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Nordregio Forum 2017Oslo November 29th
Paper I:Hult, A. (2013) “Swedish production of sustainable urban imaginaries in China”, Journal of Urban Technology, Taylor & Francis. Vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 77-94.
Paper II:Hult, A. (2015) “The circulation of Swedish urban sustainability practices: To China and back”, Environment and Planning A, Sage Journals. Vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 537-553.
Paper III:Rapoport, E. and Hult, A. (forthcoming, 2017) “The travelling business of sustainable urbanism: international consultants as norm-setters”, Environment and Planning A, Sage Journals. Accepted.
Paper IV:Hult, A. and Larsson, J. (2015) “Possibilities and problems with applying a consumption perspective in local climate strategies – the case of Gothenburg, Sweden”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Elsevier, Vol. 134, no. A, pp. 434-442.
Paper V:Hult, A. and Bradley, K. (forthcoming) “Planning for sharing: Providing infrastructure for citizens to be makers and sharers”, Planning Theory and Practice, Taylor & Francis. In review.
Paper I:Hult, A. (2013) “Swedish production of sustainable urban imaginaries in China”, Journal of Urban Technology, Taylor & Francis. Vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 77-94.
Paper II:Hult, A. (2015) “The circulation of Swedish urban sustainability practices: To China and back”, Environment and Planning A, Sage Journals. Vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 537-553.
Paper III:Rapoport, E. and Hult, A. (forthcoming, 2017) “The travelling business of sustainable urbanism: international consultants as norm-setters”, Environment and Planning A, Sage Journals. Accepted.
Paper IV:Hult, A. and Larsson, J. (2015) “Possibilities and problems with applying a consumption perspective in local climate strategies – the case of Gothenburg, Sweden”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Elsevier, Vol. 134, no. A, pp. 434-442.
Paper V:Hult, A. and Bradley, K. (forthcoming) “Planning for sharing: Providing infrastructure for citizens to be makers and sharers”, Planning Theory and Practice, Taylor & Francis. In review.
BILD?
Today
I) The image of the Swedish Sustainable City
II) What happens when it translates to practice
III)Discussions within critical eco-city research
IV)So what to do?
I) The image of the Swedish Sustainable City
Skapandet av ett svenskt varumärke 2000-2010
One common brand/ platform
Good things doneproduction side with Sweden as system boarders
SymbioCity/ One definition of sustainable devlopment
Vad saknas?(Vad inkluderas och vad exkluderas?)
Konsumtionsperspektiv på utsläpp
• Outsourcing av produktion• Flygresor• Konsumtionsmönster
• (45% Kärnkraft)
Table1: Carbon emissions per person and year, 2004. (Cogito 2012: 7)Axelsson, K. (2012) Global miljöpåverkan och lokala fotavtryck – analys av fyra svenska kommuners totala konsumtion. Cogito and Stockholm Environment Institute.
Naturvårdsverket (2012) Konsumtionsbaserade miljöindikatorer - Underlag för uppföljning av generationsmålet, rapport 6483
Bolin, L., Larsson, J., Sinclair, R., Hellström, P., Palmestål, K., Svensson, I., Mattson, (2013) Low-carbon Gothenburg. Technological potentials and lifestyle changes. Mistra Urban Futures Briefs 2013:01 (this is an English brief of the following report in Swedish: Klimatomställning Göteborg - Tekniska möjligheter och livsstilsförändringar. Mistra Urban Futures Report 2013:5).
Naturvårdsverket (2012) Konsumtionsbaserade miljöindikatorer - Underlag för uppföljning av generationsmålet, rapport 6483
Territory size shows the proportion of worldwide net exports of toys (in US$) that come from there. Net exports are exports minus imports. When imports are larger than exports the territory is not shown.
Responsibility: those who produce the products?
World toy exports
World toy imports
Responsibility: those who consume the products?
“We cannot reasonably argue for high environmental quality in the neighborhood while still insisting on living at a level which necessarily implies polluting the air somewhere else; we need to know how space and time get defined by the quite different material processes which give us our daily sustenance.”
(Harvey 1996: 233)
Harvey, D (1996) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference,Oxford: Blackwell
Dryzek,J.(2005) The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. (Second edition, 2005)
“The discourse of sustainability problem solving could to a large extent be defined by imaginative attempts to dissolve the conflict between environmental and economic values.”
(Dryzek 2005: 12)
Ecological modernization
Ecological modernization claims that environmental improvement can take place in tandem with economic growth.
Within the ecological modernization framework this problem is solved by explicitly describing environmental improvements as being economically feasible; indeed, entrepreneurial agents and eco-nomic/market dynamics are seen as playing leading roles in bringing about needed ecological changes.
(Fisher and Freudenberg, 2001; 1999; Spaargaren and Mol, 1992)
II.) What happens when it translates to practice
Two examples – three kinds of effects
• Caofedian Eco City (International Caofedian Eco City)
• Wuxi Eco City (Wuxi Low Carboon Sino Swedish Eco City)
In plan On the ground In the home office
In plan
CAOFEDIAN ECO-CITYCAOFEDIAN ECO CITY
SINO SWEDISH LOW CARBON ECO CITY
At the ground
Intervju med planerare i ”Wuxi Eco City”
”We define this area as an international community. Because the quality of the public service around is higherthan other areas, the normal residents may not afford it. And from another perspective, normal residents dont havethe awareness and demand for this new idea and lifestyleon environmental concern. /…/ From our point of viewwe want to encourage foreigners to move in, then topopularize the feasible technologies into the rest of the whole Taihu New City area. ”
(Interview, Planner, Wuxi, 2010)
CAOFEDIAN ECO-CITY
CAOFEDIAN ECO-CITY
In the home office
”There are many dimensions to this project, and one is that of activating the company. This project reactivated this office greatly, so that many people were drawn into the process. Because it was not just architects … . There were different types of traffic experts …and the closed loop system involved different types of waste, water, and wastewater management. … There were perhaps sixty to a hundred people involved from Sweco.”
(Interview, Chief architect, Sweden 2012)
“I get emails almost daily about Hammarby Sjöstad, and go once a month somewhere and talk about sustainable design at various levels. I've probably been in 20 universities around the world and I am often invited to environmental conferences.”
(Interview, Architect, Tengbom 2012)
Hammarby Sjöstad
Hammarby Sjöstad
Vad är Stadsbyggnadsakademin?
III) Discussions within critical eco-city research
Circulation of a specific commodifiedbest-practice sustainable urbanism
Characteristics of the model accordingto paper 3
Characteristics of this commodifiedbest-practice sustainable urbanism
The normative element is a collection of design principles and technologies that iam to increase the sustainability of the builtenvironment. Urban-design focuses menu of option includesoptimising building orientation, increasing density and mixture ofuses, and provision for pedestrains and cyclists. More technologicalelements tend to focus on enabling an urban place to use resourcesin a more efficient way than conventional urban development. Ways of doing so include new approches to generating and distributingenergy, smart technologies design to measure building eneryconsumption, and innovations such as driverless cars. The procedural element of sustainable urbansim is the GICs advocacyof an integrated, multi-disciplinary approch drawing on the expertise of professionals from a variety of diciplnes includingarchitecture, urban design, engineering and planning.”
(Rapoport and Hult, 2017)
“I call these urban expert rationalities, such models tend to emphasize “technical” matters – from traffic management to architectural design and green-tech innovation. In this sense the worldwide mobility of best practices serves to create and reinforce particular norms of urban environmental performance – to the exclusion of more “radical” alternatives.”
