Note Making: 4 Marks

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Note Making: 4 Marks

1. The word ‘Note’ means a short record of facts etc. made to help the

memory.

2. In Note-Making two things are important:

i. Find out the different points in the passage and

ii. Note the relationship between these points.

3. Also remember that, in Note Making you need to grasp the main idea which

could be the theme of the passage. If an essay or an article contains many

paragraphs, you will find that every paragraph contains one important point.

1. Draw a tree diagram that contains the main points and important supporting

details from the following text about flowering plants.

Flowering plants are of various types. Herbaceous flowering plants grow, set seed

and die within one year; biennial plant complete their life cycles in two years;

Perennials on the other hand, can live and grow for many years once they have been

planted. Plants that flourish and flower during the rainy season are mostly herbaceous

annuals such as the Aster, Zinnia, and Sweet pea. Of the herbaceous perennials the most

common are members of the Daisy family. The beautifully scented Rose and Jasmine

are both Woody and Semi-Woody perennials. There are two other types of plants;

bulbous plants and aquatic plants. The former grow from bulbs and tubers planted in the

ground; examples of this type are Gladiolus and Tulip. The latter, as their name

suggests, grow in water, the most exquisite example being the Lotus or Water Lily. Both

bulbous and aquatic plants are usually perennials.


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Ans: Flowering Plants

2. Draw a tree diagram showing the division of the plant kingdom.

Ans: The vast number of plants surrounding us makes it necessary to classify

them in order to carry out a systematic study. The plant kingdom can be divided

into two groups. Cryptogams which are non-flowering, non-seed–bearing plants

and spermatophyte which are flowering seed-bearing plants. Cryptogams can be

further sub-divided into three groups. Thallophyta, in which the root stem and leaf

absent, Bryophyta in which false roots are present and Peridophyta, in which true

roots, stems and leaves are present. Thallophyta can further be divided into Algae,

Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria and Virus. Spermatophyta are of two kinds: Angiosperm

in which the seeds are enclosed within the fruit and in gymnosperm seeds are

naked.


details from the text about ‘Fat Facts’.


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If edible fats like Ghee, butter and oil are the modern equivalent of sin, how is it

that only some cooking oils claim to be good for you? The truth is that all fats are

not created equal. All of them are equally fattening. But in terms of cholesterol,

some types of fats are healthier for you than others.

The worst company to keep is saturated fats. These are oils that harden as

soon as the weather turns cool. Saturated fats lurk in foods of animal origin, such

as meat, poultry, cheese, ghee, butter, cream, lard and eggs. Some vegetable fats

are also in same league- coconut oil, palm oil and vegetable ghee.

Unsaturated fats which remain liquid even in cool weather are more heart-

friendly. Mono-unsaturated are the healthiest because they lower only the „bad

cholesterol. Mono-fats are groundnut, mustard and olive oils. Poly-unsaturated oils

are corn, sunflower, safflower, soybean and sesame. These also bring down „bad‟

cholesterol but they end up lowering good cholesterol as well. So monos remain

your best choice.


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4 Draw a tree diagram showing factors and their supporting details that

influence human personality.

Human personality is influenced by a wide variety of factors which often act

in conjunction. The two broadest factors that have been found to shape human

personality development are the biological factors and the socio-cultural factors.

Within the biological factors are included genes, chromosomes, neuro-chemical

processes, especially the hormones secreted by various glands. Improper

functioning of hormonal glands can bring about a wide variety of physical,

psychological and emotional changes in the individuals. Socio-cultural factors also

play an important role in the molding of an individual‟s personality. Education,

mannerism, values, attitude, beliefs, moral ethics, prejudices and certain specific

behavior are to a great extent determined by our family and cultural environment.

Teachers an peer group also have a significant impact on our personality. Teachers

have the not only to motivate children but also to influence then to model many

aspects of their behaviour on personality. Peer group refers to other children of the

same age who study with or play with the child.

Factors influencing Human Personality

Biological Socio-cultural factors

(Moulds individual’s personality)

Genes Chromosomes

Neuro-chemical

Hormones

glands

Improper

functioning

leads to

changes

Physical Psychological Emotional

Peer

Group

Teachers Cultural

environmen

tal

Family

Motivate Influence

Mannerism

Values

Attitudes

Beliefs

Morals

Ethics Prejudice Certain

Specific

behavior

Education


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details from the following text:

Astronomers know that all the galaxies in the universe are moving apart at

high speed. Three theories have been put forward to explain this. In 1927 a Belgian

astronomer called Georges proposed the Big Bang Theory. He suggested that the

universe began as a vast explosion from a central mass of matter. The resulted

debris formed the galaxies which are still moving outwards.

