North AmericanCartographic Information

Society

On behalf of the NACIS Board and the Local Arrangements Committee, I wouldlike to welcome you to Portland, Oregon. This marks the first time a NACIS

meeting has been held in the Pacific Northwest.

This year’s program has attracted a record number of papers, panel discussions,posters and exhibits. To accommodate the great response to the Call for Participation,we needed to modify the paper presentation format to a 20-minute length to increasethe number of presentations per session. The variety of the work being presented hereis extensive, from cartographic education and GIS advances to atlas and map design.New to the program this year is the first “Practical Cartography Day” preconferenceevent organized by Alex Tait. Also new this year is the “NACIS Electronic Slide Show”set up by David Nelson and Steve Spindler located with the posters and exhibits.

Our opening speaker, Mike Houck, is well known for his work on “Livable Cities” and“Urban Greenfrastuctures.” Jeff McMichael has organized an exceptional selection ofposters and exhibits that will open following the Opening Session. Our banquetspeaker is Stuart Allan, of Allan Cartography and Raven Maps. Stuart will reveal someof his insights on the craft and artistry in map-making.

Thursday night activities include an invitation to attend an open house at the OregonHistorical Society and informal tours to some Portland micro-brew pubs and Powell’sCity of Books, “The largest new and used bookstore in the world.”

Many people need to be thanked for their hard work in the preparation of thisconference. They include the Local Arrangements Committee members GordonKennedy (chair), Joe Poracsky, Richard Lycan, and Jeff Baldwin (AV coordinator). Manythanks to George Beltran for the publication work on this program. As always it isimpossible to thank the home office enough for the efforts of Susan Peschel and ChrisBaruth. And lastly I would like to thank all the participants and attendees for makingthis meeting such a success.

W E L C O M E

Jim MeachamProgram Chair and Vice President

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Wednesday, October 3

8:00–9:00 A.M., RegistrationWAHKEENA FALLS

9:00 A.M.–5:00 P.M., Preconference Practical Cartography DayWAHKEENA FALLS

Organizer: Alex Tait, Equator Graphics

2:00–7:30 P.M., Conference Registration

3:00–5:00 P.M., NACIS Board MeetingPYRAMID LAKE

7:30–9:00 P.M., Opening SessionMULTNOMAH FALLS

“In Livable Cities is Preservation of the Wild: The Role of GIS Mapping in Securing theUrban Greenfrastructure for Livable Communities;”Mike Houck, Urban Naturalist, Audubon Society of Portland and Chair, Natural ResourcesWorking Group, Coalition For A Livable Future

9:00–11:00 P.M., Opening Reception and Poster Session (sponsored by MapQuest)ELOWAH FALLS

Thursday, October 4

8:00 A.M.–3:00 P.M. Poster SessionELOWAH FALLS

8:00–9:50 A.M.

A. Alternative CartographiesWAHKEENA FALLS

Chair: Jeannine Schonta, Rand McNally

Poetic City—Maps of Italy: (Di)Versifying the Teaching of Geography, IV;Adele Haft, Hunter College—City University of New York

WORDMAPS;Howard Horowitz, Ramapo College, Mahwah, New Jersey

A Methodology for Examining Alternative Cartographies: Researching Embroidered Maps;Judith Tyner, California State University—Long Beach

Quilts: An Alternative Cartography;Ren Vasiliev, State University of New York—Geneseo

S C H E D U L EWEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 3 · THURSDAY, OCTOBER 4

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B. GIS Databases and ModelsMULTNOMAH FALLS

Chair: Carolyn Weiss, Statistic Canada

The Role of Technical and Local Expertise in GIS Analysis: Case Studies from Mexico;Janet E. Mersey, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada and Andrew A. Millward, University ofWaterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Reducing Data Chaos: The Wind Cave National Park Experience;Ed Delaney, Wind Cave National Park, Hot Springs, South Dakota

GIS Data Models and The Representation of Time;Barbara P. Buttenfield and Russell D. Huff, University of Colorado

Mapping with the Geographic Names Information System: Let the User Beware.Lewis L. McArthur, Oregon Geographic Names Board, and Mark E. Flannery, USDA-ForestService, Pacific Northwest Region.

10:10 A.M.–Noon

C. AtlasesWAHKEENA FALLS

Chair: Trudy Suchan, U.S. Census Bureau

Exploring the National Atlas of the United States On-line;Deborah A. Reusser, U.S. Geological Survey

An Atlas Design Evolves: The Case of the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries;John H. Long, The Newberry Library, Chicago

Creation of the 106th and 107th Congressional District Atlas;Nick A. Padfield, U.S. Census Bureau

The Electronic Historical Atlas: Web Maps or Something More?;Brandon Plewe, Brigham Young University

Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity;Trudy A. Suchan, U.S. Census Bureau and Cynthia A. Brewer, Pennsylvania State University

D. Cartography/GIS EducationMULTNOMAH FALLS

Chair: Janet Mersey, University of Guelph

Map Design Education with Multimedia Final Report;Rex G. Cammack, Southwest Missouri State University-Springfield

Teaching Map Design in an Age of Technical Transition;David Woodward, University of Wisconsin—Madison

Educating Professionals about Cartography in the Transportation-Planning Environment;Scott Ryan-Hart, Burgess & Niple, Ltd., Columbus, Ohio

Working in the GIS World;David K. Patton, Central Michigan University

GIS for your Professions;Adeola Gbadebo, University of Lagos, Nigeria

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 4

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Noon–1:30 P.M., Luncheon—Annual Business MeetingCLUB MAX

1:30–3:20 P.M.

E. Specifying and Evaluating Cartographic Competencies for ProfessionalCertification in GISMULTNOMAH FALLS

Panel Moderator: David DiBiase, Pennsylvania State UniversityPanelists: Barbara Buttenfield, University of ColoradoC. Peter Keller, University of VictoriaMark Monmonier, Syracuse UniversityJudy Olson, Michigan State UniversityTerry Slocum, University of KansasDavid Woodward, University of Wisconsin—Madison

F. Cartographic AnimationWAHKEENA FALLS

Chair: Erik Steiner, Pennsylvania State University

Mapping the Historical and Territorial Evolution of Iqaluit, Nunavut Territory;Dieudonne Mouafo, Eva Siekierska, Ken Francis, Jean-Louis Moisan, Anita Muller, NaturalResources Canada

3D Map Animations for Public History: Visualizing the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, NorthCarolina;Michael A. Swaim, Roy S. Stine, and Jeffrey C. Patton, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Scoring and Scripting Music for Animated Maps;Keith Rice and Steven Rice, University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point

Spatial Visualization of Southeast Asia through Cartographic Animation;Paporn Thebpanya, University of Georgia

3:40–5:30 P.M.

G. Atlas 2001: Evolutions in Content, Audience, and FormMULTNOMAH FALLS

Panel Moderator: Mark Mattson, Temple University–PhiladelphiaPanelists: David DiBiase, Pennsylvania State UniversityAnn Johnson, ESRIKa Iu Fung, University of SaskatchewnAileen R. Buckley, University of Oregon

H. Field Checking: Three Veterans’ TalesWAHKEENA FALLS

Panelists: Nat Case, Head of Production, Hedberg MapsDennis McClendon, Design Director, Chicago CartoGraphics Ryan Lewelling, Field Research Manager, MapLink

5:30–8:00 P.M. Open House, Oregon Historical SocietyHISTORY CENTER

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 4

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7:30 P.M., Tours: Portland Micro-brew Pubs, Powell’s City of BooksInformation provided at registration desk

Friday, October 5

8:00 A.M.–Noon Poster SessionELOWAH FALLS

8:00–9:50 A.M.

I. Map Design and Content AnalysisMULTNOMAH FALLS

Chair: Martin von Wyss, Boston Redevelopment Authority

An Analysis of Maps in Elementary Geography Texts, 1850–1920;Karen M. Trifonoff, Bloomsburg University—Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania

Design Heuristics for Improved “State of the Practice” in Cartography;Adam Light, Patrick J. Bartlein, University of Oregon

Maps in Geographic Journals—Learning from Practical Lessons;Dennis Fitzsimons, Southwest Texas State University—San Marcos

Content Analysis of Choropleth Maps in Academic Geography Journals, 1974 to 1999;Andrew Dolan, University of Missouri—Columbia

Rich Maps; Denis White, US EPA

J. Maps, Politics, Propaganda, and PlaceWAHKEENA FALLS

Chair: John Krygier, Ohio Wesleyan University

Jerusalem SKY: Conflict Resolution and New Bird’s Eye Views;Deborah Natsios, Natsios Young Architects, New York

Portland Election Maps 1908–1922: Using Archival Spatial Information;Paul Fyfield, Portland State University

Interpreting the Map(s) of Portland;Joseph Poracsky, Portland State University

Propaganda Maps on Postcards from Germany’s Third ReichPat Gilmartin, University of South Carolina

Media Coverage of the Post-2000 Remap: Early Returns,Promising Designs, and Missed OpportunitiesMark Monmonier, Syracuse University

10:10 A.M.–Noon

K. Map Design and SymbolizationMULTNOMAH FALLS

Chair: Alex Tait, Equator Graphics, Inc.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 5

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Manipulating DEMs for 3D Cartographic IllustrationTom Patterson, U.S. National Park Service

Visualizing Continuous Data: Guidelines for Creating Continuous Color SchemesEugene Carpentier III, University of Oregon

Bivariate Thematic Maps: Evaluating Symbology in the Map EnvironmentElisabeth S. Nelson, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Using Satellite Imagery to “Bump Map” Relief Backdrops in Cartographic PresentationsJeffery S. Nighbert, Bureau of Land Management

L. Census 2000WAHKEENA FALLS

Chair: Jenny Marie Johnson, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Mapping Urban Structure: Analysis of 2000 Population Density in Portland, OregonJohn T. Gunn, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon

Mapping Demographic Changes Using Administrative Records DataRichard Lycan, Irina Sharkova, Portland State University

Seeing More with Less: Applying Dasymetric and PycnophylacticTechniques to Disaggregate Census DataKaren A. Mulcahy and Carol Jensen, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina

Virtual and Real Maps: Are they Interchangeable?Gerald J. Coleman, Census Bureau

Census 2000 Cartographic ProductsTimothy Trainor, U.S. Census Bureau

Noon–1:30 P.M., Lunch—on your own

CP Editorial Board MeetingPYRAMID LAKE

1:30–3:20 P.M.

M. GIS Map Production Round Table DiscussionWAHKEENA FALLS

Moderators: Charlie Frye and Joe Poracsky, Portland State University

N. VisualizationMULTNOMAH FALLS

Chair: Aileen Buckley, University of Oregon

Visualizing Uncertainty in Global Water Budget SimulationsTerry A. Slocum, Johannes J. Feddema, Daniel Cliburn, and James R. Miller, University of Kansas

Visualizing the Geologic Processes that Shape OregonAileen R. Buckley, University of Oregon

Dynamic Cartographic Visualization of Statistical Data in a Web-based EnvironmentPatrick McGlamery, Robert Cromley, University of Connecticut

A Wearable Computer Mapping System

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 5

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Applying Eye-Movement Tracking for the Study of Usability of MapsLars Brodersen, National Survey and Cadastre, Denmark, Hans K. Andersenand Steen Weber, Risø National Laboratory, Denmark

3:40–5:30 P.M.

