Notes 1 Intro to Physical Science

7/24/2019 Notes 1 Intro to Physical Science

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SCIENCE

a large b ody of knowledge b ased on facts andtruth known by actual experience an d

observation.

It is a lso d ened as search for t he a cceptedand accumulated knowledge which has beensystematically coordinated and formulatedto serve as t he basis f or t he discovery ofgeneral truth.


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TECHNOLOGY

refers t o the practical application of theprinciple o f physics.


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BRANCHES OFPHYSICAL SCIENCE

Physics - deals with matter and energyand their interactions i n the eld ofmechanics, acoustics, optics, heat,electricity, magnetism, and radiation. Thestudy of natural forces and energy.

Chemistry - deals w ith composition,structure a nd properties of substancesand the changes they u ndergo.


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Astronomy - deals w ith heavenly bodiesand their l ocations, sizes, compositions,motions, and other aspects.

Geology - deals w ith the h istory of earthand its l ife, as reco rded in rocks. Petrologyis on e ex ample of this s cience w hich deals

with rocks.

Meteorology - deals w ith the st udy ofweather and climate.


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IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Research on the importance of physicalscience i n everyday living.

To be written in one whole sheet ofyellow paper.


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MATTEREverything that has mass and volume.

STATES OF MATTER

SolidLiquid

Gas

Plasma


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STATES OF MATTER


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Have a definite shapeHave a definite volume

Molecules are held close together andthere is very little movement betweenthem .

Kinetic Molecular Theory


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Have an indefinite shapeHave a definite volumeKinetic Molecular Theory

Atoms and molecules have more spacebetween them than a solid does, but lessthan a gas (ie. It is more fluid .!


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Have an indefinite shapeHave an indefinite volume

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Molecules are moving inrandom patterns with varyingamounts of distance between

the particles.


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At "##$%, water

becomes watervapor, a gas.Molecules canmove randomlyover largedistances.

&elow #$%, watersolidifies to becomeice. In the solidstate, watermolecules are heldtogether in a rigidstructure.

&etween #$% and"## $%, water is ali'uid. In the li'uidstate, watermolecules are closetogether, but canmove about freely.


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%hanging states re'uires energy in either theform of heat. %hanging states may also bedue to the change in pressure in a system.

Heat of formation, H f . Heat of vapori ation, H v


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)lasma is by far the most commonform of matter. )lasma in the starsand in the tenuous space betweenthem ma*es up over ++ of thevisible universe and perhaps most ofthat which is not visible.


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-n earth we live upon an island of ordinarymatter. /he different states of matter generallyfound on earth are solid, li'uid, and gas. 0ehave learned to wor*, play, and rest using these

familiar states of matter.

Sir William Crookes , an 1nglish physicist,

identified a fourth state of matter, now calledplasma, in "23+.


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)lasma temperatures and densities range fromrelatively cool and tenuous (li*e aurora! to very hotand dense (li*e the central core of a star!. -rdinarysolids, li'uids, and gases are both electricallyneutral and too cool or dense to be in a plasmastate.

/he word "PLASMA" was first applied to ioni ed

gas by Dr. Irving Langmuir an American chemistand physicist, in "+4+ .


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Atom comes from the Greek wordatomos not sliceable.

- the smallest particle of matter.

The a tomic concept is very old and datingback to ancient Greek philosophers about

2,500 years a go.


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Democritus developed the AtomicTheory of Matter in the 4 th B.C.

- he coined the t erm atom .


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John Dalton an English chemist whoreintroduced the a tomic concept of matterin the e arly 1800s

The summary of his theory:1. Indivisible m inute p articles ca lled atoms

make up all matter.

2. All the a toms of an element are exa ctlyalike in shape an d mass.

3. The a toms of different elements differfrom one a nother in their masses.


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J.J Thompson discovered electron negatively charged particle.

Robert A. Millikan measured thecharge a nd mass of the el ectron.

charge on an electron 1.60x10 raise t onegative 19 coulombmass of an electron 9.11x 10 raise t onegative 3 1 kgs.


