Notes

INTRODUCTION

I. The two great classical works on the Consejo de Castilla are: A. Martinez Salazar, Colecci6n de memorias y noticias del gobierno y politico del Consejo (Madrid, 1764); and P. Escolano de Arrieta, Prtictica del Crlnsejo Real en el despacho de los negocios consultatiuos, instructiuos y contenciosos ... (Madrid, 1796). They contain a wealth of information and are essential for the subject of statecraft.

2. G. N. Desdevises du Dezert, 'Les Institutions del'Espagne au XVIIIe Siec!e', Reuue Hispanique, June and August, 1927.

3. The comuneros troubles. 4. Carlos III very soon after his Spanish succession became a widower. 5. For a survey of Spanish institutions in the eighteenth century see G. N.

Desdevises du Dezert, op. cit. 6. P. R. Campomanes, Cartas politico-econ6micas, ed. A. Rodriguez Villa

(Madrid, 1878). 7. For an account of its history, its complicated constitution and a plan of reform

addressed to Carlos IV see G. M. deJovellanos, 'Consulta del real y supremo Consejo de las Ordenes', Bibl. Aut. Esp., vol. XLVI, 1858 (rep. 1963), pp. 457-76.

8. Decree of 8 July. 9· A. Baudrillart, Philippe Vet la cour de France,s vols. (Paris, 1890) vol. I,

PP·575-7· 10. Such dress is to be seen in portraits of, for example, Francisco de Urquijo

(Museo de Vitoria, Alava) and Ramon de Pignatelli (Col. Pano, Zaragoza). I I. Many examples and facts mentioned here are to be found in that mine of

information,J. Santos Sanchez, Extracto puntual de todas las pragrruiticas, cMulas, provisiones, circulares, publicadas en el reinado ,del senor Don Carlos III (Madrid, 1792--93).

12. J. Mercader Riba, 'La ordenacion de Cataluna por Felipe V: la Nueva Planta', Hispania, XLIII, pp. 257-366.

13. G. N. Desdevises du Dezert, L'Espagne de l'ancien regime, 3 vols. (Paris, 1897-1904) vol. I, pp. I 22ff.

14. J. Santos Sanchez, op. cit., real ddula, 12 enero de 1740. 15. J. Santos Sanchez, op. cit., 28 noviembre. 16. Novisima recopilaci6n de las leyes de Espana, Bk. V, tit. X, (Madrid, 1805). 17. G. N. Desdevises du Dezert, Reu. Hisp., June 1927, p. 149· 18. Ibid., p. 150. 19. J. Yanguas y Miranda, Diccionario de Antigiiedades del reino de Nauarra (3 vols.),

(Madrid, 1840), vol. III, p. 527. 20. J. Santos Sanchez, op. cit., ordenanza, 13 octubre de 1749· 2 I. Until 30 November 1800 when they were placed under military authority. 22. G. N. Desdevises du Dezert, L' Espagnede l'ancien regime, vol. I, pp. 121-40, for

the different officers and institutions.

145

Eighteenth-Century Spain, IJ()(}-IJ88

23. Ibid., pp. 52-3 and 61-24. But in fairness to him it must be taken into account that the Archduke Charles

had presided over the Catalan cortes in 1705. 25. The future Luis I. 26. W. Coxe, Historical Memoirs of the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon, vol. II,

pp. 137-40 (London, ISI5). 27. Ibid., p. 142. 28. M. Danvila y Collado, Historia del Reinado de Carlos Ill, vol. II, pp. 92-3

(Madrid, 1893-95).

PART ONE THE REIGN OF FELIPE V (1700-46)

I. For this will see: F. Nicolini, L'Europa durante la guerra, pp. 167-8, trans. in W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, Spain under the Bourbons, 17()()-1833, pp. Iff. Louis was most surprised at the will of Carlos, never expecting he would favour France, see duquede Maura, Viday reinado de Carlos II, vol. III, p. 417.

2. For a personal account of the question of the Spanish succession see L. de Saint-Simon, Historical Memoirs (ed. and trans. Lucy Norton, 3 vols., London, 1967-72), vol. I, pp. I 36ff.

3. A constant source of reference on French influence on Spain in the eighteenth century is F. Merimee, L'inJiuence jraTlljais en Espagne au XVlIIe sude (Paris, 1936).

4. For a contemporary account of the very beginning of Felipe V's reign (1700-01) see B. M., MS Sloane 3958, especially fos. 31 and 33. Much valuable contemporary evidence, used in the following pages, is to be found in B. M. MS Add. 34,142 (fos. 1-254 in toto), 'Historia Politica y secreta del Rey Philipe [sic] V desde su ingreso a la Corona de Espana en 1701 hasta la Paz general, celebrada en 1719'.

5. A. Baudrillart, Philippe Vet la cour de France, 5 vols. (Paris, IS9O) vol. I, p. 566. 6. F. Rousseau, Un riformateur jraTlljais en Espagne au XVlIIe sude: Orry, 1701-

1714, (Paris, 1912), p. 16. 7. A quaint amateur study, most laudatory to the subject, is: Constance Hill,

Story of the Princess des Ursins (New York, 1899). 8. F. Combes, La Princesse des Ursins: essai sur sa vie et son caractere politique (Paris,

1858), p. 17· 9. For an account of the War's origins see M. A. Thompson, 'Louis XIV and the

Origin of the War of the Spanish Succession', Transactions of the Royal Historical Sociery, 5th Ser., iv (1954), pp. 111-34. For a detailed account of the conduct of the war behind the scenes see H. A. F. Kamen, The War of Succession in Spain, 17()()-IS, (London, 1969) pp. 60-80. See also: A. Parnell, The War of Succession in Spain during the Reign ofOJieen Anne, 1702-1711 (London, 1905), a work interpreting the English standpoint, to be set against which is V. Bacallar y Sanna, Comentarios de la guerra de Espana e historia de su rty Felipe V, el Animoso (Madrid, 1957).

10. A vivid account of the War by a French courtier, and so seen from a distance, is to be found in L. de Saint-Simon, op. cit., vol. I. pp. l73ff. For Felipe V's part in it, see Ibid. pp. 267ff. and 46 Iff. See also Rousset de Courcy (marquis M. R.), La Coalition de 1701 contre la France (17()()-171S), 2 vols. (Paris, IS86).

Notes to Part One 147

I I. [F. Wrangham), The British Plutarch, 8 vols. (Perth, 1795), V, pp. 58ff. 12. From 1703 to 1706 one is aided by an interesting and informative, if

somewhat rambling, account ofthe War to be found in 'Noticias individuales de los sucesos mas particulares tanto de Estado como de Guerra, acontecidos en el Reynado de Felipe V .. .'. They are in the form of four letters purporting to be written by a monk to a gentleman, but are by Melchor de Macanaz (B. M. MS Egerton 390, fos. 19-112).

13. For an account of the conquest of Gibraltar from the Allies' point of view, see W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 21-5; [F. Wrangham,) op. cit., V, pp. 65-7·

14. [F. Wrangham,) op. cit., V, p. 50. 15. A. Baudrillart, Philippe V et la cour de France, vol. I, p. 80. 16. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 216ff. 17. P. Voltes Bou, El archiduque Carlos de Austria, rty de los calalanes, (Barcelona,

1953) pp. 86-101. 18. For the campaign in Barcelona, Valencia and adjacent theatres of war from

1705 to 1708 from the Allies' point of view, see B. M. MS Add. 28,058, 'Official Papers relating to military operations in Spain sent to Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl Godolphin, Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain', § I,

fos. 1-29. 19. For an account of this siege see: W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 26-

34. See also A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 251-5; A. Vovard, 'Le siege de Barcelone en 1706', Communications et Memoires de l' Academie de ,'Warine, XIV (1935), pp. 139-16 1.

20. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I pp. 267-7 I. 2 I. Felipe's delight is shown in his address to the University of Salamanca (W. N.

Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 34-5). 22. For Berwick in Spain, see L. de Saint-Simon, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 86-7. 23. For the siege and capture of Lerida, see A. L.Javierre, 'Las cartas del duque

de Orleans a Felipe V sobre el sitio de Lerida en 1707', llerda, IV (1946), pp. 93- 11 9.

24. The treatment meted out to Aragon and Valencia appears in N. de J. Belando, Historia civil de Espana, pt. I, pp. 3161[., trans. W. N. Hargreaves­Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 35-6.

25. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 17ff. 26. He was to become Regent of France on the death of Louis XIV in 17 I 5. 27. The Archduke Charles had been in correspondence with Queen Anne,

certainly since 1704; see B. M. Add. MS 29,548, fol. 43, Charles III, titular King of Spain to Q Anne, 9 Feb. 1704.

28. M. Menendez y Pelayo, Historia de los Heterodoxos espanoles, (Madrid, 1880-82), vol. III, cap. i, § ii-v.

29. For the relationship between Felipe V and the Vatican, see B. M., MS Add. 2 I, 535, 'Papeles especiales sobre puntos ecclesiasticos y controversias con la corte Romana, 1508-1736', the second part of which contains letters addressed to Antonio Ibanes de'la Riva Herrera, Archbishop of Zaragoza, Inquisitor General. See especially § 2, fos. 222-24 and 242-50, being letters written by Felipe V from Madrid on 19 June and 10 July 1709.

30. For Villars, see C. C. Sturgill, Marshal Villars and the War oj the Spanish Succession (London, 1966).

Eighteenth-Century Spain, 1700-1788

31. Province of Caceres. This fine old bridge was built In 1552 to open a communication with La Mancha.

32. For Felipe V at these battles, see L. de Saint-Simon, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 99-IOJ.

33. For Vendome in Spain, a highly unflattering portrait by one who hated him, see L. de Saint-Simon, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 96ff.

34. See A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 409ff. for a general account of this campaign.

35. For the Peace Treaties see: A. Robledo, Tratados de Utrecht. Resena hist6rica de la paz general de 1713 (Madrid, 1846); O. Weber, Der Friede von Utrecht. Verhandlungen zwischen England, Frankreich, der Kaiser und die General Staaten, 1710--1713 (Gotha, 1892); Tratados de Espana. Coleccion desde Felipe V hasta el presente, 3 vols. (Madrid, 1796-1801); and M. R. Rousset de Courcy, Renonciation des Bourbons au trone de France (Paris, 1889).

36. A Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 409ff. 37. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 475-7. 38. A. Baudrillart, ibid., pp. 488-501. There is little doubt, however, that Felipe

regretted this decision in later years. His later mental illness was increased by a longing for France, from which he was now for ever exiled.

39. A. Baudrillart, ibid., pp. 502-14; N. de]. Belando, Historia civil de Espana, pt. I, pp. 542ff.

40. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., p. 516. 41. The main articles of the Treaty of Utrecht are given in N. de]. Belando,

Historiacivil de Espana, pt. I, pp. 650ff, trans. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 48-52. The clauses concerning the Netherlands, particularly the trade agreements, are given in N. de]. Belando, op. cit., pt. 4, pp. 48ff, trans. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 53-7. For political reasons Belando's generally very impartial review of Spanish affairs between 1713 and 1733 was unfairly attacked after its publication in 1740. Melchor de Macanaz flew to its defence and exposed the criticisms for what they were. See B. M., MS 28,479, 'Defensa de la Historia civil de Espana de el Reynado del Senor Don Felipe V escrita por Fray Nicolas de Jesus Belando de la Descalzed de S. Francisco' by Melchor Rafael de Macanaz, preceded by a complaint of Belando to Felipe V, with notes by Macanaz (?1744).

42. The consequences of the War for Spain are well summed up in H. A. F. Kamen, The War of Succession in Spain, 1700--15 (London, 1969), pp. 36 1 ff.

43. Although he half-heartedly pledged himself to do so in an article of the Quadruple Alliance (1718).

44. For a particularly vivid account of affairs in Barcelona, I711-14see B. M. MS Egerton 363 (suppl.) in toto.

45. He wrote in praise of the Catalans, calling them a 'valiant people', to Queen Anne declaring that they must not be abandoned 'to the yoke of the Bourbon House' (S. Sanpere y Miquel, Elfin de la nacion catalana, p. 6).

46. T. A. T. de Belmont, Histoire de la derniere revolte des catalans et du siege de Barcelone (Lyon, I7 14) .

47. S. Sanpere y Miquel, op. cit., p. 66. She had held court in Barcelona for several years.

48. F. Soldevila, Historia de Catalunya (3 vols. Barcelona, 1934-35), vol. II, p. 391.

Notes to Part One 149

49. N. de j. Belando, Historia civil de Espana, pt. I, pp. 650ff, trans. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., p. 50.

