Note Taking Article

9/20/2015 NotetakingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notetaking 1/6

PresidentJimmyCartersNotesfromhisprivatemeetingwithPopeJohnPaulII,October6,1979.

NotetakingFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Notetaking(sometimeswrittenasnotetakingornotetaking)isthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromanothersource.Bytakingnotes,thewriterrecordstheessenceoftheinformation,freeingtheirmindfromhavingtorecalleverything.[1]Notesarecommonlydrawnfromatransientsource,suchasanoraldiscussionatameeting,oralecture(notesofameetingareusuallycalledminutes),inwhichcasethenotesmaybetheonlyrecordoftheevent.Notetakingisaformofselfdiscipline.

Contents

1History2Cognitivepsychology3Systems4Linearnotetaking

4.1Outlining5Nonlinearnotetaking

5.1Charting5.2Mapping5.3Sentencemethod5.4SQ3R5.5Guidednotes

6Electronicnotetakingmethods7Professionalservices8Seealso9References10Externallinks

History

Notetakinghasbeenanimportantpartofhumanhistoryandscientificdevelopment.TheAncientGreeksdevelopedhypomnemawhichwerepersonalrecordsonimportantsubjects.IntheRenaissanceandearlymodernperiodcommonplacebookswhichservedasimilarfunctionbecamepopular.[2]PhilosopherJohnLockedevelopedanindexingsystem[3]whichservedasamodelforcommonplacebooksforexample,itinspiredanotherbook,BellsCommonPlaceBook,FormedgenerallyuponthePrinciplesRecommendedandPractisedbyMrLockenearlyacenturylater.[4]

Cognitivepsychology



Notetakingisacentralaspectofacomplexhumanbehaviorrelatedtoinformationmanagementinvolvingarangeofunderlyingmentalprocessesandtheirinteractionswithothercognitivefunctions.[5]Thepersontakingnotesmustacquireandfiltertheincomingsources,organizeandrestructureexistingknowledgestructures,comprehendandwritedowntheirinterpretationoftheinformation,andultimatelystoreandintegratethefreshlyprocessedmaterial.Theresultisaknowledgerepresentation,andamemorystorage.[1]

Systems

Manydifferentformatsareusedtostructureinformationandmakeiteasiertofindandtounderstand,later.Theformatoftheinitialrecordmayoftenbeinformaland/orunstructured.Onecommonformatforsuchnotesisshorthand,whichcanallowlargeamountsofinformationtobeputonpaperveryquickly.Notetakingisanimportantskillforstudents,especiallyatthecollegelevel.Insomecontexts,suchascollegelectures,themainpurposeoftakingnotesmaybetoimplantthematerialinthemindthewrittennotesthemselvesbeingofsecondaryimportance.Historically,notetakingwasananalogprocess,writteninnotebooks,orotherpapermethodslikePostItnotes.Inthedigitalage,computers,tabletPCsandpersonaldigitalassistants(PDAs)arecommon.

Notetakingisaraceagainsttime.Thenotetakertypicallyisunderseveretimepressure,anddifferentnotetakingstylesandtechniquestrytomakethebestuseoftime.Theaveragerateofspeechis23wordspersecond,buttheaveragehandwritingspeedasonly0.20.3wordspersecond.[5]

Regardlessofthemedium(paper,computer),notetakingcanbebroadlydividedintolinearandnonlinearmethods,whichcanbecombined.

Linearnotetaking

Outlining

Outlinestendtoproceeddownapage,usingheadingsandbulletstostructureinformation.AcommonsystemconsistsofheadingsthatuseRomannumerals,lettersofthealphabet,andArabicnumeralsatdifferentlevels.Atypicalstructurewouldbe:

I.Firstmaintopic

A.Subtopic

1.Detail2.Detail

B.Subtopic

II.Secondmaintopic

A.Subtopic

However,thissortofstructurehaslimitationsinwrittenformsinceitisdifficulttogobackandinsertmoreinformation.Adaptivesystemsareusedforpaperandpeninsertions,suchasusingthereversesideoftheprecedingpageinaspiralnotebooktomakeinsertions.Oronecansimplyleavelargespacesinbetween



Amindmapconnectsideastogethervisually

items,toenablemorematerialtobeinserted.Theabovemethodiseffectiveformostpeople,butyoucanbecreativeinmakingyourownmethod.(SeeCategory:Outlinersformoreaboutapplicationsoftwarethatsupportsoutlining.)

