Nonverbal sound patterns, Paralanguage

Nonverbal sound Nonverbal sound patterns, Paralanguagepatterns, Paralanguage

Yang XiaoqingYang Xiaoqing

[email protected]@uta.fi

Alternative Communication & Access to InformationAlternative Communication & Access to Information

Dept. of Computer and Information SciencesDept. of Computer and Information Sciences

University of TampereUniversity of Tampere

05.03.200305.03.2003

IntroductionIntroduction NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION [ [

http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/intro.htmlhttp://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/intro.html ] ] includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, spatial arrangements, patterns of touch, expressive movement, spatial arrangements, patterns of touch, expressive movement, cultural differences, and other "nonverbal" acts. cultural differences, and other "nonverbal" acts.

PARALANGUAGEPARALANGUAGE [ [ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htmhttp://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ] ]

Features that accompany speech and contribute to Features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not considered part of the language communication but are not considered part of the language system.system.

The nonverbal voice qualities, modifiers, and sounds which we The nonverbal voice qualities, modifiers, and sounds which we use consciously or unconsciously supporting or contradicting use consciously or unconsciously supporting or contradicting the linguistic, kinesic, or proxemic messages either the linguistic, kinesic, or proxemic messages either simultaneously or alternating with them.simultaneously or alternating with them.

How something is said rather than what is said How something is said rather than what is said Vocal Cues Vocal Cues

* http://home.pages.at/amigo/bauernregeln.htm** http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/intro.html

[ ** ]

[ * ]

General InformationGeneral Information

Paralanguage is part of nonverbal communication. Paralanguage is part of nonverbal communication. Paralinguistics are what accompany your words to make Paralinguistics are what accompany your words to make

up its true meaning. up its true meaning.

According to Rozelle, Druckman and Baxter (1997), an iAccording to Rozelle, Druckman and Baxter (1997), an important factor in studying nonverbal behavior is the difmportant factor in studying nonverbal behavior is the difference between the encoder and decoder. The encoder pference between the encoder and decoder. The encoder produces and relays the behaviors to be inferred. The decoroduces and relays the behaviors to be inferred. The decoder accepts these behaviors and interprets them based on der accepts these behaviors and interprets them based on his individual approach.his individual approach.

demo 1

[ http://www.uta.edu/english/V/digital/toni.html ]

Why do we study nonverbal cWhy do we study nonverbal communication?ommunication?

Nonverbal messages communicate emotions Nonverbal messages communicate emotions

Nonverbal communication is strongly related Nonverbal communication is strongly related

to verbal communicationto verbal communication

Without nonverbal communication you cannWithout nonverbal communication you cann

ot ot notnot communicate communicate

[ http://www.soapboxorations.com/donnellking/nvcom.htm ]

Major Prospects in the Study Major Prospects in the Study of Nonverbal Communicationof Nonverbal Communication

The non-verbal communication can be categorized into three mThe non-verbal communication can be categorized into three major dimensions; namely positiveness, potency an responsiveajor dimensions; namely positiveness, potency an responsiveness [as cited in Hargie, 1997] ness [as cited in Hargie, 1997]

PositivenessPositiveness refers to the assessment of other people or objec refers to the assessment of other people or objects that are described in terms of liking. revealed through, for ts that are described in terms of liking. revealed through, for example, eye contact, forward lean, and distance.example, eye contact, forward lean, and distance.

PotencyPotency represents status or social control and is revealed thr represents status or social control and is revealed through hand and neck relaxation, sideways lean, reclining anglough hand and neck relaxation, sideways lean, reclining angle and arm-leg position asymmetry. e and arm-leg position asymmetry.

ResponsivenessResponsiveness is a combination of activity and state of alert is a combination of activity and state of alertness [Merahbian, 1981].ness [Merahbian, 1981].

Problems of studying nonverProblems of studying nonverbal communicationbal communication

Nonverbal cues can be ambiguous Nonverbal cues can be ambiguous

Nonverbal cues are continuous Nonverbal cues are continuous

Nonverbal cues are multichannel Nonverbal cues are multichannel

Nonverbal cues are culture-boundNonverbal cues are culture-bound

Principles of ParalanguagePrinciples of Paralanguage

Paralanguage refers to the vocal aspect of communication. Paralanguage refers to the vocal aspect of communication.

Vocal elements of language differ from verbal elements in tVocal elements of language differ from verbal elements in t

his way: vocal elements involve sound and its manipulation his way: vocal elements involve sound and its manipulation

for certain desired or undesired effects. for certain desired or undesired effects.

Verbal elements are the particular words we choose when spVerbal elements are the particular words we choose when sp

eaking. eaking.

[http://cyber.bentley.edu/faculty/wb/presentations/paralanguage/note001.htm ]

Ingredients of Ingredients of Paralanguage(1)Paralanguage(1)

Voice Qualities: Voice Qualities:

pitch range pitch range

vocal lip control vocal lip control

articulation control articulation control

rhythm control rhythm control

resonance resonance

tempo tempo

Ingredients of Paralanguage(2)Ingredients of Paralanguage(2)

Vocal Characteristics:Vocal Characteristics: laughing, crying, whispering, snoring, yelling, moaning, groaning, laughing, crying, whispering, snoring, yelling, moaning, groaning,

yawning, whining, sucking, sneezing, sighing, belches, hiccups yawning, whining, sucking, sneezing, sighing, belches, hiccups Remember that these characteristics are the vocal aspects of these Remember that these characteristics are the vocal aspects of these

actions, so imagine that these pictures are making noisesactions, so imagine that these pictures are making noises . .