50. S. Sanpere y Miquel, op. cit., pp. 564-5; F. Soldevila, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 422-g.

51. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, p. 561. 52. For the popular hatred of him, see Bibliotheque nationale, Paris, Archives

Espagnoles, Correspondence politique (Espagne) MS 237, fo. 99. 53· A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 571-3' 54. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 579-g0. 55. N. de j. Belando, op. cit., pt. IV, pp. 48ff, trans. W. N. Hargreaves­

Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 53-7. For a very detailed account of the effect of the whole war on Spain see H. A. F. Kamen, op. cit., pp. 36 Iff.

56. For his career see S. Harcourt-Smith, Alberoni, or Tlu Spanish Conspiracy (London, 1943), an attractively written book and easily available. The standard work is P. Castagnoli, II Cardinale Giulio Alberoni, (3 vols., Piacenza/ Rome, 1929-32).

57. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., pp. 595-614. 58. E. Rosseew-Saint-Hilaire, La princesse des Ursins (Paris, 1875). 59· E. Armstrong, Elisabeth Farnese 'Tlu termagant of Spain' (London, 1892). 60. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. I, p. 603. 61. S. Sanpere y Miquel, op. cit., pp. 595-618. 62. Article V of the Treaty of Utrecht, W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit.,

p. 49· 63. A. Baudrillart; op. cit., vol. II, pp. 236-48. For the period 1717-22 I have

made use ofB. M., MS Add. 10,240, Anon. 'Historia de Espana, 1712-25', fos. 68-144. The earlier and later part ofthis MS is rather perfunctory, while the middle section is detailed.

64. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 265-76. 65. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 276-313' 66. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 61-2. This, of course, was the

father of the unfortunate Admiral George Byng of the ill-starred Menorca expedition (1756).

67· N. de j. Belando, op. cit., pt. 4, pp. 191-3, trans. W. N. Hargreaves­Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 65-8.

68. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 326ff. 69. Who was that very year killed at the siege of Fredrikshald (Halden),

Norway. 70. F. Soldevila, op. cit., vol. III, pp. 23-4;j. Mercader Riba, 'El valle de Arlin,

la Nueva Planta y la invasion anglofrancesa de 1719', Primer congreso Internacional del Pirineo (Zaragoza, 1952).

71. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, p. 400. 72. A striking face to face portrait of Felipe V and an account of his private life

and character at this time are to be found in L. de Saint-Simon, op. cit., vol. III, pp. 326ff and 352-7.

73· N. de j. Belando, op. cit., pt. 4, pp. 253-5, trans. W. N. Hargreaves­Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 69-70.

74· The terms of this treaty are set out in A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 403-57·

75. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, p. 467; P. Bliard, 'La question de Gibraltar au

150 Eighteenth-Century Spain, 17QO-IJ88

temps du Regent, d'apres les correspondances officielles, 1720-1721', Revue des Questions historiques, LVII (1895), pp. 192-209.

76. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 4fig-502. 77. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. II, p. 539. 78. B. M., MS Add. 10,252, 'Papeles varios', fos. 21-23, 'Renuncia de Felipe V,

1724'. 79. N. de J. Belando, op. cit., pt. 4, pp. 320-1, trans. W. N. Hargreaves­

Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 83-4;J. Maldonado Macanaz, Voto y renuncia del Rey don Felipe V', Discursos leitWS ante La ReaL Academia de La Historia (Madrid, 18g4), pp. 41-6.

80. M. Danvila y Collado, EL reinado reLdmpago: Luis Iy Luisa IsabeL de Orleans, 1707-42 (Madrid, 1952).

81. Cartas de don Juan Bautista Orendayn, 1724-33 (B. M. Egerton MSS 365-6). The following are especially important: Egerton 365 (voLi) , §§ 6, 8, 19,28, 35, 39 and Egerton 366 (vol. ii), §§ 49, 55, 61, 72, 78, 85, 96.

82. A. Baudrillart, 'L'influence fran~aise en Espagne au temps de Louis I; mission du marechal de Tesse' in Revue des Qpestions historiques, LVIII (1896), p. 485.

83. A. Pimodan, Louise-ELisabeth d'OrLeans, reine d'Espagne (1709-1742), 2nd edn (Paris, 1923).

84. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. III, p. 19. 85. J. Olmedilla y Puig, Noticias hist6ricas acerca de La uLtima enfermedad deL Rey de

Espana Luis I (Madrid, 1909). 86. J. Maldonado Macanaz, 'Voto y renuncia del Rey don Felipe V', Discursor

Leidos ante La ReaL Ac~mia de La Historia (Madrid, 18g4), p. 46. 87. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 85-6;J. Maldonado Macanaz, op.

cit., pp. 47-55. 88. On Ripperda, see: G. Syveton, Unecouret un aventurierau XVIIlesiecle. Le Baron

de Ripperdd d' aprts des documents inidits des archives imperiaLes de Vienne et des archives du Ministere des Affaires etrangeres de Paris. (Paris, 18g6). S. A. Maner, Historia deL Duque de Ripperdd (Madrid, 1796).

89. For these early years see A. Rodriguez Villa, 'Informaciones del Marques de Berreti-Landy [sic] sabre antecedentes del baron de Ripperda antes de su embajada en Viena', BoLetin de La ReaL Academia de La Historia, XXXI (1897), pp. 221-5·

90. A. Rodriguez Villa, ibid. 91. A. Rodriguez Villa, 'La embajada del baron de Ripperda en Viena (1725);

Revue Historique, XXX, 18g7. 92. N. de J. Belando, op. cit., pt. 4, pp. 382-g, trans. W. N. Hargreaves­

Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 86-g0. They are discussed in A. del Cantillo, Tratados (Madrid, 1843), pp. 202ff.

93· N. de J. Belando, op. cit., pt. 4> pp. 383-g; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 88-g0. Here and elsewhere below use has been made of additions to Belando's published work, often of value, to be found in B. M., MS Add. 28,480, 'Breve Compendio con Adiciones al Torno 3° de la Historia Civil de Espana desde el ano de 1713 al de 1733, escrita por el P. F. Nicolas de Jesus Belando, Francisco Descalzo', written by Melchor de Macaoaz between I 740 and 1744.

94. A. del Cantillo, Tratados, convenios y declaraciones de pazy de comercio que han hecho con Las potencias extranjeras los Monarchas espanoles de la Casa de Borb6n desde el omo

Notes to Part One

de I700 hasta el dia, 4 parts (Madrid, IS43), pp. 231--6. 95. R. Beltran y R6zpide, 'Ripperda en Africa', llustracwn Espanolay Americana,

1894· 96. 1670 is also given. 97. A. Rodriguez Villa, Patino y Campillo. Resena histOrico-biogrdfoa de estos dos

ministros de Felipe V (Madrid, 1882). 'Fragmentos hist6ricos para la vida del senor D. Jose Patino', Semi1Ulrio Erridito, XXVIII, p. 72.

gB. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. III, p. 251. 99. C. A. Montgon, Memoires (9 vols., The Hague, 1745-53)' It contains much

that is interesting, but should be used with some caution. 100. T. A. Girard, 'La folie de Philippe V', Feuilles d'histoire du XVllie au XIXe

siicie, vol. III (Revue Historique, Paris, 1910). 10 I. M. Fernandez. Diario de 10 ocurrido en el sitio de Gibraltar, que se principfo en Febrero

de 1727 (Madrid, 17SI). 102. A. del Cantillo, op. cit., pp. 243-4: 103. T. A. Girard, op. cit. 104. Felipe V was always homesick for France, and this was one of the

contributory factors of his illness. For the illness at this stage, see J. -L. Jacquet, Les Bourbons d'Espagne (Lausanne, 1968), pp. 104-8. 'He would have preferred to rule and live in France', states Saint-Simon, op. cit., vol. III, P·35S.

105. A del Cantillo, op. cit., pp. 247--60. 106. T. A. Girard, op. cit., 107. He had died on 20 January 1731. lOS. On 6 June at Sevilla, Great Britain promised to support Spain's claims in

Italy. log. A. del Cantillo, op. cit., pp. 263ff. This is known as the Second Treaty of

Vienna. 110. For the wretched plight of Gian Gastone as the diplomatic pawn of the rivals

of Austria and Spain, see G. F. Young, The Medici (N.Y. Modern Library, 1930), pp. 73 1-5.

III. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. IV, p. 117, where he mistakenly refers to Miguel Reggio as Andres.

112. P. de la Cueva, lconismos 0 verdadera descripcwn de la expedici6n de Africa, en que las Reales Armas de S. M. recobaron a Mazalquivir, Oran y sus castillos (Granada, n. d.); N. deJ. Belando, op. cit., pt. 4, p. 540; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 91-7.

113. P. Cardona, La guerra tra Spagna ed Austria in ltalia durante la Lotta per La successione al trono di Polonia (Catania, 1913).

114. P. Boye, Stanislas Leu.C?inski et le troisiime traite de Vienne (Paris, I8gS). 115. E. de Ferrater, C6digo de derecho inter1Ulcional, vol. I, pp. 154ff; the most

important articles are translated in W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 97-8·

116. For this part ofthe campaign, see A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 202-14. 117. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 226-39. 118. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 239-40ff. 119. A. Gadaleta, Relazione de Spag1Ul deL cav. A. Cappello, ambasciatore a Filippo V

dall'anno 1735 all738 (Florence, ISg6}. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. IY, p. 456. 120. For diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Spain, seeJ. Rousset de

152 Eighteenth-Century Spain, qO<r-I788

Missy, Le proces entre La Grande-Bretagne et l' Espagne, ou Recueil des Traite;:., Conventions, Mimoires et autres Pieces touchant les Dimile<. entre ces deux couronnes (The Hague, 1740).

121. For Britain's naval history at this time, see H. W. Richmond, 'The Navy in the War of 1739-1748' in History, Oct., 1924.

122. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. V, pp. 48-57; W. Coxe, Historical Memoirs oftlu Kings of Spain of tlu House of Bourbon, (London, 1815), vol. III, pp. 428-38.

123. A. Rodriguez Villa, Patino} Campillo (Madrid, 1882). 124. A. del Cantillo, op. cit., pp. 346-g. 125. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. V, p. 106. 126. That he had in mind a comprehensive programme for Spain and saw its

affairs in the round can be seen in the two masterly treatises which he wrote between August 1741 and February 1742, 'Lo que hay de mas y de menos en Espana paraque sea 10 que debir ser y no 10 es' and 'Espana despierta. Criti­cas e instructivas reflexiones Correspondientes a varios e importantisimos asumptos para la mejor organizacion y regimen de la Monarchhl Espanola'. (B. M. MS Add 25,684, §§ I and 2, 'Obras ineditas del Ministro Campillo, transcr. por Francisco Maldonado, enero de 1804).

127. A. Rodriguez Villa, Don CenQn de Somodevilla, marquis de la Ensenada (Madrid, 1878).

128. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., p. 107. 129. R. Aunon y Villalon, Episodios maritimos (Cartagena, 1913), § 'El combate de

Cabo Sicie (1744)'. 130. E. Zevort, Le marquis d' Argenson (Paris, 1880). 131. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. V, pp. 364ff. 132. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. V, p. 392. 133. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. V, pp. 436-8. 134. A. Baudrillart, op. cit., vol. V, p. 437. 135. V. Vignau y Ballester, 'Papeles referentes a la muerte de Felipe V y

coronacion de Fernando VI', in Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas} Museos, III (1899).

PART TWO THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VI (1746-59)

I. For the personality and reign of Fernando VI, see M. Danvila y Collado, Estudios espanoles del siglo XVIII. Fernando VI} Dona Barbara de Bragan<;a (Madrid, 1905); A. Garcia Rives, Fernando VI J Dona Barbara de Bragan<;a. Apuntes sobre su reinado (Madrid, 191 7) . Some of the following information is to be found in the latter part of the important document (8. M. Add MS 15,576) 'Historia del Reynado de Felipe 5' (which actually goes to 1762), fos. 58-212. For a summary of court affairs during this reign see P. Zabala y Lera, Espana bajo los Borbones, 5th edn (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 45-g.

2. Her complicated will, 'Testamento de la Reyna Barbara' is to be found in B. M. Add. MS 10,252, 'Papeles varios', fos. 24-49.