A variation of this theory states that the Universe is constantly exploding

outwards, drawing back together into a mass and exploding again. This continuous

cycle is called the Oscillating Universe Theory.

In 1948 Fred Hoyle and two other British astronomers proposed a completely

different theory called the Steady State theory. According to this, the appearance of

the Universe remains the same all the time. As the galaxies move apart, new matter

is being created to occupy the empty space.

Big Bang Oscillating Universe Steady State

Belgian astronomer Georges

1927

Universe began -- vast

explosion— central mass

of matter

Resulted debris formed

galaxies -- still moving

outwards

Universe constantly exploding

outwards --drawing back together

into a mass -- exploding again

Fred Hoyle and two

British astronomers

(1948)

Appearance of universe

remains same

Galaxies move apart -- new

matter created to occupy

empty space

Astronomical Theories


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details from the text.

We all read for a variety of reasons. These reasons change with our age, our

interests, and the literature we read. Our basic reason for reading is probably

pleasure. We read literature mostly because we enjoy it. Reading for pleasure may

take various forms. We may read just to pass the time. Or, we may want to escape

the four walls that usually surround us. Reading serves as a jet airplane that speeds

us away from ourselves into the worlds of other people.

We often read for the information and knowledge. We find pleasure in

learning about life in the Swiss Alps or on the Mississippi River. We find possible

solutions to our problems when we meet people in books whose problems are like

our own. Through literature, we sometimes understand situations we could not

otherwise understand in real life. We also read simply for the enjoyment we get

from the arrangement of the words. We can find pleasure even in nonsense

syllable, just as children like the sound of “Ring around the Rosie” although they

may not know what the words mean.

7. Read the following extract and make a note of important points:

In Delhi, of the 2000 metric tons of pollutants added everyday to the air. 1300

Reasons for Reading

Pleasure Information and Knowledge Enjoyment

To

pass

time

Escape

from

reality

Takes us

into

worlds

of other

people

Learn

about

lives of

various

types of

people

Find

possible

solutions

to our

problem

Understand

situation

Simply for

pleasure

e.g. nonsense

syllable

Might change with

Age Interests Type of literature read


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metric tons are spewed out from exhaust pipes of motor vehicles. Of these, the

most dangerous are lead and carbon monoxide. A study in 1994 conducted by the

center for Research Development, Mumbai, concluded that carbon monoxide

emitted by petrol-burning auto engines is picked up more easily than oxygen by the

hemoglobin in the blood. It thereby reduces the blood‟s capacity to transport

oxygen throughout the body. Moreover, when carbon monoxide enters the lungs it

corrodes the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory diseases.

Lead is a poisonous substance. Unfortunately children are much more

vulnerable to lead poisoning than adults as it retards their growth.

Ans: Title: Pollution

1. Levels of pollution

A] 2000 m tones of pollutants added everyday

B] 1300 m tones spewed out from exhaust pipes of motor vehicles.

2. Major pollutants

A] Lead

B] Carbon monoxide

3. Effects of carbon monoxide

A] Capacity of blood stream to transport oxygen reduced.

B] Enters the lungs, corrodes the respiratory tract

4. Effects of lead

Children being vulnerable, it retards their growth.


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8. Read the following passage and prepare a table chart to show the main

information in it.

Vitamins play very significant role in maintenance of good and they

build a resistance, power in the human body. These Vitamins are named by the

scientists as vitamins A, B, C, D, E. Vitamin –A is found in tomato, egg yolk,

vegetables and fruits, liver milk etc. Vitamin A- is very important for vision,

growth, and protection. It helps in the skeletal and tissue growth. Many vitamins

are grouped under vitamin –B complex group. The vitamins grouped under this

group can be sought from seeds, meat, soya bin, green vegetables, milk, eggs etc.

Vitamin B complex group is very essential in growth, metabolism, and formation

of blood and for nervous system. Vitamin –C found in lemon, orange, amla, fresh

vegetable is essential for the development of iron and calcium in the human body:

Vitamin D is found in eggs, liver fish oil, butter etc. Vitamin D helps in growth and

development of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in absorption and

deposition of calcium and phosphorus. Efficiency of Vitamin E does not occur

normally in human body. Vitamin E is present in vegetables; oils, grain cereals,

pulses, nuts and oil seeds, dark green leafy vegetables. It is also present in liver,

egg yolk. It is useful for normal reproduction.

