Notes on Holt Lectures

7/23/2019 Notes on Holt Lectures

1/90

Breakdown of normal democratic processCivil War1860 Presidential Electionsecession of Deep SoutEscalatin! sectional conflict over te course of time

"Wat caused tis worsenin! of sectional relations#"$na%ilit& of political s&stem to contain conflict

"Demise of Second 'merican Part& S&stem"En!endered i! popular participation rates durin! itse(istence

)e Causal Pro%lem$* $ntroduction$$* )e +istorio!rapical De%ate

a* ,undamentalists%* -evisionistsc* .eo",undamentalists

$$$* Politics/ Sectional Conflict/ and te Comin! of te Civil War

a* Some 'nomalies%* Cold Wars and +ot Warsc* )e Pro%lem of )imin!d* Part& Conflict and -epu%licanism

$* ' Brief Sketc of te )esis

Civil War seen as a culmination of intensif&in! sectional disputes ,undamentalists2"-upture of reli!ious denominations

"Pres%&terians 18342/ 5etodists 1872/ Baptists 1872")e Pres%&terians pulled apart durin! a! -ule Controvers&")e 5etodists and Baptists split on te issue of anne(in! )e(as

"Disruption of political parties Wi!s in 187"1876/ Democrats in 18602",undamentalist interpretation popular from late"nineteent centur& to 1930:s"Searc for differences %etween sections occupies scolars

";$rrepressi%le Conflict< over slaver&"Slaver& as sin!le cause =ames ,ord -odes2"5oral determination to end peculiar institution

"$rreconcila%le economic differences"Clas %etween a!rarians and industrial capitalists";Second 'merican -evolution< Carles Beard2

"Different value s&stems"Cavaliers and >ankees William )a&lor2"'%olitionists and soutern onor Bertram"W&att Brown2

-evisionists enter te scene amidst te post"World War $ disillusionment wit warfare"War could ave %een averted trou! pra!matic statesmansip 'ver& Craven2

"$rresponsi%le a!itators secessionists and a%olitionists2 affect politicians"Slaver& would ave slowl& died out ?lric B* Pillips2

"Peculiar institution unprofita%le and inefficient in Sout")oo few suita%le areas recalls Daniel We%ster:s position2

"Compromisers favored over ideolo!ues


2/90

"Stepen '* Dou!las of $llinois %ecomes a ero-esur!ence in older ,undamentalist ar!uments occurs durin! ei!t of Civil -i!ts Era

".eo",undamentalists ave arisen to displace -evisionists"Slaver& served as a deepl& divisive issue

",ree soil@la%or ideolo!& and -epu%lican Part& 1870:s2

"5oral concerns underla& opposition to slaver&"-esponse to ri!tness of World War $$"Consensus position in academ& 'rtur Sclesin!er =r* and David Potter2

"-ecent istorians i!li!t te de%ates over slaver& e(tension".ort and Sout filled wit racists

"Westward e(pansion made wites un!er for land")eor& of soutern ;slave draines2/ 0 Souterners .o2"+ouse Bill to institute 36N 30O line2

"97 .orterners >es2/ 4 .orterners .o2"39 Souterners >es2/ 34 Souterners .o2

"Cla& finall& %roke up te measures and assem%led maorities to pass tem"=on Luinc& 'dams %ecame campion of restrictionists"Ald -epu%licans favored states ri!ts and defense of slaver&

")omas -itcie Editor of -icmond EnGuirer2"William Smit Sout Carolina ?*S* Senator2".ataniel 5acon .ort Carolina ?*S* Senator2

",amous for is .on"intercourse 'ct of 1810"Saw pro%lem wit internal coesion of -epu%lican coalition

"?nderstood tis came wit demise of ,ederalists"End discussion of slaver&"Demand a return to part& discipline on anti"%ank platform"-estore =effersonian %elief in strict construction"Worked to pur!e part& of ;.ational< -epu%licans

")ar!et Souterners wo voted for 36N 30O line"40I of tose wo opposed it reelected"39I of tose wo supported it reelected

"ave caucus presidential nomination to William Crawford"Ater tree candidates in 18F denounce caucus

"'r!ue a!ainst it as anti"repu%lican measure"$llinoisans de%ate weter to permit slaver& in teir %orders 18F32

"Directl& contravened lan!ua!e of .ortwest Ardinance"Apposed %& Edward Coles formerl& of ir!inia and all& of =efferson

"Aioans tried to offer a plan for compensated emancipation on federal level"$ntroduced %& pro"Cla& le!islators in state assem%l& to win .ew En!land