3. Like Felipe V he suffered from priapism. 4. For this aspect of Fernando, see the first-hand account of his physician Piquer

'Discurso sobre la enfermedad del Rey Fernando VI', ColecciOn de documentos

Notes to Part Two 153

iniditos, XVIII, pp. 156-7; & that of his confessor in C. Perez Bustamente, Correspondmcia privada e inidita del P. R6vago confesor de Fernando VI (Madrid, (936). See also C. Stryienski, 'Fernand VI, roi d'Espagne' in Chronique Medicale, 15 Nov. 1902.

5. A. Baudrillart, Philippe Vet la cour de France (Paris, (890), vol. V, pp. 485-9. 6. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, Spain under the Bourbons, 1700-1833. A Collection

of Documents (London, (973), pp. 109-13. It is noticeable (p. (13) that Sotomayor's name is not among the signatories. Thus Spain did not sign.

7. Much that is interesting about him, especially the influence of Spanish popular music on his own, is to be found in G. Chase, The Music of Spain, 2nd edn rev., (New York (972), pp. 108-14. See also R. Kirkpatrick, Domenico Scarlatti (Princeson, (952), pp. 81-133.

8. M. Mozas Mesa, Don Joside Carvajaly Llmcaster, Ministrode Fernando VI (jaen, (924). Ma. D. GOmez Molleda, 'EI pensamiento de Carvajal y la politica internacional espanola del siglo XVIII in Hispania, XV (1955), pp. 117-37.

9. In thus setting down his 'political testament' he displays the influence of his mentor Campillo, who had drawn up his in 1742 (B. M. MS Add. 25,684), see above n. 126.

10. A. Rodriguez Villa, Don Cenon de Somodevilla, marquis de la Ensenada (Madrid, (878). J. M. de Aranda, El marquis de la Ensenada. Estudios sobre su administracion (Madrid, (898). R. Bouvier and C. Soldevila, Ensenada et son temps (Paris, (941).

I I. A. del Cantillo, Tratados convenios y declaraciones de pa<.y de comercio que han heCM con las potencias extranjeras los Monarchas espanoles de la Casa de BorbOn desde el ano de 1700 hasta el dia, 4 pts., (Madrid, 1843), pp. 400--8.

12. C. Calvo, Coleccion completa de los tratados de la America Latina (Paris, (862), vol. II, pp. 241--60.

13. A. Bermejo de la Rica, La colonia del Sacramento (Toledo, 1920), pp. 55-{). 14· W. Coxe, Historical Memoirs rif the Kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon

(London, 1815), vol. IV, p. 180. 15. A. Rodriguez Villa, op. cit., p. 281. 16. M. Menendez y Pelayo, Historia de los Heterodoxos espanoles (3 vols.), (Madrid,

1880-82), vol. III, pp. 45-{)7; R. S. de Lamadrid, El concordato espanol de 1753, segun los documentos originales de su negociacion (jerez, (937). A short appraisal of it is to be found in R. Herr, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (Princeton, 1958), p. 13.

17. The text of the concordat is given in Mercurio Hist6rico y Politico, Madrid, marzo, 1753, pp. 63-8 and 70-9; it is translated in W. N. Hargreaves­Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 113-21.

18. M. Fraile Miguelez, Jansenismo y Regalismo en Espana (datos para la historia). Cartas al senor Meninde<. Pelayo (Valladolid, (895).

19. C. Perez Bustamente, op. cit. 20. H. W. Richmond, Papers relating to the Loss of Minorca in 1756 (London, 19(3). 21. For this and similar negotiations between Pitt's government and Spain see V.

Palacio Atard, 'Las embajadas de Abreu y Fuentes en Londres, 1754-1761', Simancas, I (1950), pp. 55-122.

22. See B. M. Add. 10,252, 'Papeles varios', fos. 24-49, 'Testamento de la Reyna Barbara'.

23. A. Piquer, op. cit., p. 156; C. Perez Bustamente, op. cit.; C. Stryienski, op. cit.

154 Eighteenth-Century Spain, 1700-1788

24. The cold relationship between Carlos and Fernando VI is noted in C. Petrie, King Charles III of Spain: an Enlightened Despot (London, 1971), pp. 61-62.

25. M. Menendez y Pelayo, op. cit., vol. III, p. 60. 26. L. de Saint-Simon, Historical Memoirs of tM Duke de Saint-Simon (ed. and

trans. Lucy Norton), (3 vols.), (London, 1967-72), p. 109, n. I.

PART THREE THE REIGN OF CARLOS III (1759-88)

I. For Carlos III see, M. Danvila y Collado, Historia del Rnnado de Carlos III (6 vols.), (Madrid, 18g1-96); F. Rousseau, Ripe de Charles III d' Espagne (1759-1788) (2 vols.), (Paris, 1907); A. Baudrillart, 'Le roi d'Espagne Charles III' (review of Rousseau's work), La Correspondtmt, 25 avril 1907; J. Addison, Charles III of Spain (Oxford, 1900).

2. Real cldula 23 de junio de 1768. 3. The review of Spain's naval power which he ordered to be drawn up appears

in B. M. MS Add. 20,926, § 3. (fos. 19-21), 'Estado actual de las fuerzas navales de S. M. Cat6lico en primero de agosto de 1760'.

4. V. Palacio Atard, 'Las embajadas de Abreu y Fuentes en Londres, 1754-1761, Simancas, I (1950), pp. 55-122.

5. F. Rousseau, Repe de Charles III d'Espape, 17j9-88 (2 vols.), (Paris, 1907), vol. I, p. 52.

6. Ibid., p. 69. 7· F. Rousseau, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 54fT. 8. F. Rousseau, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 61-4' 9. V. Palacio Atard, El tercer Pacto de Familia, pp. 12 Iff and 348ff; the Third

Family Compact (4 Feb. 1762) is translated in W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 126-31.

10. M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 1 48ff, II. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., p. 122. 12. M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. II, pp. 148-58; F. Rousseau, op. cit., vol. I,

pp. 6g-72. L. Cahen, 'Le Pacte de famille', Revue Historique (1925).' 13. For the diplomatic treatment of Portugal by the French and Spanish, see

A. Bourget, 'Le duc de Choiseul et l'alliance espagnole: un ultimation franco­espagnol au Portugal (I 761-1 762)' , Revue d' histoire diplomatique, XXIV (1910), pp. 25-38.

14. For a full account ofthe campaign in Portugal see conde de Fermin Nunez, Vida de Carlos III (Madrid, 18g8), vol. I, pp. 16¢.

15. V. Palacio Atard, Simtincas, I (1950), pp. 55-122. 16. M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. II, p. 186. 17. For a COR temporary account of the siege and capture of Manila see N. P.

Cushner (ed.) Documents illustrating tM British Conquest of Manila 1762-1763, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Camden Fourth Series, vol. 8 (London, 1971).

18. F. Rousseau, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 89-90. 19. Sometimes called Jacob. 20. F. Rousseau, op. cit., vol. I, pp. 106-7. 21. About that time beginning to be thus spelt, a corruption of Peniscola. 22. But of course, they still had Belize.

Notes to Part Three 155

23. For the terms of the Treaty of Paris, see Tratados de Espana, vol. III, pp. 235ff. Translations of the most important articles are given in W. N. Hargreaves­Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 132-4.

24. Biblioteque nationale (Paris), MS Espagne 424, fo. 284. 25. W. marques del Villa-Urrutia, Mujeres de antana: la reina Maria Luisa, esposa de

Carlos IV (Madrid, 1927). 26. J. Perez de Guzman y Gallo, La Historia lnidita: estudios de la vida, reinado,

proscripci6n y muerle de Carlos IVy Maria Luisa (Madrid, 1908); J. Perez de Guzman y Gallo, 'Reparaciones a la vida de Carlos IV y Maria Luisa', Rev. de Arch. Bib[. Mus., X (1904).

27. The Order is given in N'ovisima recopilaciOn de las leyes de Espana, Bk. III, § XIX, Law XIII; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit. pp. 134-5. The two different dresses are illustrated in J. Cayetano Rosell, 'Motin contra Esquilache', Seminario Pintoresco Espanal, I (Madrid, 1836), p. 201.

28. Blue bands were often at this time worn with full dress by high officers of state. It was a French fashion in the first place, so must have spread to Spain.

29. The marques de Esquilache hasn't prohibited this!' 30. For the initial riots on 15 and 16 March see the letter written from Madrid

(B. M., MS Add. 10,252, fos. 289-297)' 3 I. 'Why don't you observe the order and not wear your hat?' 32. For a general account of the malin see M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. II,

cap. vi; F. Rousseau, op. cit., vol. I, pp. I 76ff. 33. Relaci6n verdadera y circumstanciada de todo 10 acaecido en la ciudad de Zaragoza;

W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 136-8. 34. For a short summary of the molin, see P. Zabala y Lera, Espana bajo los

Borbones, 5th edn. (Barcelona, 1955), pp. 61--63. 35. For Carlos Ill's appointment of Aranda to be President of the Council of

Castile, see M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. II, p. 358; W. N. Hargreaves­Mawdsley, op. cit., p. 138.

36. A. Rodriguez Villa, Don Cenon de Somodevilla, marques de la Ensenada (Madrid, 1878), pp. 286-7·

37. C. Eguia Ruiz, Losjesuitasyel motin de Esquilaclu (Madrid, 1947); R. Herr, Tlu Eighteenth-CenturyRevolution in Spain (Princeton, 1958), p. 14, where he points out that the Society of Jesus and the Inquisition were the chief opponents of royal authority.

38. V. Rodriguez Casado, 'La "revoluci6n burguesa" del siglo XVIII espanol', Historia de Espana (ed. Arbor), pp. 379-81.

39. C. Eguia Ruiz, El Padre Isidro LOpezy el motin de Esquilaclu (Madrid, 1935). 40. F. Espinosa, 'El conde de Aranda', Espana Modema, CXLIX (1909), p. 5. 41. F. Rousseau, Expulsion des Jesuites en Espagne. Demarches de Charles III pour leur

secularisation (Paris, 1904). 42. For the Papacy during the whole ofthis period, see L. von Pastor, History of the

Popesfrom tlu Close oftlu Middle Ages (London, 1950). 43. For the Royal Decree of Carlos III regarding Papal authority (1761) see

B. M., MS Add. 10,252, fos. 195-201. 44. J. F. de Isla, Obras Escogidas, vol. I (Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, XV,

Madrid, 1945). 45. P. Fraile Miguelez, El Jansenismoy Regalismo en Espana (Valladolid, 1895),

pp. 330ff.

Eighteenth-Century Spain, 1700-1788

46. M. Menendez y Pelayo, Historia de Los Heterodoxos espa;IOLes (Madrid, 1880-82), vol. III, pp. 84ff.

47. J. Sarrailh, L'Espagne eclairee de La seconde moitie du siecle XVIII (Paris, 1964). 48. L. von Pastor, op. cit., vol. 37, p. 31 I. 49. Pragmatica sancion de su Majestad enfum;a de Ley; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley,

op. cit., pp. 138-44. 50. For the relationship between Carlos III and Aranda, see C. Petrie, King

Charles III of Spain: an Enlightened Despot (London, 1971), pp. 151-5. 5 I. For an account of the expulsion in Spanish America, when it was sometimes

ruthlessly and cruelly carried out and greatly upset the Indians, see B. Moses, Spain's Declining Power in South America, 17~/806 (London, 1965), pp. 97-152 •

52. J. de Manterola, La disolucion en Espana de la Compania de JesUs (Barcelona, 1934)·

53. A vivid account of the sufferings endured by the Jesuits driven from Spain is to be found in the 'Life of Padre Jose de Isla', a fine example ofa member of the Society (Obras escogidas del P. Jose Francisco de Isla, vol. I, pp. vii-xiv (BiM. Aut. Esp. XV)).

54. See A. Rodriguez Villa, Introduccion a las 'Cartas politico-economicas' de Campomanes (Madrid, 1878), for his general attitude.

55. He had had a change of heart. 56. L. von Pastor, op. cit., vol. 38, p. 73. 57. Such as Theiner. 58. F. Rousseau, Regne de Charles Ill, vol. I, caps. ix-xv. 59. For him and his work as ambassador to the Holy See see M. Cayetano Alcazar,

El conde de Floridablanca (Madrid, 1929) and J. Sarrailh, op. cit., pp. 588ff. 60. L. von Pastor, op. cit., vol. 38, p. 533. 61. L. von Pastor, op. cit., vol. 39, p. 2 I. 62. Although Britain had ceded it to Spain at the Treaty of Paris (1763). 63. Of 1762, surrendering Manila, saying that those documents had been

superseded by the Treaty of Paris. These documents are given in N. P. Cushner, op. cit., pp. 122-5 and 140-2.

