notes on chapter 1.docx

7/25/2019 notes on chapter 1.docx

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Were the Peace Treaties of 1919-23 Fair?What were the motives and aims of the Big Three at Versailles?

The leaders Lloyd George (Britain), Clemenceau (France) and Wilson (USA) met in the ParisPeace Conerence in !anuary "#"# to dra$ u% a %eace treaty (Treaty o &ersailles)'

David lo!d "eorge #Britain$

Wanted Germany to e %unished ut not too harshly

Wanted Germany to lose its nay and its colonies as they %ose as a threat to$ards the

British *m%ire'

+id not $ant Germany to see reenge in the uture and %ossily start another $ar'

-een or Britain and Germany to egin trading $ith each other again' Germany $as

Britain.s second largest trading %artner'

Woodrow Wilson #%&'$

Was an idealist / aim $as to uild a etter and more %eaceul $orld' 0et he elieed that

Germany should e %unished'

Belieed the treaty shouldn.t e as harsh1 i Germany $as treated harshly, as soon as it

recoers Germany $anted reenge'

Wanted to strengthen democracy in the deeated nation so that %eo%le $ould not let their

leader cause another $ar'

Pro%ose to set u% the League o 2ations

Sel3determination / the idea that nations should rule themseles rather than e ruled y

others

"eorges (lemencea) #France$

Germany $as a threat to$ards France'

France suered adly ater the $ar4 damages to its land, industry %eo%le, and sel3

conidence' T$o3thirds o the men $ho sered in the French army has een illed or

in5ured'


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Wanted to cri%%le Germany so that it could not attac France again' They say the treaty as

an o%%ortunity to do so'

German lands $ere not as adly damaged as the French'

France.s %o%ulation $as in decline'

-ne$ he $ould need to com%romise $ith Wilson and Lloyd George'

&erdict o the Treaty o &ersailles

Clemenceau %rolem4 it $asn.t harsh enough' Also oth Clemenceau and Lloyd George did notsu%%ort all o the Fourteen Points' 6The uture o colonies should e reie$ed and the $ishes o

local %eo%le taen into consideration. France and Britain oth had large colonies oerseas that

they $ished to ee% regardless o the eelings o the locals, 6there should not e secret deals or

treaties et$een states. oth had made secret treaties eore and during WW7 such as the Treaty

o London in "#"8 and 6the leel o armaments should e reduced in each country. the Britishnay $as the strongest nay in the $orld'

Lloyd George4 descried it as a great %ity and elieed that another $ar $ould aru%t

Wilson4 disa%%ointed $ith the treaty' Went along $ith it as he thought the treaty could e sortedout at a later date'

Terms o the Treaty o &ersailles4

War g)ilt/ Germany had to acce%t the lame or starting the $ar

*e+arations/ Germany had to %ay re%aration to the Allies or the damages caused' 99:: millioneuros

"erman territories,colonies/ Germany.s oerseas em%ire $as taen a$ay' These coloniesecame mandates controlled y the League o 2ations (asically means that Britain and France

controlled them)'

Togoland ; Cameroon / run y Britain and France

German South West Arica / to South Arica

German *ast Arica / to Britain

2e$ Guinea / to Australia

Samoa / to 2e$


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The =arshall, =ariana and Caroline 7slands / to !a%an

Lithuania, *stonia and Latia ecame inde%endent states

West Prussia and Posen / to Poland

+an>ig, run y the League o 2ations, ecame a sea %ort or Poland

The ?hineland ecame a demilitari>ed >one

Alsace3Lorraine / to France

Saarland, run y the League o 2ation, and then a %leiscite to e held ater "8 years'

2orth Schles$ig / to +enmar ater a %leiscite

"erman!s 'rmed Forces/ the German army ecame a threat to all %o$ers, thereore theTreaty degraded German armed orces to a $ea leel

Army $as limited to "::,::: men

Soldiers had to e olunteers

2o armored ehicles, sumarines or aircrats are allo$ed

Could only hae 9 attleshi%s

2o German troo%s $ere %ermitted into the ?hineland as it ordered et$een Germany

and France

eag)e of .ations/ set u% as an international 6%olice orce.' Germany $as not %ermitted to 5oinuntil it has sho$n to e a %eace3loing country'