"Ald -epu%licans denounced tese plans as unconstitutional


10/90

"-eGuired nortern allies to frustrate a%olition"Detest =ackson/ %ut e is wildl& popular wit man& in .ort

"$saac +ill and 5artin an Buren tr& to %ur& slaver& issue")allmad!e part of anti"an Buren Clinton faction"EGuated slaver& a!itation wit a ,ederalist plot

"Dartmout Colle!e versus .ew +ampsire 18192"5arsall Court upeld colonial carter",rustrated Ald -epu%licans like +ill

Buildin! te =ackson Coalition/ 18F0"18F8 Continued2$* )e Election of 18F$$* Com%inin! te anti"'dams men/ 18F7"18F8$$$* )e )ariff of '%ominations$* Constructin! an Ar!aniation* )e Election of 18F8 and an A%servation$* -epu%licanism/ oter 5o%iliation/ and Emer!ence of =ackson Part& S&stem

$$* PopulismM =acksonian St&le$$$* PopulismM 'nti"5asonic St&lea* Wat were 5asonr& and 'nti"5asonr%* $nterpretin! 'nti"5asonic -etoricc* ' Curc and State Part&d* ,ear of Su%version witin Political Structuree* Clues for 1870:s

$* .ullification and Caloun

=ackson:s ;etters of W&omin!< defended repu%lican self"!overnment"-escue pu%lic from t&rann& and lu(ur&"=ackson supporters

"-ecalled is militar& service in War of 181F"Benefited from an!er at financiers in wake of Panic of 1819"'ttracted to is stance as an outside reformer

".o candidate o%tains a maorit& in Electoral Colle!e";Corrupt %ar!ain< insinuated a%out Cla& and 'dams"Apponents of 'dams !raduall& coalesced %eind =ackson

"Caloun srewdl& ali!ned wit =ackson earl&"Won ice"Presidenc& uncontested"Worried a%out rival William Smit

"Smit viewed tariffs as unconstitutional"Protested te protective )ariff of 18F4"Cast tie"%reakin! vote a!ainst Woolens Bill

"Wrote ;Sout Carolina E(position and Protest< 18F82"State ma& nullif& law witin its %orders

"Callen!e constitutionalit& wit state veto"-eGuired 3@ of states to override veto

"Similar to constitutional amendment"A%tained a friendl& newspaper in ?nited States )ele!rap


11/90

"Duff reen as editor and Ald -epu%lican mem%er")omas -itcie and 5artin an Buren trow support to =ackson

"Blocked 'dams:s appropriation for Panama Conference"?*S* dele!ates would ave met tose from +aiti

"S&m%olic treat to slaveolders

;Part& attacments in former times provided a complete antidote to sectional feelin!s*


12/90

"'nti"5asons stretced across ;Burned Aver Districtork editor =on * A:Sullivan an Buren supporter2"Accurred after )e(as admitted into te ?nion

"Pu%lic opinion ad %uried )e(as anne(ation in late 1830:s"Politicians/ not pu%lic introduced )e(as issue

+ow Did te Slaver& $ssue Emer!e# Continued2$* )&ler and )e(as

a* )e Britis Boo!e&man%* 'lliance wit Calounc* )e Pakenam etterd* -ift in te Democrac&

i* +ard 5one& versus Soft 5one&ii* )e(as and te Stop an Buren 5ovement

$ntrapart& factionalism reflected divisions witin eac part&


22/90

")&ler read out of Wi! Part&"+e took up anne(ation as an issue for reelection

"Britis a%olitionism and Duff reen:s letter to Caloun"-o%ert =* Walker pused for anne(ation ,e%ruar& 182

";Slave drain< to )e(as will eventuall& deplete countr& of %lacks

"Witeld letter from 'ndrew =ackson supportin! anne(ation"Ari!inall& drafted in ,e%ruar& 183")&ler turned to Democrats for elp wit nomination

"Secretar& of State '%el P* ?psur killed in !un misfire in earl& 18"Princeton incident

"Caloun %rou!t into State Department trou! +enr& Wise"Drafted letter to ord Pakenam on 'pril 18t

"Defended slaver& as a political institution"?sed free %lack data of 180 Census

"Claimed it proved %lacks fitness for slaver&"Pu%lised letter for two reasons

"-all& Soutern sentiment %eind Caloun"Bolster pro"anne(ation feelin!"Stop an Buren from !ainin! Democratic nomination

")urn de%ate from economics to forei!n polic&"+is allies failed to !et .ovem%er 183 convention

