close of a long war( a little town( or a little territory( theright to c,t woo) here( or to catch >sh there( e5-en)e) in im-rovingwhat they alrea)y -ossess( in ma8ing roa)s( o-eningrivers( b,il)ing

-orts( im-roving the arts( an) >n)ing em-loyment for their i)le -oor(it wo,l) ren)er them m,ch stronger( m,ch wealthier an) ha--ier/This # ho-e will be o,r wis)om/ An)( -erha-s( to remove as m,ch as

-ossible the occasions of ma8ing war( it might be better for ,s toaban)on the ocean altogether( that being the element whereon weshall be -rinci-ally e5-ose) to jostle with other nations3 to leave toothers to bring what we shall want( an) to carry what we can s-are/This wo,l) ma8e ,s inv,lnerable to !,ro-e( by o ering none of o,r

-ro-erty to their -ri1e( an) wo,l) t,rn all o,r citi1ens to thec,ltivation of the earth0 an)( # re-eat it again( c,ltivators of the earthare the most virt,o,s an) in)e-en)ant citi1ens/ #t might be timeeno,gh to see8 em-loyment for them at sea( when the lan) nolonger o ers it/ F,t the act,al habits of o,r co,ntrymen attach themto commerce/ They will e5ercise it for themselves/ 7ars then m,st sometimes be o,r lot0 an) all the wise can )o( will be to avoi) that half of them which wo,l) be -ro),ce) by o,r own follies( an) o,r own acts of inj,stice0 an) to ma8e for the other half the best

-re-arations we can/ Bf what nat,re sho,l) these be6 A lan) army wo,l) be ,seless for o ence( an) not the best nor safest instr,ment



of )efence/ .or either of these -,r-oses( the sea is the >el) on whichwe sho,l) meet an !,ro-ean enemy/ Bn that element it is necessary we sho,l) -ossess some -ower/ To aim at s,ch a navy as the greater nations of !,ro-e -ossess( wo,l) be a foolish an) wic8e) waste of the energies of o,r co,ntrymen/ #t wo,l) be to -,ll on o,r own hea)sthat loa) of military e5-ence( which ma8es the !,ro-ean labo,rer gos,--erless to be)( an) moistens his brea) with the sweat of hisbrows/ #t will be eno,gh if we enable o,rselves to -revent ins,ltsfrom those nations of !,ro-e which are wea8 on the sea( beca,secirc,mstances e5ist( which ren)er even the stronger ones wea8 as to,s/ Provi)ence has -lace) their richest an) most )efenceless

-ossessions at o,r )oor0 has oblige) their most -recio,s commerceto -ass as it were in review before ,s/ To -rotect this( or to assail ,s(a small -art only of their naval force will ever be ris=,e) across the

Atlantic/ The )angers to which the elements e5-ose them here are

too well 8nown( an) the greater )angers to which they wo,l) bee5-ose) at home( were any general calamity to involve their wholeIeet/ They can attac8 ,s by )etachment only0 an) it will s, ce toma8e o,rselves e=,al to what they may )etach/ !ven a smaller forcethan they may )etach will be ren)ere) e=,al or s,-erior by the=,ic8ness with which any chec8 may be re-aire) with ,s( while losseswith them will be irre-arable till too late/ A small naval force then iss, cient for ,s( an) a small one is necessary/ 7hat this sho,l) be( #will not ,n)erta8e to say/ # will only say( it sho,l) by no means be sogreat as we are able to ma8e it/ S,--ose the million of )ollars( or

:DD(DDD -o,n)s( which Virginia co,l) ann,ally s-are witho,t )istress(to be a--lie) to the creating a navy/ A single year9s contrib,tionwo,l) b,il)( e=,i-( man( an) sen) to sea a force which sho,l) carry :DD g,ns/ The rest of the confe)eracy( e5erting themselves in thesame -ro-ortion( wo,l) e=,i- in the same time %;DD g,ns more/ Sothat one year9s contrib,tions wo,l) set ,- a navy of %'DD g,ns/ TheFritish shi-s of the line average &C g,ns0 their frigates :'/ %'DD g,nsthen wo,l) form a Ieet of :D shi-s( %' of which might be of the line(an) %* frigates/ Allowing ' men( the Fritish average( for every g,n(their ann,al e5-ence( incl,)ing s,bsistence( cloathing( -ay( an)or)inary re-airs( wo,l) be abo,t %*'D )ollars for every g,n( or *(:D@(DDD )ollars for the whole/ # state this only as one year9s

-ossible e5ertion( witho,t )eci)ing whether more or less than a year9s e5ertion sho,l) be th,s a--lie)/

The val,e of o,r lan)s an) slaves( ta8en conj,nctly( )o,bles inabo,t twenty years/ This arises from the m,lti-lication of o,r slaves(from the e5tension of c,lt,re( an) increase) )eman) for lan)s/ Theamo,nt of what may be raise) will of co,rse rise in the same

-ro-ortion/

+4!"Y ###



_The histories of the state( the memorials -,blishe) in its namein the time of its being a colthe -am-hlets relating to its interior or e5terior a airs -resent or antient6_

2istories( Qc/<a-tain Smith( who ne5t to Sir 7alter "aleigh may be consi)ere)

as the fo,n)er of o,r colony( has written its history( from the >rst a)vent,res to it till the year %C*@/ 2e was a member of the co,ncil(an) afterwar)s -resi)ent of the colony0 an) to his e orts -rinci-ally may be ascribe) its s,--ort against the o--osition of the natives/ 2ewas honest( sensible( an) well informe)0 b,t his style is barbaro,san) ,nco,th/ 2is history( however( is almost the only so,rce fromwhich we )erive any 8nowle)ge of the infancy of o,r state/

The reveren) 7illiam Stith( a native of Virginia( an) -resi)ent of its college( has also written the history of the same -erio)( in a largeoctavo vol,me of small -rint/ 2e was a man of classical learning( an)very e5act( b,t of no taste in style/ 2e is inelegant( therefore( an) his)etails often too min,te to be tolerable( even to a native of theco,ntry( whose history he writes/

Feverley( a native also( has r,n into the other e5treme0 he hascom-rise) o,r history( from the >rst -ro-ositions of Sir 7alter "aleighto the year %&DD( in the h,n)re)th -art of the s-ace which Stithem-loys for the fo,rth -art of the -erio)/

Sir 7illiam Heith has ta8en it ,- at its earliest -erio)( an)contin,e) it to the year %&*;/ 2e is agreeable eno,gh in style( an)

-asses over events of little im-ortance/ Bf co,rse he is short( an)wo,l) be -referre) by a foreigner/

,ring the regal government( some contest arose on thee5action of an illegal fee by governor inwi))ie( an) )o,btless therewere others on other occasions not at -resent recollecte)/ #t iss,--ose)( that these are not s, ciently interesting to a foreigner tomerit a )etail/

