NT BOOT Files :

NTLDR : Scratch fileBoot.ini : To locating the part ion in which OS is installedBootsec.dos: In case of dual boot i.e. 9X+NTBootdd.sys: In case of SCSI Device Driver Ntdetect.com: To identify HardwareNtoskrnl.exe: GUI loader, Ntoskrnl.exe path is c:\windows\system32, where has reaming files are in c root.

Causes of blue screen:

Ram ProblemRegistry files corruptBoot files corruptHDD Bad sectorIncompatibility of Device driver Dll files

Difference between SDRAM and DDRAM :

DDR RAM: Double Data Ram transfer data on both the rising and falling edge of the clock signal.SD RAM: Data transfer on one or the other, this means data thought put on ddr memory is twice as fast, hence the name Double Data Rate.Also they are physically difference: DDR module has one notch on the contact strip, SD module has two.SD Ram comes in 100 MHz, and 133 MHzDDR Ram Comes in 266 MHz, hence double speed compared to SDRAM.Difference Between IDE and SATA

IDE: i.Integrated Drive Electronics Ii.Data transfer speed 75 mbps iii. Only 4 hdd can connect (PATA Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) iv. Front side bus speed: 66 /100/133/166 MHz. v. 16 bit parallel interface.

SATA: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. I.Data transfer speed is 150 mbps. ii. Depends on the SATA Port. iii. No Jumper, easy to install. iv. 1- bit serial evolution of the the PATA physical storage interface.

Patch: To fix the single Bug. Program to fix particular bug on security threat.

Service Pack: To fix the multiple bugs. Cluster of patches.System Slow: Out off disk space Virus RAM Capacitors bulge (SMPS/Mother Board)

Replication: In the process by which the changes that are made on one domain controller Are synchronized with all other domain controllers in the domain or forest that store /copies of the same information.

File System: Method of storing and retrieving data its nothing but a index of a book.Format: Creation of logical tracks and sectors.MBR: Master Boot Record That it contains the operating system version and the information of that which File wants to load next. This is a scratch point.

POST: Power On Self Test: to check the functionality and availability of the additional Function.

BSL: Boot Strap Loader: It is a small program used to locating the MBR.

BIOS: Basic Input Output Service:

Booting: Loading the Os into the Main memory (RAM) from the secondary storage Device (Hdd, Cd, Fdd).Some Important Ports :FTP :20 Data, 21 - Control.SSH : 22Telnet : 23SMTP : 25DNS : 53DHCP : 67 Client , 68 ServerHTTP : 80Ker bores : 88LDAP : 389MSTSC : 3389WINS : 1512Dame ware : 6129IMAP : 143NETBIOS : 137RPC : Above 1024. Some Important Lotus Notes Files:

ID File Bookmark.nsfNames.nsfNotes.ini Mail6.ntfBookmark.ntfPhonebook.ntfMailbox.ntf Pernames.ntfUsername.nsf.

Difference between Basic and Dynamic Disk.

SL NOBasicsDynamic

1Partions are in terms of partions onlyPartions are in terms of Volumes

2Not able to Resize or modifyVolumes are flexiable one, so we can resize or modify.

3No Fault ToleranceFault tolerance can implement though RAID.

4By default in allIt supports Pre-windows.

Difference between NT and 2000 OS

SL NONT2000

1 File system : Fat 16/NTFS 4.0File System : fat16/fat32/ntfs4.0/ntfs5.0

2Products : NT Workstation/NT ServerProducts: 2k Professional/ Server / Advanced Server / Datacenter Server.

3Non - Plug and play OSPlug and play OS

4No USB SupportIt supports USB

5No DFSIt supports DFS

6NO Terminal ServiceBuilt in Terminal Service

7IE 3.0 / IIS We have to installIE 5.0 IIS 5.0

8Service Pack : SP6aService Pack : SP4

9Static DNSDynamic DNS

10Non - Transitive trust (one way / Explicit)Transitive Trust (Two - May / Implicit)

Difference between NT and 2000 Domain

SL NONT Domain2000 Domain

1In terms of PDC and BDCIn terms of DC, ADC, CDC

2PDC and BDC are defined while installing os DC, ADC, CDC are defined through dcpromo.exe

3Objects are stored in Local SAM fileObjects are stored in ADS database

4SAM file capacity is 40 MB No Limit

Note : If more then 40 MB of SAM file we have to install another Domain

Difference between 2000 and XP

SL NO2000 OSXP OS

1XP has all the futures of 2000 and apart from this the below futures.

2Not availableWindows Firewall

3Not availableASR (Automatic System Recovery)

4Not availableRemote Desktop

5Not availableSystem Restore and restore point

6Not availableRoll back drivers

7Service Pack 4Service Pack 2

8IE 5.0 / IIS 5.1IE 6.0 / IIS 5.1

Difference between 2000 and 2003

SL NO20002003

1Not PossibleDC Name renaming is possible but its having BUG

2Three types of Partions : Schema /Configuration / Domain PartionsFour types of part ions :Schema /Configuration / Domain Partions / Application Partions

3Zones : Standard Primary Zone / Standard Secondary Zone/Active Directory Integrator ZoneZones : Standard Primary Zone / Standard Secondary Zone/Active Directory Integrator Zone / Stub Zone