64· J. Goebel, The Struggle for the Falkland Islands (New Haven, 1927). 65. L. Blart, Les rapports de La France et de l' Espagne apres Ie pacte de famille jusqu' a la fin

du ministere du due de Choiseul, (Paris, 1915). 66. O. Gil Munilla, El conjiicto anglo-espanol en 1770 (Sevilla, 1948). 67. V. Rodriguez Casado, 'Politica marroqui de Carlos III: las mlSlones

diplomaticas de Boltas y Giron .. .', Hispania, II (1942), pp. 101-22 and 236-78.

68. A. Rodriguez Villa, 'Una embajada espanola en Marruecos y estado de este imperio en tiempo de Carlos III (1767)', Revista Contemporanea, XXVII (1880), pp. 257-308.

69. F. S. Miranda, El sitio de Melilla de 1774 a 1775 (ed. R. Fernandez de Castro) (Tangier, 1939).

70. For O'Reilly and the expedition see C. Petrie, op. cit., pp. 158--60. 71. See B. M., MS Add. 21,445, 'Papeles historicos', fos. 96--99, 'Noticias de

Cadiz: Expedicion a Argel'. 72. M. Danvila y Collado, Historia deL reinado de Carlos III (Madrid, 1891--96),

vol. IV, pp. 206-59.

Notes to Part Three 157

73. Gaceta de Madrid, 18 de julio de 177S; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit. pp. 149-50.

74. The former ambassador in London. 75. Narrowly patriotic nobles. 76. The lawyers, the new professional men of the Enlightenment. 77. M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol IV, pp. 317ff; A. Bermejo de la Rica, La

colonia del Sacramento (Toledo, 1920), pp. 67-73. It was now that the Viceroyalty of La Plata was created.

78. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 157-8. 79. For a general survey of Spain's part, see F. Morales Padron, La Participaci6n de

Espana en la independencia de los Estados Unidos (Madrid, 1952). So. J. F. Vela Utrilla, Espana ante la independencia de los EstaJos Unidos (Urida,

1925), vol. II, pp. 9-10. 81. Ibid. 82. Ibid., pp. 26ff; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., p. 152. 83. J. F. Vela Utrilla, op. cit., vol. II, p. 144. 84. Ibid., pp. 72ff; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley op. cit., pp. 152-5. 85. Ibid., II, p. 94; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit. pp. 155-6. 86. M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. IV, pp. 448ff and vol. V, pp. Iff. 87. A. Temple Patterson, The Other Armada. The Franco-Spanish Attempt to invade

Britain in 1779 (Manchester, 1960). 88. B. M., MS 10,252, 'Papeles varios', fos. 70-73, 'Letter from Algeciras on

News of the Siege of Gibraltar (1779)'; C. Petrie, op. cit., pp. 170ffand 191-5. 89. F. Rousseau, Rep de Charles III, vol. II, cap. v, § 2. 90. For Galvez's exploits, see J. Caughey, Bernardo de Gtilve<:, in Louisiana, 1776-

1783 (Berkeley, 1934). 91. Diario de la expediciOn contra la pla<;a de Pan<:,acola; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley,

op. cit., pp. 159-60. 92. For an earlier and fine account of him see A. Farrer del Rio, 'Estudio sobre el

conde de Floridablanca', introduction to Floridablanca. Obras originales vol. LIX, pp. v-xlv (Obras originales de Floridahlanca, Bihlioteca de Autores Espaiwles, Madrid, 1867).

93. For his interesting 'political testament' written in 1788 see 'Representacion hecha al Sr. Rey Don Carlos 3°' (B. M. MS Add. 29, 299). It is a review ofhis administration in self-justification against the attacks of his opponents. Following it is an appendix in the form ofa letter to Carlos IV recommending it to his judgement, 1789.

94. M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. V, pp. 164fT; F. Rousseau, Regne de Charles III, vol. II, pp. 189-95; eyewitness account in Bibl. Nat., Paris, Espagne, MS No. 423.

95. F. Rousseau, Regne de Charles III, vol. II, pp. 198-202; C. Petrie, op. cit., pp. 201-2.

96. S. Ancell, A Circumstantial Journal of the Siege of Gibraltar (London, 1784), for a general account.

97. M. Danvila y Collado, op. cit., vol. V, pp. 370-1, F. Rousseau, RegnedeCharles III, II, pp. 216-7.

98. Main clauses given in W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., p. 167. 99. See the excerpts from Aranda's diary given inJ. F. Vela Utrilla, op. cit., vol.

II, pp. 355ff; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 163-5.

158 Eighteenth-Century Spain, 1700-1788

100. For these see the Introduction to this work. 101. W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit., pp. 165--6 (selected articles only). 102. Gaceta de Madrid 20 de julio de 1784; W. N. Hargreaves-Mawdsley, op. cit.,

p. 168. 103. G. Guastavino GalIent, Los bombardeos de Argel en 178S-I784Y su repercusitin

literaria (Madrid, 1950), pp. 12-17. 104. Ibid. p. 19. 105. Carlos Ill's eldest son Felipe was insane. 106. See the Introduction to this work (p. 2), Asturias had been born in Italy, and

according to the law of 1713 those born outside Spain might not be able to succeed to the throne.

107. Whose nickname was 'el viejo ~O"o'-'the Old Fox'. 108. The 'political testament' referred to above (n. 93) (B. M. MS Add. 29,299). 109. For his popular eharacter see R. Herr, Th£ Eighteenth-Century Revolution in

Spain (Princeton, 1958), p. 233; for a contemporary account see J. Town­shend, A Journey through Spain in 1786 and 1787 (London, 1791), vol. II, pp. 123--6.

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(Madrid, 1945). Jacquet, J.-L., Les Bourbons d'EspagTUI (Lausanne, 1968). Javierre, A. L., 'Las cartas del duque de Orleans a Felipe V sobre el sitio de

Lerida en 1707', Ilerda, IV (1946). Kamen, H. A. F., The War oj Succession in Spain, 1700-15 (London, 1969). Kirkpatrick, R., Domenico Scarlatti (Princeton, 1952). Maldonado Macanaz, J., 'Voto y renuncia del Rey don Felipe V',

Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid, 1894). Manterola, J. de, La disolucion en Espana de la Compania de JesUs (Barcelona,

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Menendez y Pelayo, M., Historia de los Heterodoxos espanoles, 3 vols (Madrid, 1880-82).

Mercader Riba, J., 'La ordenacion de Cataluna por Felipe V: la Nueva Planta', Hispania XLIII (1950).

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Index

Abrantes, plain of, 105 Abreu, Spanish ambassador in Lon-

don, 101 Acquaviva, Padre, I 17 Acquivia, Papal nuncio, 23 Acton, 141 Acunha, Luis, 104 Adda, river, 19, 71 Aguilar, conde de, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 46,

51 Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress and Peace

of, 88---g, 92, 118 Alava, 10 Alba y Huescar, duque de, 83, 86, 93,

94,95,112,116,117 Albani, Cardinal Giovanni Francesco,

119, 121 Alberoni, julio, later Cardinal, 2, 5;

earlier career, 43; meets Isabel Farnese, 44, 45, 46; his war, 47, 49, 50; fall of and significance of, 50- I,

55; calls on Patino to prepare the naval expedition of 1717,59

Albertini, Neapolitan ambassador In

London, 101 Albuquerque, 24, 45, 105 Alcala de Henares, 26, 100 Alcoy, 30 Alcudia,8 Aldobrandini, Papal nuncio to Spain,

54 Alemtejo (Portugal), invasion of the

(1704),22 Alessandria, 82, 83 Alfonso XII, King of Spain, 143 Algeciras, 124 Algiers, Algerians, 68, 125, 140 Algiers, the Dey of, 124, 139 Alicante, 25, 27, 67,125 Allemonde, Admiral, 20

Almansa, battle of (1707), importance and described, 27--8, 30

Almaraz, the bridge of, 34 and n3 I Almeida, 104; battle of, 105 Almenara, skirmish of (1710),33 Almodovar, Pedro de Gongora y

Lujan; marques de, 126, 13 1, 135 Altamira, condesa de, 54 Alvaro Faria de Melo, Portuguese gen­

eral in Felipe V's service, 25 Amelot, marquis de Gournay, 6, 9, 23,

24; character of, 29; his Galli­canism, 30; as ambassador, 3 I; 44; his son, 80

America, North, the beginning of the struggle with Great Britain, 127

Amezaga, jose, infantry commander, 28

Amida, Archbishop of, 68 Ampurdan, 34 Ancona, 71 Anda y Salazar, Simon de, Chief jus­

tice of Manila, 107 Anjou, Philippe, duc d', see Felipe V Anne, Queen of Great Britain, 20, 30,

36,37 Anson, Commodore, 76 Antequera, district of, 10 Antibes, 67, 70, 78 Antwerp, 22, 27 Apremont, castle of; 79 Aragon, 6, 10; the cortes of, 20, 24;

Felipe V decides to reorganise, 35

Aragonese Party (reign of Carlos III), 3, 120, 141

Aran, Valle de, 50 Aranda, Pedro Pablo de Abarca y

Bolea, conde de, 105, 112, 113; earlier career, character and ap-

166 Index

perance, 114; a Freemason, 115; and the Jesuits, 116, I 17; leader of the Aragonese party, 120; advises war with Britain, 122; insults Carlos III, 123; becomes am­bassador to France, 123; his letter to Eleta, 126, 129; anti-British, 132; recommends engineer for siege of Gibraltar, 137, 138; leaves France, 141

Aranjuez, 70,82; treaty of, 92, 135 An;on, Michaud d', 137 Arcos, duque de los, Capt. of the Royal

Bodyguard, I I 1-12 Arethusa, the connonade of the, 131 Arezzo,7° Argenson, marquis d', French Foreign

Minister, 8 I; fall of, 83; his view of Fernando VI, 85, 87

Arias, Manuel, President of the Council of Castile, later Archbishop of Se­villa, 16, 17,20,23

Arqui,82 Arriaga, Julian de, 95, 100, 122, 125 Arriaza, Francisco, 59, 60; dismissal

of, 61 Artalejos, forger, 73 Artois, comte d', 137 Asiento, the, 39, 75, 88 Asti, 22 Astorga, Diego de, 53 Audenarde, battle of ( I 708), 30 Audiencias (High Courts), 6; at Bar-

celona, 8; at Palma de Mallorca, 8 Augustus II, King of Poland and Elec­

tor of Saxony, death of, 68--g Augustus III, King of Poland, Elector

of Saxony, 70, 74, 77 Avellaneda (Basque Provinces), 9 Avendano, Diego de, 112 Avignon, occupation of by the French,

118, 120, 121 Avites, marques de, 137 Aytona, marques de, 53 Azara, Member of the Council of Fi­

nance, 120 Azores, the, 133 Azpuru, Archbishop of Valencia, I 18,

119

Badajoz, 24, 65, 105 Bahamas, I 38 Balaguer, 32, 34 Balbases, marques de los, Viceroy of

Sicily, 27 Balearic Islands, 6, I 39 Baltic, 6o Barbara de Bragant;:a, Infanta of Por­

tugal, afterwards Queen of Spain, 65,85; character and appearance, 86, 87; love of music, 89, 92, 93; last illness and death of, 96, 97

Barcelo, Antonio, 132, 137 Barcelona, 7; the Diputacion, 7, 40; the

University of, 7; Notary Public of, 8; the ciudadela of, 8; Felipe V visits, 17; Felipe V embarks at, 18; Queen Maria Luisa of Savoy ar­rives at, 20; capitulation of to Archduke Charles, 25; Felipista at­tempt to reconquer, 26; still holds out for the Archduke, 35; blockade of (1713),40; final siege of (1714), 41; Alberoni's naval expedition leaves, 47; Patino President of the Royal Council of, 59; Don Carlos leaves for Italy (173 I), 67; Clavijo sails from, 70; arsenals to be built in, 91

Bari, 70 Barni, conte de, Archbishop of Piac-

enza, befriends Alberoni, 43 Barrenechea, 66 Baselini, Alejandro, 140 Basques, 9, 10; Basque Provinces, 8, 73 Basset y Ramos, Juan Bautista, 25, 26,

40 Bassignano, battle of, 82 Baton-Rouge, 134 Batthiany, Dutch general, 88 Baudrillart, A., modern French his-

torian, 30, 3 I, 37, 49 Bavaria, Elector of, 19, 21, 22, 37;

