Northwest Power Planning Council Fixing the Plumbing An Assessment of PNW Irrigated Agriculture Conservation Resource Potential July 1, 2003

Northwest PowerPlanning Council

Fixing the Plumbing Fixing the Plumbing

An Assessment of PNW Irrigated An Assessment of PNW Irrigated Agriculture Conservation Resource Agriculture Conservation Resource

PotentialPotential

July 1, 2003July 1, 2003

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PNW Irrigated Acreage Has PNW Irrigated Acreage Has Been IncreasingBeen Increasing

StateState Acres Irrigated Acres Irrigated 19971997

Acres Irrigated Acres Irrigated 19921992

Acres Irrigated Acres Irrigated 19871987

IdahoIdaho 3,493,5423,493,542 3,260,0063,260,006 3,219,1923,219,192

MontanaMontana 1,994,4841,994,484 1,978,1671,978,167 1,996,8821,996,882

OregonOregon 1,948,7391,948,739 1,622,2351,622,235 1,648,2051,648,205

WashingtonWashington 1,705,0251,705,025 1,641,4371,641,437 1,518,6841,518,684

PNWPNW 9,141,7909,141,790 8,501,8458,501,845 8,382,9638,382,963

Avg. Size Avg. Size (acres)(acres)

173173 159159 150150

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Sprinkler Systems Dominate Sprinkler Systems Dominate Irrigated Acreage in PNWIrrigated Acreage in PNW

StateState

Total Total Irrigated Irrigated AcreageAcreage

Sprinkled AcreageSprinkled Acreage Gravity AcreageGravity Acreage

AcresAcres %% AcresAcres %%

IdahoIdaho 3,188,406 3,188,406

2,186,806 2,186,806 69%69%

991,613 991,613 31%31%

MontanaMontana 1,740,873 1,740,873

570,550 570,550 33%33%

117,807 117,807 7%7%

OregonOregon 1,534,961 1,534,961

769,310 769,310 50%50%

745,083 745,083 49%49%

WashingtonWashington 1,554,813 1,554,813

1,263,572 1,263,572 81%81%

252,312 252,312 16%16%

PNW TotalPNW Total 8,019,053 8,019,053

4,790,238 4,790,238 60%60%

2,106,815 2,106,815 26%26%

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Center Pivot Sprinkler Acreage Has Center Pivot Sprinkler Acreage Has Been IncreasingBeen Increasing

(Although Not in All States) (Although Not in All States)

StateState 19941994 19971997

FarmsFarms AcresAcres FarmsFarms AcresAcres

IdahoIdaho 2,147 2,147 776,081 776,081 1,5691,569 1,001,6071,001,607

MontanaMontana 949 949 249,059 249,059 1,0151,015 241,287241,287

OregonOregon 2,012 2,012 337,270 337,270 487487 256,678256,678

WashingtonWashington 1,960 1,960 578,414 578,414 1,3011,301 773,788773,788

PNWPNW 7,0687,068 1,940,8241,940,824 4,3724,372 2,273,3602,273,360

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Low Pressure Center Pivot Systems Low Pressure Center Pivot Systems Increased Between 1993 and 1997Increased Between 1993 and 1997

StateState Change in High Change in High Pressure (60 + Pressure (60 + PSI) AcresPSI) Acres

Change in Change in Medium Medium Pressure (30 – Pressure (30 – 59 PSI) Acres59 PSI) Acres

Change in Low Change in Low Pressure (30 Pressure (30 PSI & lower) PSI & lower) AcresAcres

IdahoIdaho -13%-13% -1%-1% 14%14%

MontanaMontana -10%-10% -8%-8% 18%18%

OregonOregon -10%-10% 3%3% 7%7%

WashingtonWashington -16%-16% 2%2% 14%14%

PNWPNW -13%-13% 0%0% 13%13%

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Electricity Use for Irrigated Electricity Use for Irrigated Agriculture (aMW)Agriculture (aMW)