4Not availableShadow copy

5IE 5.0 / IIS 5.0IE 6.0 / IIS 6.0

6Not availableBuilt is TS

7Not availableBuilt in Remote Desktop

BOOT Process As with other Windows Operating Systems, when you turn on your PC, it goes through an elaborate boot up process. It begins when the computer performs the POST (power-on self test), followed by the POST for each adapter card that has a BIOS, for example, your video card. The BIOS then reads the MBR (Master Boot Record) which is in the first sector of the first hard disk and transfers control to the code in the MBR which is created by the XP Setup. This is where Windows takes over the startup process. What comes next? Here's what happens: 1. The MBR reads the boot sector which is the first sector of the active partition.This sector contains the code that starts Ntldr which is the boot strap loader for Windows XP. The first role of Ntldr is to allow full memory addressing, start the file system, read boot.ini and put up the boot menu. IMPORTANT: Ntldr must be located in root folder of the active partition along with Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, bootsect.dos (for dual booting) and Ntbootdd.sys (needed with some SCSI adapters). 1. Selecting XP from the boot menu causes Ntldr to run Ntdetect.com to get information about installed hardware. Ntldr then uses the ARC path specified in the boot.ini to find the boot partition. The one where Windows XP is installed. It might look like this: 1. default=multi (0)disk (0)partiton (2) WINDOWS 1. [operating systems] 1. multi(0)disk(0)partiton(2)WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Home" /fastdetect Ntldr, then, loads the two files that make up the core of XP: Ntoskrnl.exe and Hal.dll. These files must be located in the %SystemRoot%System32 folder. 1. Ntldr reads the registry files, selects a hardware profile, control set and loads device drivers, in that order. 1. Then, Ntoskrnl.exe takes over and starts Winlogon.exe which starts Lsass.exe (Local Security Administration), this is the program that displays the Welcome screen (If Professional Edition-the Windows Log On dialog box), and allows the user to log on with his/her user name and password.

Public IPPvt IPClass A : 1-12610.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.255127===Loop back Address Class B : 128 -191172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255Class C : 192-223192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255 Class D : 224-239DNS: DOMAIN NAMING SERVICE (SYSTEM)

Purpose of DNS: for resolving fully qualified domain name to IP address and Vice versa.Zones: 1. Standard Primary Zone 2. Standard Secondary Zone 3. Active Directory Integrater.4. Stub Zone.1. Standard Primary Zone: It is used in internet DNS, the data base is stored locally. It is normal text file, we can edit the same.2. Standard Secondary Zone : It is nothing but backup of primary , i.e. exact replica Of primary. It is read-only mode.3. Active Directory Integrater: Combination of both, this data base stored in ADS. ADS.4. Stub Zone : Stub zone can help reduce the amount of DNS traffic on your Network by stramling name resolution and zone replication. It contains SOA/ NS / Host (A) records. Enter stub zones to tge rescue (Recovery or preservation from the Loss or danger. A Stub zone is like a secondary Zone.RECORDS:

1. HOST (A): It contains the mappings of Host name to IP address.2. NS Record: It contains the mappings of DNS server name to IP Address.3. MX Record: It contains the mappings of Mail ex-change server to IP address.4. CN Record: It mains the mapping of Alias records i.e. existing host/domain records.5. PTR Record: It contains the mappings of IP Address to FQDN/Host Name. It works only in reveres lookup.6. Start of Authority (SOA): This record is responsible for zone transfers This contains the serial number for each and every change it is Increment able.7. Service locater Resource (SVR): It contains the mappings of important services that Are running like: LDAP, Kerberos, and GC. It is a Proprietary record of Microsoft.

Important Services:

1. RPC: Remote Procedure Call It is responsible for locating the domain controllers. It is responsible for ADS replication It is responsible for site replication including group policy templates.

2. Net log ON: It is responsible for dynamic updates in DNS. It is responsible for communicating with DNS.3. KDC: Key Distribution Center: It is Kerberos Version 5, it is the Authentication Protocol.4. LDAP: Light Weight Directory Access Protocol. It is used to access the ADS data base (i.e. reading/writing) arranged in Hirarical structure.5. Time Services: This is responsible for time synchronization for the entire forest.Look ups in DNS:

1.Forwared Lookup: It contains the mappings of FQDN to IP Address.2. Reverse Lookup: It contains the mappings of IP address to FQDN.

DNS Installation: Start / Settings / Control Panel / Add and remove programs / Add and remove windows components / Network services / Details / Select DNS.DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. To assign the IP address automatically to the TCP/IP based clients.

Note: If DHCP is not available to the client PC APIPA (Automatic Private IPA) I.e. Automatic Assigned IP Address.

DHCP Installation: Start / Settings / Control Pannel / Add and remove programs / Add And remove windows components / Network services / Details / select DHCP.

DHCP Scope Creation: Start / Programs / Administration Tools / DHCP / Server Name / New Scope / Friendly Name (it can be any friendly name) / Range of Ip Address / Exclusive Lease Duration (By default 8 Days) / Scope option (i.e. extra settings like Gateway/dns/wins) / Activate the scope.IP Reservation in DHCP: Reserving IP for the client through MAC only. To find out the MAC Command is :Start / Run / cmd C:\ nbtstat a ?Hostname/IP Address.In reservation scope option will be applied for the particular PC alone.Start / Programs / Administration Tools / DHCP / Server Name/reservation / new reservation: Reservation Name: xxxxxxxx IP Address : xxxxxxxx MAC Address : xxxxxxxx (We have to enter manually there is no separation between MAC address.Then selct option both.Note: In client PC: Ip config / release IP config / renew.Trust: To allow users in one domain to access in other active directory uses trust.

1. One way trust (Non Transitive) 2. Two way Trust (Transitive) 3. Crosslink Trust 4. Shortcut Trust.I. One Way Trust: One domain allow to access other domain, other domain not allow to Access the first domain. Eg: Non Transitive N.T 4.0II. Two Way Trust (Transitive): When two domains allow to access users to the other Domain also. Eg: A, B, C are three domains. C trusts B, B trusts A, obviously C also trusts A Domain.

III. Cross link Trust: An explicit trust between domains in different or in the same tree when a child/parent relationship does not exist between the two domain.