[ [ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ] ]

Ingredients of Ingredients of Paralanguage(3)Paralanguage(3)

Voice Qualifiers: Voice Qualifiers:

intensity (overloud, oversoft) intensity (overloud, oversoft) pitch height pitch height extent extent

Vocal Segregates: (examples:Vocal Segregates: (examples: ) )

"uh" "uh" "um" "um" "uh-huh" "uh-huh" silent pausessilent pauses

demo 2 demo 3 demo 4 demo 5 demo 6 demo 7 demo 8 demo 9 demo 10 demo11

[ http://www.esl-lab.com/para.htm ]

Messages in the Voice (1):Messages in the Voice (1): Phrases have different messages depending on what Phrases have different messages depending on what

parts we emphasize. For instance, take the sentence, parts we emphasize. For instance, take the sentence, She's giving this money to me.She's giving this money to me.

SHESHE is the one giving the money, nobody else. is the one giving the money, nobody else.

She is She is GIVINGGIVING, not lending. , not lending.

MONEYMONEY is being exchanged, not anything else. is being exchanged, not anything else.

II am getting the money, nobody else. am getting the money, nobody else.

[ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ]

Messages in the Voice (2):Messages in the Voice (2):

The voice is used to infer personality traits.The voice is used to infer personality traits.

An increased rate of speaking generally infers that the An increased rate of speaking generally infers that the

individual is more animated and extroverted. individual is more animated and extroverted.

A flatness in the tone of voice generally indicates more A flatness in the tone of voice generally indicates more

withdrawn and masculine characteristics. withdrawn and masculine characteristics.

A nasal sound in one's voice is generally thought of to be A nasal sound in one's voice is generally thought of to be

undesirable.undesirable.


Messages in the Voice (3):Messages in the Voice (3):

The voice is also used to infer emotional states.The voice is also used to infer emotional states.

FeelingFeeling LoudnessLoudness PitchPitch TimbreTimbre RateRate EnunciationEnunciation

AngerAnger LoudLoud HighHigh BlaringBlaring FastFast clippedclipped

JoyJoy LoudLoud HighHigh Moderately Moderately BlaringBlaring

FastFast Somewhat Somewhat ClippedClipped

SadnessSadness SoftSoft LowLow ResonantResonant SlowSlow SlurredSlurred


ConclusionConclusionUsage of Nonverbal CuesUsage of Nonverbal Cues reduce ambiguity reduce ambiguity validate emotionsvalidate emotions as a basis for decision-making and information processing. as a basis for decision-making and information processing.

Nonverbal communication is gaining an importance in the Nonverbal communication is gaining an importance in the study of human behavior and interactions. study of human behavior and interactions.

Its applications on how individuals perceive others and vice Its applications on how individuals perceive others and vice versa are recognized and validated.versa are recognized and validated.

The use of nonverbal communication in advertising is a The use of nonverbal communication in advertising is a powerful and efficient tool for delivering provocative powerful and efficient tool for delivering provocative messages in a tasteful and palatable fashion.messages in a tasteful and palatable fashion.

[ see too https://webspace.utexas.edu/QUAHS/WWW/conclusion.html ]

ReferencesReferences1.1. Eisenberg, A.M., & Smith, Jr., R.R. (1971). Nonverbal communication. New York: The Eisenberg, A.M., & Smith, Jr., R.R. (1971). Nonverbal communication. New York: The

Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.

2.2. Ekman, P. (1980). Three classes of nonverbal behavior. In Von Raffler-Engel, W. (EEkman, P. (1980). Three classes of nonverbal behavior. In Von Raffler-Engel, W. (Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.89-102). Bath: The Pittman Press. d.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.89-102). Bath: The Pittman Press.

3.3. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor BookGoffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.s.

4.4. Major, B. (1981). Gender patterns in touching behavior. In C. Mayo & N. Henley (EdMajor, B. (1981). Gender patterns in touching behavior. In C. Mayo & N. Henley (Eds.), Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.s.), Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.

5.5. Merahbian, A. (1971). Silent messages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Merahbian, A. (1971). Silent messages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

6.6. Messaris, P. (1997). Visual persuasion: The roles of images in advertising. Thousand Messaris, P. (1997). Visual persuasion: The roles of images in advertising. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

7.7. Rozelle, R. M. Druckman, D. & Baxter, J.C., (1997). Non-verbal behavior as communiRozelle, R. M. Druckman, D. & Baxter, J.C., (1997). Non-verbal behavior as communication. In O. D. W. Hargie (Ed.), The Handbook Of Communication Skills (pp. 67-102).cation. In O. D. W. Hargie (Ed.), The Handbook Of Communication Skills (pp. 67-102). Great Britian: TJ Press (Padstow) Ltd. Great Britian: TJ Press (Padstow) Ltd.

8.8. St. Clair, R.N. (1980). Social distance: expressions of power, solidarity and status. In St. Clair, R.N. (1980). Social distance: expressions of power, solidarity and status. In Von Raffler-Engel, W. (Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.81-88). Bath: Von Raffler-Engel, W. (Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.81-88). Bath: The Pittman Press.The Pittman Press.

9.9. M.W. Knudsen1, J.-C. Martin, L.D., et al., ISLE Natural Interactivity and Multimodality, M.W. Knudsen1, J.-C. Martin, L.D., et al., ISLE Natural Interactivity and Multimodality, Report WG Deliverable D8.1, 2002, available at: Report WG Deliverable D8.1, 2002, available at: http://isle.nis.sdu.dk/reports/wp8/D8.1-3.3.2002-F.pdfhttp://isle.nis.sdu.dk/reports/wp8/D8.1-3.3.2002-F.pdf

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Nonverbal sound patterns, Paralanguage