"Silas Wri!t a!reed to postponement"Cief an Buren lieutenant"Dela& cost an Buren nomination

",aced 'nti"-ent treat at ome";$ndians< conduct raids")ried to undermine tenanc&

",ailed Carles 5cCurd&2

Slaver& and te Parties in te 180:s$* )e Pakenam etter and te Stop an Buren 5ovement$$* )e Democratic Convention of 18$$$* )e Election of 18$* )e(as and Dividin! Parties

an Buren wrote a letter opposin! anne(ation in response to Pakenam etter"Secretar& of State Caloun sou!t to derail an Buren:s candidac&

"Democratic nomination reGuired F@3rds of total dele!ates to win"-ule of :3F used %& an Buren to !et =ackson renominated"Pused %& anti"an Buren dele!ate

"Benamin Butler of .ew >ork"eor!e Bancroft ur!ed Polk:s name

"5ollified an Burenites and endorsed Silas Wri!t for P"Wri!t refused and eor!e 5* Dallas !ot position

"Dallas a pro"%ankin! Penns&lvanian"'natema to locofoco win! of part&


23/90

"-o%ert =* Walker wrote te pro"anne(ation platform at convention"Ciefl& responsi%le for !ettin! Democrats to want )e(as

"Some speculated as to is motives"?nif& part& on a separate/ popular issue

"Economic issues ad divided part&

Wi!s reoiced at Cla&:s prospects for victor&"=ames H* Polk:s election created ;!loom and consternationeomanr& attracted to promise of ceap lands"'ntislaver& Democrats and some first"time voters cast %allots for i%ert& Part&

"Win over 6/000 votes in .ew >ork alone crucial to Polk:s victor&2"Polk:s Hane etter pled!ed to retain i!er tariffs for Penns&lvanians

"Secretl& planned to introduce le!islation for downward revision"Wi!s lost immi!rant voters in P selection of nativist )eodore ,relin!u&sen

Slaver& and te Parties in te 180:s Continued2$* )e(as and Dividin! Parties

a* Wi!s%* Democrats

$$* Polk and Part& -evolta* Are!on%* Ari!ins of te Wilmot Proviso

)e(as continued as a %urnin! issue into 187"split 5assacusetts Wi!s into Cotton and Conscience factions

"Cotton Wi!s eld economic ties to Sout"5ore conservative on sectional issues".atan 'ppleton one of te leaders

"Conscience Wi!s represented antislaver& men",ormed %ack%one of future ,ree Soil Part& 1882"+enr& Wilson/ Carles ,* 'dams/ and Carles Sumner

"Polk:s nomination led to is e(pansionist 5e(ican War"an Burenites still smartin! from Polk:s nomination

"90 +ouse seats and 4 !u%ernatorial seats in Sout up for !ra%s in 187"Souterners runnin! for election wis to dispose )e(as issue Guickl&

"ame duck )&ler asked for oint"resolution treat& of anne(ation"-eGuired onl& a simple maorit& in %ot ouses not F@3rds in Senate2


24/90

")e(as"5e(ico %oundar& left unclear .ueces or -io rande#2")e(as offered its pu%lic lands to ?*S* and also assumed its %onded de%t")e(as %ecame a ?*S* territor&

"5ilton Brown/ a )ennessee Wi!/ introduced an amendment")e(as keeps all its land from post"independence

")e(as de%t would remain unresolved")e(as admitted as a slave state",our additional slave states possi%le

"?naltera%le provision for future Con!resses"Brown tried to outmaneuver Soutern Democrats

"an Burenites proposed a compromise"'dmit settled area of )e(as as slave state

"eave rest in territorial status"5easure failed from )&ler and Souterners

"ote on oint resolution 5arc 1872"+ouse results

"Wi!sM 10 ,or/ 90 '!ainst"DemocratsM 80 ,or/ F0 '!ainst"Senate results

"F4 ,or/ F7 '!ainst 5aorit& included all F Democrats2")omas +art Benton provided an amendment for te reduction of )e(as territor&

"Polk supposedl& promised to endorse tis measure"'ccepted )&ler:s terms %ased on te +ouse %ill

"'n!ered an Burenites"Polk replaced pro"an Buren ;lo%e< for ;?nionance& %olted Democratic convention in Baltimore"Anl& succeeded in winnin! over one oter dele!ate

"Aio and 5assacusetts Wi!s refused to accept slaveoldin! candidate"Some %olt to oin newl& formed ,ree Soil Part&"i%ert& men/ e("Wi!s/ and an Burenites !ater in Buffalo"$n e(can!e for an Buren as candidate/ e("Wi!s !ot platform