The -etition of the co,ncil an) b,rgesses of Virginia to the 8ing(their memorial to the lor)s( an) remonstrance to the commons in the

year %&C@( began the -resent contest3 an) these having -rove)ine ect,al to -revent the -assage of the stam-Eact( the resol,tionsof the ho,se of b,rgesses of %&C; were -asse)( )eclaring thein)e-en)ance of the -eo-le of Virginia on the -arliament of GreatEFritain( in matters of ta5ation/ .rom that time till the )eclaration of in)e-en)ance by congress in %&&C( their jo,rnals are >lle) withassertions of the -,blic rights/

The -am-hlets -,blishe) in this state on the controverte)=,estion were(

%&CC( An !n=,iry into the "ights of the Fritish <olonies(by "ichar) Flan)/%&C?( The $onitor9s Letters( by r/ Arth,r Lee/



%&&@( M % A s,mmary View of the "ights of Fritish America/EEEE <onsi)erations( Qc/ by "obert <arter Nicholas/M % Fy the a,thor of these Notes/Since the )eclaration of in)e-en)ance this state has ha) no

controversy with any other( e5ce-t with that of Pennsylvania( on their common bo,n)ary/ Some -a-ers on this s,bject -asse) between thee5ec,tive an) legislative bo)ies of the two states( the res,lt of whichwas a ha--y accommo)ation of their rights/

To this acco,nt of o,r historians( memorials( an) -am-hlets( it may not be ,n,sef,l to a)) a chronological catalog,e of AmericanstateE-a-ers( as far as # have been able to collect their titles/ #t is far from being either com-lete or correct/ 7here the title alone( an) not the -a-er itself( has come ,n)er my observation( # cannot answer for the e5actness of the )ate/ Sometimes # have not been able to >n)any )ate at all( an) sometimes have not been satis>e) that s,ch a

-a-er e5ists/ An e5tensive collection of -a-ers of this )escri-tion hasbeen for some time in a co,rse of -re-aration by a M * gentlemanf,lly e=,al to the tas8( an) from whom( therefore( we may ho-e erelong to receive it/ #n the mean time acce-t this as the res,lt of my labo,rs( an) as closing the te)io,s )etail which yo, have so,n)esigne)ly )rawn ,-on yo,rself/

M * $r/ 2a1ar)/

Pro Johanne <aboto et >liis s,is s,-er terra incognitainvestigan)a/ %*/ "y/ ;?;/ :/ 2a8l/ @/ */ $em/ Am/ @D?/%@?C( $ar/ ;/ ##/ 2/ &/Filla signata anno %:/ 2enrici se-timi/ :/ 2a8l,yt9s voiages ;/%@?'( .eb/ :/ %:/ 2/ &/e -otestatib,s a) terras incognitas investigan),m/ %:/ "ymer/

:&/%;D*( ec/ %?/ %'/ 2/ &/<ommission )e .ransois #/ a Jac=,es <artier -o,r

l9establissement ), <ana)a/ L9!scarbot/ :?&/ */ $em/ Am/ @%C/%;@D( Bct/ %&/

An act against the e5action of money( or any other thing( by any o cer for license to tra =,e into #selan) an) Newfo,n)lan)( ma)e in

An/ */ !)war)i se5ti/ :/ 2a8l/ %:%/%;@'( */ !/ C/The lettersE-atent grante) by her $ajestie to Sir 2,m-hrey

Gilbert( 8night( for the inhabiting an) -lanting of o,r -eo-le in

America/ :/ 2a8l/ %:;/%;&'( J,ne %%( *D/ !l/



LettersE-atents of +,een !li1abeth to A)rian Gilbert an) others(to )iscover the Northwest -assage to <hina/ :/ 2a8l/ ?C/

%;':( .eb/ C/The lettersE-atents grante) by the +,een9s majestie to $/ 7alter

"aleigh( now 8night( for the )iscovering an) -lanting of new lan)san) co,ntries( to contin,e the s-ace of C years an) no more/ :/ 2a8l/*@:/

%;'@( $ar/ *;( *C !l/ An assignment by Sir 7alter "aleigh for contin,ing the action of

inhabiting an) -lanting his -eo-le in Virginia/ 2a8l/ %st/ e)/ -,bl/ in%;'?( -/ '%;/

$ar/ &/ :% !l/Lettres )e Lie,tenant General )e l9Aca)ie Q -ays circonvoisins

-o,r le Sie,r )e $onts/ L9!scarbot/ @%&/%CD:( Nov/ '/LettersE-atent to Sir Thomas Gates( Sir George Somers an)

others( for two several colonies to be ma)e in Virginia an) other -artsof America/ Stith/ A--en)/ No/ %/

%CDC A-r( %D( @ Jac/ %/ An or)inance an) constit,tion enlarging the co,ncil of the two

colonies in Virginia an) America( an) a,gmenting their a,thority( $/S/

%CD&( $ar/ ?( @/ Jac/ %/The secon) charter to the treas,rer an) com-any for Virginia(

erecting them into a bo)y -olitic8/ Stith/ A-/ */%CD?( $ay *:/ &/ Jac/ %/LettersE-atents to the !/ of Northam-ton( granting -art of the

islan) of Newfo,n)lan)/ %/ 2arris/ 'C%/%C%D( A-r/ %D/ Jac/ %/

A thir) charter to the treas,rer an) com-any for Virginia/ EE Stith/ A--/ :/

%C%%( $ar/ %*/ ?/ Jac/ %/ A commission to Sir 7alter "aleigh/ +,/6%C%&( Jac/ %/<ommissio s-ecialis concernens le garbling herbae Nicotianae/

%&/ "ym/ %?D/%C*D( A-r( &/ %'/ Jac/ %/

A -roclamation for restraint of the )isor)ere) tra)ing of tobacco/%&/ "ym/ *::/

%C*D( J,ne *?/ %'/ Jac/ %/ A grant of New !nglan) to the co,ncil of Plymo,th/



%C*D Nov/ :/ Jac/ %/ An or)inance an) constit,tion of the treas,rer( co,ncil an)

com-any in !nglan)( for a co,ncil of state an) general assembly inVirginia/ Stith/ A--/ @/

%C*% J,ly *@/ Jac/ %/ A grant of Nova Scotia to Sir 7illiam Ale5an)er/ */ $em/ )e

l9Ameri=,e/ %?:/%C*%( Se-/ %D E *D/ Jac/ %/

A -roclamation -rohibiting interlo-ing an) )isor)erly tra)ing toNew !nglan) in America/ %&/ "ym/ @%C/

%C**( Nov/ C/ *D/ Jac/ %/e <ommissione s-eciali 7illielmo Jones militi )irecta/ %&/ "ym/

@?D/

%C*:( $ay ?/ *%/ Jac/ %/ A grant to Sir !)m,n) Ploy)en( of New Albion/ $entione) in

Smith9s e5amination/ '*/%C*:/e <ommissione 2enrico viceEcomiti $an)evill Q aliis/ %&/ "ym/

CD?/%C*@( J,ly %;/ **/ Jac/ %/e <ommissione s-eciali concernenti g,bernationem in Virginia/