YearYear IdahoIdaho MontanaMontana OregonOregon WashingtonWashington PNWPNW

19971997 263 263

13 13 113 113

219 219

608 608

19941994 322 322

10 10 123 123

219 219

675 675

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Irrigation Electricity Use Represented Irrigation Electricity Use Represented Two-Thirds of Agricultural Sector Total in Two-Thirds of Agricultural Sector Total in

19971997

StateState Total Agricultural Total Agricultural Sector Electricity Sector Electricity Expenditures Expenditures (millions)(millions)

Irrigation Irrigation Electricity Electricity Expenses Expenses (millions)(millions)

Share of Total Share of Total Sector Sector

Electricity Electricity CostsCosts

IdahoIdaho $ 90 $ 90 $ 71 $ 71 79%79%

MontanaMontana $ 30 $ 30 $ 9 $ 9 31%31%

OregonOregon $ 48 $ 48 $ 23 $ 23 48%48%

WashingtonWashington $ 74 $ 74 $ 49 $ 49 66%66%

PNWPNW $ 241 $ 241 $ 152 $ 152 63%63%

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Electricity Expenses on Irrigated Farms Electricity Expenses on Irrigated Farms Were 2-3 Times Those on Non-Irrigated Were 2-3 Times Those on Non-Irrigated

Farms in 1997Farms in 1997

StateState Average Average Electricity Electricity Cost/FarmCost/Farm

Average Average Electricity Electricity

Cost/Irrigated Cost/Irrigated FarmFarm

Electricity Electricity Expenses per Expenses per Acre IrrigatedAcre Irrigated

IdahoIdaho $ 5,737 $ 5,737 $ 14,676 $ 14,676 $ 32.96 $ 32.96

MontanaMontana $ 1,650 $ 1,650 $ 3,760 $ 3,760 $ 15.30 $ 15.30

OregonOregon $ 2,032 $ 2,032 $ 3,111 $ 3,111 $ 27.56 $ 27.56

WashingtonWashington $ 3,534 $ 3,534 $ 7,684 $ 7,684 $ 40.22 $ 40.22

PNWPNW $ 3,087 $ 3,087 $ 7,250 $ 7,250 $ 31.64 $ 31.64

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Electricity Use/Irrigated Acre Has Electricity Use/Irrigated Acre Has Been DecliningBeen Declining

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

Idaho Montana Oregon Washington PNW

kWh/a

cre

19941997

(At Least We Think So)(At Least We Think So)

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Resource Assessment Resource Assessment Methodology - OverviewMethodology - Overview

Estimate “Base Case” System Efficiency by State Estimate “Base Case” System Efficiency by State and System Type for Sprinkler Systems:and System Type for Sprinkler Systems:– Center PivotCenter Pivot

» High PressureHigh Pressure» Medium PressureMedium Pressure» Low PressureLow Pressure

– Wheel LineWheel Line– Hand LineHand Line

Estimate Cost of System Efficiency Improvements Estimate Cost of System Efficiency Improvements by System Typeby System Type

Estimate Savings from System Efficiency Estimate Savings from System Efficiency Improvements by State and System TypeImprovements by State and System Type

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Step 1- Estimate Annual Irrigation Step 1- Estimate Annual Irrigation System Use by StateSystem Use by State

Data Sources:Data Sources:– 1994 & 1997 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Surveys 1994 & 1997 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Surveys

(FRIS)(FRIS)» Acres irrigated by electric pumpingAcres irrigated by electric pumping» Annual electricity cost/irrigated acreAnnual electricity cost/irrigated acre» Annual water use/acreAnnual water use/acre

– 1994 & 1997 Bonneville Irrigation Sector Sales and 1994 & 1997 Bonneville Irrigation Sector Sales and RevenuesRevenues

Approach:Approach:– Use FRIS Annual electricity cost by state divided by Use FRIS Annual electricity cost by state divided by

BPA irrigation sales by state to derive “kWh/Acre” & BPA irrigation sales by state to derive “kWh/Acre” & “kWh/acre-ft/acre”“kWh/acre-ft/acre”

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Step 1- Estimate Annual Irrigation Step 1- Estimate Annual Irrigation System Use by State (cont)System Use by State (cont)