Vitamins Sources Benefit to health

1 A Tomato, vegetables, fruits,

liver milk

For vision, growth, protection,

skeletal growth

2 B seeds, meat, soya bin, green

vegetables, milk, eggs etc.

growth, metabolism, and formation

of blood and for nervous system

3 C lemon, orange, amla, fresh

vegetable

development of iron and calcium

4 D eggs, liver fish oil, butter etc. growth and development of bones

and teeth, absorption and deposition

of calcium and phosphorus

5 E Vegetables, oils, grain

cereals, pulses, nuts and oil

seeds, dark green leafy

vegetables

useful for normal reproduction


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Additional Questions for Practice

1. Read the following passage and draw a tree-diagram that contains the main

points and important supporting details.

In what strange dwellings do people live! On the lakes of Kashmir, there are

people who live, work and die in boats. These boats are large and heavy and are

called houseboats. In Africa, some tribes live in houses in the tops of trees, or even

in houses perched on stilts. Far up in the cold north. The Eskimos builds igloos out

of ice blocks. They crawl in and out of them through a small opening which is just

big enough to let a man through. In the burning deserts the nomadic tribes live in

tents which they can quickly take down and put up. And in t he world‟s big cities

men live in tall skyscrapers high above the noise of busy streets.

2. Draw a tree-diagram that contains the main points and important supporting

details from the extract.

In India, the parliament has two houses, viz. the Council of States and the

House of People. Besides, the President is an integral part of it. The Council of

States possesses 250 members who are elected from the States and Union

territories on the basis of population. Among 250 members, there are 238 members

who represent states and 12 members who are nominated by the President of India

from among the distinguished personalities/ contributors in various fields. The

House of the People possesses 552 members who are elected by the people.

Among 552 members, there are 530 members from the states, 20 members from

Union Territories and 2 members nominated by the president from the Anglo

Indian Community. The Council of States and the House of the people are called

the Upper house of the Parliament respectively.


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3. Draw a tree-diagram that contains the main points and important supporting

details from the extract.

You probably have some idea as to what Biology is. It is the study of animals

and plants. Biology includes all that is known about any living thing, any plant or

animal of the past or present. But Biology is more than mere accumulated

knowledge of the individual kinds of plants and animals. The known facts about

particular kinds of living things are used to discover the great principles and laws

that govern all life. Biology sees life as a whole as well as living thing one by one.

From this point of view, biology may be defined as the science of life.

Biology is important to all mankind because it helps to solve a variety of

problems. The knowledge that has enabled us to increase our food supply and to

control plant diseases and pests comes from Biology. The improved methods of

growing plants and the production of new varieties of plants are possible because

of the ever-growing science of living things. Those who raise cattle and poultry to

supply our demand for meat, milk and eggs find Biology important in many ways.

Life in a city like Mumbai would be rather difficult without the services of

Biologists. Milk and water must be kept from spreading diseases. Food must be

inspected. Sewage is properly disposed off. Contagious diseases must be kept from

spreading. Citizens must be treated so that they will not contact small pox,

diphtheria, typhoid, rabies and many other preventable diseases. Every person who

lives in a city depends on Biology for continued good health. Dentists, druggists,

doctors, nurses, museum workers, zoo keepers all these use the findings of Biology

in their everyday work.

4. Read the passage and draw a tree diagram showing the main points and

important supporting details.


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Matter is classified under three parts, namely, elements, compounds and

mixtures. We are familiar with iron bars, aluminum utensils, copper wires, gold

ornaments, oxygen and hydrogen. We try to break up iron or copper particles into

very minute. In particles we don‟t get any other substance but that substance only.

These substances are called elements. Elements are classified into metals and non-

metals. Gold, silver, iron, copper etc. are examples of metals. Oxygen, Hydrogen,

Sulphur and carbon are example of non-metals. In some elements like Antimony

and Silicon properties of both metals and non-metals are observed. Water,

Common Salts and sugar are examples of compounds. The air we breathe is made

of gases. Tea we drink is made up of Water, sugar extract of tea leaves and milk.

Wood is composed of cellulose, lignin, gum and resins. These are all mixtures.


details from the text about man’s dependence on plants.

Man is dependent upon plants for his very existence on Earth. From plants he

secures food, shelter and materials for clothing. Some plants yield drugs of

medicinal value, other yield products such as rubber, oils, gums, dyes, cork and

turpentine, and still others are used to adorn our homes and gardens. All our fuel is

of plant origin, including coal, kerosene and petroleum. The most significant

feature of green plants is that they have the unique power of strong energy from

sunlight. Therefore, the food of all animal is derived directly or indirectly from

plants.