"'dvocated con!ressional territorial proi%ition of slaver&"'%olition in D*C*"Campioned a new omestead %ill for settlers"Support for a moderate protective tariff

"Bot parties ran =anus"faced campai!ns on slaver&"'m%i!uit& of popular soverei!nt&

"Wen do people of a territor& !et to restrict slaver"Before or after writin! a state constitution#

Politics and te Compromise of 1870$* $ntroduction$$* )e Elections of 189 in te .ort and Sout$$$* )a&lor and a .o Part& 'dministration$* Part& D&namics in Con!ress

)a&lor sou!t to immediatel& admit slave states"B&pass Wilmot Proviso

"'dmit California and .ew 5e(ico as free states"Dispatced Soutern a!ent to Santa ,e

"Would elp draft a state constitution"et Supreme Court settle )e(as".ew 5e(ico %oundar& dispute

"Cla&ton Compromise 1882"Ar!anie California and .ew 5e(ico


27/90

"Con!ressional Wi!s/ led %& Cla&/ tried to %lock )a&lor:s sceme"5ain issues of Compromise

"California %ecame 31st state and free"-eplaced 1493 ,u!itive Slave 'ct wit stron!er one

"'llowed federal marsals to deputie civilians

"K7 paid to marsals for slave captured/ %ut later freed"K10 paid to marsals for slave captured/ ten convicted".o slaves permitted to testif& on teir %ealf"1871 Cristiana revolt at&pical of enforcement

"5ost .orterners acGuiesced Stanle& Camp%ell2"Popular soverei!nt& in .ew 5e(ico@?ta territories"Proi%ited pu%lic auctions/ %ut not slaver& or all slave trade in D*C*")e(as lost claims on Santa ,e re!ion/ %ut compensated for its %onds

"K7 million in ?*S* %onds and K7 million in ?*S* de%t assumption"Breakdown of factional !roupin!s %& section and part&

"'nti"CompromiseM .ortern Wi!s and Soutern Democrats

"Pro"CompromiseM Soutern Wi!s and .ortern Democrats"Soutern Democrats a%andoned popular soverei!nt& after 188 elections"Caloun:s Soutern 'ddress =anuar& 1892

",ear of )a&lor si!nin! Proviso into law wit 5ercer/ P' speec"Soutern Democrats win 11 Senate seats in 189 elections

")a&lor -epu%lican movement and patrona!e distri%ution"Sunned Wi! re!ulars for supporters of personalit&"%ased part&"Senate Democrats e(erted considera%le levera!e upon Wi!s

"otes on patrona!e occurred after passa!e of Compromise"Pro"Compromise .ortern Democrats control committees

"Crucial to enactment +olman +amilton2"Cla&:s ori!inal plan ad reco!nied antislaver& 5e(ican statutes as le!al

"Would ave divided )e(as oriontall& in two at Sa%ine -iver"Soutern Wi!s understood futilit& of plan to teir future election

Deat of )a&lor in =ul& allowed for ascension of 5illard ,illmore/ a .ew >orker",illmore trew out te )a&lor men in Ca%inet and put in part& re!ulars

"Si!nificantl& reversed )a&lor:s anti"Compromise stance

)e Collapse of te Second Part& S&stem and te Hansas".e%raska 'ct$* $ntroduction$$* )e Second Part& S&stem ?ndermined$$$* )e Election of 187F and a Calamitous Wi! Decision$* Partisan Disinte!ration in 1873* ,ranklin Pierce and te Disruption of 'merican Democrac&$* ,ramin! te .e%raska 'ct

a* Dou!las:s 5otives%* Dou!las:s -etreatc* Wi!s and Political ,oot%all

$$* )e .e%raska 'ct and -eali!nment of te 1870:s


28/90

)e ,illmore 'dministration:s pro"Compromise patrona!e polic& divided Wi!s"Winfield Scott %ecame candidate of anti"Compromise win! of part&",ormation of ?nion parties in Deep Sout displa&ed pro"Compromise stance")e searc for new issues upon wic to unif& te part&

"Economic issues durin! earl& 1870:s failed to !enerate interpart& conflict

%etween Wi!s and Democrats"W& is tis so#"Boom times of late 180:s prevented raisin! tariff

"overnment revenues not tied to protection"-evolutions of 188

"European capital fli!t to 'merica",ueled railroad %oom

"-evision of state constitutions"Democrats accepted corporate privile!esand internal improvement scemes te&ad previousl& opposed