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Ernest Rutherford he concluded thatan atom must have a tiny, massive andpositively charged nucleus surrounded by

electron.- electrons moving around the n ucleusare a t the d istance 1 00,000 times theradius of the n ucleus.- discovered the positive chargedparticle called proton.


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James Chadwick identied theneutral particle i n the n ucleus c alledneutron in 1932 .


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It turns ou t that protons, neutrons, anda zoo of other exot ic p articles a re n owthought to b e c omposed of six particles

called quarks .

These p articles have b een given the

names up, down, strange, charm,bottom, and top.


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The up, charm, and top quarks each carrya charge eq ual to t hat of the proton.

whereas the down, strange, and bottomquarks each carry a charge eq ual to t heelectron.


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PHYSICS

Physics - deals with matter and energyand their interactions in the eld ofmechanics, acoustics, optics, heat,

electricity, magnetism, and radiation. Thestudy of natural forces and energy.


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BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

1. Classical PhysicsMechanics deals w ith the st udy ofmotion of macroscopic bodies.

Kinematics is the b ranch of mechanicsthat deals w ith the description ofmotion. It studies m otion without regardto t he f orces p resent.Dynamics is the b ranch of mechanicsthat deals w ith the b ehavior of objectsunder t he action of external forces.


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Thermodynamics deals w ith the s tudy ofheat transfer and the changes t hat result fromit. It also studies h eat and its re lationshipwith other forms of energy.

Electromagnetism deals with the s tudy of

the rel ationship between electricity andmagnetism and describes al l kinds o felectromagnetic phenomena, from atomic toglobal scales.

Optics deals with the st udy of the p hysicalproperties of light and its n ature a nd behavior.


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2. Modern Physics Atomic Physics studies t he p roperties o f

matter at the at omic scale an d examines thestructure, behavior, and properties of atoms.

Biophysics applies t he t ools a nd techniques

of physics i n studying living organisms.

Chemical Physics involves t he u se o f theprinciples a nd theories of physics in studyingchemical processes


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Cryogenics studies t he b ehavior of materials a tvery low temperatures.

Fluid mechanics studies t he n ature, behavior,and movements of gases and liquids.

Geophysics deals w ith the s tudy of Earthusing the p rinciples o f physics.

Health physics involves the protection of

people a gainst health hazards esp eciallyradiation.


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Mathematical Physics emphasizes themathematics used as a m edium forunderstanding physics.

Nuclear P hysics deals with the s tudy ofthe st ructure, properties, and reactions of

atomic nucleus, and their applications.

Plasma Physics deals with the b ehaviorand properties of fully ionized plasma.

Planetary Physics studies t he origin,structure, and evolution of planets a ndplanetary systems.


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Quantum Physics studies the qu antumtheory, which deals w ith interactionsbetween matter and electromagneticradiation.

Relativity describes o bjects n early at the

speed of light.

Solid state Physics examines thestructures a nd properties of materials i nsolid state u sing quantum physics.

Space Physics is t he study of planetaryand interplanetary m agnetized plasmas.


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APPLICATION OF PHYSICS

Research on the d ifferent application ofphysics in the m odern society.

To be written in one whole sheet ofyellow paper.


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SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Refers to t he s ystematic method used ininvestigations or a logical way approach to t hesolution of problems

1. Problem - know what specicproblem is.2. Observation - gathered data orinformation3. Hypothesis -educated guess4. Test Hypothesis - experimentation5. Theory/Conclusion


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MEASUREMENT

The p rocess that brings p recision to adescription by specifying how much and ofwhat of a property in particular s ituation.

A number expresses the va and the n ame of the u nit tells you what thereferent is a s w ell as i mplies t he procedure f orobtaining the number.

When standards ar e es tablished the r eferentunit is c alled standard unit.


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2 MAJOR SYSTEMS OFMEASUREMENT

English System - adopted in England (FPS)foot-pound-second

Metric System - originally in France ( 1791) SI or known as System

Internationale


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ENGLISH SYSTEM

Some of the ad opted units of this system wereoriginally b ased on the p art of the h uman body.