O. Maps and the InternetMULTNOMAH FALLS

Chair: C. Peter Keller, University of Victoria

Building Internet Map Libraries; David Rumsey, Cartography Associates-San Francisco

Maps and Tourism Destination Marketing on the Internet: Users Speak; Erin R. Richmond andC. Peter Keller, University of Victoria

Design and Implementation of an Interactive Map-Based Community Information Systemsin East Kalimantan, Indonesia; Jon Corbett and C. Peter Keller, University of Victoria

Development of Collaborative Land Valuation Information Products: An Interactive Web Siteas an Aid for Stakeholders and Decision-Makers; Ian J. O’Connell and C. Peter Keller,University of Victoria

3:40–5:30 P.M., NACIS Board MeetingPYRAMID LAKE

6:30–10:00 P.M., Annual BanquetCOLUMBIA FALLS

“Craft, Concept, and the Art in Cartography”Stuart Allan, Allan Cartography, Medford, Oregon

Cartographic training commonly concentrates on the craft. Concept is assumed to have beencovered in the course of one’s geographic education. Artistry in cartography makes peoplenervous. The roles of all three elements in the making of good maps is discussed withreference both to maps that exist, and to the much better ones that have not yet been created.

Saturday, October 6

Workshops

8:30 A.M.–5:00 P.M., Cartographic Capabilities with ArcMapMULTNOMAH FALLS

Charlie Frye, ESRI

This seminar will cover the recently released ESRI ArcView 8.1 and ArcMap 8.1 software’scartographic capabilities including symbology, labeling, projections and grids, layout andcomposition, and printing and output. This seminar is taught by the principal cartographer atESRI. Handouts and Lunch will be provided.

8:30 A.M.–Noon, Macromedia Flash Cartography322 CRAMER HALL, PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Eric Steiner, Pennsylvania State University

This workshop will introduce Macromedia Flash as a powerful design tool for publishing

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 5 · SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6

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Keith C. Clarke, Andrea Nuernberger, University of California at Santa Barbara

knowledge of this tool that combines the vector graphic design tools of software such asIllustrator or Freehand with intuitive scripting to create advanced animated and interactivedisplays. Flash is revolutionizing the market for cartography on the web allowing us toquickly publish high quality zoom-able maps that appear crisp on screen and print in vectorform. From interactive online GIS applications to high quality vector print and webcartography, Flash also pushes the envelope on combining GIS and cartographic design inthe form of database driven displays.

1:30–5:00 P.M., 2000 Census and Mapping322 CRAMER HALL, PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Richard Lycan, Irina Sharkova , and George Hough, Portland State University

Learn about map making with the new data now becoming available from the 2000 Census.During Summer 2001 the first detailed information for census tracts, blocks, and othermapping geographies will become available. Then over the next year the details on variablessuch as income, ancestry, and privy’s will come rushing at you. Learn how to effectively mapwith this data before your local newspaper beats you to the punch. George Hough, Oregon’sCensus Data Center Coordinator, will bring you up to speed on the new features of the 2000Census and the new ways in which the Census Bureau will make this information available.We will visit web sites where you can download this data and look at on-line mappingprograms that allow you to view the data. Dick Lycan and Irina Sharkova from thePopulation Research Center at Portland State University will lead you through the use ofESRI ArcView for census mapping. Some of the topics that they will cover are: simplechoropleth and point mapping, using grid maps to generalize data, combining Census datawith data from other sources, and mapping of 1990-2000 changes. The prerequisites for thisclass are basic skills in ArcView and in spreadsheet analysis.

Field Trip

8:30 A.M.–5:00 P.M.

Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Field Trip: All DayMEET IN HOTEL LOBBY

Organizer: Richard Lycan, Portland State UniversityTour Guide: Elaine Lycan

Includes lunch, maximum capacity 44.

This all-day trip will leave the hotel at 8:30 A.M. Saturday morning in a tour bus and visit sitesof geological, historical and social importance in the history of the fascinating Gorge of theColumbia River. Geologists theorize that a cataclysmic flood of mammoth proportions carvedthe Columbia River’s course through the Cascade Mountain range, producing a deep, steeplysided valley with numerous waterfalls, spectacular scenery and amazingly diverse flora andfauna, all within a compact geographic region. The trip will visit Crown Point, seventy-year-old Bonneville Dam, and pause in historic Cascade Locks for lunch. Continuing east we willvisit waterfalls along the Historic Columbia River Highway that winds along the base of cliffs,and Hood River, a world-renowned sail-boarding destination. Crossing to the north side ofthe river we visit the Gorge Interpretive Center at Stevenson on the way back, and return tothe hotel at 5:00 P.M. An on-board guide will offer interpretation during the trip and privatetours are being arranged for some of the stops. There will be frequent stops to stretch andexplore briefly—easy walking and stairs at most sites. Bring your camera. Within the narrowconfines of this scenic Gorge we find a focal point for tourism, history, public lands policy,debate over hydro-electric power, fish management and native peoples’ rights, andendangered species issues. It will be an enlightening and fun day!

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 5

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Opening Session

In Livable Cities is Preservationof the Wild: The Role of GISMapping in Securing the UrbanGreenfrastructure for LivableCommunitiesMike Houck, Urban Naturalist, AudubonSociety of Portland & Chair, NaturalResources Working Group, Coalition ForA Livable FutureHenry David Thoreau’s aphorism, “In wildnessis the preservation of the world” has driven thiscountry’s conservation agenda for a century, theemphasis being the protection of wildernessand pristine habitats in the rural hinterlands.Today, as we strive to stem the tide of urbansprawl our new mantra should be “In livablecities is preservation of the wild.”

Yet, there are those in the conservationcommunity who would argue that cities arebeyond hope and that our efforts to restoresalmonid populations and other species of fishand wildlife should be focused on more pristinewilderness areas. I argue that unless we createcompact, land-conserving cities the effort tosave the “wild” out there, in the rural landscapeand wilderness areas will be impossible.

And to be livable, cities must include a vibranturban Greenfrastructure with healthy streams,natural areas and neighborhood parks insideour cities where the vast majority of ourpopulation lives. We need to do so throughacquisition, regulation and stewardship. Wealso need innovative urban design thatintegrates the natural and built into a unifiedurban landscape that is also a unique,functioning ecosystem, an ecosystem worthy ofstewardship on its own terms, not as astepchild to so-called real ecological systemsthat have drawn virtually all of the attention ofthe conservation and natural resource agencycommunity for many decades. We no longerhave the luxury of “writing off” the urbanenvironment as an ecological sacrifice area indeference to protecting the rural landscape.

Some would offer the newly emerging SmartGrowth or Sustainable Growth movement as asolution. In my opinion neither they nor the“New Urbanism” yet adequately address theintegration of nature in their schemes for thecreation of livable cities. While there hasrecently been more receptivity within theSmart Growth community with regard tointegrating the built and natural environment,they are still dominated by architects andtransportation planners who are focusedalmost exclusively on the built environment.

Fault also lies with the Oregon land useplanning program. With regard to containingurban sprawl I would agree with mostsupporters of the program that it has been anational model for containing urban sprawl.Compared with other regions of the UnitedStates, Oregon has fared well with respect tocontainment of urban sprawl. Robert Liberty,Executive Director of 1000 Friends of Oregon,provides the following figures regarding sprawlacross America. Between 1970 and 1990 theChicago region’s population grew by 4% but itsland area increased by 50%. Kansas City’spopulation grew by 29% during that sameperiod and its land consumption was 110%. ANew Jersey study showed that low-densitydevelopment consumed 130,000 more acres atcost of $740 million for roads and $440 millionfor sewer and water infrastructure. The Portlandmetropolitan region, by contrast,accommodated 300,000 more people between1980 and 2000, growing from 978,000 to1,280,000 or about 31%. Land area increasedfrom 229,337 to 236,337 acres or 3%.

The problem here is less about sprawl, of whichOregon and the metropolitan region can justlybe proud, and more about how we have grownwithin our Urban Growth Boundary. Our panelwas asked to address whether we can rest onour laurels. With respect to protecting naturalresources inside our Urban Growth Boundarythe Oregon land use program has been alargely a failure.

OPENING SESSION

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How to reverse this trend? Beginning in 1988Portland State University’s GeographyDepartment, primarily through the leadershipof Dr. Joseph Poracsky, has been an activeparticipant in the Portland metropolitanregion’s efforts to identify and protect itsregional Greenspaces resources. Metro, theonly directly elected regional government inthe United States has also played an extensiverole in this effort. Mr. Houck will describe howPSU and Metro GIS resources have played acrucial role in the regional effort to protect,restore and manage Greenspaces throughoutthe Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region.

He will also describe how GIS resourcesassisted in the production of the highly popularbook, Wild in the City, a guide to Portland’snatural areas.

Poster SessionNewElectronic Slide showOrganizers: David Nelson, J. D. Nelson,Mapping Services, and Steve Spindler, SteveSpindler Cartogrpahy

PostersErin Aigner, Department of Geography, Universityof Oregon ponzi@darkwing.uoregon.edu. MappingOregon’s Economy: Atlas of Oregon Designand Production Methods.

Patrick Bardel, Portland State University,bardelp@teleport.com, Andrew G. Fountain,Departments of Geography and Geology, PortlandState University, Dorothy Hall, NASA/GoddardSpace Flight Center and Ron Kwok, Jet PropulsionLaboratory, California Institute of Technology.Synthetic Aperture Radar Detection of theSnowline on Commonwealth Glacier, TaylorValley, Antarctica.

Cynthia A. Brewer, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity, cab38@psu.edu, and Trudy A. Suchan.U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division.Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S.Diversity.

Jermey Crampton, Department of Anthropologyand Geography, Georgia State University,jcrampton@gsu.edu. A GIS Analysis of Atlanta’sDigital Divide.

Pat Dunlavey, Pat Dunlavey Cartographics,pat@pdcarto.com, and David Imus, ImusGeographics. Wallowa Mountains-Eagle CapWilderness, Oregon. Yokun Ridge,Massachusetts. Chugach State Park, Alaska.

Ted Florence, Avenza Systems Inc. Developers ofMAPublisher, MAPublisher-GPS & pdfPlus,.ted@avenza.com. Bridging the Gap Betweenyour GIS and Major Graphics Software.

James F. Fryman, fryman@uni.edu, and BonnieSines, sines@uni.edu Geography Department,University of Northern Iowa. CartographicEducation in the United States.

11POSTER SESSION · ABSTRACTS

Dana Gantz, Equator Graphics, Inc.,dgantz@equatorgraphics.com. Antique New York:Reconstructing a Period Map.

Tom Hager, University of Oregon Press, Eugene,Oregon. Atlas of Oregon, second edition.

Robert Hickey, Department of Geography and LandStudies, Central Washington University,rhickey@cwu.edu. Mudflat Mapping: five yearsof GISscience in northern Western Australia.