(Blok, 2012: 2333)
Blok, A (2012) “Greening cosmopolitan urbanism? On the transnational mobility of low-carbon formats in Northern European and East Asian cities,”Environment and Planning A 44(10) 2327—2343
Joss, S (2011) ”Eco-cities: the mainstreaming of urban sustainability; key characteristics and driving factors” International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, vol 6 (3): 268-285
“The trends we identify include the increasing centrality of the 'carbon agenda', and the foregrounding of ‘green-smart’ technological innovation. We wonder if the more social dimensions of sustainability are being sidelined to some extent. But what do you think? Would you welcome a radicalisation of the eco-city agenda? If so, how could this be achieved if urban sustainability is to be delivered through existing governance arrangements and market processes?”
(Joss 2011)
Growing field of critical eco-city research
• Blok, A (2012) “Greening cosmopolitan urbanism? On the transnational mobility of low-carbon formats in Northern European and East Asian cities,” Environment and Planning A 44(10) 2327—2343
• Caprotti, F (2014) “Critical research on eco-cities? A walk through the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, China”. Cities: 36 (2014) 10–17.
• Caprotti, F (2015) Eco-Cities and the Transition to Low-Carbon Economies. London: Palgrave.• Caprotti, F., Springer, C, and Harmer, N (2015) “‘Eco’ For Whom? Envisioning Eco-urbanism in the
Sino -Singapore Tianjin Eco-city, China”, International Journal• of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 495-517.Chang, I-C C and Sheppard E (2013)
“China's Eco-Cities as Variegated Urban Sustainability: Dongtan Eco-City and Chongming Eco-Island,” Journal of Urban Technology, 20(1), 57-75
• Chang, I-C C (2017) “Failure Matters: Reassembling Eco-Urbanism in a Globalizing China” Environment and Planning A
• Cugurullo, F (2013) “How to build a sandcastle: an analysis of the genesis and development of MasdarCity.” Journal of Urban Technology 20(1):23–37.
• De Jong, M, Wang, D and Yum C (2013) “Exploring the Relevance of the Eco-City Concept in China: The Case of Shenzhen Sino-Dutch Low Carbon City,” Journal of Urban Technology 20(1):95-113
• Joss, S (2011) "Eco-cities: the mainstreaming of urban sustainability; key characteristics and driving factors,” International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 6(3): 268-285.
Growing field of critical eco-city research
• Joss S, Molella A P (2013) “The Eco-City as Urban Technology: Perspectives on CaofeidianInternational Eco-City (China)” Journal of Urban Technology 20(1) 115–137
• Nan, Z and Williams, C J (2013) An International Review of Eco-City Theory, Indicators, and Case Studies, Report, China Energy Group | Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Department, Berkley,
• Pow, C-P and Neo, H (2013) “Seeing red over green: contesting urban sustainabilities in China.” Urban Studies doi: 10.1177/0042098013478239
• Rapopport, E. (2014) “Utopian Visions and Real Estate Dreams: The Eco-city Past, Present and Future”, Geography Compass, 8 (2) 137-149
• Rapoport, E (2015a) “Globalising sustainable urbanism: the role of international masterplanners” Area 47(2) 110–115
• Rapoport, E (2015) “Sustainable urbanism in the age of Photoshop: images, experiences and the role of learning through inhabiting the international travels of a planning model” Global Networks 15(3) 307–324
• Shwayri, S (2013) “A Model Korean Ubiquitous Eco-City? The Politics of Making Songdo,” Journal of Urban Technology 20(1):39-55.
• Wu F (2011) “China’s Eco Cities” Eds. Geoforum, available at www.elsevier.com/locate/geoforum• Yin, Y., Rader Olsson, A. and Håkansson, M. (2015) “The role of local governance and environmental
policy integration in Swedish and Chinese eco-city development”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 134, no. A, pp. 78-86.
IV) So what to do?
