NorthSea

Bal

tic

Sea

Bay ofBiscay

M e d I t e r r a n e a n S e a

Adriatic Sea

AegeanSea

Black Sea

London38/62

24

Warsaw26/64

38

Moscow16/63

47

MARITIME CONTINENTAL

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREMaritime influence

Berlin31/64

33

LondonChurchill*There isanother factor!

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREMaritime influence

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREMaritime influence

Ch

esapeake B

ay

200

200

HYDROSPHEREContinental influence

D. Hardin

“General Winter”Napoleon, 1812 Hitler, 1941

Freezing-27°F

HYDROSPHEREOcean currents

gyre

gyre

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREWarm ocean currents

Gulf Stre

am

CapeHatteras

80°F

Corolla77°F

VirginiaBeach76°F

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREWarm ocean currents

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREWarm ocean currents

45° N

35-40°F

45-5

0°F

PacificOcean

AtlanticOcean

IndianOcean

Southern Ocean

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREWarm ocean currents

Gulf S

tream

*North

Atla

ntic

Drift

50°F 75°FLakeSuperior-

warm (60°F)

LakeMichigan-

warm (70°F)

January

HYDROSPHERECold ocean currents

D. Hardin

Los Angeles68°F

Ventura67°F

Santa Barbara64°F

Monterey63°F

Santa Cruz59°F

HYDROSPHERECold ocean currents

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHERECold ocean currents

D. Hardin

Red Triangle

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHERECold ocean currents

HYDROSPHERETropical North Atlantic Ocean

D. Hardin

Equator

WestAfricaCaribbean

Sea

UnitedStates

GulfOf

Mexico

South America

North

Atlantic

Ocean

HYDROSPHEREHurricanes

D. Hardin

WestAfrica

WestAfrica

HYDROSPHEREHurricanes

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREHurricanes

NortheastTrade Winds

Westerlies

D. Hardin

HYDROSPHEREEl Niño & La Niña

D. Hardin

El NiñoLa Niña

HYDROSPHEREEl Niño & La Niña

D. Hardin

El Niño December-February La Niña December-February

El Niño June-August La Niña June-August