Stephen Lavin, Department of Anthropology andGeography, University of Nebraskaslavin@unlserve.unl.edu. The CongressionalQuarterly Atlas of United States Politics.

Keith Eric Pitts and Kate Smith, University ofAkron, cartography@uakron.edu, and Amy Rock,Forward Thought Cartographic and GIS Solutions.Current Cartographic Projects at the Universityof Akron.

Barbara Trapido-Lurie, Staff Cartographer,Department of Geography, Arizona StateUniversity, btl@asu.edu. CartographicProduction at Arizona State University.

Chris Wayne, ESRI-Olympia, cwayne@esri.com.Assessing Cartographic Suitability of DigitalRaster Data.

Barbara Welsh, Bureau of Land Management,Barbara_Welsh@or.blm.gov. Roads and Trails ofOregon with Ownership.

Lars Brodersen, National Survey andCadastre - Denmark (KMS),Rentemestervej 8, 2400 CopenhagenNV, Denmark, lrb@kms.dk,, and HansK. Andersen and Steen Weber, RisøNational Laboratory, 4000 Roskilde,Denmark

Applying Eye-Movement Trackingfor the Study of Usability of MapsThe aim of this study was to evaluate a newmethod for studying usability of maps. Themethod is based on a combination of eyeand head movement tracking, think aloudprotocol, semi-structured interviews, andvideo analysis of non-verbal behaviour.Examined was the relationship betweenperceived map complexity? (instructorratings and other nonverbal data) andcognitive behaviour (eye-movement data).

Similar set-ups have been used to evaluatee.g. cockpits in aircraft and in modernlocomotives. Maps, cockpits and controlpanels may in certain respects be consideredas analogous devices. The study was basedon 10 subjects/users with a high level ofeducation, but no specialized mapknowledge. Each answered 22 questionswith the help of two topographic maps thatdiffered in design but had the same content.A video camera observed the subjects, andrecorded their answers and verbalizedthought processes. Eye movements wererecorded using a helmet-mounted eye-tracking device.

Measured were; time, number of words used,percentage of correct answers, type offixation, length and number of fixation,saccades etc. Marks were given for time,strategy and overall performance.Correlation between quantitative factors wassought. Similar behavior or statements bythe subjects were also noted. The resultswere in general remarkable. General answercorrectness (based on 220 answers) was only60% with standard deviation 4%. Otherresults show to some extent the same clear,uniform tendency. Interesting and

AbstractsListed alphabetically by author

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remarkable correlation’s between thedifferent measures were found. The methodlooks promising but more evolutionary workhas to be done.

Aileen Buckley, University of Oregon,Department of Geography, Eugene,Oregon, 97403-1251,aileen@darkwing.uoregon.edu

Visualizing the Geologic Processesthat Shape OregonThe Pacific Northwest is known for itswonderful landscape and captivatinglandscapes—andscapes that were born ofdramatic and dynamic geologic processes.Mapping these landscapes in a way thatcaptures their overwhelming beauty and theincredible forces that shaped them is achallenge. Some of the best representationsresult from employing time honoredmapping techniques coupled withcomputerized enhancements. GIS datamanagement and analysis alone are ofteninsufficient for generating beautiful andaccurate representations - DEMmanipulation and artistic expressionsupplied through further manipulation usinggraphic software, such as FreeHand andPhotoshop, enhance the GIS depiction tocreate attractive, alluring, and accurate maps.

Perhaps more difficult, and in some casesmore important, than the artistic depiction ofthe landscapes themselves is representationof the processes that shaped them—inOregon, those processes involved the workof floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoesand landslides. Examples of methods tovisualize Oregon’s unique landscapes as wellas these processes are discussed, as aremethods used to depict the resultinglandscapes. Methods to map these processesare discussed, as are methods used to depictthe resulting landscapes. Some of themethods presented were used in thecompilation of the print version of the Atlasof Oregon, Second Edition, while others areprototypes for the proposed on-line version.

Barbara P. Buttenfield and Russell D.Huff, University of Colorado,Department of Geography, CB-260,Boulder, Colorado 80309-0260,babs@colorado.edu

GIS Data Models and theRepresentation of TimeThe study of geographic entities as theychange though time is of increasingimportance throughout society. Currentgenerations of GIS software cannot fullysupport temporal study because theunderpinning data models portray the worldas single snapshots-in-time, or as a ‘thin-slice” through a data set. A space-time modelmust be able to answer two deceptivelysimple questions. The first is state-related(e.g., ‘What was the population distributionin Colorado in 1990?’). The second ischange-related (e.g., ‘How did the surfacetemperature patterns in the Antarctic changebetween 1970 and 2000?’). A temporallyenabled GIS must incorporate a datarepresentational scheme suited to askingchange-related questions. Moreover,analytical tools (also called GIS services)must be developed to incorporate bothspatial and temporal characteristics. Time hascommonly been treated in spatial analysis asa “fourth dimension” appended to spatialdimensions, and computationally identical tothem. This approach has proven unrealistic,impeding rather than supporting temporalcomplexities. This paper presents ataxonomy of change-related questionscommon to spatial analysis. The taxonomycross-tabulates the types of temporal change(discrete, continuous, regular and irregularcycles) with the types of feature and attributemanipulations available in a GISenvironment. We overview geographicmodels specific to each cell. We demonstrateanalytic situations where relational modelsmay break down. We extend a class of spatialanalytical tools to explicitly incorporate atemporal component, and discuss a working

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example of the tools in practice. We concludewith a reconsideration of the “thin-slice”model to argue for an alternative metaphor,a “thick-slice” metaphor for temporal datarepresentation.

Rex G. Cammack, Department ofGeography, Geology, and Planning,Southwest Missouri State University,901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO6580

Map Design Education withMultimedia Final ReportMap design, as a topic in an introductorycartography course has always been adifficult issue to teach students. Over thepast ten semesters, students have beendesigning maps and putting them on file foran introductory cartography course. Thisstudy has three different teaching strategygroups. Group one, learned map design bylectures only during the fourth and fifthweeks of the semester. Group two, had thesame lectures but were also given aninteractive map design multimedia CD-ROM. Group three, had the same lecturesand an interactive map design program onthe computer to design maps. In this study,three maps from each student wereevaluated for map design quality. The firstmap was made before the map designlecture. The second was made during themap design lecture. The third map was madefive weeks after the map design material.Two general hypotheses were developed andevaluated. First, students that received onlylecturing on map design will design maps ofpoorer quality. Second, students in all threegroups will show significant improvement inmap design quality after seeing and hearingthe map design materials.

Eugene Carpentier III, Department ofGeography, University of Oregon

Visualizing Continuous Data:Guidelines for Creating ContinuousColor SchemesData sets representing continuousphenomena are becoming very common.Examples include remotely sensed satellitedata, environmental data relating to climatecharacteristics and climate variation, anddigital elevation models. This paper focuseson the use of continuous color schemes,which can be an effective means ofvisualizing the data. In many ways, thedisplay of continuous data is related to thecartographic symbolization of discrete data.However, displaying continuous data anddefining a continuous color scheme canpresent special challenges that are unique tocontinuous data. This paper describes theprocess of creating a continuous colorscheme, examines the position of continuouscolor schemes in color space, and providesguidelines and examples of continuous colorschemes appropriate for selecteddistributions.

Keith C. Clarke and Andrea Nuernberger,Department of Geography/NCGIA,University of California, SantaBarbara, CA 93106-4060,kclarke@geog.ucsb.edu

A Wearable Computer MappingSystemAs part of the National Science Foundation’sDigital Government Initiative, UCSB hasbeen involved in the design and constructionof a highly mobile, fully portable andwearable computer mapping system. Thisconsists of a PC-104 standards-based PC,powered by batteries and linked tocontinuous feed input and a monocular eyedisplay. The result is a GPS-tractable system,with some advanced GIS and mappingcapabilities, that directs its map display intothe human vision field to achieve augmented

ABSTRACTS

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reality. With phase two of the project, we areworking on linking the system to the WorldWide Web via cellular mobile Internet, anddelivering seamless imagery and map data tothe eyepiece in real time. The systempresents some unique user interface designissues, especially since it must be used bothin navigation mode and in data collectionmode. We will demonstrate the system, andshow some of the user interface componentsthat are under development. The power ofthe wearable computer for changing the waythat people use and interact with mappingsystems is immense, and some of theimplications of the next generation of whatis currently only a prototype will bediscussed.

Gerald J. Coleman,U.S. Census Bureau,Geography Division, Washington, D.C.20233-7400, gcoleman@geo.census.gov

Virtual and Real Maps: Are theyInterchangeable?As technology advances, mapping hasbecome more a science that is dealing withelectronic media for the creation anddissemination of its product. Cartographershave to now deal with issues of creatingmaps in digital format for dissemination overmedium such as the internet, while stillkeeping in focus the demands of the mapuser who wants a hard copy, or real map intheir possession. These hard-copy map userstraditionally created the transformationbetween the virtual “digital” map to a realmap, and there are technology issues withthis transformation that the cartographermust address. Examples of these include fileformat, output resolution, fontcharacteristics, choice of color, color methodselection, and most importantly, theunknown user environment. Thispresentation will show how these factorsand others impact the interchangeability ofvirtual and real maps. Discuss the difficultythat this transformation can cause to thecartographer designing maps for concurrentvirtual and real use, as well as the limitations

of this transformation and its impact on theuser community.

Jon Corbett,maryandjon@pacificcoast.net and C.Peter Keller, pkeller@uvic.ca,Department of Geography, Universityof Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia,Canada

Design and Implementation of anInteractive Map-Based CommunityInformation Systems in EastKalimantan, IndonesiaInteractive map-based communityinformation systems are under developmentin collaboration with two indigenouscommunities in East Kalimantan, Indonesia.Both communities are ‘oral societies’. Theytherefore are limited in the extent andcontent of information they can present. Weinitiated a project, therefore, to installinformation systems to explore the use ofdigital interactive maps, photos and videoclips as a basis for presenting informationabout a community.

Using participatory processes, our projectaimed to facilitate the two communities inthe creation of information about their landand community. Our involvement rangedfrom initiating community decision-making,to deciding what information to collect andhow to organize the collection process, totraining community members in the use ofequipment including computer software,video equipment and digital camera. Facedwith outside development pressures on theirtraditional land base, the two communitiesso far have made maps to document andclarify boundaries, land uses and relatedfeatures. Both communities have used video,digital photographs and text to documentcurrent and historical information abouttheir culture, land use management practicesand significant events in the village using,storing this information on a computer andmanaging, accessing and presenting itthrough the interface of interactive maps.

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Information collected already has been usedsuccessfully to communicate information togroups from outside the village.

In this presentation we will introduce theproject, comment on the significance ofmanaging, accessing and presentinginformation using interactive maps,introduce the types of information that thecommunities choose to record, and commenton how the tools and training we introducedserved to empower the two localcommunities.