/m+act of the Peace Treat! on "erman! )+ to 1923

0conomic Prolems

anr)+tc!/ all resered gold has een used in WW7' Also had to %ay re%aration

occ)+ation in the *)hr/ French troo%s inaded the industrial region o Germany, the?uhr, and too all o its resources' Passie resistance $as ineectie and the German

troo%s $ere unmatched y the French troo%s (@8:,::: soldiers)' : o German coal and

iron $ere ased there' This eent increased Germany.s det, unem%loyment and the

shortage o goods


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h!+erinflation/ the German goernment constantly %rinted out more money to %ay odets' o$eer as %rices increase more money gets %rinted out $hich then increased

%rices again' *eryone ound it diicult to uy necessities as %eo%le had to carry aundle o money to uy goods $hich made it inconenient' There $ere a lot o shortages

as alue o German mars starts to ecome $orthless' Foreign su%%lier did not acce%t

German mars so im%orts and shortages o ood started to decrease' Peo%le $ith saingound their money to ecome $orthless' Those aected $ere mostly middle class'

+es%ite this, armers $ere etter o as they get to charge their goods or a higher %rice as

$ell as usinesses that hae loans as money starts to lose alue $hich means loans arechea%er'

ther Peace &ettlements

Treaty o St' Germain, "#"# dealt $ith Austria

?estricted to D:,::: and oridden to reunite $ith Germany

Land gien to Poland and 7taly

Suered seere economic %rolem, as much o the industry has gone to C>echosloaia

2e$ state called C>echosloaia and 0ugoslaia

Treaty o 2euilly, "#"# dealt $ith Bulgaria

Lost land to Greece, ?omania and 0ugoslaia, and its access to the =editerranean'

Limit its armed orces to E:,:::

Pay ":: million euro

Treaty o Trianon, "#E: dealt $ith ungary

2umerous o territories $ent to ?omania

Lost sustantial amount o its territory and its %o%ulation

Suered rom lost o %o%ulation and resources

Was due to %ay re%aration ut the economy $as so $ea it neer did

Treaty o Seres, "#E: dealt $ith Turey


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*gy%t, Tunisia and =orocco $ere turned into inde%endent state or $ere run under French

or British %rotection'

Treaty o Brest3Litos "#", dealt $ith USS?

Forced to acce%t treaty y the Germans

Lost D o its %o%ulation, DE o its agricultural land, 8 o its industry, E9 o its

rail$ays, and # o its coalmines'

ad to %ay D:: million gold rules

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1919-23-fair/

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http://www.johndclare.net/peace_treaties1_Answer.htm

http://www.markedbteachers.com/!cse/histor/were-the-peace-treaties-of-1919-1923-fair.html"

# A poet%s work is to name the unnamable& to point at frauds& to take sides& startar!uments& shape the world& and stop it !oin! to sleep. '(alman )ushdie
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*ords on *ords& *ords on +oems. ,

( )( 4 5 6(7)8

+osted on arch 2& 2011b ;enn

?*&7S72 P72T H"4 Were the +eace treaties of 1919423fair?

'$ &t)d! the e5tract6 and then answer the 7)estions which follow8

We $ant a %eace $hich $ill e 5ust' We $ant a stern %eace ecause the occasion demands it, ut

the seerity must not e or engeance, ut or 5ustice' Aoe all $e $ant to %rotect the uture

against a re%etition o the horrors o this $ar'

Lloyd George speaking about the Paris Peace Conference.

#a$ +escrie $hat Clemenceau and Lloyd George each $anted to achiee in the %eace settlemento "#"#/E:'

Clemenceau4 e $as %art o the Big Three, he re%resented France' e $anted to cri%%le

Germany, so that it neer recoered and it $ouldn.t hae the chance to tae reenge' France $as

deastated ater de $ar, more than Germany, Clemenceau $anted to tae all the colonies and

Alsace3Lorraine (to recoer it)' France $as really angry, it $anted to %unish Germany eItremely

harshly' But Clemenceau ne$ that he $ould hae to acce%t some issues to hae $hat he

$anted' France $as really threatened y Germany ecause it $as a roader country and it $ould

e the irst that Germany $ould attac'

Lloyd George4 e $as also %art o the Big Three, he re%resented Great Britain' What he $anted

rom the %eace treaty $as to %unish Germany ut not harshly' e $anted to %unish it !USTL0' 7n

the elections he had %romised that he $ould mae 5ustice, he $on so, he had to do it' e also

$anted to tae German army, nay and colonies' 7t $as a ig threaten or the British' But

