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8/13/2019 Non-Mammalian Reproductive Strategies
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NON
-
MAMMALIAN
REPR
ODUCTIVE
STRATEGIES
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SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTIVERSUS
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S
REPRODUCThe creation of
the fusion of hapl
to fo
The dipl
the un
gametes
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S
REPRODUCGametes are form
meiosis. There ar
ovum andsp
The femala haploid, un
usually large a
The
generally sm
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ADVANTAG
SEXUAL REPRODUCIt creates ge
One scientist,Alexey
suggests that sexual rpurges the species o
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DISADVANTAG
SEXUAL REPRODUCEnerg
Genetic reco
counter-pcondition
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DISADVANTAG
SEXUAL REPRODUCOnly half of the
made can produ
(males are the e
Less
passi
Risk of losing
combinat
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ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTIONGeneration of new individuals
without the fusion of egg and
sperm
Relies entirely on mitotic cell
division
Some species are purely
female
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ADVANTAGES OF
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONHigher frequency of production
every generation
Good in maintaining successfulgenotypes in favorable
conditions and environments
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DISADVANTAGES OF
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSlower adaptation rate
Slower mutation rate
More susceptible to widespread
death due to disease
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MECHANISMSOF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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FCertain animals like sea athe ability to separate the
organisms of approximate
size
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BuAnimals like pill
the left reprodu
outgrowths of e
wherein they rem
and form a colonone meter long.
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SpecializeSome invertebrates, inclu
sponges, release speciali
cells that can grow into ne
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Fragmentation and RegeAnimals like earthworms and planaria
ability to reproduce from parts of the
were previously separated from the body
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ParthenoThe ability of
and a few ve
which an eg
even without
In invertebraobserved in
and ants. In
this is really
observed in
dragon and in
hammerhead
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CHOICE OF
REPRODUCTIVESTRATEGY
HORMONALAND
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HORMONAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CUESSome animals show definite
cycles in reproductive activity
Ewes ovulate at the midpoint of
their 15-day cycle which occurduring fall and early winter
This shows that reproduction is
controlled by both hormonal and
environmental cues
SWITCHING
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SWITCHINGDaphnia, switch from sexual to
asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction
occurs at favorableconditions
Sexual reproduction
occurs at times of
environmental stress
Parthenogenesis is the reason
for this
HERMAPHRODITISM
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HERMAPHRODITISM
Sessile or burrowing animals are usually hermaphroditic
since the chances of encountering a fellow organism of a
different sexif they were not hermaphroditicis low
SEQUENTIAL
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SEQUENTIAL
HERMAPHRODITISMAnother type of hermaphroditism issequential
hermaphroditism
The sex reverses during its lifetime
Protogynous (female first) orprotandrous (male first)