Ed Delaney, Wind Cave National Park,Hot Springs, SD 57747,ed_delaney@nps.gov

Reducing Data Chaos: The WindCave National Park ExperienceThis is a case study in combining legacy andnew data management in amultidimensional public agency. Wind CaveNational Park, about 50 miles south ofMount Rushmore National Memorial, wasthe seventh national park created in the US.Wind Cave has used automated mapping ina variety of guises for over a decade to mapsurface resources like its bison, elk, prairiedogs, and vegetation, and subsurface cavepassages. Beginning with CAD drawingtechnology, a switch was made to PC ArcInfoin the early 1990s. ArcView and workstationArcInfo were adopted with Windows NTtowards the end of the 1990s. GIS wasdeveloped by a combination of volunteers,regular staff as collateral duties, students,researchers, and seasonal employees overthe years. Many people learned to “do” GISby creating data, and several interesting andunique forms of data management arereflected in an eclectic collection of data. In2000, a full-time GIS Specialist position wascreated and filled, and over 1,200 discretedata layers were addressed for catalogingand documentation with metadata. Thispaper documents the problem of developinga multi-use database from largely unplannedproject-specific data, potentially representingmany tens of thousands of dollars of salaried

time. It emphasizes the development andimplementation of a data management plan,and the process of data archeology.

David DiBiase, Pennsylvania StateUniversity, Session Moderator.

Panel Discussion: Specifying andEvaluating CartographicCompetencies for ProfessionalCertification in GISPanelists:

Barbara Buttenfield, University of ColoradoC. Peter Keller, University of VictoriaMark Monmonier, Syracuse UniversityJudy Olson, Michigan State UniversityTerry Slocum, University of KansasDavid Woodward, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Michael Phoenix, former ESRI manager ofuniversity relations, estimated recently thatmore than 200 U.S. colleges and universitiesoffer GIS certificate programs. Curricula varywidely among these programs because nostandards exist for what a GIS professionalought to be able to do. For better or forworse, standardization of GIS certificationprograms may be, as proponent NancyObermeyer argues, “an idea whose time hascome.”

Several professional organizations havebegun attempts to identify the corecompetencies that GIS professionals oughtto possess. Competence in cartography _specifically, in map design _ is consistentlyincluded in the wish lists that these groupscompile. Cartographers have an opportunityto influence these emerging standards, butonly if they act decisively. This session willcall upon the expertise of NACIS membersto identify a very short list of essentialcartographic competencies and evaluationstrategies. Each of six distinguished panelistswill present a five- to ten-minute-longargument that justifies one or moredemonstrable cartographic competencies.Discussion will follow.

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Andrew Dolan, Department of Geography/Geographic Resources Center, University ofMissouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211,atd2fd@mizzou.edu

Content Analysis of Choropleth Mapsin Academic Geography Journals,1974 to 1999Until recently, most maps in the long historyof cartography have been produced by hand.Recent technological developments, namelythe proliferation of the personal desktopcomputer, have revolutionized cartography.Mapmaking is no longer limited to a selectfew with the needed technical skills, but cannow be done easily by the public at large.Choropleth maps are especially simple tocreate with current mapping software.Within the discipline of geography, however,the new ease and simplicity of mapmaking iscoinciding with a decrease in importance ofteaching cartographic skills; a proliferation ofmaps can potentially lead to many moremaps being produced with errors or used ininappropriate fashions. Using contentanalysis techniques, this paper examines fivegeneral scholarly geographic journals overfive-year periods from 1974 to 1999 andexamines each quantitative choropleth mapfrom the selected year. This research willattempt to answer the question of whetheror not current choropleth maps, largelyproduced by article authors on easilyavailable mapping software, feature moreerrors in their content and usage than inyears before desktop computers were widelyavailable.

Dennis Fitzsimons, Department ofGeography, Southwest Texas StateUniversity, San Marcos, Texas, 78666

Maps in Geographic Journals—Learning from Practical LessonsWhile serving as the Cartography Editor forthe ANNALS and The ProfessionalGeographer, two journals of the Associationof American Geographers, it has beenilluminating to notice the practical state of

cartography among professionalgeographers. Map preparation forpublication continues to be difficult for manygeographic authors. Is the discipline ofgeography becoming so specialized thatbasic cartographic vocabulary is foreign tomost geographers? This presentationaddresses the most prevalent problemsencountered by the Cartography Editor andoffers suggestions and comments in supportof better maps in professional journals.

Charlie Frye, ESRI, Redlands, CA, andJoe Poracsky, Portland State University

GIS Map Production Round TableDiscussionOver the past five to seven years GIS hasgone from the thing that ‘killed’ cartographyto a means by which a staggering number ofmaps of increasingly very high quality areproduced. Today, GIS is rapidly becoming thebasis for production cartography in manylarge governmental agencies, but how wellhave cartography workflows been integratedinto GIS? In other words, GIS software iscertainly adaptable and being used to createcartographic process but has or shouldcartography/cartographers adapt to GIS?How do production cartographers managetheir data holdings? Do these data holdingsrepresent data that are only used to createmaps with or, from an organizationalstandpoint, is the data generic?

Paul Fyfield, Geography Department,Portland State University,fyfield@pdx.edu

Portland Election Maps 1908–1922:Using Archival Spatial Information.The creation of maps for historicalgeographic analysis presents a set ofproblems different than those encounteredin cartographic representation of modernday phenomena. The complete absence ofdata in digital form is compounded by thescarcity or incompleteness, of period maps

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for reference. However, much information ofa spatial nature exists in other forms, such astextual descriptions of boundaries orattributes in tabular format.

Such a case was the execution of maps for abook in preparation, “The Radical MiddleClass: Populist Democracy and the Questionof Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland,Oregon.” Microfilmed newspaper accounts ofelection results, a pamphlet found in theCounty Library detailing precinctboundaries, and a partial set of maps in thecollection of the Oregon Historical Societywere among the diverse sourcesincorporated into the final product.

Consistent similarities in voting tendenciesbetween neighborhoods in different sectorsof the city shown by the resulting mapssupport the author’s thesis in a more directand easily interpretable way than wouldhave been possible with several pages oftext. The conversion of this information intomaps demonstrates the visual power ofcartography, clarifying spatial patterns thatmay have only been inferred from the samedata in its previous state. The value ofovercoming the obstacles in this process isthus demonstrated.

Adeola Gbadebo, University of Lagos,Nigeria

GIS for your ProfessionsThis paper session is part of my presentresearch work at the University of Lagos formy postgraduate study in the Department ofElectronic and Communication Engineering.You will see GIS and it’s impact in certainprofessions, such as engineering,environmental science, art & culture, andeducation. This paper is divided into fourparts.

The first part points out the impact of GIS inengineering as a profession and the vital roleof Computer Aided Design (CAD) mappingin the work done by engineeringprofessionals. It also gives more emphasis on

how GIS has rapidly changed thetelecommunication sector, and on the qualityof the services it offers to customers.

The second part talks about GIS applicationsin the environmental science Profession, as itranges from land planning, surveying, andarchitecture to construction. It points outhow GIS allows surveyors to createintelligent land plans through automatedmapping, data capture and surveyinganalysis tools. It also addresses the GISapplication in architecture and constructionmanagement and points out some tasks thatcan be accomplished more easily with GISsoftware in these professions.

The third part talks about the impact of GISon libraries and museums related to art andculture. It also points out the history ofkeeping geographical records in the librarythat can be exhibits in a museum.

Finally the last part will focus on GIS forEducation. This paper takes a critical look atits impact in primary, secondary, universityand community college levels. Emphasis ison the use of geographical tools and studyby students of all ages to solve the problemsof the world today ranging fromenvironmental, economics, political,technological development etc. as they existin their geographical context.

Pat Gilmartin, Department ofGeography, University of SouthCarolina, gilmartin-pat@sc.edu.

Propaganda Maps on Postcards fromGermany’s Third Reich“The essence of propaganda is simplicity,force and concentration ... the art ofpropaganda is to gather completelyconfused, complex and composite ideas intoa single catch slogan and then to instill thisinto the people as a whole.” These are thewords of Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Hitler’sMinister of Propaganda, as he spoke in 1933to representatives of the press about thenewly established Ministry for Popular

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Enlightenment and Propaganda. In seekingto unify the masses of Germany behind theirgovernment, the Third Reich made extensiveuse of propaganda in various media,including radio, newspapers, film, posters,music, and the like. Graphic design,including cartography, played a major role inthe propaganda campaign, with mapsappearing in popular magazines, classroomwall maps and atlases, newspapers, posters,and postcards. This paper comprises anexamination of Nazi propaganda in maps, onpostcards. And including 1) an analysis ofthe maps’ primary messages, such asGermany’s vulnerability to outside attack,themes of patriotism and political legitimacy,and the inseparability of Hitler and thenation, and 2) a study of the symbolizationtechniques to achieve the maps’ goals.

John T. Gunn, Portland State University,Portland, Oregon

Mapping Urban Structure: Analysisof 2000 Population Density inPortland, OregonUsing the 2000 Census data, this paperinvestigates spatial patterns of populationdensity inside the Portland Urban GrowthBoundary (UGB) in order to test severalconceptual models of urban structure.Conducting its analysis at the block level, thestudy models the 2000 population density asa function of the distance from the CentralBusiness District to test the Burgessconcentric ring model, the distance fromregional centers to test the Ullman andHarris multinuclear model, and the distancefrom major arterial roads for the Hoytsectoral model. A separate model isdeveloped to analyze the relationshipbetween the density and the distance fromthe UGB. I argue that the three models areinterrelated and represent different yetconnected stages of the evolution of urbanform: they are coincident with thetransportation epoch of the time of eachmodel’s conceptualization. The presence ofthe UGB designed to limit the urban sprawl

in the region may be tipping the balancefrom the centripetal, away-from-the-citydevelopment back to the mononuclear phaseby introducing certain centrifugal forces. Thestudy utilizes the map analysis to developplausible explanations of the 2000 densitypatterns not explained by the regressionmodels. It develops series of maps displaying1990 and 2000 density patterns, 1990-to-2000 changes in density as well as maps offactors likely leading to these changes, suchas housing construction activities. Besidesblock-level choropleth maps, it producesmaps of density trend surface contours andthe density gradients to facilitate theanalysis.

Adele Haft, Hunter College-CityUniversity of New York

Poetic City-Maps of Italy:(Di)versifying the Teaching ofGeography, IVIn 1942, Henry Reed’s “A Map of Verona”appeared. Four years later, it became the titleand opening poem of the only volume ofpoetry the English poet produced during hislifetime (1946: A Map of Verona). As such,the poem’s significance cannot be overstatedfor this multi-talented writer, cryptographer,and broadcaster. Two places imprintedthemselves indelibly on his memory. Onewas his home in Dorset, England; the otherwas Italy. What connected them was Reed’sobsession with Thomas Hardy, the novelistand poet of another map-poem, “A Place onthe Map” (1914).

“A Map of Verona” is autobiographical. Itnostalgically recalls his trip to Naples andprophesies his return to Italy, this time toVerona. In it, Reed presents himself as thestar-crossed lover—not of a person but aplace. While poets from Aristophanes onread the human body like/as a map, Reederoticizes a map into the beloved’s body.