Example: Idaho (1997) Example: Idaho (1997) – FRIS Estimate of Sprinkler Irrigated Acreage FRIS Estimate of Sprinkler Irrigated Acreage

Using Electric Pumping = 2,166,804 acresUsing Electric Pumping = 2,166,804 acres– FRIS Estimate of Water Use = 1.7 acre-ft/acreFRIS Estimate of Water Use = 1.7 acre-ft/acre– BPA Estimate of Idaho Irrigation Sector Sales = BPA Estimate of Idaho Irrigation Sector Sales =

263 aMW263 aMW– 263 aMW x 8760000 / 2,166,804 = 1064 kWh/acre263 aMW x 8760000 / 2,166,804 = 1064 kWh/acre– 1064 kWh/acre /1.7 acre-ft/acre = 626 kWh/acre-ft1064 kWh/acre /1.7 acre-ft/acre = 626 kWh/acre-ft

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Step 2 - Estimate Annual Energy Step 2 - Estimate Annual Energy Consumption of “Typical” Field by Consumption of “Typical” Field by

System Type and StateSystem Type and State Use 1997 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Use 1997 Farm and Ranch Irrigation

Survey to Estimate AverageSurvey to Estimate Average– Pumping Lift (Feet of head pressure)Pumping Lift (Feet of head pressure)– Flow Rate (GPM)Flow Rate (GPM)– System Pressure (PSI)System Pressure (PSI)– Water Use (Acre-Ft/Acre)Water Use (Acre-Ft/Acre)

Adjust “System Friction” and “Field Lift” Adjust “System Friction” and “Field Lift” Values until energy use = Estimated 1997 Values until energy use = Estimated 1997 kWh/acre-ft/yearkWh/acre-ft/year

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Electricity Use for Irrigation Electricity Use for Irrigation Pumping - ExamplePumping - Example

\\fs1\power\TE\New Plan\Irrigated Agriculture\I\\fs1\power\TE\New Plan\Irrigated Agriculture\IrrAgSampleCalc.xlsrrAgSampleCalc.xls

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Step 3 – Estimate Measure CostStep 3 – Estimate Measure Cost High Pressure > Low Pressure Center PivotHigh Pressure > Low Pressure Center Pivot

» $4,000/160 acre pivot w/o boom$4,000/160 acre pivot w/o boom» $7,000/160 acre pivot w/boom$7,000/160 acre pivot w/boom

Medium Pressure > Low Pressure Center PivotMedium Pressure > Low Pressure Center Pivot» $3000/160 acre pivot$3000/160 acre pivot

Replace pump, nozzles & gaskets – Replace pump, nozzles & gaskets – » $18,350/160 acre pivot w/deep well$18,350/160 acre pivot w/deep well» $15, 350/160 acre pivot w/average well$15, 350/160 acre pivot w/average well

Replace nozzles and gasketsReplace nozzles and gaskets– $8,350 /160 acre pivot$8,350 /160 acre pivot

Convert wheel line to low pressure (alfalfa only)Convert wheel line to low pressure (alfalfa only)» $130/acre, plus $3.75/acre O&M)$130/acre, plus $3.75/acre O&M)

Convert hand line to low pressure (alfalfa only)Convert hand line to low pressure (alfalfa only)» $30/acre, plus $12/acre O&M$30/acre, plus $12/acre O&M

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Step 4 – Determine Measure Savings Step 4 – Determine Measure Savings Input AssumptionsInput Assumptions

MeasureMeasure

Baseline Baseline Pump Pump EfficiencyEfficiency

Retrofitted Retrofitted Pump Pump EfficiencyEfficiency

Baseline Baseline PressurePressure

Retrofitted Retrofitted PressurePressure

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep WellReplacement Deep Well 50%50% 70%70% 62 *62 * 62 *62 *

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average WellReplacement Average Well 55%55% 70%70%

59 *59 *

59 *59 *

Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Nozzle & Gasket Replacement 55%55% 65%65%