Example:

inch end joint of the t humbfoot length of the f ootyard - distance f rom the t ip of the n ose t o t he n edof ngers on an arm held straight out.

cubit - distance f rom the en d of an elbow to t henger t ipfathom distance b etween the ngertips of armsheld straight out.


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METRIC SYSTEM

It was established by t he F rench Academyof Sciences i n 1791.

The academy created a m easurementsystem that was based on invariablereferents in nature, not human body parts.

The S I, is a modernized version of themetric system.


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THE SEVEN BASE UNITS OF SISYSTEM

Property Unit SymbolLength Meter mMass Kilogram kgTime Second s

Electric current Ampere ATemperature Kelvin K

Amount ofsubstance

Mole mol

Luminousintensity

Candela cd


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It uses p rexes t o rep resent larger orsmaller amounts by factors of 10.


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Prex Symbol Meaning Unit

MultiplierExa E Quintillion

Peta P Quadrillion

Tera T Trillion

Giga G Billion

Mega M Million

Kilo k Thousand

Hecto h HundredDeka da Ten

Deci d One-tenth

Centi c One-hundredth

Milli m One-thousandthMicro One- millionth

Nano n One- billionth

Pico p One- trillionth

Femto f One- quadrillionth

Atto a One- quintillionth


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CONVERSION UNITS

Mass 1 kg= 1000g = 2.2 lbs. ( pounds)1 m etric ton= 1000 kg.

Length 1cm= 0.394 in.1m=100 cm.=3.28 ft.=39.4 in.1 km= 1000m= 0.621 mi1 in= 2.54 cm.

1 ft=0.3048 m=30.48 cm1 m i= 5,280 ft.=1,609 m =1.609 km1 yard = 0.9144 m


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Area 1 cm 2 = 0.1550 in 2

1 m 2 = 10,000 cm 2 = 10.76 ft 2

1 ft 2 = 144 in 2 =929 cm 2 = 0.0929 m 2

Volume 1 cm 3 = 0.000001 m 3

1 m 3 = 1,000,000 cm 3 = 1,000 L=264 ga l.1 liter = 1,000 cm 3 = 1.056 qt. = 0.264 gal.

1 ft 3 = 1,728 in 3 = 7.48 gal = 28.3 liters


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Time 1 hr = 60 min. = 3,600 s1 day = 24 h = 1440 min.1 yr = 365 days

Speed 1 m/s = 3.60 km/h = 3.28 ft/s= 2.24 mi/h1 ft/s = 0.682 mi/h = 0.305 m/s = 1.10 km/h

Energy 1 Kcal = 1000 cal.1 J = 0.239 cal = 0.738 ft.lb1 Kcal = 4,184 J = 3.966 Btu


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Power 1 KW = 1000 Watts1 h p = 745.7 W = 2,544.43 Btu/h= 550 ft-

lb/s

Temperature O F = 9/5 O C + 32O C = 5/9 ( O F- 32 )

K = O C + 273


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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Also called wer

Notation.

A method does exist or small numbers in a m ore condensed form.

It is u sually expressed as t he p roduct of twonumbers

(1) Number 1 9 that is called coefficient(2) A power of ten

eg. 1.97 X 10 raise t o t he 3 0 th power .


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To multiply scientic notation numbers,the coefficients are m ultiplied as usualand the ex ponents a re a dded algebraically.

To divide two sci entic notationnumbers, the coefficients are d ivided asusual and the exp onents are s ubtracted.


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To add or subtract two numbers in scienticnotation:

Step 1: Adjust the powers of 10 in the 2 n umbers sothat they have the sa me i ndex. (Tip: It is ea sier t oadjust the sm aller i ndex to eq ual the l arger i ndex).

Step 2 : Add or subtract the n umbers.

Step 3: Give t he a nswer in scientic notation .


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EXERCISES ON SCIENTIFICNOTATION


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EXERCISES ONCONVERSION OF UNITS

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Notes 1 Intro to Physical Science