In the end, Reed rejects his map not only asa practical guide but as an image onto whichto project his dreams. Yet the poem invites us

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to consider the historical and psychologicallinks between maps, travel, and desire.Understanding these enables us to explorethe gap that separates the type of map hewas probably using from earlier, moreromantic depictions of Verona. AlthoughReed did not know it, “A Map of Verona” isthe poetic culmination of a long tradition ofbreathtakingly beautiful Italian town-plansand of geographies that personify regions asthe beloved.

Howard Horowitz, GeographyDepartment, Ramapo College,Mahwah, NJ 07430,hhorowit@ultrix.ramapo.edu

WORDMAPSThis presentation explores a creativeinterface of poetry and geography, themaking of “wordmaps.” These wordmapsrange widely in subject matter and style.Some are symbolic representations of naturalfeatures such as rivers and dunes, and othersare information-rich images of places thatare more-or-less “cartographically correct.”Some of the wordmaps represent specificwatersheds, others represent politicaljurisdictions such as states, and still othersrepresent physiographic or ecologicalregions.

I will display a variety of wordmaps, somefinished and others partially finished, andwill discuss some of the issues and problemsthat I have encountered during theircreation. Like other cartographic efforts, eachwordmap is built on a foundation ofsubstantial field work and library research,and requires repeated revision in order toachieve a presentable form.

Among the completed wordmaps to bedisplayed are “Manhattan” (which waspublished on the Op-Ed page of the NewYork Times on 8/30/97), “The WalkillWatershed,” “Idaho,” and “The ReadingProng.” Completed symbolic images include“River,” “Dune”, and “Redwood Creek.”Partially finished wordmaps include the

Hudson River, the Ramapo River, GreaterYellowstone, and Nevada. If time permits, Iwill perform a reading of one of thewordmaps.

Adam Light, Department of Geography,University of Oregon, Eugene, OR97203, adam.light@alum.dartmouth.organd Patrick J. Bartlein, Department ofGeography, University of Oregon,Eugene, OR 97203,bartlein@oregon.uoregon.edu

Design Heuristics for Improved“State of the Practice” in CartographyThe innate human ability for visual analysisexceeds our natural aptitude for designingdata graphics. This imbalance presents afundamental challenge to the discipline ofdata visualization, which requires aninteractive dialog between analysis anddesign. Despite continual advances incartographic knowledge and techniques, theaverage quality of published maps mayactually be in decline as investigators inmany fields routinely use sophisticatedmapping and design software to create mapswithout the benefit of cartographic expertise.

Design heuristics are parsimonious rules thatcapture design expertise and make itaccessible to non-experts. To demonstratethe potential benefits of automated designheuristics for cartography, we present anapplication for mapping large sets ofenvironmental data commonly portrayedusing psuedocolor images or isarithms. Ourproof-of-concept comprises a core mappingplatform and a heuristics module thatmerges domain knowledge and statisticalmethods with design expertise. Specificheuristics provide tailored advice oncartographic decisions pertaining to class-intervals, colortable, projection, and lineproperties among others.

In data graphics and visualization for theenvironmental sciences, the operant problemis not that the cartographic “state of the art”

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is inadequate to the tasks at hand. But ratherthat the everyday “state of the practice”remains underdeveloped, failing to showimprovement with technological progress orthe passage of time. Cartographic designheuristics close the gap between state of theart and state of the practice by providingdecision support to data experts: users whounderstand their data and its analysis deeply,but who lack design expertise.

John H. Long, Editor, Atlas of HistoricalCounty Boundaries, The NewberryLibrary, 60 W. Walton Street, Chicago,IL 60610. longj@newberry.org

An Atlas Design Evolves: The Case ofthe Atlas of Historical CountyBoundariesTried-and-true is the standard in atlasdesign, even for specialty atlases on unusualtopics, because changing an atlas isexpensive and because commonly there arefew opportunities to revise or refine theoriginal design. Over the decade since ourfirst volume went on sale, the Atlas ofHistorical County Boundaries has produced19 volumes on 24 different states. Thosevolumes share common goals, differing onlyin their specific content and, in some cases,in the details of their design. Dealing with 24different states requires conscious decisionsto continue standard features or to revise orrefine them, or to add new features, toimprove readers’ access to the information.

The paper will focus on seven changes orsteps in the evolution of the current design.They range from a modification of initialpage design shortly before the first volumethrough changing placement of animportant reader’s aid to new base “maps”and new symbols that have emerged fromour shift to electronic map-making. In nearlyevery instance, people outside the project’sstaff—mostly readers—provided theexperience, observations, or insights thatproduced changes.

Richard Lycan and Irina Sharkova,Population Research Center, Portland StateUniversity, Oregon. Mapping DemographicChanges Using Administrative Records Data.

This paper illustrates how schooladministrative records data may be used tomap demographic changes. It is a byproductof research conducted for Portland PublicSchools that analyzed past and forecastfuture enrollment trends. The maps arederived from a database containinginformation about schools, school children,and the locations where they live. The scopeof the mapping data is increased by linksfrom the residential locations of students tothe tax assessor’s database and to data fromthe 2000 census of population and housing.The database contains information as ofOctober 1 for each year from 1996 to 2000and will be updated on an annual basis. Thedata may be mapped from aggregations forfinite geographical units like census tracts orschool attendance areas or may begeneralized directly from point locationsusing grid mapping techniques. Examples ofmaps based on this database are presentedshowing: (1) changes in age composition, (2)changes in racial composition, (3) residentialmobility, and (4) movers by housing type.The type of data captured in this databaseand displayed on these maps shows onemethod of monitoring demographic changesin cities between censuses at a much finerlevel of geographical detail than is possibleusing existing census sources such as theAmerican Community Survey.

Mark Mattson, Cartographic/GIS Lab,Temple University, Session Moderator

Panel Discussion: Atlas 2001:Evolutions in Content, Audience, andFormPanelists: Anna Jasiak, Senior ResearchGeographer, National Atlas of Canada.David DiBiase, Faculty and Director of theGould Center of Geography Education, PennState University. Ann Johnson, Director for

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High Education, ESRI. Ka Iu Fung,University of Saskatchewn. Aileen R.Buckley, Assistant Professor, University ofOregon.

The Atlas of Pennsylvania was producedduring the 1980s. A second edition, at leastin concept, is now on the drawing table.During preliminary planning sessions,certain questions come immediately to mind.While the original participants recall clearlywhat an atlas was 12 years ago, many arebaffled as to what it is today.

Our panel considers this question by:looking at the impact of technology oncartography and atlas composition; assessingGIS technology and map browser softwareon cartographic representations; andevaluating dissemination mediums andshifts from paper paradigms to electronicformats. The session also re-evaluates theconcept of atlas audience. Panel memberswill discuss audience needs and access togeospatial information offering solutions forcontent delivery to an evolving readershipwith varied expectations, resources, andtechnological capabilities.

Final technological considerations includemanagement and adaptation strategies inthe areas of geographic/cartographicinformation housing, data warehousing, andhistorical continuity of information.

Lewis L. McArthur, Oregon GeographicNames Board, and Mark E. Flannery,USDA-Forest Service, PacificNorthwest Region

Mapping with the Geographic NamesInformation System: Let the UserBewareThe GNIS is the official repository ofdomestic geographic names information forthe United States, maintained by the U.S.Geological Survey’s geographic names staff.GNIS is commonly accessed to determinecorrect place name locations and spellings,and subsequently creating text placement

databases for mapping. Cartographersshould be aware that GNIS is not entirelyup-to-date, especially with regard toadministrative names. The frequentlychanging status of these names calls formore effort from the states to keep GNIScurrent. USGS GNIS manager: Roger L.Payne (703) 648-4544; rpayne@usgs.gov.USGS GNIS URL: http://geonames.usgs.gov/gnishome.html

Dennis McClendon, ChicagoCartoGraphics, Session Moderator

Panel Discussion: Field Checking:Three Veterans’ TalesPanelists:

Nat Case, Head of Production, HedbergMaps, ncase@hedbergmaps.com

Dennis McClendon, Design Director,Chicago CartoGraphics,dennis@chicagocarto.com

Ryan Lewelling, Field Research Manager,MapLink, rlewelling@maplink.com

Field checking is something that’s not reallycovered in the textbooks, but it’s invaluablefor serious large-scale mapping. Thedilemmas faced by a conscientious andthoughtful field-checker illuminate manycartographic issues: what qualifies as astreet? What’s the proper name for aparticular landmark? What’s the point ofnumbering an unmarked highway? Threeveterans of the field will discuss theirexperiences in field-checking a wide varietyof sources and locations, from campus andneighborhood guides to city street maps toentire state atlases.

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Patrick McGlamery, MAGIC, HomerBabbidge Library, University of Connecticut,patrick.mcglamery@uconn.edu and RobertCromley, Department of Geography,University of Connecticut,robert.cromley@uconn.edu

Dynamic Cartographic: Visualizationof Statistical Data in a Web-basedEnvironmentThis paper is the next in the evolution of aseries of papers documenting the progress ofa state-based data warehouse of statisticaldata. Cromley and I presented a paper at thePre-Conference of NACIS XX entitled “AGeo-Relational Approach to theDissemination of Geographic Informationon the Internet”, and at the 2000 AAGmeeting: “Integrating Metadata and DataDissemination Over the Internet.” Thiscurrent paper will describe a thin clientcartographic visualization of thematic datausing OpenSource software: mySQL andGeoTools. Issues of web cartography, datavisualization, metadata and delivery will bediscussed.

Janet E. Mersey, University of Guelph,Ontario, Canada and Andrew A.Millward, University of Waterloo,Ontario, Canada

The Role of Technical and LocalExpertise in GIS Analysis: CaseStudies from MexicoThis paper explores the increasinglysophisticated roles that GIS technology canplay in land management, focusing on itsapplication in protected environments. Thisevolving use of GIS entails a shifting cast ofexperts and institutional arrangements, sincelocal knowledge, expertise and cooperationare essential components of any realisticmanagement plan. The progression of GISapplications from mapping, measuring, andmonitoring, to modeling and management isillustrated with three brief case studies fromthe Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve

(SMBR) in Mexico.

The first case study examines the pattern andextent of deforestation in the Reserve; thisrequired little local involvement since thenecessary data could be gleaned fromremote sources. In the second example, a soilerosion potential model is developed; heregreater local expertise was needed to gain anunderstanding of local environmentalconditions and agricultural practices.Implementing changes to land use practicesbased on this model again requires localacceptance and community participation. Inthe final example, GIS is used to create aresource allocation plan for the optimal useof land for pasture, crops and conservationactivities. Aspects of this model, such as theweighting scheme for the various land uses,reflect the preferences and priorities of theanalyst. Thus, the effective use of thisplanning tool is only feasible with thecooperation and involvement of all localstakeholders. Although this may be adifficult task when conflicts exist over land-use priorities, the potential benefits of GISanalysis in participatory planning andresource management deserve greaterattention.