"California old -us =anuar& 1882"5ass mi!ration of settlers to West"Partisans worried a%out tappin! cultural issues

"Sur!e in immi!ration rates amon! erman and $ris Catolics".earl& F*F million $ris came to ?*S* from 184"73"aws in some states permitted immi!rant voters

"$ma!e of Wi!s to newl& arrived immi!rants fairl& ne!ative"'nti"immi!rant/ anti"liGuor/ and anti"Catolic

",irst proi%ition law passed in 5aine 18712"'ssociated wit Wi! .eal Dow

"Em%raced can!e in reform strate!&"5oral suasion to coercion"5irrors a%olitionism

",ranklin Pierce:s nomination came as a ;dark orse< candidate"Defeated rivals Cass/ Bucanan/ and Dou!las

"Wi!s pilloried Pierce as a %uffoon for is past militar& service"Bri!adier eneral in 5e(ican War"Hnown to ave a pencant for te drink

";+ero of 5an& a +ard ,ou!t Bottleork Central 'ssociation of -elief

"Women !ained political@or!aniational e(perience".ursin! in .ort

".earl& 9/000 women involved"Dortea Di( elped form te nursin! corps

"overnment o%s"Secretarial work

"Stone clerks"$ndustrial workers urt %& !rowin! inflation"wa!e ratio",ew carities and increase in teft@prostitution car!es

"War and Soutern women"onel& e(perience witout spouses"Periodic sorta!es of food and supplies",aced te realit& of defeat

"Benevolence in te Sout",unctioned in local wa&s/ not as or!anied as .ort

".urses in Sout"Women volunteered wen necessar&

"overnment o%s"K700 for one &ear si!nin! )reasur& %onds"-ollin! cartrid!es in factories

"Slaver& and te ouseold"Difficult& for women to mana!e entire plantation

"Demand !overnmental relief"-icmond Bread -iot and oter civil distur%ances"Presences of enem& armies near%&"5an& widows durin! and after war

"Slave women"?nion soldiers could %e uns&mpatetic"Confederate reprisals feared

"Battlefield eroines".urses

"?nsanitar& conditions"Sometimes tedious in contrast to ope of e(citement"5iddle"class women inspired %& ,lorence .i!tin!ale

"'ssisted sur!eons"5edal of +onor recipients


42/90

"Soldier".earl& 00 women dressed as men"?nmarried and married women twice as man& .ort tan Sout2

"Spies"Belle Bo&d and -ose reenow Confederate2

"Elia%et an ew ?nion2"Soldiers wives served as camp followers"Seen as potential source of discord

".ew opportunities for women"Black women saw emancipation as freein! tem from field work

"Women and te war effort"ack of will tesis Drew ,aust2

".o/ actuall& steadfast supporters

)e Confederate +ome ,ront$* Confederate Politics

$$* )e Econom& Disinte!rates$$$* ?nderminin! te War Effort$* -efu!ees* Did te CS' ose te War from Witin#

?nsta%le political s&stem due to militar& occupation".o political parties in Confederac& eor!e -a%le2

"Decr& divisions durin! war %ased on -evolutionar& e(ample"oose coalitions formM Centraliation versus i%ertarian

"?nanimit& masked divisions"Previous political identities"Pockets of residual unionism"5ediocre political a%ilit& of representatives"e!ac& of Soutern o%structionism"ess e(perienced lawmakers

"1@3 of Confederate Con!ress served in ?*S* Con!ress"=efferson Davis %ecame o%ect of scorn and praise

")ook active role in militar& strate!& offensive"defensive2"'rdent nationalist alon! wit ee"o&alt& toward su%ordinates like Bra!!"Apposed %& is own ice"President

"Economic conditions worsen"De%tors and speculators profited from depreciated currenc&"Wa!es did not keep pace wit inflation"-icmond Bread -iots 'pril 18632

"Starvation a real pro%lem"Barter s&stem arose in order to circumvent currenc&")a("in"kind produced loan of 10I total value in crops2"$mpressments used to !ain resources

"Wartime dissent and demoraliation


43/90

"Conscription"Desertion Soldiers came in and out of armies2"Smu!!lin! and profiteerin!