Germany $as also a trading %artner o Britain, and it $anted to continue trading $ith it' That is

another reason $hy he didn.t $ant to %unish Germany ery much'

%(/' 'F%0.T0 4 &3

#$ Why did the Treaty o &ersailles cause %rolems or Germany in the years u% to "#EDJ

The treaty o &ersailles caused %rolems to Germany in the years u% to "#ED ecause ater the

$ar Germany $as ery $ea' And they $ere ery angry and ashamed, esides they $ere not

inited to 5oin the League o 2ations until the Locarno Treaty $as signed (in "#E8), so this

angered the Germans een more' Also there $as a huge ga% et$een the liing standards o the

rich and the %oor, there $ere a lot o $ido$s, %oliticians $ere $ea and they $ere lamed

ecause they had acce%ted the $ar guilt, the %ayment o re%arations, giing u% colonies and their
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army and nay $ere limited' For the Germans acce%ting the lame or starting the $ar $as ery

harsh ecause they thought that all countries should share the lame' Besides they didn.t reali>e

ho$ ad Germany.s army $as until they lost the $ar3 What is more they had to %ay re%arations,

$hich $as a diicult tas to do considering the %oerty the $ar let' Later the lac o money led

to hy%erinlation' But $hen Stressman $on the elections and ecame %resident, he managed to

im%roe GermanyKs situation'

'"%&T/.' &%B/* 4 &3

#c$ Was the Treaty o &ersailles airJ *I%lain your ans$er'

The treaty $as %artly air, these are some o the reasons'

When ?ussia let the $ar in "#"@, Germany made a treaty $ith ?ussia $hich $as harsher than

the treaty o &ersailles' Peo%le thought that Germans had no rights to com%lain as the Treaty o

Brest3Litous had een meaner'

Germany had to acce%t all the guilt or the $ar so they had to %ay or all the re%arations' The

total amount o money $as really high and acce%ting the lame or something that should e

shared $as ery mean and unair or the Germans'

The only country that disarmed $as Germany ecause they $ere orced y the Treaty' 7t $as

unair or Germany to disarm $hen the " %oints and the League o 2ations discouraged

countries rom staying armed'

Another act that $as unair rom the Treaty o &ersailles $as that the $inning countries $anted

to use the treaty to mae lots o %roits and eneits or themseles other than maing 5ustice ormaing Germany and the other countries %ay or $hat they had done'

The treaty $as %artly air on German, they desered some o the %oints ut not all o them'

B$ &t)d! the e5tract6 and then answer the 7)estions which follow8

7n my o%inion, it is not %ossile to lay the entire res%onsiility or the $ar on any single nation'

By aiming at the destruction o the economic lie o Germany this treaty threatens the health and%ros%erity o the Allies themseles' By maing im%ossile demands it leaes *uro%e more

unsettled than it ound it'

John Maynard Keynes writing in 19!. Keynes was a "ritish official in Paris at the Peace

Conference but left early# disgusted at the treat$ent of Ger$any.

#a$ What did Clemenceau $ant to achiee rom the %eace settlement o "#"#/E:J


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#$ Why did the terms o the Treaty o &ersailles cause so much itterness in GermanyJ @M

The Treaty o &ersailles caused so much itterness in Germany ecause they thought that the

treaty $as harsh' ne o the reasons $as ecause they didn.t eel that they had all the lame or

starting the $ar and they had to acce%t, they lost lots o territories and colonies, this $as a ma5or

lo$ to Germany.s %ride and to its economy' Germany economy $as so ad and %ayingre%arations made the economy $orse than it $as' She $as urious ecause the army $as reduced

too much or a country o Germany.s si>e' Also she $asn.t inited to 5oin the League o 2ations,

$hich made her urious'

#c$ 6The %eacemaers o "#"#/ED co%ed successully $ith the %rolems they aced'. o$ ardo you agree $ith this statement on the treaties made $ith the deeated %o$ersJ *I%lain

your ans$er' M

7n the neIt essay 7 $ill eI%lain ho$ ar the %eacemaers o "#"#3ED co%ed $ith the %rolems

they aced'

Ater the $ar, a numer o treaties $ere estalished, such as St' Germain, 2euilly, Trianon,

Seres and last ut not least, the most memorale one, The Treaty o &ersailles' The Treaty o