Mark Monmonier, Maxwell School ofCitizenship and Public Affairs,Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY13244-1020, mon2ier@syr.edu

Media Coverage of the Post-2000Remap: Early Returns, PromisingDesigns, and Missed OpportunitiesThe post-2000 redistricting exercise presentsthe news media with a rare opportunity touse maps to describe an important politicalprocess, evaluate the handiwork of politicalcartographers and their critics, and educatereaders on demographic change, votingbehavior, partisan machinations, andconstitutional constraints. This paper looks atnews maps produced during the first fewmonths of the post-2000 remap by the Newtechniques. The census units in Pitt County

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York Times, the Associated Press, and dailynewspapers in several states. Foci includecoverage of the April 2001 Supreme Courtdecision in Hunt v. Cromartie (the final wordon North Carolina’s ill-fated post-1990congressional redistricting plan and acomparatively clear statement on the properrole of race); the Republican Party’schallenge to the proposed reconfiguration ofNew Jersey’s legislative districts; andspeculation in several states about partisanstrategies for accommodating populationgrowth or decline, supporting minoritygroups, and protecting incumbents. Inaddition to critiquing the design of mapsthat were produced, this paper examineslinkages between maps and theiraccompanying text, the plausible treatmentof other geographic themes andrelationships, and revealing rolescartography might play as redistricting plansemerge and the arena moves from statelegislatures to the federal courts.

Dieudonne Mouafo, Eva Siekierska, KenFrancis, Jean-Louis Moisan, and AnitaMuller, Mapping Services Branch,Geomatics Canada, Natural ResourcesCanada, 615 Booth, Ottawa, Ontario.dmouafo@nracan.gc.ca

Mapping the Historical andTerritorial Evolution of Iqaluit,Nunavut TerritoryChanges in technologies are changing theway maps are created and displayed.Especially, digital and Web-basedmultimedia cartography are bringing mapsoutside the main stream flow by giving anew life to archive data such as old papermaps and photographs. Therefore, HistoricalCartography is a way of building bridgesbetween the past, the present and the future.This is the main purpose of ‘The HistoricalEvolution of Iqaluit’ Mapping Project. Basedon the concept of interactive cartographicvisualization, its main objective is thedevelopment of an electronic interactive mapof Iqaluit, the booming capital city of the

newborn territory of Nunavut in NorthernCanada. By using a graphic interface andinteractive navigation tools, the user will beable to visually reconstruct change in spaceand time of the city over the last 50 years(1948-1998) through aerial photographs andthematic map layers and therefore,intuitively perceive transformations in theform of dynamic or animated maps oncomputer screen. Such a cartographicproduct may serve many purposes includingculture, tourism, education, and also cityplanning and development. Understandingthe development of the town over time isvaluable for education of youth andinteresting for city visitors and tourists.More, displaying change in a very dynamicenvironment of a fast-growing town likeIqaluit is also very important for decision-support. That may help to learn about thehistory of the Town and to understand thespatial growth process of the city area so asto plan its future development in a moresuitable way. Web site http://maps.NRCan.gc.ca/Visualization/.

Karen A. Mulcahy and Carol Jensen,Department of Geography, EastCarolina University, Greenville, NC27858, mulcahyk@mail.ecu.edu

Seeing More with Less: ApplyingDasymetric and PycnophylacticTechniques to Disaggregate CensusDataOften the “best available” data is not goodenough. Data at the level of the relativelycoarse enumeration units used for the USpopulation census did not provide sufficientinformation to evaluate racial inequity inexposure to floodwaters. The relativelycoarse census enumeration units in PittCounty, NC were all that was available tostudy racial inequity in flood exposurefollowing Hurricane Floyd in the fall of 1999.A more detailed and realistic portrayal ofpopulation distributions was achieved byapplying a combination of dasymetricmapping and pycnophylactic interpolation

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vary greatly in size. Particularly large unitsexist along the Tar River and its tributarieswhere the majority of the flooding occurred.Residential areas were identified using datafrom Pitt County for unincorporated areasand aerial photography for incorporatedcities and towns. Next the pycnophylacticinterpolation technique was applied toredistribute population into two categories,African American and non-AfricanAmerican. The pycnophylactic interpolatorhas the significant advantage of being mass-preserving. No persons are lost or gainedduring the interpolation process. The resultsconsisted of two separate populationsurfaces, which were compared to floodextent. The combination of these twotechniques permitted a desegregation ofcensus data for analysis of racial inequity inflood exposure while maintaining personalprivacy.

Deborah Natsios, Natsios YoungArchitects, New York, NY,dn@pipeline.com

Jerusalem SKY: Conflict Resolutionand New Bird’s Eye ViewsEach Spring and Fall, spectacular migrationsinvolving 500 million birds confirm thebiogeographic prominence of Israel /Palestine as a landbridge linking Africa, Asiaand Europe, a transcontinental pattern ofavian flyways that recalls Jerusalem’s centricrole in the schemata of early T-O maps.

Advances in military and civil aviation haveincreased competition for the region’scrowded airspace, as demonstrated in theserious problem of catastrophic birdstrikehazards—collisions between birds andaircraft resulting in costly damage, injuriesand fatalities that have exceeded losses fromairwar incidents.

Jerusalem SKY is a web-based project ofhypermedial image maps that supportscurrent reasearch in bird conservation andbirdstrike avoidance. SKY image mapsexplore the unusual convergence between

cartographies that construct distinctrepresentations of space for conservationbiology and military interests.

SKY digital maps are portals hyperlinked tothe website’s open information architecture,databases and archives that represent ahybridization of previously discretetechnologies. Zoogeographic mappings andmilitary imaging are superimposed,interweaving avifaunal habitats and flywayswith geospatializations typically restricted tonational security’s classified domain —including tracking radar, meteorologicalremote sensing, and high-resolution satelliteimagery.

Jerusalem SKY constructs new bird’s eyeviews of the city and region, in which mapsare transparently linked to an openinformation architecture offering newsolutions to some intractable territorialdisputes and unresolved boundary litigation.

References:

Natsios, D. and Young, J. (2001). Jerusalem SKY. in NextJerusalem, ed. Sorkin, Monacelli, New York, NY (in press).

Elisabeth S. Nelson, Department ofGeography, UNC-Greensboro, NorthCarolina, 27402, esnelso2@uncg.edu

Bivariate Thematic Maps: EvaluatingSymbology in the Map Environment.Research conducted on the theory ofselective attention suggests that varying thegraphic combinations used when designingbivariate point symbols affects thefunctionality of the symbol. Some graphiccombinations appear to facilitate the abilityto visualize correlation between the data setsmapped onto the symbol; others appear tobe more effective at representing the datasets individually, some even at the expenseof extracting correlational information. Thepurpose of this research was to test thestrength of these findings in a map usecontext. Several bivariate symbol designswere tested in the study, using map use tasksNick A. Padfield, Cartographer, U.S. Census

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designed to test subjects’ abilities to extracteither correctional information from the twomapped data sets or individual informationfrom one of the two data sets. Subjectreaction times provided an assessment of thetypes and levels of interactions that occurredwith each symbol set. Results corroborateprevious research in both cartography andpsychology, with several symbol designsfalling into each of three interactionalcategories: separable, integral, andconfigural. By confirming and expandingprevious research, this study provides furtherevidence of the strength of selectiveattention theory in aiding the design ofbivariate thematic maps.

Jeffery S. Nighbert, Oregon State Office,Bureau of Land Management,Portland, Oregon, 97201, jnighber@or,blm.gov

Using Satellite Imagery to “BumpMap” Relief Backdrops inCartographic PresentationsShaded or “painted” relief backdrops addtremendous visual interest and value tocartographic products. Addition of reliefbackdrops have proven effective atportraying realistic landscapes andgeographical situations and is widelypracticed in cartography today. However, thebeautifully smoothed and colored shadedrelief surfaces commonly portrayed as“backdrops” on many maps do not revealadditional information widely availablethrough interpreted satellite imagery orgeographic information systems.Incorporation of additional “geographictextures” is possible, while maintaining visualbalance and readability, through “bumpmapping” techniques. This presentation willdiscuss “bump mapping” techniques andissues with several real-world examples.

Ian J. O’Connell and C. Peter Keller,Department of Geography, Universityof Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada,pkeller@uvic.ca, ianoc@home.com

Development of Collaborative LandValuation Information Products: AnInteractive Web Site as an Aid forStakeholders and Decision-MakersFirst Nations treaty negotiations and landclaim settlements require valuing land fordiverse land uses, including usage difficult toquantify in absolute or monetary terms. Thispaper presents an attempt to develop amethodology to capture, compare andevaluate perceived value of landscape asexpressed by stakeholders and experts. Aresearch methodology was designed tofacilitate data collection and analysis ofstakeholders’ judgements of land value fortourism and outdoor recreation from aholistic perspective employing anorthophotograph. We justify and explain ourmethodology in detail and report what typesof information products can be derived fromsuch an exercise, including statisticalsummaries and maps reporting averageresponses, measures of consensus anddivergence, and strategies for groupingresponses. The case study presented involvesdata collected from stakeholders on GalianoIsland, of British Columbia’s Gulf Islands.The results were inputted into an interactiveweb site, which enables stakeholders to bothinvestigate their own results, but also tocompare them to other stakeholders. Weconclude by demonstrating examples of theweb site as well as commenting on what weperceive to be the general value of this typeof exercise to landscape valuation, and itspotential development to an “on-the fly”interactive Internet-based GIS andCollaborative Spatial Decision System forland valuation.

ABSTRACTS

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Bureau

Creation of the 106th and 107thCongressional District AtlasThe U.S. Census Bureau is responsible forproducing the Congressional District Atlas,which presents a collection of mapsdepicting the boundaries of thecongressional districts of the United States.The Atlas for the 106th and 107th Congresswas produced using a variety of ESRIproducts including ArcInfo and Maplex anddeveloping a complex mapping system tomeet the requirements of this productproved to be challenging. This presentationwill describe the major components of theAML-based mapping system includinginteractive map sheet layout andconfiguration, text placement and editing,and map output. Problems encounteredthroughout the project and how to overcomethem in the development of future mappingsystems will be discussed as well.

Tom Patterson, US National Park Service,Harpers Ferry, WV 25425-0050,t_patterson@nps.gov

Manipulating DEMs for 3DCartographic IllustrationAlthough cartographers routinelymanipulate vector geo-data to achievedesirable presentation goals, in the case ofDigital Elevation Models (DEMs), we tend toconsider these data to be as immutable asthe landscapes they represent. This is mostlya matter of unfamiliarity. This paper willexamine the ways in which DEMs can bemanipulated, like virtual modeling clay, forcreating 3D landscape views, geologic blockdiagrams, and illustrations. Topics to bediscussed include topographic substitution, amethod for reverse engineering present-daylandscapes into the past or projecting them

into the future; selective verticalexaggeration; resolution bumping GTOPO30data for presenting legible high-mountainlandscapes; painting and filtering effects;and, warping the projection plane of DEMsto create views that emulate the panoramasof Heinrich Berann and the spherical over-the-horizon views of Richard Edes Harrison.The manipulations to DEMs are done inAdobe Photoshop, freeware and sharewareutilities, and dedicated terrain generationsoftware applications.