Charles (later Emperor Charles VII), 77,81, Maximilian, 81

Bay, Alejandro, marques de, 32, 35 Beam, 26 Beaumarchais, 128, 129 Beauvan, Prince, wins the battle of

Index

Almeida (1765), 105 Bedford, Duke of, 107, 108 Bedmar, marques de, Spanish military

commander, 22; head of the War Department, 31, 42

Bejar, duquesa de, 23 Beliardi, Abbate, 109, 110 Belize, 138 Belle-Isle, comte de, 77, 79, 87 Bena, conde de, 81, 82, 83 Benasque, 35 Benedict XIV, Pope, 94 Benevento, 120, 121 Beragua, duque de, 23 Beretti-Landi, Lorenzo Berrusio, mar-

ques de, 51 Bergen-op-Zoom, 88 Bermudez, Padre, 61 Bemis, Cardinal, 119, 120, 121 Berwick, duc de (Spanish title duque de

Liria), 22, 23, 26, 27; victory at Almansa, 28, 29, 32, 37, 40, 41; siege of Fuentarrabia by, 50, 58, 66,67

Berry, duc de, 37; death of, 42 Bethune, 35 Bidasoa, river, 50 Bilbao, 8 BJecoun, 16,31 Boca de ToTO, 134 Bochetta, Pass of, 82 Bologna, 72, 78 Boreel, Willem, 62 Botta-Adorno, Imperialist general, 87 Bouchain, the French recapture, 38 BoufHers, marechal, 22; capitulates at

Lille, 30 Bougainville, French explorer, 121 Bouligny, Juan de, 139 Bourbon, duc de (Regent of France,

1723-6), 53, 54, 56, 60, 65 Boumonville, duc de, 62 Bouzols, marquis de, 137 Brabant, 30 Bracamonte, Feliciano de, 40 Braganc;a, city of, 104, 105 Brancas, 65, 66 Brazil, 105, 126 Brazo militar or Brazo noble, 7

Breda, 87, 88 Brest, 132, 133 Briere, Gentleman of the Bedchamber

to Felipe V, 68 Brihuega, battle of, 34, 36 Brissac, 22 Bristol, Earl of, 101, 102 Brittany, the abortive revolt of, 50 Brittany, Duke of, death of, 37 Brogli, marechal de, 124 Broschi, Carlo, see Farinelli Bruges,30 Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel, Duke of, 19 Bubb-Dodington, Lord Melcombe Re-

gis, 46 Bucarelli, Governor of Buenos Aires,

122 Buenos Aires 95, 122, 126 Bunker Hill, battle of, 127 Burgoyne, General, 131 Burgundy, Duke of, brother of Felipe

V, 19, 20, 22, 30; death of, 37 Bute, Marquess of, 102 Byng, Adm. George, Viscount Tor­

rington,49 Byng, Adm. John, the loss of Menorca,

96 Byron, Captain, 121

Caballero, Jeronimo, 141 Cabarrus, 136 Cabral de Belmonte, Portuguese am­

bassador, 73 Caceres, I I

Cadiz, 20, 51, 60, 62, 67,73,91, 125, 126, 133, 136

Cagliari, 47 Calatayud, 29 Camara de Castilla in 1700, 4 Camargo, Inquisitor-General, 53 Cambrai, 51; Congress of, 52, 53, 56, 57 Campbell, Gen., 134 Campeche, 77, 101, 134 Campillo,Jose del, 2; particulars of, 77,

78; death and achievements of, 79 Campo-Florido, Luis Reggio Brancif­

orte, principe (also referred to as marques and marchese), 55, 76, 78, 83, 116

168 Index

Campomanes, Pedro Rodriguez, conde de, 113, 116, 118, 141

Campo-Santo, battle of (1743), 79 Campo Villar, Alfonso Muniz, conde

de, 100, 115 Canada, 108 Canfranc, 26 Captain-General, office of, 10 Capua, 70, 71 Cara, river, 65 Caracena, Luis de Borja, marques de, 27 Cardona, 40 Carlo Emanuele III, King of Savoy­

Sardinia, 6g, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 80,81,82,83,87,88,99, 103

Carlos I, King of Spain (Emperor Charles V), 2, 37

Carlos II, King of Spain, 21 15, 16, 38 Carlos III, King of Spain, I, 2, 3, 4, 9,

10, II, 13; birth (as Prince Carlos), 46,47,53,54,56,57,59,62,63,64, 66, 67, 68; enters the kingdom of Naples, 70; declared King of Naples, 70; conquest of Sicily, 71; King of Naples and Sicily, 72, 74; British ultimatum to, 78; at war again, 81,85,92,94; and the death of Fernando VI, 97; succession of, to the throne of Spain, 99; likes Spain, 100; dislike of the British, 101, 104; affection for his sister, 104, 107; and the loss of La Habana, 108; and Grimaldi, 109, 110, 114; attachment to the Augu­stinians, 115; promised that the jesuits would be disbanded, 119; attacked by 'junius', 122; receives letter from George III, 123; Moroccan policy, 124; South American policy, 126; unwilling for war with Britain, 129; moral prestige of, 132; supports Florida­blanca, 134-5; gifts to the Ameri­cans, 138; and home affairs, 139; dynastic problems, 140; death of, 142; his achievements, 142-3

Carlos, principe de las Asturias (after­wards Carlos IV, King of Spain), 1,3,4,13,99, IIO, 125, 140, 141

Carlos Eusebio, Infante, 140 Carlota, Infanta (afterwards Queen of

Portugal), 140 Caro, Carlos de, 106 Carolina, 75 Carpenter, Gen., captured at Brihuega,

34 Carpi, 19 Cartagena (Spain), 73,80,91,139 Cartagena de las Indias (Spanish

Main), 61, 76 Carteret, Lord, 77 Carvajal y Lancaster, jose, 2, 87, 89;

early years, character and aims, 90-1; signs the Treaty of Aranjuez, 92; supports Wall, 93; death, 93, 95

Casa-Cagigal, marques de, 137 Casanova, Rafael de, Conseller en Cap, 41 Casas, Luis de las, 141 Casa-Tilly, marques de, 126 Castel de los Rios, conde de, Spanish

ambassador to France, 16 Castel Leon, 35 Castel-Rodrigo, marques de, 51 Castelar, marques de, 53 58, 60, 62, 66,

68, 69; his death, 69 Castelar, marques de (son of the above)

as general, 78 Castel vetrano, 50 Castile, the heart of Spain, 26; loyalty

to the Bourbons, 29; the Council of, 4, 5, 38, 55, 97, I 13; the cortes of called in 170 I, 17; plan to cut canals in Old Castile, 91

Castremanes, marques de, 105 Castropignano, duquesa de, influences

Queen Marie Amalie, 100 Castropinano, duque de, 70 Catalan language, 7; law, 7; PrIVI­

leges, 40; teaching of in schools abolished (1768), 99

Catalans, the, their position in 17 13, 39 Cataluna, 6, 7; Captain-General of, 8;

Tribunal of Peers, 8; meeting of the Three Estates of, 12; the cortes of, 18; Francisco Velasco, conde de Palma, Viceroy of, 21, 22, 24, 25; declares for Archduke Charles, 24; abandoned by the Allies at Ut-

Index 169 recht, 39; Emperor Charles VI and, 39; duca de Popoli, Viceroy of, 40; declares war on Felipe V, 40; Sartine Intendant of, 74; mar­ques de Mina, Captain-General of, 96; popularity of King Carlos III in, 99

Catherine I, Czarina of Russia, 61 Catinat, Gen., 19 Caylus, marquis de, 42, 74 Cayo Cocina, 133, 138 Ceballos, Pedro, marques de, 105, 107,

126, 127 Cella mare, principe de, nephew of

Giudice, 45, 49 Cervera, university founded at (1714),

7; capture of, 29, 40 Ceuta, 22, 51, 59, 68 Chacta Indians, 134 Chambery, 22, 79 Chancillerzas, 6, I I

Charles, Archduke of Austria, later Emperor Charles VI, Pretender to the Spanish throne with title of Charles 111,2,7,15,16,22,24,26; many nobles support, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34; sets out for Vienna, 35; changed position in Spain, 36; Crowned as Emperor 37; 47, 52, 53,54,57,59,61,62,63,64,65,66, 68,72,76

Charles VII, Emperor (Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria), 77; death of, 81

Charles XII, King of Sweden, 49 Charles Stuart (the Young Pretender),

81,82 Chamy, conde de, 67, 70 Chauvelin, 66, 69, 74 Chaves, 105 Chester, Adm., 134 Choiseul, duc de, 99, 101, 102, 107,

108, 109, 110, 116, 118, 119, 122; fall of, 123

Cifuentes, conde de, 25, 139 Ciudad Rodrigo, 26, 29, 105 Civita-Castellana, 70 Clavijo, conde de, 70 Clement XI, Pope, condemns Galli-

canism, 30, 94 Clement XIII, Pope, 115, 116, 117,

118; death of, 118 Clement XIV, Pope, his election, 119,

120; death of, 120, 12 I Colbert, minister of Louis XIV, 17 Colle de l'Assietta, pass of, 87 Cologne, Elector of, 19 Colomo, battle of, 71 Compania de Comercio, 136 Compiegne, 65, 72 Concordat, the (1737), 94; (1753),94,

110 Coni, siege of, 8 I Consejo de las Ordenes, 4 Consulat del Mar, 8 Conti, Prince de, 80, 87 Conway, British Secretary of State, 12 I Cordoba, Luis de, 132, 133, 137 Cordoba, province of, 10 Corella de Navarra, Queen Maria

Luisa at, 35 Corfu, 46 Cornejo, Francisco, 67 Corregidor, 8, 10, I I

Corrientes, 126 Cortes, the national, I I

Corzana, conde de la, Viceroy of Archduke Charles, 28

Coscojuela, marques de, 25 Cosimo III de'Medici, Grand Duke of

Tuscany, 47, 53 Costa Rica, 134 Council of State, 110 Court, French admiral, 81 Cremona,19 Crequi, marechal, death of at Luzzara,

20 Crillon, duc de, 136,137 Cuba, British conquest of, 106-7 Cuenca, Padre, 112 Cumberland, Duke of, 76, 88, 107 Cumberland, Richard, 135, 136

Dalmare, Sebastian, 40 Danzig, capitulation of, 7 I Darby, Adm., 136 Darfeld, mercenary general in Bourbon

pay, 28

Index

Daubenton, Pere, 19,29,45,47,53,56 Dauphine, The, 32 Deane, Silas, 129 Denain, battle of (1712), 38 Denmark, 60; neutrality of, 96 Despacho universal, reform of the (1705),

3 Desvalls, Manuel, 40 Diario de Madrid, 141

Diderot, Denis, I 16 Dominica, 103 Douai,35 Douro, river, 104, 105 Draper, Brigadier, 106, 116 Dresden, 82, 83 Drouillet, 136 Dubois, Cardinal, 46, 51 Dunford, Colonel, 134 Duran, Miguel, 51 Durango (Basque Provinces), 9 Duras, due de, 92, 95

Egmont, Port, 122, 123 Egremont, Earl of, 102, 107 Eleta, Joaquin, Carlos Ill's confessor,

115,117,118, 124,126,134 EI Ferrol, 73, 76, 91 EI Harrach, 125 Elisabeth, Czarina of Russia, 107 Elliot, Sir George (later Lord Heath-

field), 132 Elvas,65 El Velasco, O'Reilly's flagship, 125 Encyclopaedism, 116, 123 Engineers, English and French brought

to Spain, 91, 104 England, English (after 1707 Great

Britain, British), well received in Cataluiia, 25, 31; sole winner of the War of the Spanish Succession, 35; importance of internal politics of, 36; leaves the coalition of the Grand Alliance, 37; and Utrecht, 38; Alberoni's plan for, 45, 46, 47; official declaration of war on Spain, 49, 50, 60, 61, 71, 72; growing rivalry of and Spain in America, 74-5; Great Britain de­clares war on Spain (1739), 75;

posItion of in 1739, 76; France decides on war with, 80--1; and the Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, 88, 89; rivalry with France, 95-6; Prussia and Portugal her allies during the Seven Years' War, 96; declares war on Spain (1761), 104

Enlightenment, the, 9 Enriquetta of Modena, Princess, 63 Ensenada, Cenon de Somodevilla y