&ersailles. aim $as to mae Germany %ay ecause o all the damage she had caused in many

countries such as France' The thing aout it $as ho$ harsh it $as' German reactions to it $ere

horriying1 they $ere eing orced to acce%t a harsh treaty $ithout any choice or een a

comment' They $ere eing orced to acce%t $ar guilt, re%arations and to lose army and territory'

=oreoer, the Treaty o St Germain in "#"# dealt $ith Austria $hich $as really out sorting out a

chaotic 5umle o territories into ne$ states rather than %unishing Austria' This Treaty let many

countries, lie 7taly, $illing to get more land than $hat they got' Concerning the Treaty o

2euilly in "#"# $hich dealt $ith Bulgaria, she did $ell com%ared to Germany, Austria and

ungary' o$eer, it lost lands, %aid re%arations, etc' 7n the Treaty o Trianon in "#E: ungary

$hich lost a sustantial amount o territory, its economy $as so $ea that it couldn.t een %ay

the re%arations the Treaty estalished' That.s a sign o ho$ adly the Treaty $as thought, it is

ridiculous to as money to a country that is so $ea that it $on.t e ale to %ay' Finally, the

Treaty o Seres in "#E:3dealt $ith Turey' Turey lost many territories, although it $as not a

successul treaty' Turs $ere outraged y it' =oreoer, the moties o Britain and France in

taing control o ormer Turish lands $ere sus%ect' The Aras $ho had hel%ed the British in the

$ar gained little' Palestine $as also a controersial area'

So, as oerall, $e can easily see the %eacemaers didn.t totally co%e $ith the %rolems theyaced' Countries didn.t agree or they ended u% not res%ecting the treaties, ecause they $ere

hard, or the countries inished taing reenge years later'


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)( +7 "2: 7o what e


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Article "94 Should any memer o the League resort to $ar, it shall e regarded as haing

committed an act o $ar against all other memers o the League, and this $ill end immediately

all trade and inancial relations $ith that memer'

%ro$ the Co&enant of the League of 'ations.

#a$ o$ did the League o 2ations ho%e to %reent uture $ars et$een nationsJ 8M

ne o the aims o the League o 2ations $as to discourage aggression, %reenting $ar $as %art

o this aim' They ho%ed to %reent uture $ars et$een countries y, irst a%%ly economic

sanctions, or eIam%le, sto% trading $ith the aggressor or sto% any inancial relations1 7 this

$ouldn.t unction they $ould send troo%s to the %lace to deend the country that $as eing

attaced' ne ery im%ortant method that the League tried to a%%ly $as disarmament' They

encouraged disarmament, ut any country a%%lied it' any o them $ere %re%ared or eing the

irst in disarm' Germany $as orced to do it, so it disarmed, ut this caused a lot o %rolems'

#$ Why did the League o 2ations ail to restrict the aggression o !a%an in the "#D:sJ

#c$ o$ ar $as the League o 2ations a ailureJ *I%lain your ans$er'

The League o 2ations $as not a com%lete ailure as a lot %eo%le say' But $hyJ

n the one hand, they could sole many dis%utes and achiee some o5ecties' Such as, the

dis%ute or U%%er Silesia, in $hich Germany and Poland $anted to control it' The Aaland

7slands1 and the conlict in Bulgaria' Also, the League im%roed the liing and $oring

conditions around the $orld' These issues could e soled Nuicly and eectiely'

n the other hand, not all the dis%utes $ere soled correctly and Nuicly' For eIam%le the &ilna

dis%ute et$een Poland and Lithuania1 the dis%ute in Coru et$een the Grees and 7talians1 the

Genea Protocol could not e sole1 ut the dis%utes unsoled $ere not the only things that made

the League %artly a ailure' At the eginning, most o the countries $ere recoering rom the $ar,

so eeryone $as interested in its o$n %rolems' 7n addition, disarmament $as a com%lete ailure,

neither o the countries disarmed' Also, a lot o decisions to dierent dis%utes $ere too slo$ and

$hen they too the inal decision, the country did not acce%t it' The economic sanctions did not

$or' As the League did not hae an army, none o the countries $anted to set their army as the

League o 2ations. army' The economic crash o "#E# aected the $hole $orld, conseNuently

the League $as really aected y it, as the countries $ere only interested in recoering theireconomy'

7n conclusion, the League o 2ations $as not a com%lete ailure, ut had more ailures than

successes'

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notes on chapter 1.docx