"-efu!ees lost propert& to advancin! ?nion forces"Pre&ed upon %& tieves and %andits

"Pro%lems wit refu!ees adustin! to teir new omes"$nternal collapse tesis ,rank Awsle&2",irst put fort in 19F0:s

".e!lected te fact tat class tensions endemic to uman istor&

'frican"'mericans in Wartime$* Seekin! ,reedom in te Confederac&$$* and for ,reedpeople$$$* Sould Black 5en Be 'rmed#$* )e Black E(perience in te ?nion 'rm&

,ear of servile insurrection amon! wites"Black refu!ees flee toward ?nion lines"-everse pattern of wite refu!ees

"Slaves forced emancipation issue $ra Berlin2"arious a!encies alon! wit ?*S* 'rm& officers tried to deal wit slaves

"Wide ran!e of reactions to freedmen"Contra%and camps set up to andle new source of la%or

"Enroll a%le"%odied men as soldiers"+eld Guasi"free status work under orders of arm& officers2

"Hept plantations under ?nion control still producin! cotton";a%or is a pu%lic dut&/ idleness and va!ranc& a crime*eomanr& !rew onl& for su%sistence

"Bu& food onl& wen soldiers !o to war")urned to cotton cultivation"-ise in slave resistance"-ampant price inflation

"Some F/000I %& war:s end"rowin! inde%tedness

"+urt upcountr& wites")a( in kind pled!e 10I of crop2

"Bred resentment")ree"&ear volunteers

"5ade up of poorest elements".o arms or uniforms

"Procurement of su%stitutes


57/90

";F0".e!ro< aw e(emptions"Set off riots and distur%ances

"Draft evasions led to violence"Desertion rates missin! men2

"=anuar& 186FF1I 68/0002"=ul& 186F3F I 103/0002"'pril 1863F8I 138/0002"Decem%er 18630I 184/0002"=ul& 18678I 1F1/0002"'pril 186776I 193/0002

"$nference from a%ove fi!ures tat lower class wites sapped militar& stren!t"Countered wit ar!ument for Confederate nationalism ar& alla!er2

"$dentif& cause wit ee:s 'rm& of .ortern ir!inia"Primac& of Eastern )eater in te minds of civilians

)e Civil War and 5ilitar& +istor&$* )e ,irst 5odern War#$$* Be&ond =omini# .ort and Sout

a* Strate!&%* )acticsc* o!isticsd* Command Structure

eteran re!iments served onora%l& despite car!es of favoritism toward ric".on"slaveolders desertion not uniform alon! class"lines".o e(amination of militar& defeat and its role on soldier desertion

".eed understandin! of militar& defeat and fu!itive slaves"ack comparison wit .ort and weter Soutern dissent was decisive factor

"$nterpart& conflict contained .ortern dissent unlike Sout.ort adapted to a new/ modern war and won as a conseGuence )* +arr& Williams2

",ocused upon .apoleonic Campai!ns and influence of Baron +enri de =omini"$deas tau!t %& 'mericans Dennis )a&er 5aan and +enr& +alleck"War confined to professional armies/ not civilians

"+alleck:s eneral Arder .o* 3 18612"5cClellan:s +arrison andin! etter 186F2

"Seiure of territor& a necessar& o%ective"incoln protected Wasin!ton from capture

"rant and Serman supposedl& insisted on a ;ard war< in 186"1867"Brin! destruction and orrors of war to civilians not ust to armies

"Wilderness and 'tlanta Campai!ns"Emor& ?pton Superintendent at West Point2 deplored carr&in! war to civilians".o effective censorsip in .ort

"Pro"peace tracts of Societ& for te Diffusion of Political Hnowled!e"-apid demo%iliation of ?nion forces after war


58/90

"1868 saw 3/000 men in )e(as fi!tin! $ndians"olunteers return to civilian life and some ead west for newopportunities

"Confederates tar!eted armies not territor&"ee was localistic in preventin! interdepartmental troop transfers

"on!street:s Corps moved to Bra!!:s arm& %& rail Septem%er 18632")wo conceptions of =omini"18tcentur& view of occup&in! territor&".apoleonic tactics of dividin! armies for offensives

"Confederates understood political implications of militar& actions"ee:s decision to raid 5ar&land Septem%er 186F2

"incoln placated ermans wit command appointment for Carl Scur"'lso packed arm& wit Democrats and -epu%licans

"Served lar!er political purposes")actics supposedl& evolved durin! te war

"=omini could not ave anticipated railroads

"$mproved transportation placed premium on interior lines"-apid movement of troops and supplies witin one:s ownterritor&

"-ail troop movements ad impact upon tese %attles"Bull -un ,irst 5anassas2"Silo"Cickamau!a"Serman:s 5arc to te Sea