%&/ "ym/ C%'/%C*@( A,g/ *C/ **/ Jac/ %/

A -roclamation concerning tobacco/ %&/ "ym/ C*%/%C*@( Se-/ *?/ **/ Jac/ %/e concessione )emiss/ !)war)o ich>el) et aliis/ %&/ "ym/ C::/%C*@( Nov/ ?/ **/ Jac/ %/

A -roclamation for the ,tter -rohibiting the im-ortation an) ,seof all tobacco which is not of the -ro-er growth of the colony of Virginia an) the Somer islan)s( or one of them/ %&/ "ym/ CC'/

%C*;( $ar/ */ **/ Jac/ %/e commissione )irecta Georgio Yar)eley militi et aliis/ %'/ "ym/

:%%/%C*;( $ar/ @/ %/ <ar/ %/Proclamatio )e herba Nicotiana/ %'/ "ym/ %?/%C*;( A-r/ ?/ %/ <ar/ %/

A -roclamation for settlinge the -lantation of Virginia/ %'/ "ym/&*/

%C*;( $ay %:/ %/ <ar/ %/



A grant of the soil( barony( an) )omains of Nova Scotia to Sir 7m/ Ale5an)er of $instrie/ */ $em/ Am/ **C/

%C*;( J,ly %*/<ommissio )irecta Johanni 7olstenholme militi et aliis/ %'/ "y/

':%/%C*C( Jan/ :%/ */ <ar %/

A -roclamation to,ching tobacco/ "y/ '@'/%C*C( .eb/ %&/ */ <ar/ %/

A grant of $assach,set9s bay by the co,ncil of Plymo,th to Sir 2enry "oswell an) others/

%C*&( $ar/ %?/ =,/6*/ <ar/ %/e concessione commissionis s-ecialis -ro concilio in Virginia/

%'/ "y/ ?'D/%C*&( $ar/ *C/ :/ <ar/ %/e -roclamatione )e signatione )e tobacco/ %'/ "y/ ''C/%C*&( $ar/ :D/ :/ <ar/ %/e -roclamatione -ro or)inatione )e tobacco/ %'/ "y/ ?*D/%C*&( A,g/ ?/ :/ <ar/ %/

A con>rmation of the grant of $assach,set9s bay by the crown/%C*'( $ar/ @/ :/ <ar/ %/The ca-it,lation of +,ebec/ <ham-lain -art/ */ *%C/ */ $em/ Am/

@'?/%C*?( A,g/ %?/

A -roclamation concerning tobacco/ %?/ "y/ *:;/%C:D( Jan/ C/ ;/ <ar/ %/<onveyance of Nova Scotia MPortEroyal e5ce-te) by Sir 7illiam

Ale5an)er to Sir <la,)e St/ !tienne Lor) of la To,r an) of 4arre an) tohis son Sir <harles )e St/ !tienne Lor) of St/ ennisco,rt( on

con)ition that they contin,e s,bjects to the 8ing of Scotlan) ,n)er the great seal of Scotlan)/%C:D( A-ril :D/

A -roclamation forbi))ing the )isor)erly tra)ing with thesalvages in New !nglan) in America( es-ecially the f,rnishing thenatives in those an) other -arts of America by the !nglish withwea-ons an) habiliments of warre/ %?/ "y/ *%D/ :/ ",shw/ '*/

%C:D E :%( Nov/ *@/C/ <ar/ %/

A -roclamation -rohibiting the selling arms( Qc/ to the savages in America/ $entione) :/ ",shw/ &;/



%C:D( ec/ ;/ C/ <ar/ %/ A grant of <onnectic,t by the co,ncil of Plymo,th to the !/ of

7arwic8/%C:D( <ar/ %/

A con>rmation by the crown of the grant of <onnectic,t Usai) tobe in the -etty bag o ce in !nglan)W/

%C:D( <ar/ %/ A conveiance of <onnectic,t by the !/ of 7arwic8 to Lor) Say

an) Seal an) others/ Smith9s e5amination( A--/ No/ %/%C:%( $ar/ %?/ C/ <ar/ %/

A s-ecial commission to !)war) !arle of orsett an) others for the better -lantation of the colony of Virginia/ %?/ "y/ :D%/

%C:%( J,ne *&/ &/ <ar/ %/

Litere continentes -romissionem regis a) tra)en),m castr,m et habitationem )e Hebec in <ana)a a) regem .rancor,m/ %?/ "y/ :D:/

%C:%( J,ne *?/ &/ <ar/ %/Traite entre le roy Lo,is ###/ et <harles roi )9Angleterre -o,r la

restit,tion )e la no,velle .rance( la <a)ie et <ana)a et )es navires et merchan)ises -ris )e -art et )9a,tre/ .ait a St/ Germain/ %?/ "y/ :C%/*/ $em/ Am/ ;/

%C:*( $ar/ *?/ '/ <ar/ %/ A grant of $arylan) to <aecili,s <alvert( Faron of Faltimore in

#relan)/%C:*( J,ne *D/ '/ <ar/ %/

A -etition of the -lanters of Virginia against the grant to Lor)Faltimore/

%C::( J,ly :/ ?/ <ar/ %/Br)er of co,ncil ,-on the )is-,te between the Virginia -lanters

an) lor) Faltimore/ Votes of re-res/ of Pennsylvania/ V/%C::( J,ly :/

A -roclamation to -revent ab,ses growing by the ,nor)ere)retailing of tobacco/ $entione) :/ ",shw/ %?%/

%C::( A,g/ %:/ ?/ <ar/ %/ A s-ecial commission to Thomas Yo,ng to search( )iscover an)

>n) o,t what -arts are not yet inhabite) in Virginia an) America an)other -arts there,nto a)joining/ %?/ "y/ @&*/

%C::( Se-t/ *:/ ?/ <ar/ %/ A -roclamation for -reventing of the ab,ses growing by the

,nor)ere) retailing of tobacco/ %?/ "y/ @&@/%C::( Bct/ %:/ ?/ <ar/ %/



A -roclamation restraining the ab,sive venting of tobacco/ %?/"ym/ ;**/

%C:@( $ar/ %:/ <ar/ %/ A -roclamation concerning the lan)ing of tobacco( an) also

forbi))ing the -lanting thereof in the 8ing9s )ominions/ %?/ "y/ ;;:/%C:@( $ay %?/ %D/ <ar/ %/

A commission to the Archbisho- of <anterb,ry an) %% others( for governing the American colonies/

%C:@( <ar/ %/ A commission concerning tobacco/ $/ S/%C:@( J,ne %?/ %D/ <ar/ %/

A commission from Lor) Say an) Seal( an) others( to John7inthro- to be governor of <onnectic,t/ Smith9s A--/