David K. Patton, Department ofGeography, Central MichiganUniversity, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859,dkplap88@aol.com

Working in the GIS WorldIn recent years, there has occurred a sharpincrease in the number of academicdepartments in the United States offeringapplied programs in Geographic InformationSystems and/or Geographic InformationScience. These new programs includebaccalaureate degrees, post-baccalaureatecertificates, Master’s degrees, and even Ph.D.degrees. By definition, the majority of theseapplied degrees are aimed at the studentthat will seek employment outside ofacademia as a GIS professional. As theseprograms evolve, faculty and administratorsmust ask themselves “What does a newgraduate in the field of GIS need to know?”In an attempt to answer that question, thispaper investigates some current trends inGIS employment. What skills are employersseeking from new graduates? Conversely,what skills that employers don’t ask for doGIS professionals need? What resourcesexist for students interested in careers inGIS? What types of organizations arecurrently hiring GIS graduates? What is thetypical career path for a GIS professional?Hopefully, this paper will generatediscussion among GIS faculty and GISprofessionals about how students are beingexperience a continually growing variety of

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trained. It is critical for the health ofacademic programs and for the health of GISas a whole that students are adequatelytrained to meet the challenges of working ina GIS world.

Brandon Plewe, Brigham YoungUniversity, Provo, UT, 84602

The Electronic Historical Atlas: WebMaps or Something More?The term “electronic atlas” is becoming apopular moniker for a wide variety of digitalmap-based products, distributed via CD-ROM or increasingly the Internet. Many ofthese are little more than database-generated map views that one can pan andzoom. These services take advantage ofneither the historic power of printed atlasesnor the new power of digital cartography.The former was more than a collection ofmaps; it taught the principles of geographyand other subjects through thoughtfuldesign and interpretive narrative. The latter,especially in the forms of geographicvisualization, interactive cartography, andmultimedia, opens new avenues for self-directed exploration and learning.Operational examples of “true” electronicatlases are few, but form a valuablefoundation for taking the next step.

Creating an electronic-historical-atlas, suchas the projects under construction as part ofthe Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative,particularly our Atlas of Utah’s Past, requiresa further integration of traditional techniqueand new technology. Interactive temporalcartography is more than just animatedmaps. Uncertainty is unavoidable. Strongconnections between map information andtextual or map sources is required. Increasedfunctionality makes the design of effectiveuser interfaces more difficult and morecritical. If these challenges can be met, theresult will be a powerful tool for basiceducation, self-paced learning, and scholarlyresearch.

Joseph Poracsky, Geography Department,Portland State University, Portland,OR, 97207, poracskyj@pdx.edu

Interpreting the Map(s) of PortlandWhen looked at in the aggregate, the varietyof maps of a particular place can presentsome very interesting physical, cultural andcartographic issues. Maps of the city ofPortland, Oregon are one example of therichness of local cartographic sources. Insome instances examination of a commonmap will reveal something unusual and raisea question (“I thought there were only 36sections in a Township?”) Sometimes thepresence of a feature in an unusual spatialcontext may elicit a question (“Why is theresuch a large forest so close to downtown?”)In other instances the subject matter of amap may be uncommon and arouse curiosity(“What is radon gas?”) Some maps mayhave stories hidden in them, but the fact thata story exists or its details may not beobvious (“Isn’t that a lovely park next to theriver?”) The answers to the variety ofquestions that arise from maps can revealmuch about a place, the people who havelived there, and how the place has changedthrough time.

Deborah A. Reusser, U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Western Geographic ScienceCenter

Exploring the National Atlas of theUnited States On-lineThe first and only National Atlas of theUnited States published by the U. S.Geological Survey in 1970, weighed morethan 10 pounds and featured 335 pages ofinformation, mapping everything frommaximum monthly temperatures to mineralsin the water. Updates of those maps, plushundreds of others, are now availablethrough the new National Atlas of theUnited States at nationalatlas.gov. Fromhardcopy maps to interactive, customizabledigital views including multimediapresentations, it is now possible to

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28 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

cultural, economic, and scientific informationabout our nation on-line. Join in anexploration of our Nation on the Web anddiscover the many facets of nationalatlas.gov.

Keith Rice, Department of Geography &Geology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point,Wisconsin 54481, krice@uwap.edu,and Steven Rice, Music Department,University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point,Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481,srice161@uwsp.edu

Scoring and Scripting Music forAnimated MapsOver the last decade cartographers haveamply defined the various parameters ofanimated maps. Yet, with the increase ofmultimedia presentations it is surprising thatlittle research has been conducted on theusage of sound with animation. In particular,music plays a major part in the humancondition and presents an unique avenue forenhancing animated maps. Music can beused to entertain as well as augment humanperception and cognitive abilities.Historically it has been composed withspecific purpose; it can create a state ofattentiveness, encourage introspection, orevoke empathy. The union of animated mapsand music is therefore a natural associationthat holds great potential in aiding thecartographic communication process.

As a basis for defining a nomenclature foranimated map music, this paper firstexplores the usage of music with maps inmovies and cartoons in the twentiethcentury, as well as summarizing significantresearch in the perception and cognition ofmusic. Particular emphasis is given to theusage of music that gives a ‘sense of place’ tothe audience. Given this historical context, aformal structure is presented for creatingmusical scores with animation graphicscripts. Utilizing cinematic scoring taxonomy(e.g. phasing, spotting), guidelines for mapmusic are defined based upon the type of

animation (e.g. fly-by) and its particulargenre (e.g. flow of migration). Logistics fororiginal music scoring and composition arediscussed. A research agenda for thepotential of music in spatial informationmemory enhancement and knowledgeacquisition is also outlined.

Erin R. Richmond, erinrich@uvic.ca andC. Peter Keller, pkeller@uvic.ca,Department of Geography, Universityof Victoria, Victoria, BC

Maps and Tourism DestinationMarketing on the Internet: UsersSpeakWe report on an ongoing research projectexploring the use of maps in Web basedtourism destination marketing. Part of theresearch is to test the hypothesis that Webusers think of the map as an importantcomponent of a tourism destination Website, and that they seek to use the map as anavigation tool to travel the site. In thispresentation we briefly introduce the overallresearch project before moving on to reporton an on-line user survey finding where weask respondents to comment on a number oftravel destination Web sites, asking them toidentify the role of maps in these sites, aswell as commenting on site quality and mapdesign.

David Rumsey, Cartography Associates,San Francisco, California,rumsey@luna-img.co

Building Internet Map LibrariesDavid Rumsey will discuss the creation of hisonline library of over 4,400 historic mapimages, www.davidrumsey.com. Topics willinclude methods used in high-resolutionscanning of the maps, creation of metadata,choice of viewing software and imagecompression formats, archiving for long-term storage, planning for data migration,strategies for sharing site images and datafor example, in the case of temperature, we

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with other online collections, integrationwith search engines, structuring the site tofacilitate use by schools as well as scholars,and how historical maps can be used withand integrated into GIS. Rumsey’s physicalmap collection, numbering over 150,000historical maps, is one of the largest privatemap collections in the United States.Rumsey’s Web site library has receivednumerous awards, including Yahoo Pick ofthe Week, Best of the Net from About.com,Site of the Day from USA Today, and Editor’sChoice from Netscape, Lycos, AOL, andother search engines. The site has beenfeatured in Wired magazine, Mercator’sWorld magazine, and on ZDTV.

Scott Ryan-Hart, Burgess & Niple,Limited, Columbus, Ohio,sryanhart@burnip.com

Educating Professionals aboutCartography in the Transportation-Planning EnvironmentWithin the transportation-planningenvironment there are a number of differenttypes of professionals that need to worktogether to create deliverable products forclients. Increasingly, mapping has become anintegral part of these products. Manytransportation-planning firms have begun tohire map-making professionals to generatethese maps for reports and stand aloneproducts. Unfortunately, most of theprofessionals involved in transportationplanning are not cartographically or evengeographically knowledgeable. This lack ofcartographic knowledge leads to a variety ofcommon misconceptions about map-making. These misconceptions include notbeing able to see mapping for anything

beyond pictures of locations and, conversely,expecting a single map to be able to illustratethe entirety of the geographic dataassociated with a transportation-planningproject. Another issue involves the need formaps to be completed in one business dayusing and engineering level of precision andan artistically pleasurable aesthetic. Due tothese concerns, it is necessary to continuallyeducate and inform other employees,executives, and clients about the capabilitiesand limitations of cartographic production inorder to maximize the effectiveness of boththe maps and the mapmaker. This educationcan take many forms; including informalconversations about map-making, to formalin-house seminars providing a more precisedescription of cartography and thecapabilities of this profession. This paperdescribes the most common misconceptionsabout map-making in a non-cartographicspecific professional environment, and howto educate other professionals aboutcartography for the purpose of maximizingthe efforts of cartographers in thetransportation-planning consultingenvironment.

Terry A. Slocum, and Johannes J.Feddema, Department of Geography,University of Kansas, Daniel Cliburn,and James R. Miller, Department ofElectrical Engineering & ComputerScience, University of Kansas, t-slocum@ukans.edu

Visualizing Uncertainty in GlobalWater Budget SimulationsWe are developing the Water BalanceVisualization System, software that willenable domain experts and decision makersto visualize simulated water budgets for anyterrestrial region of the world. Of particularinterest to us are the uncertainties associatedwith these simulated water budgets. A waterbudget is computed using four basic inputs:temperature, precipitation, soil water holdingcapacity, and a sub-model for calculatingpotential evapotranspiration. We canvisualize uncertainties in all of these inputs;

REFERENCES

30 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

can contrast a data set that maximizes spatialcoverage with one that provides a moreconsistent temporal coverage. We are alsoconsidering the uncertainties that arise fromvarious global circulation models (GCMs)that have been developed to simulate globalwarming. To depict uncertainty, we haveimplemented numerous techniques,including an RGB method, minimum andmaximum surfaces, transparency, divergingcolor schemes, and various glyphs. We areevaluating the software through a series ofusability studies involving domain experts,usability experts, and decision makers. It isnoteworthy that our study is interdisciplinaryin nature, involving a cartographer, aclimatologist, and computer scientists. Alsoof interest is our computer display platform,which consists of a 25 x 6 foot wall-mounteddisplay that is driven by three SGIInfiniteReality2 graphics subsystems.Eventually, we hope to study the ability ofdecision makers to collaborate in thisenvironment.

Trudy A. Suchan, U.S. Census BureauPopulation Division and Cynthia A.Brewer, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity

Mapping Census 2000: TheGeography of U.S. DiversityThe Census Bureau published statisticalatlases following the 1870, 1880, 1890, 1910,and 1920 censuses. To the delight of many,the Census Bureau is again presentingcensus data on maps in a print atlas format.Mapping Census 2000: The Geography ofU.S. Diversity presents a synthesis of thebasic patterns and changes in United Statespopulation distribution from 1990 to 2000.Maps feature county-level detail for the 50states, the District of Columbia, and PuertoRico. The Census 2000 data in the book arebased on the U.S. Census BureauRedistricting (PL94-171) Summary Filewhich provides total population, andpopulation by race, ethnicity, and voting age.Mapping Census 2000 provides a news-filled

look at diversity and change in thepopulation. In our presentation, we willdiscuss:

• Deriving data, making maps, and preparingthe atlas at the same time as standards werebeing developed for presenting theexpanded race categories for Census 2000;

• Assumptions statisticians and demographersbring to data classification and theimplications for legend design;

• The complex institutional process ofdeveloping, producing, and distributing anatlas from within a federal agency;

• The wide effect of the project through spin-offs such as individual maps used in analyticbriefs, single-sheet handouts for promotingthe Census Bureau, maps used inprofessional presentations, and spreadinggeographic thinking in the Census Bureau.