"=omini preferred tactical offensive %ut war sowed oterwise"Cavalr& and artiller& soften up opponent:s line

",ollowed %& a car!e and reconnoiterin!"Smoot%ore muskets used in =omini:s time

"$naccurac& of tese reGuired %a&onet car!es"70 to 100 &ard ran!e of !uns

"Conve( and concave positions adopted durin! war",redericks%ur! marked first real use of entrencments

"-esponse to improved accurac& of rifled musket"?l&sses S* rant and Cold +ar%or

"earned lesson of entrencment"'rtiller& increasin!l& served a defensive purpose

"?nion victor& at 5alvern +ill"Calvar&:s role reduced to sort of mounted infantr&

"Possessed %reecloader car%ines"ett&s%ur!"Spots&lvania

"Luestion of ran!e for Civil War weapons in woods Earl +ess2"Dennis +art 5aan wanted professionall& trained arm& not volunteers"eor!e B* 5cClellan ad served as forei!n o%server in Crimean War

Estimated ?nion and Confederate casualties in a series of tree %attles 186F2


59/90

?nion Confederate,air Aaks 300 7400Seven Da&s 9476 19439'ntietam 11674 114F

"ittle learned %& postwar tacticians";'ttack and Die< rad& 5cWine&2

"ed to needless Confederate losses"ost 80/000 men over five %attles"'ttacked first in ei!t out of twelve %attles

")actic ad %een successful in 5e(ican War"Possessed smoot%ores

"'scri%ed to Celtic ori!ins of Confederates"Soutern pencant for offensive

"S&stematicall& refuted +erman +attawa& et al*2

"W& te Sout ost te Civil War".o arm& could %e anniilated"5ust destro& lo!istical support

Politics and te Civil War$* $ntroduction$$* )e 5cHitrick )esis$$$* Politics in te CS'$* incoln/ Con!ress/ and te Price of ?nion

a* Autlines of a )eor&i* Diverse Constituencies

ii* Diver!ent -eactions to Democratsiii* Possi%ilities and Precedents for a ?nion War

* incoln/ te .ort/ and te Border States 1861"186F$* )e Elections of 186F and Diver!ent -eactions$$* incoln and te Sout/ 1863"1867M )owards a .ew )wo"Part& S&stem

Sta%le two"part& s&stem in .ort elped ?nion cause and its a%sence urt Confederac&"$mportance of intrapart& conflict in Guellin! factional disputes Eric 5cHitrick2

"-epu%licans recruited talented politicians to %attle Democrats".e!otiated %alanced tickets amon! part&:s different factions"CS':s 'le(ander Stepens ad little ties to =efferson Davis

"-epu%lican !overnors at merc& of incoln:s patrona!e polic&"Confederate !overnors lacked alle!iance to =efferson Davis

"Propa!anda societies spread in .ort"5an& supported incoln 'dministration and its war aims

"Confederate politics affected %& !eo!rap& and past part& identities"Sur!e in nationalism )omas 'le(ander and -icard Berrin!er2

"Confederate Con!ress and support for Davis policies"Stron!est wit men from ?nion"occupied areas


60/90

"-oll call anal&sis sometimes sowed part& division"$nerited from ante%ellum period

"Caveats to te 5cHitrick tesis"Ar!anied opposition utterl& ampered war:s prosecution 5ark .eel&2".o unit& amon! -epu%licans 5icael +olt2

"Divisions %etween incoln and con!ressional -epu%licans

' Cart of Election -eturns for President@Con!ress in 186

incoln:s I of )otal ote Con!ressional -epu%licans I of )otal ote

5edian 5ean

.>M 73*4 78*8 74*7.=M 8*0 7F*4 7F*4P'M 76*0 7*F 74*F

A+M 7F*7 74*F 78*F$.M 71*1 7*7 77*F$M 70*4 6F*F 6F*7C'M 3F*7 .@' .@'A-M 34*9 .@' .@'

Con!ressional -epu%licans represented muc safer -epu%lican districts"incoln must cater to national constituenc& includin! Democratic re!ions2

"5ade conciliator& polic& toward former Confederates"'ttempted to for!e a ;?nion Part&ork %lack suffra!e proposal"Patriotic measure as seen %& -epu%licans

-ace record of Civil War decidedl& mi(ed"Prevalence of .ortern racism

"Soutern %lack e(perience durin! war saped %& encounter wit wites"90I of total %lack population in ?nited States",led to ?nion lines"Awners often relocated cattel propert&

"Between F70/000 and 300/000 slaves moved to )e(as"Worst period of slaver& for tese slaves in treatment