%C:;( J,ly %'/ %%/ <ar/ %/ A grant to ,8e 2amilton/%C:;( <ar/ %/e commissione s-eciali Johanni 2arvey militi -ro meliori

regimine coloniae in Virginia/ *D/ "y/ :/%C:C( A-r/ */ %*/ <ar/ %/

A -roclamation concerning tobacco/ Title in :/ ",sh/ C%&/%C:&( $ar/ %@/ <ar/ %/

e commissione s-eciali Georgio )omino Goring et aliis concessaconcernente ven)itionem )e tobacco abs=,e licentia regia/ *D/ "y/%%C/

%C:C E &( $ar/ %C/%*/ <ar/ %/

A -roclamation against the )isor)erly trans-orting his $ajesty9ss,bjects to the -lantations within the -arts of America/ *D/ "y/ %@:/ :/",sh/ @D?/

%C:&( A-r/ :D/ %:/ <ar/ %/ An or)er of the -rivy co,ncil to stay ' shi-s now in the Thames

from going to NewE!nglan)/ :/ ",sh/ @D?/%C:&( $ay %/ %:/ <ar/ %/

A warrant of the Lor) A)miral to sto- ,nconformable ministersfrom going beyon) sea/ :/ ",sh/ @%D/

%C:&( <ar/ %/Br)er of co,ncil ,-on <laiborne9s -etition against Lor) Faltimore/

Votes of re-resentatives of Pennsylvania/ vi/

%C:'( A-r/ @/ <ar/ %/



An or)er of the 8ing an) co,ncil that the attorneyEgeneral )raw,- a -roclamation to -rohibit trans-ortation of -assengers to NewE!nglan) witho,t license/ :/ ",sh/ &%'/

%C:'( A-r/ C/ %@/ <ar/ %/ A -roclamation to restrain the trans-orting of -assengers an)

-rovisions to NewE!nglan) witho,t licence/ *D/ "y/ **:/%C:'( $ay %/ %@/ <ar/ %/

A -roclamation concerning tobacco/ Title @/ ",sh/ %DCD/%C:?( $ar/ *;/ <ar/ %/

A -roclamation )eclaring his majesty9s -leas,re to contin,e hiscommission an) letters -atents for licensing retailers of tobacco/ *D/"y/ :@'/

%C:?( A,g/ %?/ %;/ <ar/ %/

e commissione s-eciali 2enrico Ashton armigero et aliis a)amoven),m 2enric,m 2awley g,bernatorem )e Farba)oes/ *D/ "y/:;&/

%C:?( ec/ %C/ %;/ <ar/ %/ A -roclamation concerning retailers of tobacco/ @/ ",sh/ ?CC/%C:?( <ar/ %/e constit,tione g,bernatoris et concilii -ro Virginia/ *D/ "y/ @'@/%C@%( A,g/ ?/ %&/ <ar/ %/

Articles of ,nion an) confe)eracy entere) into by $assach,sets(Plymo,th( <onnectic,t an) NewEhaven/ %/ Neale/ **:/%C@:( <ar/ %/ee) from George .enwic8 to the ol) <onnectic,t j,ris)iction/%C@@( <ar/ %/

An or)inance of the lor)s an) commons assemble) in -arliament( for e5em-ting from c,stom an) im-osition allcommo)ities e5-orte) for( or im-orte) from NewE!nglan)( which hasbeen very -ros-ero,s an) witho,t any -,blic charge to this state(

an) is li8ely to -rove very ha--y for the -ro-agation of the gos-el inthose -arts/ Tit/ in Amer/ library ?D/ ;/ No )ate/ F,t seems by theneighbo,ring articles to have been in %C@@/

An act for charging of tobacco bro,ght from NewE!nglan) withc,stom an) e5cise/ Title in American library/ ??/ '/

%C@@( J,ne *D/ <ar/ */ An act for the a)vancing an) reg,lating the tra)e of this

commonwealth/ Tit/ Amer/ libr/ ??/ ?/%C@@( A,g/ %/ <ar/ */Grant of the Northern nec8 of Virginia to Lor) 2o-ton( Lor)

Jermyn( Lor) <,l-e-er( Sir John Fer8ely( Sir 7illiam $oreton( Sir ,)ly 7yatt( an) Thomas <,l-e-er/



%C@@( Se-t/ %'/ %/ <ar/ */ An act -rohibiting tra)e with the Farba)oes( Virginia( Ferm,)as

an) Antego/ Scoble9s Acts/ %D*&/%C;D( Bct/ :/ */ <ar/ */

A )eclaration of Lor) 7illo,ghby( governor of Farba)oes( an) of his co,ncil( against an act of -arliament of :) of Bctober %C;D/ @/Polit/ register/ */ cite) from @/ Neale/ hist/ of the P,ritans/ A--/ No/%*/ b,t not there/

%C;D( <ar/ */ A >nal settlement of bo,n)aries between the ,tch New

Netherlan)s an) <onnectic,t/%C;D( <ar/ */#nstr,ctions for <a-tain "obert ennis( $r/ "ichar) Fennet( $r/

Thomas Stagge( an) <a-t/ 7illiam <labo,rne( a--ointe)commissioners for the re),cing of Virginia an) the inhabitantsthereof to their ),e obe)ience to the commonwealth of !nglan)/ %/Th,rloe9s state -a-ers/ %?&/

%C;%( Se-t/ *C/ :/ <ar/ */ An act for increase of shi--ing an) enco,ragement of the

navigation of this nation/ Scobell9s acts/ %@@?/%C;%( Bct/ ?/ :/ <ar/ */

Articles agree) on an) concl,)e) at James cittie in Virginia for

the s,rren)ering an) settling of that -lantation ,n)er the obe)iencean) government of the commonwealth of !nglan)( by thecommissioners of the co,ncil of state( by a,thoritie of the -arliament of !nglan)( an) by the gran) assembly of the governor( co,ncil( an)b,rgesse of that state/ $/ S/ UAnte/ -a/ *D%/W

%C;% E *( $ar/ %*/@/<ar/ */

An act of in)em-nitie ma)e at the s,rren)er of the co,ntrey Uof Virginia/W UAnte/ -/ *DC/W

%C;% E *( $ar/ %*/@/ <ar/ */<a-it,lation )e PortE"oyal/ mem/ Am/ ;D&/%C;@( A,g/ %C/

A -roclamation of the -rotector relating to Jamaica/ :/ Th,rl/ &;/%C;;( <ar/ */The -rotector to the commissioners of $arylan)/ A letter/ @/

Th,rl/ ;;/

%C;;( Se-t/ *C/ &/ <ar/ */ An instr,ment ma)e at the co,ncil of Jamaica( Bct/ '( %C;;( for

the better carrying on of a airs there/ @/ Th,rl/ &%/



%C;;( Bct/ '/ &/ <ar/ */Treaty of 7estminster between .rance an) !nglan)/ C/ cor-s

)i-lom/ -art */ -/ %*%/ */ $em/ Am/ %D/%C;;( Nov/ :/The assembly at Farba)oes to the Protector/ @/ Th,rl/ C;%/%C;C( $ar/ *&/ '/ <ar/ */

A grant by <romwell to Sir <harles )e Saint !tienne( a baron of Scotlan)( <rowne an) Tem-le/ A .rench translation of it/ */ $em/ Am/;%%/