Bengechea, marques de la, 3, 78, reorganises Savoy, 79; earlier his­tory of, 80, 86; compared with Carvajal, go; character, 91; work for Spain, 91; opposes peace in Italy, 92; opposes Carvajal and Wall, 9$ banished to Granada, 94; and the Concordat of 1753, 94; and the Esquilache Riots, 113, 115

Escarano, Spanish ambassador to Great Britain, 126, 131

Escorial, Treaty of the, see First Family Compact

Escudero, Bartolome, 139 Eslava, Sebastian de, 95, 97 Espartel, Cape, battle off, 133, 139 Esquilache, Leopoldo de Gregorio,

marques de, 9; becomes minister of Finance, 100; origin of, 109, 110; Riots, I 10-12; fall of, I 12; opposed to Jesuits, 116

Esquilache Riots, described, I I 1-12; cause of, 113

Estaing, comte d', 107, 136,.137 Esteban de Mare, marques de, 46, 67 Esterhazy, Count, 92 Estrees, Cardinal d', French Am­

bassador to Rome, 18, 21 Estremez, 104 Eugene of Savoy, Prince, 18, 19,27; at

the battle of Audenarde, 30; be­sieges Landrecy, 38, 56

Extremadura, 22, 29, 59, 65, 105

Falkenhayn, comte de, 137 Falkland Islands, the, 121-2, 123 Family Compact, the, in general, 44;

the First (Treaty of the Escorial),

Index 17 1

69-70,71,72; the Second (Treaty of Fontainebleau), 80; the Third, 102-3, 104, 108

Farnese, Antonio, 54; Duke of Parma (1727),63,66

Farnese, Francesco, Duke of Parma, 54 Felipe, Infante Don, second son of

Felipe V and Isabel, 57, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79,80,81,82; becomes Duke of Parma and Piacenza, 8$ 88, 92, 96, 99, 110, 114, 118

Felipe IV, King of Spain, 2, 15 Felipe V, King of Spain, 1,2,3,4,6,7,

8,9, 10, q, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17,20, 21,22,23,26,27,30,31,32,33,34, 35,37,38,40,41,42,43,4$ illness of, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52; abdi­cation of, 53; reassumes the th­rone, 55, 58, 59, 60; madness of, 62, 64, 65, 66; new mental crisis, 68; at Bailen, 6g; 70, 72, 73. 74, 75, 76, 78, 80; death of, 83

Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, 116 Ferdinand I, King of Naples and Sicily

(from 1759),99, 123, 140 Fernando, Infante (later Principe de las

Asturias and King Fernando VII), birth of, 140

Fernando VI, King of Spain, I, 3, 10,

(as Prince Fernando) 59, 64, 65; succeedstothethrone,85;charac­ter, 85; appearance, 86, 87; anger at France over Aix-la-Chapelle, 89, 91; mental position in politics, 91-2, 96; and the Concordat of 1753, 94, 9$ madness and death of, 97; reign and character, 97-8; econ­omics of, 100, 143

Fermin Nunez, duque de Villahermosa, 116, 125, 141

Figueras, Felipe V visits, 17,21,32 Finale, marquisate of, 20, 88 Finisterre, Cape., 50 Fleury, Bishop Frejus, afterwards Car­

dinal, Chief Minister of France, 6o,6l,62,63,64,65,66,67,69,7 1, 72, 77; death of, 79

Florida, 75, 107, 128, 133, 136, 138 Floridablanca, Jose Moruno y Re-

dondo, conde de, 2, 3, 4, 13, 120, 127; in power, 128, 129; careful policy, 130; refuses war, 131; de­clares war on Britain, 132; difficul­ties of, 134; description of, 134-5; and the siege of Gibraltar, 137, I 39; difficult position of, 141; his 'memorial', 142

Florence, 70 Foligno, duca de, 79 Fonseca, Baron, 62 Fontainebleau, Second Treaty of

(1762), 108 Fontainebleau, Treaty of, see Family

Compact, the Second Fontenoy, Louis XV wins the battle of,

82 Francavilla, 50 Francis, first Duke of Lorraine, then

Grand Duke of Tuscany, later Emperor and consort of Maria Theresa, 72, 76, 77; elected Em­peror, 82, 92

Frankfurt-am-Main, Charles VI crown-ed there, 37

Franklin, Benjamin, 129, 130 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 77, 78"

83; wins the battle of Kesselsdorf, 83; 101, 107, 141

Frederick William I, King of Prussia, 61

Frederick William II, King of Prussia, 141

Freemasons, 116 Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 38 Frigiliana, conde de, 42 Frondes, the, 12 Fuenclara, conde de, 74 Fuenterrabia, 50, 52 Fuentes, Joaquin Pignatelli, conde de,

101, 103, loB, 123, 125 Fuessen, Treaty of, 81-2

Gabriel, Infante, 140, 142 Gaeta, 70 Gages, Juan de, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86 Galispanos = united forces of French

and Spanish, 82, 83 Galvez, Bernardo de, 133, 134, 135, 138

Index

Galvez, Jose de, 123, 125, 128, 133, 134 Galvez, Matias de, 134 Galway, Lord, 26, 28 Gandia, duque de, 25 Gardoqui, Diego, 130, 13 I, 136 Gasteiieta, Antonio, 49 Gaston, Miguel, 126, 132, 133 Gausa, Miguel Muzquiz, conde de,

112, 117 Genoa, Republic of, 45, 72,82,87,88,

110 George I, King of Great Britain, 46, 52,

58; speech from the throne (I 727) , 61,62; death of, 63

George II, King of Great Britain, 75,88 George III, King of Great Britain, 107,

122, 123, 131, 137 Georgia, 75, 80 Geraldino, 75 Germaine, Lord George, 135 Gerona, 34, 39 Gertruydenberg, 32 Ghent, 30, 3 I Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke

of Tuscany, 53, 54, 63, 65, 67,72; death of, 74

Gibbon, Edward, 132 Gibraltar, surrender of, 22; base for

Peterborough's attack on Cat­aluiia, 25; 37, 38, 52, 57; siege of (1727),61,62,63;64,80, 104,128; siege of (1779), 132, 133, 135, 136-g

Gibson, George, 129 Gil, Juan, 25 Giron, Fray Bartolome, 124 Giudice, Cardinal, Inquisitor-General,

42, 43, 45;. resigns, 46 Glimes, conde de, 79 Godoy, Manuel de, 3, 9 Goito,20 Golilla Party, golillas, 3, J09, 116, 120,

141 Gonzalez de Castejon, Pedro, marques

de, 125 Gordillo, Royal Accountant, 95 Gramont, duc de, 23 Gran i General Consell, 8 Granada, province of, JO

Granaries, public, set up by Ensenada, 91

Grand Alliance, The, 36 Grantham, Lord, 129, 131 Grasse, comte de, 137 Graus,34 Grenada, 136 Grenville, Thomas, 137 Grillo, Carlos, navy captain, 5 I Grimaldi, Geronimo, marques de, 102;

at the Treaty of Paris, J08, J09, 110; opposed to Jesuits, 116, 117, 120; manners, 121, 122; works against Aranda, 12$ and the Al­giers disaster, 125; orders to Mas­serano, 127; and war with Britain, 128; fall of, 128; and Arthur Lee, 130

Grimaldo, Juan, marques de, 45, 51, 52, 54, 55; deprived of his post, 58; restored, 60, 61, 74

Guadalajara, 2 I, 26, 55; cloth industry at, 73

Guadarrama mountains, 91 Guanabacoa, 106 Guastalla, battle of, 7 I Gudiiia (Orense), 32 Guerapin de Vaureal, Louis-Guy,

Bishop of Rennes, 77, 83, 85; re­moved from ambassadorship by Fernando VI, 86; opposes d'Argenson,87

Guerra, Domingo Valentin, Arch­bishop of Amida, 60

Guevara, Baltasar de, Commander of the Galleys, 46, 47, 50

Guichen, Adm., 132, 133

Hacen, Bey, 68 Haddock, Adm., 75, 78 Hague, The, 19,31,46,59; Treaty of,

20, 101, 102 Hanover, Treaty of (Herrenhausen),

57,60 Harcourt, comte d', 16 Hardy, Adm., 132 Hasselaar, G. A., 88 Heinsius, Grand Pensionary of the

United Provinces, 15, 20, 36

Index 173

Heredia, Ignacio de, 138 Herrera, Juan de, Bishop of Sigiienza,

55 Hesse-Cassel, Prince of, 22 Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince of, 20, 22, 25 Hidalgo de Cisneros, Francisco, 124 Honduras, 101, 103, 107, 108, 134, 138;

Gulf of, 96 Hopson, Adm., 63 Hosier, Adm., 60, 61 Howe, Adm., 137 Huescar, duque de, see Alba Hunt, Commander, 122 Huxelles, marechal, 50 H yeres, Islands of, 78

Ibiza,45 Idiaquez, Francisco Javier de, 113 India, Anglo-French rivalry in, 15, 103,

108 Innocent XIII, Pope, 94 Inquisition, the Spanish, 115 Intendants, 10, 29 Ireland, projected expedition from

Spain to, 76, 128 Isabel Christine of Brunswick, Princess,

consort of Archduke Charles, 30, 39-40

Isabel Farnese, Queen of Spain, I, 2, 3, 43, 44; appearance of, 45; am­bitions, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,62,63,64,65,69,70,74,76,77, 81,85,89,97,100; death of, 113

Ischia, Island of, 70 Isla, Padre J. F. de, 115 Italian campaign (1734-5), 70-2 Italians at the court of Carlos III, 109 Iturralde, 74

Jaca, 26 Jadraque, 26 Jamaica, 62, 101, 128 James II, King of England, 20 James Stuart, the Old Pretender

(James III), 20, 50, 58, 81 Jativa, captured by J. Tarrega, 2S;

resists the Felipists, 28; punished, 29

Jay, John, 135, 136, 138, 139

Jenkins, smuggler, 76 Jennings, Adm., 60,61 Jesuits, Society of Jesus, in Paraguay,

9S; and the Esquilache Riots, I 13; quarrel with the Augustinians, I IS; European governments op­posed to, I 16; events leading to expulsion from Spain, 116-17; commission against, I 17; accu­sations against, I 17; allowed into various parts of Italy, I 17; the Papacy favourable to, 118; attack­ed by Spanish bishops, 119; final suppression, 121

Joao V, King of Portugal, 65, 93 Joao of Portugal (later KingJoao VI),

140

Johnstone, Commodore, 135 Jose I, King of Portugal, 93, 104; death

of, 127 Joseph I (Emperor of Austria, 1705-

I I), 15; death of, 35, 36 Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 99, 143 Juan, Jorge, 91,124 Juana la Loca, 15 Jucar, river, 27 'Junius', insults Carlos III, 122 Junta suprema, created by Carlos III

(1783), 3; revised (1787) and sup­pressed (1792), 4

Kaunitz, Prince, Austrian Chancellor, 88,136

Keene, Sir Benjamin, British am­bassador to Spain, 63, 64, 66, 75, 85,89,91,94; his death, 96

Klevenhiiller, Field Marshal Count, 72 Koenigsegg, Count, Imperialist am­

bassador, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 71, 73

La Cabana, 106 la Chaise, Pere, 2 I La Coruna, 62 Laguna de los Patos, 126 La Habana, 61, 106, 107, 128, 129, 133,

134 La Mirandola, 7 I Lamtilly, comte de, 58

174 Index

Landau, 22 Landrecy, siege of, 38 Langara, Juan de, 133 Laredo, 50 Lascy, Francisco, 105 La Spezia, 70, 78 Las Talladas, 105 Laubrussel, Pere, 60 Laules, Patricio, 51 Lawfelt, battle of, won by Saxe, 88 Leake, Admiral, takes Sardinia, 30 Lede, marques de, 47, 50, 52, 53 Lee, Arthur, 129, 130, 131 Lefevre, Pere, 89 Leibniz, G. W., 15 Le Marchand, 32 Leon, Isla de, 25, 65 Leopold I, Emperor, 15, 19, 20 Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany (af-

terwards Emperor Leopold II), 110

Lerida, Felipe V visits, 17; falls to the Austrians (1705), 25; besieged, 29, 33

Lerma, marriage of Luis of Asturias there, 52

Liechtenstein, Prince, 83 Liege, 20 Lippe, Graf von, 105 Liria, see Berwick Lisbon, 22, 24,80,89, 104, 126 Livorno, 66, 70 Livry, abbe de, 56 Llana, glass industry of, 73 Llivia, 10 Lobkowitz, Imperialist commander,

79,81,82 Lombardy, 19,47, 71 London, peace negotiations between G.