Is it any wonder that man has been interested in plants since the dawn of

history? Primitive man soon learned that some wild plants would bountifully

supply his needs. He collected seeds and planted them and gradually brought the

domestication of few plants which were useful to him. Similarly, he took special

interest in which have curative properties. Amongst the earlier records of the study

of plants are those which are concerned with medical properties.


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Plants occur everywhere on or near the surface of our planet. Wherever man

has gone, even in the Polar Regions and on the summits of mountains, plants are

found. Besides the familiar green trees and herbs there are countless small plants,

many of them microscopic which occur in water, deep in the soil and in the air.

Many kinds of bacteria live on and within the bodies of human beings, animals and

larger plants. Such small plants may be of immense use to human beings, or they

may very harmful effects. The thousands of different kinds which make up the vast

population of plants fall into different groups the study of which is called the

classification of the plant kingdom.


details from the text about zoology.

Zoology is the science that deals with animals. It is an old, old science, almost

as old as man himself. Some modern scientists say that man has been living on this

planet for about a million years. The science of zoology began with man‟s

curiosity about life. Pictures on the walls of rock shelters are show the life of

people who lived in the Sahara desert between 8000 and 4000 B.C. like many

prehistoric people, these early artists showed an interest in animal life drawing

pictures of various birds and mammals which they used to eat.

Whatever your work in the world may be, your life will be enriched by

knowledge of living things, and this information will also help you in

understanding some of the most important problems of our times such as

population growth, diseases, the effect of radiation on life and man‟s survival in

our space.

Everyone is familiar with many of the common animals and knows something

about where and how they live, but few people realize how many different kinds of

animals there are and how different they are from each other in size, shape,


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structure and habits. It is easy to observe larger types, such as cats, birds, frogs,

and even some similar ones, such as earthworms and flies; but many members of

the animal kingdom are so small that they can be seen only with the aid of the

microscope. Then there are forms that live in the soil, in the ocean, and in the air

where we do not ordinarily see them.

No one knows exactly how many different kinds of animals there are now in

existence, but we do know that more than one million have been described by

zoologists. Fortunately for us, although they differ from each other they possess

characteristics in common and can be arranged in groups. The principal groups are

called “phyla” (singular “phylum”). Zoologists do not agree about the number of

phyla into which the animal kingdom should be divided, but usually eleven are

studied in some detail in a zoology course for beginners. Besides these, there are

few groups of animals of more or less uncertain relationships.

7. Read the following extract and make a note of important points:

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver, which leads to jaundice. The

common causes of hepatitis are viral hepatitis (especially A and C followed by B)

and alcoholic hepatitis. In rare cases one encounters hepatitis due to parasites,

chemicals, drugs and malignant deposits.

Hepatitis A and C are transmitted by contaminated water food whereas.

Hepatitis B is transmitted by injections, injuries, surgery and blood transfusion

with patients suffering from these diseases.

The symptoms of hepatitis differ from virus to virus but generally in the initial

stages the patient gets fever without a septic focus i.e. sore throat, cold etc. the

fever is associated with body ache, headache and loss of appetite and is moderate

to high grade and generally doesn‟t responds.


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8. Read the following extract and make a note of following points:

Open University is different from other Universities like University of Puna

or University of Mumbai. But like all Universities, it also gives degrees like

B.A. and B.Com. Many of us cannot go to colleges and Universities. Many of us

are employed and have to work for the whole day. We do not have time to go to

colleges. The advantages of Open University are that we can study at home. We do

not have to go to colleges. The Open University sends us books. We can study

these books and go for examination. Thus, in Open University, there is no teacher.

The books are teachers. If we have difficulties, we can go to our study centre. We

can also listen to audio cassettes at the study centre. Another advantage of Open

University is that we can learn at our own speed, we can learn according to our

convenience. We must develop good habits and good studying habits when we

study at Open University.

9. Read the following passage and put the information in tabular form.

The original material from which soil has been formed through long ages are

the rocks of the earth‟s crust. There are three kinds of rocks, made in three

different ways. Igneous rocks were made when the molten materials of which the

earth consisted long ago become cooler and solidified, granite, is one of these.

Another kind of rock is sedimentary rock, formed when rivers brought down small

pieces of materials with them fell to the bottom of the sea, and this sediment was

slowing press and cemented together by another substances into rock. Shale,

Limestone and chalks are sedimentary rocks. This was formed, for instance, when

the lava thrown out by volcanoes affected the material over which it flowed. The

heat changed the surface underneath and produced different kinds of rocks, of

which slate and marble are two examples.

Documents

Note Making: 4 Marks