%C;C( A,g/ ?/ A -a-er concerning the a)vancement of tra)e/ ;/ Th,rl/ 'D/%C;C( <ar/ */

A brief narration of the !nglish rights to the Northern -arts of America/ ;/ Th,rl/ '%/

%C;C( <ar/ */$r/ "/ Fennet an) $r/ S/ $atthew to Secretary Th,rloe/ ;/ Th,rl/

@'*/%C;C( Bct/ %D/ '/ <ar/ */Bbjections against the Lor) Faltimore9s -atent( an) reasons why

the government of $arylan) sho,l) not be -,t into his han)s/ ;/Th,rl/ @'*/

%C;C( Bct/ %D/ '/ <ar/ */ A -a-er relating to $arylan)/ ;/ Th,rl/ @':/%C;C( Bct/ %D/ '/ <ar/ */

A breviet of the -rocee)ings of the lor) Faltimore an) his o cersan) com-liers in $arylan) against the a,thority of the -arliament of the commonwealth of !nglan) an) against his highness the lor)

-rotector9s a,thority laws an) government/ ;/ Th,rl/ @'C/%C;C( Bct/ %D/ '/ <ar/ */The assembly of Virginia to secretary Th,rlow/ ;/ Th,rl/ @?&/%C;C( Bct/ %;/ '/ <ar/ */The governor of Farba)oes to the -rotector/ C/ Th,rl/ %C?/%C;&( A-r/ @/ ?/ <ar/ */Petition of the general co,rt at 2artfor) ,-on <onnectic,t for a

charter/ Smith9s e5am/ A--/ @/%CC%( <ar/ */<harter of the colony of <onnectic,t/ Smith9s e5amn/ A--/ C/%CC*( A-/ *:/ %@/ <ar/ */The >rst charter grante) by <harles ##/ to the -ro-rietaries of

<arolina( to wit( to the !arl of <laren)on( ,8e of Albemarle( Lor)



<raven( Lor) Fer8eley( Lor) Ashley( Sir George <arteret( Sir 7illiamFer8eley( an) Sir John <olleton/ @/ mem/ Am/ ;;@/

%CC* E :( $ar/ *@/ A-r/ @/%;/ <ar/ */The concessions an) agreement of the lor)s -ro-rietors of the

-rovince of New <aesarea( or NewEJersey( to an) with all an) every of the a)vent,rers an) all s,ch as shall settle or -lant there/ Smith9sNewEJersey/ A--/ %/

%CC@( .eb/ %D/ A grant of the colony of NewEYor8 to the ,8e of Yor8/%CC@( $ar/ %*/*D/ <ar/ */

A commission to <olonel Nichols an) others to settle )is-,tes inNewE!nglan)/ 2,tch/ 2ist/ $ass/ Fay/ A--/ ;:&/

%CC@( A-r/ *C/%C/ <ar/ */The commission to Sir "obert <arre an) others to -,t the ,8e of

Yor8 in -ossession of NewEYor8( NewEJersey( an) all other lan)sthere,nto a--ertaining/

Sir "obert <arre an) others -roclamation to the inhabitants of NewEYor8( NewEJersey( Qc/ Smith9s N/ J/ :C/

%CC@( A-r/ *C/ee)s of lease an) release of NewEJersey by the ,8e of Yor8 to

Lor) Fer8eley an) Sir George <arteret/%CC@( J,ne *:( *@/%C/ </ */

A conveiance of the elaware co,nties to 7illiam Penn/Letters between St,yvesant an) <olonel Nichols on the !nglish

right/ Smith9s N/ J/ :& E @*/%CC@( A,g/ %? E *?(*D E :D( *@/

A,g/ *;/ Se-t/ @/Treaty between the !nglish an) ,tch for the s,rren)er of the

NewENetherlan)s/ Sm/ N/ Jers/ @*/%CC@( A,g/ *&/Nicoll9s commission to Sir "obert <arre to re),ce the ,tch on

elaware bay/ Sm/ N/ J/ @&/Se-t/ :/#nstr,ctions to Sir "obert <arre for re),cing of elaware bay an)

settling the -eo-le there ,n)er his majesty9s obe)ience/ Sm/ N/ J/ @&/ Articles of ca-it,lation between Sir "obert <arre an) the ,tch

an) Swe)es on elaware bay an) elaware river/ Sm/ N/ J/ @?/



%CC@( Bct/ %/The )etermination of the commissioners of the bo,n)ary

between the ,8e of Yor8 an) <onnectic,t/ Sm/ !5/ A-/ ?/%CC@( ec/ %/ %C/ <ar/ */The New 2aven case/ Smith9s !5/ A-/ *D/%CC@/The secon) charter grante) by <harles ##/ to the same -ro-rietors

of <arolina/ @/ $em/ Am/ ;'C/%CC;( J,ne %: E *@/%&/ </ */eclaration )e g,erre -ar la .rance contre l9Angleterre/ :/ $em/

Am/ %*:/%CCC( Jan/ *C/eclaration of war by the 8ing of !nglan) against the 8ing of

.rance/%CCC( .eb/ ?/ %&/ <ar/ */The treaty of -eace between .rance an) !nglan) ma)e at Fre)a/

&/ <or-s i-l/ -art %/ -/ @%/ */ $em/ Am/ :*/%CC&( J,ly :%/The treaty of -eace an) alliance between !nglan) an) the 4nite)

Provinces ma)e at Fre)a/ &/ <or/ i-/ -/ %/ -/ @@/ */ $em/ Am/ @D/

%CC&( J,ly :%/ Acte )e la cession )e l9Aca)ie a, roi )e .rance/ */ $em/ Am/ *?*/%CC& E '( .eb/ %&/irections from the governor an) co,ncil of New Yor8 for a better

settlement of the government on elaware/ Sm/ N/ J/ ;%/%CC'( A-ril *%/Lovelace9s or)er for c,stoms at the 2oar8ills/ Sm/ N/ J/ ;;/%CC'/

A con>rmation of the grant of the northern nec8 of Virginia to the!arl of St/ Alban9s( Lor) Fer8eley( Sir 7illiam $oreton an) JohnTretheway/

%C EE $ay '/ *%/ <ar/ */#ncor-oration of the town of Newcastle or Amstell/%C&*/

A )emise of the colony of Virginia to the !arl of Arlington an)Lor) <,l-e-er for :% years/ $/ S/

%C&:( .eb/ *;/ *;/ <ar/ */Treaty at Lon)on between 8ing <harles ##/ an) the ,tch/ Article

V#/



%C&: E @/"emonstrances against the two grants of <harles ##/ of Northern

an) So,thern Virginia/ $ent9)/ Feverley/ C;/Sir George <arteret9s instr,ctions to Governor <arteret/%C&@( J,ly %:/Governor An)ros9s -roclamation on ta8ing -ossession of

Newcastle for the ,8e of Yor8/ Sm/ N/ J/ &'/%C&@( Nov/ ?/

A -roclamation for -rohibiting the im-ortation of commo)ities of !,ro-e into any of his majesty9s -lantations in Africa( Asia( or