B. and France begin in, 36 Long Island, 128 Lopez, Alvaro, 140 Lopez de Corral, Tomas, 134 Lopez, Padre Isidro, 113 Losada, Jose Fernandez de Miranda,

duque de, 100

Louis, Dauphin of France (d. 1711),37 Louis, Dauphin of France, second son

of Louis XV, the first having died

in infancy, 65, 81, 86 Louis, first son of Louis XV, died in

infancy, 63 Louis XIV, King of France, I, 9, 12, 15,

16,17,18,19,20,21,23,27,31,33, 37, 38, 43; death of, 45

Louis XV, King of France, 52, 56, 60, 62,65,6g,74,75,76,80,82,83,86, 92,93, 101, 102, 123, 127

Louis XVI, King of France, 127, 138 Louise-Isabella de Montpensier,

Queen Luisa Isabel, consort of Luis I of Spain, 52, 53, 54; returns to France, 56

Louisiana, 108, 109, 136 Louisville, marquis de, 16; opposed by

Portocarrero, 18, 19, 21; 46 Lowendal, French commander, 88 Lucca, Duchy of, 82 Ludwig of Baden, Prince, 22 Luis I, King of Spain (1724), formerly

principe de las Asturias, 12, 13; birth of, 30; 52; proclaimed, 53, 54; death of, 54

Luis, Archbishop of Toledo, third son of Felipe V and Isabel, 74, 97

Luzzara, Battle of (1702),20

Macanaz, Melchor Rafael de, 6; Felipista reorganiser of Valencia, 29; royalist pamphlet of, 43; leaves Spain, 45; advises Felipe V, 6S; eccentricity, 88

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord, view of Peterborough, 24

MacBride, Commander, 122 Maceda, conde de, 105 Madrid, College of Advocates, 5; cen­

tralisation of government in, 7, 8, 9; 26, 37

Madrid, Treaty of (1750),93, 126 Maffei, conte, 47 Mahon, 81 Mahon, duque de, 137 Mahoni, conde de, 30 Maillebois, marechal, 78, 79,82,83,87 Maine, duchesse de, 49 Maintenon, Madame de, 18, 32 Malaga, naval battle off (1704), 23

Index 175

Mallorca, 7,40,45,91 Malplaquet, battle of (1709), 32; criti-

cism of in Great Britain, 36 Malta, 47, 139 Mancera, marques de, 17,23,24 Manchak, 134 Manila, British capture of, 106-7; 116,

122 Manresa,40 Manrique, Alonso, 41 Mantua, Duchy of, 20, 70 Marcillac, comte de, 74 Marcin, French ambassador to Spain,

18, 19 Mari, marques de, 49 Maria Ana Victoria, Infanta, 52, 56, 60 Maria Ana Victoria of Portugal, 140,

142 Maria Anna of Neuberg, widow of

Carlos II, 16 Maria Antonia, Infanta, marriage to

Vittorio Amadeo, Prince of Savoy­Sardinia, 92

Maria Carolina, Queen of the Two Sicilies, 140

Maria Francisca, Queen of Portugal, 127

Maria Leszczynska, Princess of Poland, consort of Louis XV of France, 56, 60

Maria Luisa of Parma, Princess (after­wards princesa de las Asturias, wife offuture Carlos IV), I 10, 125, 140,141

Maria Luisa of Savoy, Queen of Spain, first consort of Felipe V, 3, 20, 21, 23; as Regent, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39; death of, 42, 43, 59

Maria Teresa of Spain (Queen Marie­Therese of France), 15

Maria Theresa, Empress, 57, 62,72,74, 76,78,80,81,83,88,89,92,96,99, 110, 119

Maria Victoria, Queen of Portugal, sister of Carlos II I, 104

Marie Amalie of Saxony, Princess, con­sort of Carlos III, 74; her ap­pearance, 99; her intelligence, 100; death of, 10 I, 102

Marlborough, Earl of, later Duke of, john Churchill, 20; defeats Vil­leroy at Ramillies, 27; victory at Audenarde, 30; defeats Villars at Malplaquet, 32; disgrace of, 36

Marsan, marques de, 92 Marsin, Gen., 27 Martinique, 130, 133 Marvan,24 Masones, jaime, see Sotomayor Masserano, principe de, 121, 122, 123,

12 7 Matagorda, 20 Matthews, Adm., 81 Maulevrier-Langeron, marquis de, 51,

52 Maurepas, 78, 130 Mazalquivir, 68, 138 Mazarredo, 139 Medinaceli, duque de, Spanish Viceroy

of Naples, 19, 20, 23, 31; accu­sation of treason and death, 32

Medina Sidonia, duque de, 19,23,31, 42

Mejorada, marques de, 42, 51 Melazzo, battle of (1718),50 Melilla, 124 Mendizabal, Ignacio, 133 Menorca, captured by Stanhope

(1708),30; held by G. B. at Ut­recht, 38; 57, 80; lost by G. B. (1756), 96; 103, 108, 128, 136; Spanish again, 137

Messina, 50, 71 Mexico, Gulf of, 61, 75 Migazzy, Count, 92 Milan and the Milanese, 16, 19,20,27,

30, 38, 47, 72, 80, 82, 83, 92 Mina, marques de la, 68, 70, 75, 76, 79,

80, 85, 87, 96 Minas, marques de las, 26, 27, 28 Minho, river, 104, 105 Miralles, juan, 135, 136 Miranda, 105 Miraval, Luis, marques de, 53, 55 Mississippi, river, 136, 138 Mobile, 134 Modena, Duke of, joins forces with

Gages, 82

Index

Modena, at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 88

Mogrobejo, Facundo, 94 Molina, jose, 126 Molines, jose, Inquisitor-General, 47 Monaco, Prince of, describes the Prin-

cess de Orsini, 45 Moncorvo, 105 Mons, 27 Montalto, duque de, 17, 20, 23, 24, 31,

42 Monteleon, marques de, Spanish am­

bassador in London, 49, 56, 63-4 Montellano, conde de, 23 Montemar, jose Carrillo de Albornoz,

conde de, 67, 70; created duque and governor of Castel-Novo, 71; 72, 74, 76, 77, 78; relieved of command, 79; 93

Monterrey, conde de, 23, 24, 31, 42 Montevideo, 126 Montgon, abbe, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67 Montijo, conde de, 77 MontmeIian, 79 Montmorin, 135, 136 Montpellier, 72 Moragas, Gen., 8 Morocco, Moroccans, 59,68, 124, 139-

40 Morro, castle of, 106 Morville, comte de, 62, 63 Mosquito Coast, the, 96, 134 Muniain, Gregorio, 105, 112, 117 Munich, 77 Munster, Bishop of, 19 Murray, Gen., 137 Muzquiz, see Gausa

Nancre, marquis de, French envoy at Madrid, 47, 49

Naples, 18, 19, 27, 30, 38, 47; Don Carlos enters the Kingdom of, 70

Natchez, 134 Navarra, Kingdom of, 10, the cortes of,

10, 13 Navarro, juan, admiral, created mar­

ques de la Victoria in 1744, 81 Nebot, jose, 26,40 Necker, 136

Netherlands, Dutch, see United Provinces

Netherlands, Spanish, afterwards Aus­trian, 16, 19, 22; to be ceded to Bavaria, 37; ceded to Austria, 38

Newcastle, Duke of, 75, 107 Newfoundland, 101, 103, 108, 131 New Orleans, 130 Nice, county of, conquered by Franco­

Spanish forces, 81; 87 Nivernais, duc de, 107, 108 Noailles, duc de, 18, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35;

his son, 83, 87, 130 Noris, Cardinal Enrique, 115 Norris, Adm., 76; patrols the English

Channel,81 North, Lord, 122, 131, 137 Nova Scotia, Anglo-French rivalry in,

95 Nuendariz, Gen., in Sardinia, 47 Nuestra Senora de Covadonga, ship cap­

tured by Anson, 76 Nueva Planta (New Plan), 7,8 Nymphenburg, 77

Ocio, Francisco, Intendant-General of Andalucia, 77

O'Dunna, jacques, 104, 107 Ohio, river, 95 Olmedo, glass industry at, 73 Oporto, 104, 105 Oran, 30, 67, 68, 80, 138, 141 Orbitello, 77, 78 Ordeiiana, Agustin Pablo de, 94 O'Reilly, Alejandro, 105, 123, 124,

125, 141 Orendain,juan Bautista, later marques

de la Paz, important papers of, 53; office, 55, 57; deprived of post, 58; regains office, 59; increases pos­ition, 61; 63, 64, 66, 68, 6g, 74

Orihuela, 25, 26 Orleans, Philippe, duc d' (Regent of

France, 1715-23), as commander­in-chief of the French in Spain, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32; appointed Regent, 45; 46, 49, 51, 52

Ormonde, james Butler, Duke of, 20, 50 ,58,76

Index

Orozco, Bias de, 53 Orry,jean, 9; description of, 17; 21,23,

24,29,30,41; 'universal minister', 42,44,45

Orsini, Marie-Anne de la Tremoille, Princess de, I, 2; description of, 17-18,21,23,31,35,37,41,42, 43, 44; character and subsequent life of, 44-5

Orvilliers, comte d', 132 Ossun, marquis de, 101, 110, 124 Ostend Company, 54, 57, 61, 62, 67 Osuna, duque de, 52 Ottoman Empire, 46, 47 Oudenaarde, see Audenarde

Palafox y Mendoza, Bishop of Puebla, 115,116

Palermo, 47, 71 Palma de Mallorca, 8 Pamplona, 10; castle of, 32, 88 Panama, 61 Papal Curia, 5 Paraguay, 93, 95, 116 Pardo, Convention of, 64, 75 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 108, 109, 128 Parma, duchy of, 47, 52, 57, 63, 66, 67,

69; renounced by Carlos of Spain, 72; 80; Spanish leave, 83; finally goes to Don Felipe, 88; 99; jesuits expelled from, 116; still there in 1768,117-18

Parma, see Farnese Passaro, Battle of Cape (1718),49 Patino, jose del, 2, 7, 9, 47, 53, 58;

origin and career, 59--60; 61, 62, 63,64,66,67,68, 6g; last days and attacks on, 73; death and achieve­ments, 73, 79

Pavia, 82 Pedro II, King of Portugal, 16, 22 Pedro of Portugal, Dom (later King

Pedro III), 96, 127, 140 Pellegrina, lady-in-waiting to Queen

Isabel,68 Penaranda, conde de, 51 Peniscola, 25 Pensacola (Florida), 108, 128, 134 Peral, marques de, 41

Perez de Prado, Padre Francisco, 114 Perez Delgado, Alonso, I 13 Perugia,7° Pescara, 71 Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, 49 Peter III, Czar of Russia, 107 Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, Earl

of, character of, 24; exploits 25, 26, 27; reads Don Quixote, 28

Philadelphia, Congress of, 127, 128 Philip of Austria (son of Emperor Max-

imilian I), 15 Philippa - Isabelle de Beaujolais, 53, 56 Philippines, The, 16, 73, 106 Philipsbourg, 71 Piacenza, duchy of, 47, 52, 57, 63, 66,

69; renounced by Carlos of Spain, 72; 80; taken by the Gencese, 82; taken by the Imperialists, 83; fin­ally goes to Don Felipe, 88; 99

Pico de la Mirandola, Abbate Ales-sandro, 109

Pignatelli, canonigo Ramon, 125 Pignatelli, Gen., 71, 83 Pineiro, Francisco, 134 Piscatori, Laura, 46, 60 Pitt, William, the Elder, later Earl of

Chatham, 96, 101, 102, 107, 122 Pius VI, Pop.:, succeeds, 121 Plymouth, 132 Po, river, 20, 70, 71, 72 Pocock, Adm., 106 Poitou, 50 Poland,60 Pombal, marques de, 105, 114, 116,

126, 127 Pompadour, marquise de, 116 Popoli, duca de, 40, 46, 51 Portmore, Adm. Lord, 63 Porto Bello, 61, 76 Portocarrero, Cardinal Archbishop of

Toledo, 16, 17, 18,20,21,24 Porto F erraio, 66 Portugal, as British ally, 104; war with

Spain, 104-5; relations with Spain in South America, 124-7

Portuguese Trading Company, the, 45 Pozo-Bueno,61 Prado,juan de, Governor of Cuba, 106

Index

Pragmatic doctrine of (1707), 29 Pragmatic Sanction, 67, 69, 72, 75, 77 Prague, 77, 79 Prats del Rey, 35 Prince Frederick, the (British ship), 61,