59 59 59 59

Convert High Pressure Center Pivot Convert High Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure systemto Low pressure system 60%60% 75%75%

59 59

20 20

Convert Medium Pressure Center Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure systemPivot to Low pressure system 65%65% 75%75%

40 40

20 20

Convert wheel line systems to low Convert wheel line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreagepressure systems on alfalfa acreage 65%65% 65%65%

59 *59 *

30 30

Convert hand line systems to low Convert hand line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreagepressure systems on alfalfa acreage 65%65% 65%65%

59 *59 *

30 30

*Varies by state

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Step 5 – Estimate Measure SavingsStep 5 – Estimate Measure Savings

MeasureMeasure IdahoIdaho MontanaMontana OregonOregon WashingtonWashington

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep WellReplacement Deep Well 29%29% 29%29% 29%29% 29%29%

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average WellReplacement Average Well 21%21% 21%21% 21%21% 21%21%

Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Nozzle & Gasket Replacement 17%17% 15%15% 15%15% 15%15%

Convert High Pressure Center Convert High Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure systemPivot to Low pressure system 40%40% 47%47% 38%38% 23%23%

Convert Medium Pressure Center Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure systemPivot to Low pressure system 27%27% 30%30% 24%24% 23%23%

Convert wheel line systems to low Convert wheel line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa pressure systems on alfalfa acreageacreage 20%20% 21%21% 14%14% 14%14%

Convert hand line systems to low Convert hand line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa pressure systems on alfalfa acreageacreage 20%20% 21%21% 14%14% 14%14%

Note: kWh saving vary by state due to differences in pumping lift

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Irrigated Agriculture Irrigated Agriculture Conservation Resource PotentialConservation Resource Potential

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Levelized Cost (Mills/ kWh 2000$)

Reso

urc

e P

ote

nti

al

(aM

W)

Cumulative TechnicalPotential (aMW)

Cumulative Cost EffectivePotential (aMW)

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Estimated Cost Effective Estimated Cost Effective Technical Potential by StateTechnical Potential by State

StateState

Cost Effective Cost Effective Potential Potential (aMW)(aMW)

1997 Sales 1997 Sales (aMW)(aMW)

% of 1997 % of 1997 SalesSales

Idaho Idaho 76 76 263 263 29%29%

Montana Montana 2 2 13 13 12%12%

Oregon Oregon 14 14 113 113 12%12%

Washington Washington 50 50 219 219 23%23%

PNW Region PNW Region 141 141 608 608 23%23%

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Resource Potential by Resource Potential by MeasureMeasure

MeasureMeasure Resource Potential (aMW)Resource Potential (aMW)

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average WellReplacement Average Well

5555

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep WellReplacement Deep Well

3030

Convert Medium Pressure Center Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure systemPivot to Low pressure system

2929

Nozzle & Gasket ReplacementNozzle & Gasket Replacement 2020

Convert High Pressure Center Pivot Convert High Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure systemto Low pressure system

66

Convert hand line systems to low Convert hand line systems to low pressure systems on alfalfa acreagepressure systems on alfalfa acreage

11

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Resource Potential by State and Resource Potential by State and MeasureMeasure

MeasureMeasure Remaining Remaining Technical Potential Technical Potential (aMW)(aMW)

B/C Ratiio B/C Ratiio (TRC)(TRC)

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average Well - IdahoAverage Well - Idaho

2828 1.19 1.19

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Deep Well - IdahoDeep Well - Idaho

2121 2.95 2.95

Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Pump, Nozzle & Gasket Replacement Average Well - WashingtonAverage Well - Washington

1919 1.78 1.78

Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system - Washingtonto Low pressure system - Washington

1414 7.53 7.53

Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot Convert Medium Pressure Center Pivot to Low pressure system - Idahoto Low pressure system - Idaho

1212 6.26 6.26

Nozzle & Gasket Replacement - IdahoNozzle & Gasket Replacement - Idaho 1111 1.13 1.13

Documents

Northwest Power Planning Council Fixing the Plumbing An Assessment of PNW Irrigated Agriculture Conservation Resource Potential July 1, 2003