America( which were not la)en in !nglan)3 an) for -,tting all other laws relating to the tra)e of the -lantations in e ect,al e5ec,tion/

%C&;( Bct/ %/ *&/ <ar/ */

The concessions an) agreements of the -ro-rietors( freehol)ersan) inhabitants of the -rovince of 7estENewEJersey in America/ Sm/N/ J/ A--/ */

%C&C( $ar/ :/ A )ee) =,inti-artite for the )ivision of NewEJersey/%C&C( J,ly %/Letter from the -ro-rietors of NewEJersey to "ichar) 2artshorne/

Sm/ N/ J/ 'D/Pro-rietors instr,ctions to James 7asse an) "ichar)2artshorne/ Sm/ N/ J/ ':/

%C&C( A,g/ %'/The charter of 8ing <harles ##/ to his s,bjects of Virginia/ $/ S/%C&C( Bct/ %D/ *'/ <ar/ */<a,tionary e-istle from the tr,stees of Fyllinge9s -art of NewE

Jersey/ Sm/ N/ J/ '@/%C&C/#n)ian )ee) for the lan)s between "an8o8as cree8 an) Timber

cree8( in NewEJersey/

%C&&( Se-t/ %D/#n)ian )ee) for the lan)s from Bl)man9s cree8 to Timber cree8(

in NewEJersey/%C&&( Se-t/ *&/#n)ian )ee) for the lan)s from "an8o8as cree8 to Ass,n-in8

cree8( in NewEJersey/%C&&( Bct/ %D/The will of Sir George <arteret( sole -ro-rietor of !astEJersey(

or)ering the same to be sol)/%C&'( ec/ ;/



An or)er of the 8ing in co,ncil for the better enco,ragement of all his majesty9s s,bjects in their tra)e to his majesty9s -lantations(an) for the better information of all his majesty9s loving s,bjects inthese matters/ Lon)/ Ga1 No/ %;?C/ Title in Amer/ library/ %:@/ C/

%C'D( .eb/ %C/

Arg,ments against the c,stoms )eman)e) in NewE7estEJersey by the governor of NewEYor8( a))resse) to the ,8e9s commissioners/Sm/ N/ J/ %%&/

%C'D/!5tracts of -rocee)ings of the committee of tra)e an)

-lantations0 co-ies of letters( re-orts( Qc/ between the boar) of tra)e($r/ Penn( Lor) Faltimore an) Sir John 7er)en( in the behalf of the,8e of Yor8 an) the settlement of the Pennsylvania bo,n)aries by the L/ </ J/ North/ Votes of "e-r/ Pennsyl/ vii/ E 5iii/

%C'D( J,ne %@/ *:/ *;/Bct/ %C/Nov/ @/ '/ %%/ %'/ *D/ *:/ec/ %C/%C'DE%( Jan/ %;/ **/.eb/ *@/

A grant of Pennsylvania to 7illiam Penn/ Votes of "e-resen/Pennsylv/ 5viii/

%C'%( $ar/ @/ <ar/ */The 8ing9s )eclaration to the inhabitants an) -lanters of the

-rovince of Pennsylvania/ Vo/ "e-/ Penn/ 55iv/%C'%( A-r/ */<ertain con)itions or concessions agree) ,-on by 7illiam Penn(

-ro-rietary an) governor of Pennsylvania( an) those who are thea)vent,rers an) -,rchasers in the same -rovince/ Votes of "e-/Pennsylv/ 55iv/

%C'%( J,ly %%/.,n)amental laws of the -rovince of 7estENewEJersey/ Sm/ N/ J/

%*C/%C'%( Nov/ ?/The metho)s of the commissioners for settling an) reg,lation of

lan)s in NewEJersey/ Sm/ N/ J/ %:D/%C'% E *( Jan/ %@/#n)ent,res of lease an) release by the e5ec,tors of Sir George

<arteret to 7illiam Penn an) %% others( conveying !astEJersey/

%C'% E *( .eb/ %/ */The ,8e of Yor89s fresh grant of !astENewEJersey to the *@

-ro-rietors/



%C'*( $ar/ %@/The .rame of the government of the -rovince of Pennsylvania( in

America/ Votes of "e-r/ Penn/ 55vii/%C'*( A-r/ *;/The ,8e of Yor89s )ee) for Pennsylvania/ Vo/ "e-r/ Penn/ 555v/%C'*( A,g/ *%/The ,8e of Yor89s )ee) of feo ment of Newcastle an) twelve

miles circle to 7illiam Penn/ Vo/ "e-r/ Penn/%C'*( A,g/ *@/The ,8e of Yor89s )ee) of feo ment of a tract of lan) %* miles

so,th from Newcastle to the 7hore8ills( to 7illiam Penn/ Vo/ "e-r/Penn/ 555vii/

%C'*( A,g/ *@/

A commission to Thomas Lor) <,l-e-er to be lie,tenant an)governorEgeneral of Virginia/ $/ S/

%C'*( Nov/ *&/ :@/ <ar/ */ An act of ,nion for anne5ing an) ,niting of the co,nties of

Newcastle( Jones9s an) 7hore8ill9s alias eal( to the -rovince of Pennsylvania( an) of nat,rali1ation of all foreigners in the -rovincean) co,nties aforesai)/

%C'*( %Dth month( Cth )ay/ An act of settlement/%C'*( ec/ C/The frame of the government of the -rovince of Pennsylvania

an) territories there,nto anne5e) in America/%C':( A-r/ */Procee)ings of the committee of tra)e an) -lantations in the

)is-,te between Lor) Faltimore an) $r/ Penn/ Vo/ "/ P/ 5iii E 5viii/%C':( A-r/ %&( *&/ %C'@( .eb/ %*/ %C';( $ar/ %&/$ay :D/ J,ly *( %C( *:/ A,g/ %'/ *C/

J,ne %*/ Se-t/ :D/ Se-t/ */ec/ ?/ Bct/ '/ %&( :%/Nov/ &/

A commission by the -ro-rietors of !astENewEJersey to "obert Farclay to be governor/ Sm/ N/ J/ %CC/

%C':( J,ly %&/ An or)er of co,ncil for iss,ing a =,o warranto against the charter

of the colony of the $assach,set9s bay in NewE!nglan)( with his

majesty9s )eclaration that in case the sai) cor-oration of $assch,set9s bay shall before -rosec,tion ha) ,-on the same =,owarranto ma8e a f,ll s,bmission an) entire resignation to his royal



-leas,re( he will then reg,late their charter in s,ch a manner as shallbe for his service an) the goo) of that colony/ Title in Amer/ library/%:?/ C/