63,64,66 Providence Island, 63, 107, 138 Puebla, conde de la, 40 Puerto de Santa Maria, 20 Puerto Rico, 107 Puigcerda, 40 Puyzieulx, French minister, 87 Pyrenees, The, 16,50

Quadruple Alliance, The, 47, 49, 51, 56,65,67

Quesnoy, taken by Prince Eugene, 38 Quintana, 74 Quintano y Bonitaz, Manuel, Inquisi­

tor-General, I 15

Radoski, Gen., 71 Ramillies, battle of (1706), 27 Rastatt-im-Baden, 38, 39, 40, 52 Ratisbon, Diet of, 20 Ravago, Padre, confessor of Fernando

VI, 89; dismissed, 95, 115 Real-Transporte, marques de, 106 Reggio, Miguel, 67 Regidores, 8 Rezzonico, Cardinal, 117, 118, 119,

120 Rhine, river, 22 Ribagorza, the county or region of, 25,

34 Ric, Pedro, 113, 116 Ricaud, Baltasar, engineer in Cuba,

106 Ricaud, Francisco, engineer in Cuba,

106 Ricci, Padre Lorenzo, I 16, I 17 Richelieu, Cardinal, 10 Richelieu, duc de, military commander

at Menorca, 96 Ricola, conde de, 105, 125 Rimini,78 Rio de la Plata, 93, 126, 127 Rio Grande de San Pedro, 126 Rio Hondo, 134

Rio Pardo, 126 Riosco, duque de, Admiral of Castile,

16 Riots, connected with that of Es­

quilache, 112 Ripperda, johann Wilhelm, Baron de,

2,46; career and character, 55-6; 57; runs into trouble, 58; fall and future career of, 59, 60

Rivas Betancourt, Roberto de, 133 Robinet, Pere, Felipe V's confessor, 42,

45 Robinson, British minister, 66, 68 Rochford, Lord, 109, 121, 122, 123,

126, 127 Rockingham, Marquess of, 121, 137 Roda y Arrieta, Manuel de, 115, 116,

117, 120, 125 Roderique Hortales et Cie., 129 Rodney, Admiral, 133, 137 Rodrigo, jose, 51 Roermunde, 20 Rojas, Diego de, I 12 Rojo, Antonio, Archbishop of Manila,

106, 107 Ronquillo, Francisco, in the Por­

tuguese campaign (1704), 22; Pre­sident of the Council of Castile, 31, 42 ,55

Rooke, Admiral Sir George, 20, 22 Rosado, jose, 133 Rosas, stands out for Felipe V (1705),

25; 50 Rosenberg, Francisco Orsini, Graf, 110 Rota, 20 Rottenbourg, comte de, 63, 64, 67, 68,

6g Rousseau, F., modern French his-

torian, 17 Roussillon, 26, 32 Rubi, marques de, 141 Ruiz Puente, Captain Felipe, 121 Russia, 60, 66, 70, 96

Sacramento (Banda Oriental), 45, 93, 107, 108, 115

Saint-Aignan, French Ambassador to Spain, 45, 46, 49

Saint Domingue (Haiti), 130

Index 179

Saint Lucia, 103 Saint-Severin d'Aragon, comte de, 88 Saint-Simon, L. duc de, 52 Saint Vincent, 103 Salazar, conde de, 60 Salento, Cape (Sicily), 47 Sallc Law, I, 12 Salinas, Francisco, 139 Salvatierra, 24 San Agustin, 108 San Esteban de Gormez, conde de, 19;

made Capt.-General of Aragon, 25

San Fernando de Ornoa, 134 San Ildefonso, Treaty of (1777), 127 Sanjuan de Nicaragua, 134 San Justo, funds of, 6 San Luis, shipwrecked, 77 San Sebastian, 50, 52, 76 Sandwich, Lord, 88 Santa Catalina, fortress of, 20 Santa Cruz, conde de, commander of

the Galleys, 26 Santa Cruz, marques de, 66, 68 Santander, 50 Santa Vittoria, 20 Santesteban de Puerto, conde de, 51 Santo Domingo, Island of, 10 I, 128,

130

Santona, 50 Saratoga, 131 Sardinia, 8, 16, 38, 40, 47, 51 Sarria, marques de, 104, lOS; and the

Esquilache Riot, 112 Sastago, conde de, 25 Saxe, marechal, 88 Saxe-Gotha, Duke of, 19 Scarlatti, Domenico, career in Portugal

and Spain, 8g Schmerling, Imperialist diplomat, 72 Schulemburg, Imperialist commander,

79,82 Scilly Isles, 132 Scotti, marchese, 50, 60, 68 Segovia, 59 Segre, river, 40 Seo de U rgel, 50, 5 I Seven Years' War (1756-63), events

leading to and its beginning, 95-6

Sevilla, Treaty of, 65, 66 Shelburne, Lord, 122, 137 Sheridan, R. B., 135 Sherlock, Juan, 124 Shovel, Admiral, 23 Siaca,50 Sicie, Cape, naval battle off, 81 Sicily, 38, 47, 50, 51, 71 Sida Mohamed ben Abdala, Sultan,

124 Sidi Ahmed el Gazel, 124 Sidi Mohammed ben Othman, 139 Siena, 70 Sierra de los Tapes, 126 Siete-Iglesias, 104, 105 Silesia, 77 Soissons, Congress of (1728), 64,

65 Solano, Jose, 133, 134 Soler family, 139, 140 Solferino, duque de, 5 I Solsona,40 Sopena, Antonio, 53, 58 Sotomayor, Jaime Masones de Lima,

duque de, 88, 102, II7 Sotomayor, Martin Alvarez de, 132 South Sea Company, The, 61 Souza Countinho, Francisco de, 127 Speier, 22, 38 Stahremberg, Count, Imperialist com­

mander, 30, 33, 34, 35, 39, 56 Stanhope, Gen., takes an army to

Cataluna, 30, 32; victory at Brih­uega, 34; plenipotentiary at Mad­rid, 47; 58; gives asylum to Rip­perda, 59; 61; leaves Spain, 62; and the Treaty of Sevilla, 65, 66

Stanislas Leszczynski, King of Poland, later Duke of Lorraine, 69, 70, 7 I ; renounces Poland and becomes Duke of Lorraine, 72, 74

States General of France, 12 Surnbel, Samuel, 124 Sweden, 96 Swift, Jonathan, his The Conduct of the

Allies, 36 Syracuse, 7 I

Tagus, see Tajo

180 Index

Tajo (T~gus), river, 27, 34, 104, 105, 126

Tallard, marechal, 22 Tangier, 139 Tanucci, Neapolitan minister, 100,

101, 109, 115 Tapestry industry, 73 Tarazona, 26 Tarragona, 35 Tiurega, juan, 25 Tarrega, town, 29 Taverner, Bp. of Gerona, 8 Terminos, lake, 101 Territorial divisions in Spain, 9 Tesse, marechal and marquis de, 22,

23, 24, 54, 63 Tetuan, 59, 124, 139 Three Estates of Spain, The, 12 Tillot, 116 Tilly, marquis de, 50 Tinajero, Bernardo, Secretary of the

Council of the Indies, 42 Tirawley, Gen., 104, 105 Tobago, 103 Toledo, Maria Anna of Neuberg retires

to, 16, 26 Torey, marquis de, 18, 60 Torre, Francisco de la, Governor of the

Philippines, 107 Torregiani, Papal secretary of state,

118 Torrenueva, marques de, Treasurer-

General, 74 Torrero, jose, 104 Torres, conde de las, 46, 61, 62 Tortona,82 Tortosa, 30, 35 Tortuguero, 134 Toulon, 29, 87 Toulouse, comte de, 26, 36 Trafalgar, Cape, 133 Trapani, 71 Tras-os-Montes, province of, 104 Traun, Field Marshal Count von

Abensperg und, 70, 71, 78, 79 Trebbia, river, 83 Tremp, 50, 51 Trent, Council of, 5 Trevino, county of, 10

Triple Alliance, the, 47, 52 Tripoli, 139 T'Serclaes, Prince de, 22, 39 Tucuman, jesuits in, 95 Tunis, 59, 140 Turin, 49; treaty of, 69, 70; Don Felipe

enters, 79 Turkish Empire, see Ottoman Empire Tuscany, 20, 47, 52, 57, 64, 66; Aulic

Council of, 67, 69; renounced by Carlos of Spain, 72; condition ofin 1773, 121; Presidios of, 38

Ubilla, Antonio de, marques de Rivas, Secretary of State, 16, 19, 23, 24

Ulloa, Bernardo de, 91 United Provinces, The, 2, 18, 27, 31,

43,45,46,47,49,61,63,66,7 1,72, 75; at Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, 88,89; 96

Unzaga y Amezaga, Luis de, 129 Urgel, plain of, 29 Ursins, see Orsini Ushant, battle of, 132 Ustariz, 74 Utrecht, Treaty of, 5, 37; terms of it,

38--g; explicative articles of, 46, 49,52; referred to, 69, 101, 122

Vadillo, Manuel, Secretary of the Council of State, 42

Valdecanas, marques de, 34 Valdeflores, marques de, 113 Valencia, 6, 25, 26, 28 Valencia de Alcantara, 24 Valero, marques de, 53 Valladolid, 11,33 Valletri, battle of, 81 Valparaiso, juan de Gaona y Portocar­

rero, conde de, 93, 95, 100 Valverde, Lucas Spinola, conde de, 66 van der Meer, United Province's am-

bassador to Spain, 58, 63, 64, 72 Var, river, 87 Vara (staff of office), II Varas, Francisco de, 74 Vaudemont, Prince de, 20 Vaulgrenaut, French ambassador to

Spain, 72

Index 181

Vazquez, Padre, 115 Velasco, Luis, 106 Vendome, man~chal, 19,20,22,30,33,

34, 35; death of, 39 Venice, Venetians, 46, 58 Venloo,20 Ventura Figueroa, Manuel, 124 Veracruz, 61 Veragua, duque de, 31,41,46,51 Vercelii, 22 Vergennes, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,

131, 137, 138 Vernon, Adm., 76 Versailles, presentation of Philippe

d'Anjou at, 16; 27; 58; Treaty of (1783), 138

Vertiz, Juan Jose, Governor of Buenos Aires, 126

Vetzel, Baron von, besieges Gerona, 39 Vich,4° Vienna, First Treaty of (1725), 57;

Second Treaty of (1731),66,67, 68; Third Treaty of (1735), 72; Fourth Treaty of (1739), 75

Vigo, battle of (1702),21; 50 Vilavelha, 105 Villadarias, marques de, 22, 23, 32, 33 Villadarias, Sebastian de la Quadra,

marques de, 74, 75, 77; confirmed in his position by Fernando VI, 86

Villaflor, 105 Villagarcia, marques de, Viceroy of

Valencia, 25 Villarroel, Antonio de, 34; takes com­

mand of the Catalans, 40, 41 Villars, marechal, 22; defeated by

Marlborough at Malplaquet, 32; defeats the Imperialists at Denain, 38; victories in 1713, 38; 50; cap­tures Milan, 70; death of, 71

Villaviciosa, battle of (1710), descrip-

tion of, 34, 35; impression of in England, 36; the palace of, last days of Fernando VI there, 97

Villena, marques de, 17, 19, 20, 27 Villeroy, marechal, 19, 27 Vinaroz, death of Vendome at (I 712) ,

39 Viry, Ambassador of Savoy to France,

107 Vitoria, Queen Maria Luisa at, 33 Vittorio Amadeo, Duke of Savoy, 1675-

1720, when he became King of Sardinia, abdicating in 1730, 16; won over by Louis XIV to an alliance, 17; 19,20,21,32,47,49; becomes King, 51

Wager, Adm., 60, 63, 67 Wall, Ricardo, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96;

minister of State, 100; anglophile, 10 I; and Aranda, I 14; opposes the Jesuits, 116; befriends O'Reilly, 124

Walpole, Horatio, 62, 87 Walpole, Sir Robert, 64, 67, 73, 75, 76 Washington, George, 127 West Indies, 60, 62, 63, 73, 132 Westphalia, 32 Weymouth, Lord, 122, 131, 132 Wharton, Lord, 58 William III, King of England, 19,20,

35 Windward Islands, 130 Worms, Treaty of (1743),80

Zaragoza, 6, 7, 17, 20, 21, 26, 29; battle of, 3$ court at, 35

Zelada, Cardinal, 120 Zinzendorff, Imperial Chancellor, 56 Zuniga, Luis de, taken prisoner by the

Catalans, 25