Nonlinearnotetaking

Therearemanytypesofnonlinearnotetakingtechniques,including:Clustering,[6]Conceptmapping,[7][8]

Cornellsystem,[9]Ideamapping,[10]Instantreplays,[11]Ishikawadiagrams,[12]Knowledgemaps,[13]

Learningmaps,[14]Mindmapping,[15]Modelmaps,[16]Pyramidprinciple,[17]Semanticnetworks,[18]andSmartWisdom.[19]

Thefollowingaredetailsaboutafew.

Charting

Mapping

Here,ideasarewritteninatreestructure,withlinesconnectingthemtogether.Mindmaps,alsoreferredtoasbrainstormingarecommonlydrawnfromacentralpoint,purposeorgoalinthecenterofthepageandthenbranchingoutwardtoidentifyalltheideasconnectedtothatgoal.Colors,smallgraphicsandsymbolsareoftenusedtohelptovisualizetheinformationmoreeasily.Thisnotetakingmethodismostcommonamongvisuallearnersandisacorepracticeofmanyacceleratedlearningtechniques.Itisalsousedforplanningandwritingessays.

Sentencemethod

Everynewthoughtiswrittenasanewline.Speedisthemostdesirableattributeofthismethodbecausenotmuchthoughtaboutformattingisneededtoformthelayoutandcreateenoughspaceformorenotes.Whentakingthesenotes,youcannumberthemorbulletthem.Thismethodcanallowthereadertotellwhereanewthoughtendsandbegins.Thisstrategyisshortandhelpful,especiallywhenaprofessororteachermayneedtoreadthenotes.

SQ3R

SQ3Risamethodoftakingnotesfromwrittenmaterial,thoughitmightbebetterclassedasamethodofreadingandgainingunderstanding.Materialisskimmedtoproducealistofheadings,thatarethenconvertedintoquestions.Thesequestionsarethenconsideredwhilstthetextisreadtoprovidemotivationforwhatisbeingcovered.Notesarewrittenundersectionsheadedbythequestionsaseachofthematerial'ssectionsisread.Onethenmakesasummaryfrommemory,andreviewsthenotes.(SQ3RSurvey,Question,Read,Recite,Review.)



Guidednotes

Sometimeslecturersmayprovidehandoutsofguidednotes,whichprovidea"map"ofthelecturecontentwithkeypointsorideasmissing.Studentsthenfillinmissingitemsasthelectureprogresses.Guidednotesmayassiststudentsinfollowinglecturesandidentifyingthemostimportantideasfromalecture.Thisformatprovidesstudentswithaframework,yetrequiresactivelistening(asopposedtoprovidingcopiesofpowerpointslidesintheirentirety).Researchhasshownthatguidednotesimprovestudents'recordingofcriticalpointsinlectureaswellastheirquizscoresonrelatedcontent.

Electronicnotetakingmethods

Seealso:Electronicnotetaking

Thegrowingubiquityoflaptopsinuniversitiesandcollegeshasledtoariseinelectronicnotetaking.Manystudentswritetheirnotesinwordprocessorsorpreparedigitalhandwrittennotesusingagraphicstabletortabletcomputerandstyliordigitalpens,withtheaidofnotetakingsoftware,e.g.WindowsJournal.Onlineapplications,suchasMicrosoftOneNote,arereceivinggrowingattentionfromstudentswhocanforwardnotesusingemail,orotherwisemakeuseofcollaborativefeaturesintheseapplicationsandcanalsodownloadthetextsasafile(txt,rtf...)inalocalcomputer.Ithasalsobecomecommonforlecturerstodeliverlecturesusingtheseandsimilartechnologies,includingelectronicwhiteboards,especiallyatinstitutesoftechnology.

Onlinenotetakinghascreatedproblemsforteacherswhomustbalanceeducationalfreedomwithcopyrightandintellectualpropertyconcernsregardingcoursecontent.

Professionalservices

Professionalnotetakersprovideaccesstoinformationforpeoplewhocannottaketheirownnotes,inparticularthedeafandhearingimpaired.ProfessionalNotetakersmostfrequentlyworkincollegesanduniversities,butarealsousedinworkplacemeetings,appointments,conferences,andtrainingsessions.Theyareusuallyeducatedtodegreelevel.IntheUKtheyareincreasinglyexpectedtohaveaprofessionalnotetakingqualification,suchasthatofferedbytheCouncilfortheAdvancementofCommunicationwithDeafPeople(CACDP).

Seealso

ComparisonofnotetakingsoftwareCategory:NotetakingsoftwareListofmindmappingsoftwareEbookCornellNotesBranchingNotes

References



1. BritishJournalofEducationalTechnology(2008)doi:10.1111/j.14678535.2008.00906.xOptimisingtheuseofnotetakingasanexternalcognitiveaidforincreasinglearningTamasMakany,JonathanKempandItielE.Drorhttp://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/amme/makanyetal2008.pdf

2. CommonplaceBooks(http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/reading/commonplace.html).HarvardUniversityLibraryOpenCollectionsProgram.