%C':( J,ly *C/ :;/ <ar/ */ A commission to Lor) 2owar) of ! ngham to be lie,tenant an)

governorEgeneral of Virginia/ $/ S/%C':( Se-t/ *'/ :;/ <ar/ */The h,mble a))ress of the chief governor( co,ncil an)

re-resentatives of the islan) of Nevis( in the 7estE#n)ies( -resente)to his majesty by <olonel Netheway an) <a-tain Je erson( at 7in)sor( $ay :( %C'@/ Title in Amer/ libr/ %@*/ :/ cites Lon)/ Ga1/ No/%?*&/

%C'@( $ay :/ A treaty with the #n)ians at Albany/%C'@( A,g/ */

A treaty of ne,trality for America between .rance an) !nglan)/&/ <or-s/ i-l/ -art */ -/ @@/ */ $em/ Am/ @D/

%C'C( Nov/ %C/Fy the 8ing( a -roclamation for the more e ect,al re),cing an)

s,--ressing of -irates an) -rivateers in America( as well on the seaas on the lan) in great n,mbers( committing fre=,ent robberies an)

-iracies( which hath occasione) a great -rej,)ice an) obstr,ction totra)e an) commerce( an) given a great scan)al an) )ist,rbance too,r government in those -arts/ Title Amer/ libr/ %@&/ */ cites Lon)/Ga1/ No/ *:%;/

%C'&( Jan/ *D/<onstit,tion of the co,ncil of -ro-rietors of 7estEJersey/ Smith9s

N/ Jersey/ %??/%C'&( .eb/ %*/

A con>rmation of the grant of the northern nec8 of Virginia toLor) <,l-e-er/

%C'&( =,/ Se-t/ *&/@/ Jac/ */Governor <o5e9s )eclaration to the co,ncil of -ro-rietors of 7estE

Jersey/ Sm/ N/ J/ %?D/%C'&( Se-t/ ;/Provisional treaty of 7hitehall concerning America between

.rance an) !nglan)/ */ $em/ )e l9Am/ '?/%C'&( ec/ %C/

Governor <o5e9s narrative relating to the )ivision line( )irecte) tothe co,ncil of -ro-rietors of 7estEJersey/ Sm/ A--/ N/ @/



The re-resentation of the co,ncil of -ro-rietors of 7estEJersey toGovernor F,rnet/ Smith/ A--/ No/ ;/

The remonstrance an) -etition of the inhabitants of !astENewE Jersey to the 8ing/ Sm/ A--/ No/ '/

The memorial of the -ro-rietors of !astENewEJersey to the Lor)sof tra)e/ Sm/ A--/ No/ ?/

Agreement of the line of -artition between !ast an) 7estENewE Jersey/ Sm/ N/ J/ %?C/

%C''( Se-t/ ;/<onveiance of the government of 7estEJersey an) territories by

r/ <o5e( to the 7estEJersey society/%C?%/

A charter grante) by Hing 7illiam an) +,een $ary to theinhabitants of the -rovince of $assach,set9s bay in NewE!nglan)/ */$em/ )e l9Am/ ;?:/

%C?%( Bct/ &/The frame of government of the -rovince of Pennsylvania an)

the territories there,nto belonging( -asse) by Governor $ar8ham/Nov/ &( %C?C/

%C?C( Nov/ &/The treaty of -eace between .rance an) !nglan)( ma)e at

"yswic8/ &/ <or-s i-l/ -art/ */ -/ :??/ */ $em/ Am/ '?/

%C?&( Se-t/ *D/The o-inion an) answer of the lor)s of tra)e to the memorial of

the -ro-rietors of !astENewEJersey/ Sm/ A--/ No/ %D/%C??( J,ly ;/The memorial of the -ro-rietors of !astENewEJersey to the Lor)s

of tra)e/ Sm/ A--/ No/ %%/The -etition of the -ro-rietors of !ast an) 7estENewEJersey to

the Lor)s j,stices of !nglan)/ Sm/ A--/ No/ %*/

%&DD( Jan/ %;/ A con>rmation of the bo,n)ary between the colonies of NewEYor8 an) <onnectic,t( by the crown/

%&DD( 7/ :/The memorial of the -ro-rietors of !ast an) 7estEJersey to the

8ing/ Sm/ A--/ No/ %@/%&D%( A,g/ %*/"e-resentation of the lor)s of tra)e to the lor)s j,stices/ Sm/

A--/ No/ %:/%&D%( Bct/ */

A treaty with the #n)ians/



%&D%/"e-ort of lor)s of tra)e to 8ing 7illiam of )ra,ghts of a

commission an) instr,ctions for a governor of NewEJersey/ Sm/ N/ J/*C*/

%&D% E *( Jan/ C/S,rren)er from the -ro-rietors of !/ an) 7/ N/ Jersey of their

-reten)e) right of government to her majesty +/ Anne/ Sm/ N/ J/ *%%/%&D*( A-r/ %;/The +,een9s acce-tance of the s,rren)er of government of !ast

an) 7estEJersey/ Sm/ N/ J/ *%?/%&D*( A-r/ %&/#nstr,ctions to lor) <ornb,ry/ Sm/ N/ J/ *:D/%&D*( Nov/ %C/

A commission from +,een Anne to Lor) <ornb,ry( to be ca-tainEgeneral an) governor in chief of NewEJersey/ Sm/ N/ J/ **D/

%&D*( ec/ ;/"ecognition by the co,ncil of -ro-rietors of the tr,e bo,n)ary of

the )ee)s of Se-t/ %D an) Bct/ %D( %C&&/ MNewEJersey / Sm/ N/ J/ ?C/%&D:( J,ne *&/#n)ian )ee) for the lan)s above the falls of the elaware in 7estE

Jersey/#n)ian )ee) for the lan)s at the hea) of "an8o8,s river in7estEJersey/

%&D:/ A -roclamation by +,een Anne for settling an) ascertaining the

c,rrent rates of foreign coins in America/ Sm/ N/ J/ *'%/%&D@( J,ne %'/

A))itional instr,ctions to Lor) <ornb,ry/ Sm/ N/ J/ *:;/%&D;( $ay :/

A))itional instr,ctions to Lor) <ornb,ry/ Sm/ N/ J/ *;'/%&D&( $ay :/

A))itional instr,ctions to Lor) <ornb,ry/ Sm/ N/ J/ *;?/%&D&( Nov/ *D/

An answer by the co,ncil of -ro-rietors for the western )ivisionof NewEJersey( to =,estions( -ro-ose) to them by Lor) <ornb,ry/ Sm/N/ J/ *';/

%&D&/#nstr,ctions to <olonel Vetch in his negociations with the

governors of America/ Sm/ N/ J/ :C@/

%&D' E ?( .eb/ *'/



#nstr,ctions to the governor of NewEJersey an) NewEYor8/ Sm/ N/ J/ :C%/

%&D' E ?( .eb/ *'/!arl of artmo,th9s letter to governor 2,nter/%&%D( A,g/Premieres -ro-ositions )e la .rance/ C/ Lamberty( CC?/ */ $em/

Am/ :@%/%&%%( A-r/ **/"e-onses )e la .rance a,5 )eman)es -reliminaires )e la

Gran)eEFretagne/ C/ Lamb/ C'%/ */ $em/ Amer/ :@@/%&%%( Bct/ '/eman)es -reliminaires -l,s -artic,lieres )e la Gran)eE