"Breakdown in slave discipline


67/90

"Claim of self"emancipation $ra Berlin2"Black desire for freedom and self"improvement

";Bottom rail on top Xdis timeork Cit& s&m%olied te power of %osses 18412")omas .ast of teHarpers Weeklydraws unflatterin! cartoons tatpu%licie te !raft and corruption of Democrat William )weed and isassociates

"eads to a maor investi!ation and )weed:s fall from power"Calls for demonetiation of !old in favor of silver or !reen%acks amon!workin!men

"Deflationar& mone& !old"%ased2 !overnmental policies elp to increaseworker a!itation over wa!es and lon! ours

"reat Strike of =ul&"Septem%er 1844 Baltimore Y Aio -ailroadV 5artins%ur!/ West ir!inia2

"Workers strike for 7 da&s in protest of a 10I wa!e cutafter repeated wa!e cuts in te past four &ears after te


70/90

Panic of 1843"Spans from Baltimore to St* ouis"Socialist and anarcist leaders ur!e revolutiona!ainst a !overnment tat offered land su%sidiesand ta( %reaks to lar!e monied corporations

"iolence ensues until President -uterford +a&escalls out federal troops to Guell te strike andarrest te strikers

.eed to inte!rate political affairs of %ot .ort and Sout into lar!er narrative".ortern -epu%licans tried to craft a!enda to run for reelection

";Wave te Blood& Sirt< to discredit Democrats"E(ploit .ortern pu%lic an!er at Sout"-epu%licans fend off numerous tird"part& callen!es

"Contest for role of main anti"Democratic opposition"Broaden appeal %e&ond anti"Souternism

".orterners would not accept a peace tat took awa& ;fruits of victor&


71/90

"5ilitar& -econstruction 'ct 5arc 18642 sifted center of -econstruction",rom Wasin!ton to down Sout

Presidential -econstruction$* incoln and Con!ress

$$* 'ndrew =onson:s Policies$$$* Soutern 'ction and .ortern -eactionsa* )e .ort and ;)e ,ruits of ictor&ork Democrat2

"Bot candidates pled!ed a speed& conclusion to -econstruction


86/90

"+a&es promised to remove troops even %efore e %ecamePresident in 1844

"Some istorians ave asserted tat a special%ar!ain was made %etween +a&es -epu%licans2and Soutern Democrats/ te so"called

;Compromise of 1844< C* ann Woodward2"$n e(can!e for Soutern Democrats allowin!+a&es to %ecome President/ e would remove teremainin! troops from Soutern cities andreco!nie te wite Democratic !overnments intose ouisiana/ Sout Carolina/ and ,lorida

"en!t& state constitutions adopted durin! 1840:s"Sarpl& curtailed powers of state !overnments to ta( andspend pu%lic monies

"Consensus ad replace pro!rammatic conflict %etween parties"-eal insta%ilit& amon! votin! %locs

".o lon!er could -epu%licans simpl& wave ;Blood& Sirtielded more -epu%lican divisions"$nternal part& compromises".on"partisan anti"corruption campai!ns"Etnocultural etnic@reli!ious2 issues resurface

"Conservative e("Wi!s took lead in civil service reform"Critical stance toward %ot parties

"Communities witout railroads opposed state re!ulation"Ane reason for ran!er aws was as a product of railroadcommunities wo wised to limit te creation of furterrailroad lines in competition wit main trunk lines

".o clear polic& stance on tis issue")is fear of competition %etween rival raillines trou! te manipulation of railroad aulrates !ives %irt to te $nterstate CommerceCommission 18842

"+ard and soft mone& camps desperatel& split over te currenc&Guestion

"old standard advocates clas wit reen%ackers"Specie -esumption 'ct =anuar& 18472

"Proposed %& =on Serman of Aio"Secretar& of )reasur&

"+ard mone& man";,ree Bankin!< of new national %anks

"End caps on issuance of national %ank notes and te carterin! of state %anks

"'ppeased Western -epu%licans"raduall& reduced reen%acks in circulation

"Provided for !old"%acked currenc& in 1849


87/90

"Slowed somewat %& Bland"'llison 'ct of 1848/ wic autories tepurcase of !overnment silver forcurrenc& purposes

"Polaried te parties once more

"eneral ostilit& to national %anks"Soutern and Western Democrats",orm nucleus of te People:s orPopulist2 Part& of te 1890:s

",ederal de%t repa&ment sou!t"Distrust of ;inflationar&

Documents

Notes on Holt Lectures