3. LockeJ.(1706).Anewmethodofmakingcommonplacebooks(http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/13925922).GoogleBooks:[Anewmethodofmakingcommonplacebookshttp://books.google.com/books?id=sF0HMAEACAAJ].AlsoincludedinLocke's

4. TheGlassBoxAndTheCommonplaceBook(http://stevenberlinjohnson.com/2010/04/theglassboxandthecommonplacebook.html).

5. Piolat,A.,Olive,T.&Kellogg,R.T.(2005).Cognitiveeffortduringnotetaking.AppliedCognitivePsychology,19,291312.

6. Rico,G.L.(1983).Writingthenaturalway:usingrightbraintechniquestoreleaseyourexpressivepowers.NewYork:PenguinPutnam.

7. Canas,A.J.,Coffey,J.W.,Carnot,M.J.,Feltovich,P.,Hoffman,R.R.,Feltovich,J.etal.(2003).Asummaryofliteraturepertainingtotheuseofconceptmappingtechniquesandtechnologiesforeducationandperformancesupport.ReporttotheChiefofNavalEducationandTrainingPensacolaFL32500.

8. Novak,J.D.&Gowin,D.B.(1984).Learninghowtolearn.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress.9. Pauk,W.(2001).Howtostudyincollege.Boston,MA:HoughtonMifflin.

10. Nast,J.(2006).Ideamapping:howtoaccessyourhiddenbrainpower,learnfaster,remembermore,andachievesuccessinbusiness.Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons.

11. Turley,J.(1989).Speedreadinginbusiness.Anactionplanforsuccess.MenloPark,CA:CrispPublications.12. Ishikawa,K.(1984).Guidetoqualitycontrol(2ndrevisedEnglished.).NewYork:Unipub.13. ODonnell,A.M.,Dansereau,D.F.&Hall,R.F.(2002).Knowledgemapsasscaffoldsforcognitive

processing.EducationalPsychologyReview,14,7186.14. Rose,C.&Nicholl,M.J.(1997).Acceleratedlearningforthe21stcentury:thesixstepplantounlockyour

mastermind.London:JudyPiatkusPublishers.15. Buzan,T.(2000).Useyourhead.Harlow,England:BBCActive.Catchpole,R.&Garland,N.(1996).Mind

maps:usingresearchtoimprovethestudentlearningexperience.InG.Gibbs(Ed.),Improvingstudentlearning:usingresearchtoimprovestudentlearning(pp.211222).Oxford:OxfordCentreforStaffDevelopmentatOxfordBrookesUniversity.Gruneberg,M.M.&Mathieson,M.(1997).Theperceivedvalueofmindsmaps(spiderdiagrams)aslearningandmemoryaids.CognitiveTechnology,2,2124.Hartley,J.(2002).Notetakinginnonacademicsettings:areview.AppliedCognitivePsychology,16,559574.

16. Caviglioli,O.&Harris,I.(2000).Mapwiseacceleratedlearningthroughvisiblethinking.Strafford,NH:NetworkEducationalPress.

17. Minto,B.(1987).Thepyramidprinciple.Harlow,England:FinancialTimes,PrenticeHall,PearsonEducation.18. Lehmann,F.(1992).Semanticnetworksinartificialintelligence.Oxford:PergamonPress.Sowa,J.F.(1991).

Principlesofsemanticnetworks:explorationsintherepresentationofknowledge.SanMateo,CA:MorganKaufmannPublishers.

19. Kemp,J.(2006).SmartWisdom,RetrievedJanuary15,2008,fromhttp://www.smartwisdom.com/

VanMatre,NicholasH.Carter,John(1975).TheEffectsofNoteTakingandReviewonRetentionofInformation(http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED103910).PresentedbyLecture.PaperpresentedattheAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanEducationalResearchAssociation(Washington,D.C.,March30April4,1975).Carter,JohnF.VanMatre,NicholasH.(1975).NoteTakingVersusNoteHaving(http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=197606139001).JournalofEducationalPsychology,67,6,9004,Dec75

Externallinks

Eck,Allison(June3,2014)."ForMoreEffectiveStudying,



Wikibookshasabookonthetopicof:NoteTaking

TakeNotesWithPenandPaper"(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/body/takingnotesbyhandcouldimprovememorywt/).NovaNext(PBS).Suber,Peter."Takingnotesonphilosophicaltexts"(http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/courses/notes.htm).Earlham.edu.

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