Fretagne( avec les re-onses/ */ $em/ )e l9Am/ :@C/

%&%%( Se-t/ *&/EEEEEEEEBct/ '/L9acce-tation )e la -art )e la Gran)eEFretagne/ */ $em/ Am/

:;C/%&%%( Se-t/ *&/EEEEEEEEBct/ '/

The =,een9s instr,ctions to the Fisho- of Fristol an) !arl of Stra or)( her -leni-otentiaries( to treat of a general -eace/ C/Lamberty( &@@/ */ $em/ Am/ :;'/

%&%%( ec/ *:/ A memorial of $r/ St/ John to the $ar=,is )e Torci( with regar) to

North America( to commerce( an) to the s,s-ension of arms/ &/"ec,eil )e Lamberty( %C%/ */ $em/ )e l9Amer/ :&C/

%&%*( $ay *@/EEEEEE

J,ne %D/"e-onse ), roi )e .rance a, memoire )e Lon)res/ &/ Lamberty(

-/ %C:/ */ $em/ Am/ :'D/%&%*( J,ne %D/Traite -o,r ,ne s,s-ension )9armes entre Lo,is #V/ roi )e

.rance( Q Anne( reigne )e la Gran)eEFretagne( fait a Paris/ '/ <or-si-lom/ -art/ %/ -/ :D'/ */ $em/ )9Am/ %D@/

%&%*( A,g/ %?/

B ers of .rance to !nglan)( )eman)s of !nglan)( an) theanswers of .rance/ &/ "ec/ )e Lamb/ @?%/ */ $em/ Am/ :?D/



%&%*( Se-t/ %D/Traite )e -ai5 Q )9amitie entre Lo,is #V/ roi )e .rance( Q Anne(

reine )e la Gran)eEFretagne( fait a 4trecht/ %;/ <or-s i-lomati=,e)e ,mont( ::?/ i)/ Latin/ */ Actes Q memoires )e la -ais )94trecht(@;&/ i)/ Lat/ .r/ */ $em/ Am/ %%:/

%&%:( $ar/ :%/EEEEEEE

A-r/ %%/Traite )e navigation Q )e commerce entre Lo,is #V/ roi )e

.rance( Q Anne( reine )e la Gran)eEFretagne/ .ait a 4trecht/ '/ <or-s/i-l/ -art/ %/ -/ :@;/ */ $em/ )e l9Am/ %:&/

%&%:( $ar/ :%/EEEEEEE

A-r/ %%/ A treaty with the #n)ians/%&*C/The -etition of the re-resentatives of the -rovince of NewEJersey(

to have a )istinct governor/ Sm/ N/ J/ @*%/%&*'( Jan/ee) of release by the government of <onnectic,t to that of

NewEYor8/

%&:*( G/ */The charter grante) by George ##/ for Georgia/ @/ $em/ )e l9Am/C%&/

%&:*( J,ne ? E *D/ ;/ G/ */Petition of Lor) .airfa5( that a commission might iss,e for

r,nning an) mar8ing the )ivi)ing line between his )istrict an) the -rovince of Virginia/

%&::/Br)er of the 8ing in co,ncil for <ommissioners to s,rvey an)

settle the sai) )ivi)ing line between the -ro-rietary an) royalterritory/

%&::( Nov/ *?/"e-ort of the lor)s of tra)e relating to the se-arating the

government of the -rovince of NewEJersey from NewEYor8/ Sm/ N/ J/@*:/

%&:C( A,g/ ;/S,rvey an) re-ort of the commissioners a--ointe) on the -art of

the crown to settle the line between the crown an) Lor) .airfa5/%&:&( A,g/ %D/



S,rvey an) re-ort of the commissioners a--ointe) on the -art of Lor) .airfa5 to settle the line between the crown an) him/

%&:&( A,g/ %%/Br)er of reference of the s,rveys between the crown an) Lor)

.airfa5 to the co,ncil for -lantation a airs/%&:'( ec/ *%/Treaty with the #n)ians of the C nations at Lancaster/%&@@( J,ne"e-ort of the co,ncil for -lantation a airs( >5ing the hea)

s-rings of "a--ahanoc an) Patowmac( an) a commission to e5ten)the line/

%&@;( A-r/ C/Br)er of the 8ing in co,ncil con>rming the sai) re-ort of the

co,ncil for -lantation a airs/%&@;( A-r/ %%/

Articles -reliminaires -o,r -arvenir a la -ai5( signes a Ai5ElaE<ha-elle entre les ministres )e .rance( )e la Gran)eEFretagne( Q )esProvincesE4nies )es PaysEFas/ */ $em/ )e l9Am/ %;?/

%&@'( A-r/ :D/eclaration )es ministres )e .rance( )e la Gran)eEFretagne( Q

)es ProvincesE4nies )es PaysEFas( -o,r recti>er les articles #/ Q ##/ )es -reliminaires/ */ $em/ Am/ %C;/

%&@'( $ay *%/The general an) )e>nitive treaty of -eace concl,)e) at Ai5ElaE

<ha-elle/ Lon)/ $ag/ %&@'/ ;D: .rench/ */ $em/ Am/ %C?/%&@'( Bct/ & E %'/**/ G/ */

A treaty with the #n)ians/%&;@/

A conference between Governor Fernar) an) #n)ian nations at F,rlington/ Sm/ N/ J/ @@?/

%&;'( A,g/ &/ A conference between Governor enny( Governor Fernar) an)

others( an) #n)ian nations at !aston/ Sm/ N/ J/ @;;/%&;'( Bct/ '/The ca-it,lation of Niagara/%&;?( J,ly *;/ ::/ G/ */The 8ing9s -roclamation -romising lan)s to so,l)iers/

%&; EEThe )e>nitive treaty concl,)e) at Paris/ Lon)/ $ag/ %&C:/ %@?/



%&C:( .eb/ %D/ :/ G/ :/ A -roclamation for reg,lating the cessions ma)e by the last

treaty of -eace/ G,th/ Geogr/ Gram/ C*:/%&C:( Bct/ &/ G/ :/The 8ing9s -roclamation against settling on any lan)s on the

waters( westwar) of the Alleghaney/%&C:/ee) from the si5 nations of #n)ians to 7illiam Trent an) others

for lan)s betwi5t the Bhio an) $onongahela/ View of the title to#n)iana/ Phil/ Styner an) <ist/ %&&C/

%&C'( Nov/ :/ee) from the si5 nations of #n)ians to the crown for certain

lan)s an) settling a bo,n)ary/ $/ S/

%&C'( Nov/ ;/

Z %??C The Avalon Project/ 7illiam </ .ray an) Lisa A/ S-ar( <oEirectors/

The Avalon Project 3 NBT!S BN T2! STAT! B. V#"G#N#A was last mo)i>e) on3 D& D% *DD% *%3DD3D*

Documents

Notes on Virginia - Jefferson