Bolin, L., Larsson, J., Sinclair, R., Hellström, P., Palmestål, K., Svensson, I., Mattson, (2013) Low-carbon Gothenburg. Technological potentials and lifestyle changes. Mistra Urban Futures Briefs 2013:01 (this is an English brief of the following report in Swedish: Klimatomställning Göteborg -Tekniska möjligheter och livsstilsförändringar. Mistra Urban Futures Report 2013:5).
City of Gothenburg (2015) Climate Programme for Gothenburg (an English summary of “Klimatstragiskt program för Göteborg”), Göteborg stad, www.goteborg.se
Teoretiskt inspirerad av politisk ekologi
Vikten av en territoriell och relationell förståelse avrummet• Bryter den binära förståelsen av städer/kvarter som
“hållbara” eller “ohållbara”• Inbegriper både ett produktions- och
konsumtionsperspektiv på utsläpp• Ser inte det tekniska som neutralt eller opolitiskt• Ser vikten av frågan “av vem” och “för vem” • Inspirerar till att utforska vad miljörättvisa
relationer innebär i praktiken
Genomförande
”How to make it happen – the dilemma from planning to implementation – is the biggest challenge for sustainable urban development in China.”
”Most developers are very cost-sensitive and the rationale of development is usually to get most cash flow back as quick as possible.”
Kortsiktig BNP-tillväxt
”From my experience and understanding, I would say the main obstacle is the conflict between a long term sustainable approach and the focus on short term economic growth.”
”Under the prevalent GDP-oriented environment in China, it is too difficult for local governments to consider other aspects of urban development, such as environmental protection etc.”
Medvetenhet hos allmänheten
“I think the greatest need for competence in sustainable urban development is to increase the public awareness.”
“I have always heard that the sustainable way of development was actually a way for western countries to sell their technology and products. This understanding will greatly do harm to the sustainable urban development in China.”
TACK
References Axelsson, K. (2012) Global miljöpåverkan och lokala fotavtryck – analys av fyra svenska kommuners totala konsumtion. Cogito and Stockholm Environment Institute.
Blok A, (2012) “Greening cosmopolitan urbanism? On the transnational mobility of low-carbon formats in Northern European and East Asian cities”, Environment and Planning A 44(10) 2327 – 2343
Bolin, L., Larsson, J., Sinclair, R., Hellström, P., Palmestål, K., Svensson, I., Mattson, (2013) Klimatomställning Göteborg - Tekniska möjligheter och livsstilsförändringar. Mistra Urban Futures Report 2013:5.
Dryzek, J. (2005) The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. (Second edition, 2005)
Hajer, M., (1995) The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernisation and the Policy Process. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Harvey, D (1996) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference, Oxford: Blackwell
Kreuger, R and Gibbs, D. (2007) The Sustainable Development Paradox: Urban Political Economy in the United States and Europe, Guilford Press: New York
Joss, S (2011) ”Eco-cities: the mainstreaming of urban sustainability; key characteristics and driving factors” International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, vol6 (3): 268-285
Mol, David A. Sonnenfeld & Gert Spaargaren (Eds.) (2009), The Ecological modernization Reader: Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London: Routledge, pp.56-79)
Spaargaren, G. & Mol, A.P.J. (1992) Sociology, Environment and Modernity. Ecological modernization as a theory of social change, Society and Natural Resources, 5, 5, pp. 323-345 (reprinted in: A.P.J.
Walker, Peter A. 2007. Political Ecology: Where is the Politics? Progress in Human Geography. 31(3): 363-369
While A, Jonas A and Gibbs D, (2011)”The New urban Politics as a Politics of Carbon Control”, Urban Studies, 48, (12), 2537-2554.
Sveriges Arkitekter (2011) Evaluation Report
Naturvårdsverket (2012) Konsumtionsbaserade miljöindikatorer - Underlag för uppföljning av generationsmålet, rapport 6483
MoU, (2009) Memorandum of Understanding, Agreed minutes, Wuxi,
Smart City Sweden