Michael A. Swaim, Roy S. Stine, andJeffrey C. Patton, Dept. of Geography,University of North Carolina atGreensboro

3D Map Animations for PublicHistory: Visualizing the Battle ofGuilford Courthouse, North CarolinaIn the early Spring of 1781 British forcesunder the command of Lord Cornwallis metthe Continental forces led by NathanielGreene near modern day Greensboro, NorthCarolina in what is often said to have beenthe pivotal battle of the Southern Campaignof the American Revolution. Due to thelosses suffered at the Battle of GuilfordCourthouse Cornwallis decided to movenorth to Yorktown, Virginia, a fatal changefrom his original strategy. This paperchronicles the creation of a 3D mapanimation showing troop movements andengagements during the battle. Theanimation was designed for general publicKaren M. Trifonoff, Department of

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use, meant for display on the typical homepersonal computer, and was developed on alimited budget. This paper emphasizes thesteps taken to create the 3D animation,including the initial concept design, locatingavailable data, software selection, dataintegration, problems encountered whenmatching historic maps with moderngeodetic surveys, and cartographic design.

Paporn Thebpanya, The University ofGeorgia, Athens, GA 30602,paporn@arches.uga.edu

Spatial Visualization of SoutheastAsia through CartographicAnimationRecent developments in multimediatechniques have provided a wide range ofhardware and software enhancements thatenable cartographers and map users tocreate and use cartographic multimediapresentations. The creation of cartographicanimation becomes a practical alternative fordisplay of maps since it allows for viewingthe phenomena that cannot be shown usingstatic maps. This paper describes the utilityof map animation and interaction inimproving the perception and understandingof various geographic concepts in theSoutheast Asia region. Several techniques,such as slideshow, metamorphosis,tweening, and flashing, are incorporated inthe animated maps. The cast-basedanimation that contains map of each countryis developed and hypermedia concepts with“hot spots” are implemented in order toallow one to interact with maps. Anexploration of the locations of countries andphysical features, such as rivers and capitalcities, can be performed through a simpleclick of the mouse. The subjects areevaluated according to how well theyperform on the map quiz where one group isprovided the animated maps to study andthe other is instructed to study the staticmaps. The questions include the labeling andidentification of countries, cities, and majorrivers. The preliminary results indicate that

the animated maps and hands-oninteractivity increase accuracy and decreaseresponse time to map questions. Shape andline animations also make memorizingeasier because they gain the map readers’attention and emphasize the existence of thelocation on the map.

Timothy Trainor, U.S. Census Bureau,Geography Division, Washington, D C20233-7400, ttrainor@geo.census.gov

Census 2000 Cartographic ProductsFor Census 2000, the Census Bureau will beproviding a wide variety of cartographicproducts for the data user. Census will beproviding a spectrum of maps and GISproducts, including the Census 2000 BlockMap series, Census Tract Outline Map(Census 2000) series, Cartographic BoundaryFiles and TIGER/Line files for public use,either through on-line access or purchase.The Census 2000 maps will be available tousers in different formats, and over theInternet for download or purchase. Censusmaps will be made available not only in thestandard paper format, but in Adobe’sPortable Document Format (PDF), for largeand small format maps, over the Internet oron CD-ROM, for large format maps. Alsoavailable will be the popular CartographicBoundary Files, for all geographic areas formthe block group and above, which areprovided in ArcInfo export format, ArcViewshapefile format, and ASCII text file format,over the internet and for import into any GISsystem. The Census Bureau will also beproviding numerous other outline, reference,and thematic maps, such as the MetropolitanArea Wall Map, the Population Distribution“Nighttime” Map and the 108thCongressional District Wall Map, based onCensus 2000 data and boundaries as data arereleased.

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32 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

Geography and Geosciences, BloomsburgUniversity, Bloomsburg, PA, 1781,trifonof@husky.bloomu.edu

An Analysis of Maps in ElementaryGeography Texts, 1850–1920Geographic education in the first half of thenineteenth century was dominated by amemorization pedagogy, and maps ingeography textbooks, with an abundance ofplace names, were well suited to thisapproach. In the second half of thenineteenth century, memorization was stillthe dominant educational methodology, butthere was a shift to include more detaileddescriptions of the human and physicalworld, and to include map-making activitiesto encourage geographic learning. JamesMonteith’s Comprehensive Geography(1882) encouraged map-making activities,the use of relief maps in describing thephysical world, and “learning fromobservation”. Spencer Trotter, in his Lessonsin the New Geography (1894), noted,“...geography is part of everyday life, not amere learning of the names of places...” Hisapproach to teaching geography includedthe building of three-dimensional mapmodels, and taking field trips to observe thenatural world. He also notes the importanceof geographic instruction in helping studentsbuild mental maps. The purpose of thispaper is to examine the maps in geographytextbooks used in the United States in thelast half of the nineteenth century, in orderto gain a clearer understanding of the role ofmaps in the teaching of geography.

Judith A. Tyner, Geography Department,California State University, LongBeach, Long Beach, CA 90840,jztyner@csulb.edu, orjztyner@earthlink.ne

A Methodology for ExaminingAlternative Cartographies:Researching Embroidered MapsWhen studying maps of specific types it is

necessary to compare maps by differentauthors, of different countries, or of differenttime periods side by side to see similaritiesand differences in form and content. Forconventional maps this is not a majorproblem. Map collections often specialize inmaps of a certain area or a specific timeperiod and the researcher can view severalmaps at one collection.

For a researcher studying unconventionalmaps or alternative map types, comparingmaps is difficult. The maps may be widelyscattered in collections that do not specializein cartography and a collection may haveonly one map of a given type. Unless onehas an unlimited budget and time, it is notpossible to visit enough “collections” to viewand gather information for more than a fewmaps. Small folk museums, local libraries,and individual collectors may not have thefacilities to make quality slides ortransparencies, and for color maps,photocopies are not satisfactory. Over thepast 30 years I have studied various kinds ofunconventional maps, most recentlyembroidered maps and globes, and I havehad to devise a methodology for each study.This paper discusses various methodologiesand focuses on how a scanner can be used inthe study of alternative maps usingembroidered maps as examples.

Ren Vasiliev, State University of NewYork, College at Geneseo, Departmentof Geography, Geneseo, NY 14454 ,vasiliev@geneseo.edu

Quilts: An Alternative CartographyThe representation of cartographic andgeographic information has had many formsover the years. A little known form in theUnited States has been in the hands ofwomen for the last two hundred years, thatof needle worked maps and geographicdescriptions. This paper will focus on oneneedle working craft, the making of quilts,and the use of this medium for the

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representation of cartographic andgeographic information. Through history, thewomen making these quilts made them for anumber of reasons, not the least of whichwas to keep their families warm in their bedsat night. However, working with scraps offabrics and threaded needles, the quiltsbecame maps and geographicrepresentations of what the women sawaround them or thought about during, forexample, their migrations on the Mormon orOregon Trails, or while settled in the midst ofCivil War conflicts over the abolition ofslavery. Many had no voice, especially slavewomen, and so expressed themselves as theycould, through their needlework. Morecurrently, women have been using themedium of quilt making as an art form withwhich to express their cartographies of lifeand their personal geographies. The majorpoint of this research is that the making ofmaps is a ubiquitous activity, one that usesthe methods at hand, in this case quiltmaking.

Denis White, US EPA, 200 SW 35thStreet, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333,white.denis@epa.gov

Rich MapsMichael Goodchild recently gave eightreasons why traditional maps are limited ascommunication devices, and how interactiveInternet mapping can overcome theselimitations. In the past, many authorities incartography, from Jenks to Bertin, haveemphasized the importance of simplicity inmap design. Is the practice of cartography tobecome simple maps on the Internet?

While not disputing technological trendsand the value of simplicity, particularly inmaps with simple purposes, nevertheless Iwant to argue for the value of maps ascontainers and mediators of complexinformation. A rich map, by this argument,contains many objects or phenomena, andconveys their spatial relationships in waysthat are more effective and meaningful than

REFERENCES

a set of simple maps. The argument in favorof such maps is based on several mappingtraditions, on an analysis of informationcontent in complex maps, and on anaesthetic theory. Two mapping traditionswith rich maps are the Swiss school oftopographic mapping and multivariatemapping in some atlases. An analysis of theinformation content of multivariate maps innational atlases reveals striking differencesacross these national efforts.

The aesthetic theory is the internal order,high informative value aesthetics of RuthLorand. In this philosophy, parts are relatedto a whole through complementaryinterpretation, an intuitive form ofknowledge that is context sensitive andinformative in varying degrees. Lorand’sconcepts are a way to think about art, maps,and theories. Rich maps, but not necessarilyall complex maps, exhibit high aestheticvalue in this way of thinking.

David Woodward, University ofWisconsin-Madison,dawoodwa@facstaff.wisc.edu

Teaching Map Design in an Age ofTechnical TransitionStudents in the map design class at theUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison haveproduced a full-color map as their main classproject. Using illustrations of these projectsfrom 1968 to 2001, I examine how differentmethods of production have affected thequality and style of project as well as the re-allotment of time for various topics in themap design courses.

In this period, techniques have changeddramatically: from lens based graphic tracingand reduction devices to PhotoShoptemplates; from ruling pens to AdobeIllustrator; from simulated full-color mapusing paints to separations in Illustrator;from hand lettering to digital fonts; fromscreens, negatives and laminate proofingsystems to ink-jet printers.

34 NORTH AMERICAN CARTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOCIETY

As is the tradition at NACISmeetings, the Hospitality Suite is aplace to sit, relax, and conversewith friends. Check the NACISregistration desk for HospitalitySuite room number.

We hope to see you at

NACIS XXIIColumbus, OhioOctober 9–12, 2002

I conclude that the ability to include GISdata, relief shading and projection softwareand PhotoShop files into vector drawingprograms has significantly increased theambitiousness of class projects. What has notmarkedly improved is the students’imaginative choice of projects,understanding of how maps are made andprinted, clarity in defining the purpose of themap, matching the level of generalization tothis purpose, and the general aesthetic senseof style. However, dramatic improvementsduring the course were observed when thestudents were allowed to make several draftsof their work. This depended on careful andfrequent feedback from the instructor andextensive class critiques to be effective,resulting in a fundamental reapportionmentof time in the course.

Map design courses are facing other far-reaching technical changes, such as improveddesign features in GIS software, animation, andgeographic visualization. How will thesemodify how we should teach map design?

North AmericanCartographic InformationSociety

We would like to acknowledge the followingpeople and organizations for theircontributions:

Dan Etter, MapQuest; the opening reception.

Charlie Frye, ESRI; the use of two dataprojectors.

Jeannine Schonta, Rand McNally; thePortland maps.

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NACIS XXIPortland Downtown

DoubletreePortland, Oregon

1 (503) 221-0450

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