Nooshin Amjadi,MD

Fellowship of Perinatology

Shahid Beheshti University

• Skull

integrity and normal shape

measurement of BPD,HC

• Brain

Examination of cerebral ventricles

choroid plexuses

mid­brain, posterior fossa (cerebellum and cisterna magna)

measurement of the anterior and posterior horns of the lateral ventricles.

Dandy¬Walker malformation complete or partial agenesis of the cerebellar vermis and enlarged posterior fossaDandy¬Walker variant partial agenesis of the cerebellar vermis without enlargement of the posterior fossa mega¬cisterna magna normal vermis and fourth ventricle

Face Examination of the profile, orbits and upper lip.

Neck Measurement of nuchal fold thickness.

Spine Examination both longitudinally and transversely.

• Faceprofile, orbits and upper lip

• Neck nuchal fold thickness

Spine Examination both longitudinally and transversely

• In sagittal view double railway' appearance • In coronal plane, the three ossification centers of

the vertebra form three regular lines. To assess the integrity of the vertebrae (to rule out spina bifida) and the presence and regularity of the whole spine (to rule out sacral agenesis and scoliosis).

• examination of each neural arch from the cervical to the sacral region in the transverse plane is used for patients at high¬risk of neural tube defects.

• In low¬risk patients, intact cerebral anatomy rules out more than 90% of cases of spina bifida and we believe that the longitudinal / coronal scan may suffice.

Heart Examination of rate and rhythmfour¬chamber viewoutflow tracts.

ThoraxExamination of the shape of the thorax, lungs and diaphragm

Abdomen Examination of thestomachliverkidneysbladderabdominal wall and umbilicusAC

BODY STALK ANOMALY major abdominal wall defectsevere kyphoscoliosis and a rudimentary umbilical cord.

ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA

DUODENAL ATRESIA

MECONIUM PERITONITIS

The differential diagnosis of hyperechogenic bowel includes:intra¬amniotic hemorrhageearly ascitesfetal hypoxia

HEPATIC CALCIFICATIONS

idiopathic congenital infections chromosomal abnormalities

INFANTILE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

. Mild hydronephrosis or pyelectasia :

anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis of > 4 mm at 15–19 w> 5 mm at 20–29 w and > 7 mm at 30–40w

Megacystis–microcolon–intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome

Limbs Examination of the femur, tibia and fibula, humerus,

radius and ulna,hands and feet (shape and echogenicity of long bones

and movement of joints)FL

• Shortening of the extremities • entire limb (micromelia, such as

achondrogenesis,osteogenesis imperfecta type II)

• proximal segment (rhizomelia, such as achondroplasia)

• intermediate segment (mesomelia, such as mesomelic dysplasia)

• distal segment (acromelia, such as Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome)