Non Fumigant Nematicides

Johan Desaeger, University of Florida, GCREC, Wimauma, FL

jad@ufl.edu

What is a nematode?

Diversity of nematodes

Thomas Blumenthal & Richard E Davis VOLUME 36 | NUMBER 12 | DECEMBER 2004 NATURE GENETICS

Inside or outside roots:

Endoparasitic– entire body inside the root

Ectoparasitic– entire body outside the root

Semi-endoparasitic- part of body inside root

Mobile or immobile:

Sedentary – mostly immobile during their life

Migratory – mobile for all their life.

Feeding habits of plant parasitic nematodes

How nematodes injure plants?

• Mechanical injury• Physiological changes• Reducing root mass

• Interact with soil fungi and bacteria

• Suppress rhizobia/VAM• Transmission of several viruses • Increase susceptibility to

environmental stress

8/12/2018

Nematode Management

Sanitation Crop rotation Biocontrol Solarization

Plant Resistance / Tolerance

Steaming Biofumigation Cover crops

Good agronomy Tillage Nematicides

7

Methyl Bromide … RIP 1932-2016

Brief History of Nematicides

•1st nematicides: fumigants - biocides▫ CS2 (1869), chloropicrin (1920), methyl

bromide, DBCP, 1,3-D, Metam (1940s)

•2nd wave: organophosphates / carbamates - insecticides

▫ Fenamiphos, aldicarb (1960s), oxamyl, ethoprophos (1970s)

•3rd wave: selective / safer nematicides▫ Late 2010’s-2020’s: New more

specific nematicides, new biological nematicides

5/05/20148

New fluorine (3-F) nematicides

New products are less toxic and more selective – true nematicides

New modes of action – or unknown;

Different soil behavior – efficacy and application

Chemical name Trade name

Structure Soil movement / solubility (water)

Soil ½ life MOA Tox. Cat.

Fumigants (1,3-D) Many Good- Gas Short < 14 d ? Danger

Oxamyl Vydate Good- 240,000 ppm Short 7 d ACheI Danger

Fluensulfone Nimitz Medium- 545 ppm Short 7-17 d ? Caution

Fluopyram Velum Poor – 10 ppm Long > 200 d SDHI Warning

Fluazaindolizine Salibro(2020)

Medium+ 2000 ppm Medium 30 d ? TBD

Biological Nematicides

Bacterial toxins, Burkholderia spp.

Majestene

Capsacin (Capsicum) and allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil)

Dazitol

Nematode parasitcfungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus

Melocon

Cinnamon, clove and thyme oil

NemaKill

10

Gulf Coast REC Research Farm

8/12/2018

Beach sand … root-knot nematode = Meloidogyne javanica

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. )

• #1 nematode in Florida + the world, many crops

• Many species in FL

• Endoparasitic - Root galls

Tomato trial, fall 2016 - root gall ratings

8/14/2018

cde cde

bc

bb

bcd

e

bc

de

a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 pt 3.5 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate

1 lb 1 lb +Vydate

2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum

6.5 oz +Vydate

60 gal

Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC

Ga

ll i

nd

ex

(0

-10

)

4 weeks 8 weeks 14 weeks

All nematicides reduced gall

ratings end of the season

Low-medium RKN pressure

Root-knot nematode soil counts - end of season8/12/2018

ab

b

ab

ab

b b

b

ab

ab

a

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate

1 lb 1 lb +Vydate

2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum

6.5 oz +Vydate

60 gal

Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum K-pam UTC

J2

's/2

00

cc

soil

UTC highest root-knot counts; no difference among other PPN:

stubby, lance, sting, lesion, spiral, ring, sheath nematodes

Pre-plant and post-treatment soil counts were very low (0-1 J2 / 200 cc soil)

Plant vigor(NDVI) during the season

15

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks 11 weeks

ND

VI

(0-1

)

Nimitz + Vydate

Velum + Vydate

Salibro + Vydate

Vydate + Vydate

K-pam

Check

K-pam

Check

K-pam Check

3-F nematicides similar crop vigor, in between check and K-pam

Greenseeker

Tomato Fruit Yield – 3 picks

8/12/2018

b

ab

b b

bb

b

b

a

b

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

3.5 pt 7 pt 3.5 pt +Vydate

1 lb 1 lb +Vydate

2 Qt + 1 2 Qt +Velum

6.5 oz +Vydate

60 gal

Nimitz Salibro Vydate Velum Kpam UTC

LB

S P

ER

PL

OT

1st pick 2nd pick 3th pick

Sclerotium rolfsii

No difference 1st and 2nd pick; K-pam greatest 3rd pick

Impact on non-plant-parasitic nematodes in soil?

8/14/2018

Nematodes can be classified into different feeding groups

based on the structure of their mouthparts. (a) bacterial

feeder, (b) fungal feeder, (c) plant feeder, (d) predator, (e)

omnivore.

Nematode feeding groups in tomato - Early season, 10-20

days post-treatment

8/12/2018 (7-21

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Nimitz Half

Nimitz Full

Velum

Salibro

Vydate

Check

K-pam

Number per 150 cc soil

Bacterivores Fungivores (P<0.01) Omnivores (P<0.01) Herbivores

Fungivores, omnivores and herbivores

knocked out … no effect of new nematicides

Tomato Trial, spring 2017, GCREC

8/12/2018

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PicClor60 No fumigant Pic100

Chemical / biological

Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)

AB

BCC

BC

AB

A

ABC

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Ga

ll i

nd

ex (

0-1

0)

PicClor60

17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27

Medium-high RKN pressure

Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)

AB

E

BC

CD

D

AB

A

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Ga

ll i

nd

ex (

0-1

0)

Pic100

17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27

Medium-high RKN pressure

Root gall ratings on tomato (0-10)

A

A

A

B

B

B

C

C

C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

17.5.08 17.5.31 17.6.27

Ga

ll i

nd

ex

(0

-10

)

none PicClor60 Pic100

Tomato Fruit Yield – 3 picks

8/12/2018

A

BB

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Pic100 PicClor60 None

LB

S P

ER

PL

OT

1st pick 2st pick 3st pick

Two on farm nematicide rescue trials March-April 2017:

(1) cantaloupe double crop after strawberry, Dover FL

• Northern root-knot nematode!

• Nimitz @ 7 pts 7 days pre-plant

• Velum @ 6.5 oz 2 days pre-plant

• Vydate and Majestene 1 day pre-plant and 40 days post plant, resp. 2 qt + 1 qt and 2 gal + 1 gal

• Root galls after 6 and 8 weeks

24

Nematode infection on double-crop cantaloupe,

Dover, FL, 2017, M. hapla, northern root-knot

a aab

ab

b

a

b

ab

b b

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Check Majestene Vydate Velum Nimitz

Ga

ll I

nd

ex (

0-1

0)

M. hapla root gall ratings on Cantaloupe

40 days 60 days

25

(2) cucumber(pickle) double crop after

cucumber, Plant City

8/12/2018

• High level of Javanese root-knot

nematode (M. javanica)

• Applied Nimitz, Velum, Vydate,

Majestene, Dazitol and Nemakill

thru drip

Nematode infection on double-crop cucumber, Plant City,

FL, 2017 – M. javanica – Javanese root-knot

27

a

ab ab

ab ab ab

c

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Majestene Nemakill Nimitz UTC Velum Dazitol Vydate

Ga

ll I

nd

ex

(G

I) (

0-1

0)

M. javanica Gall Ratings Cucumber, BG Farm, Plant City, 2017

Farming w/o Fumigants in Florida ?Anaerobic/biological soil disinfestation Soil steaming Solarization

Non-fumigant nematicides

Resistant cv’s Natural enemies / Biocontrol

Cover crops Biofumigation

28

GCREC Nematology

29

• Nematicide Testing

• New nematode problems

• Nematode resistance

• Nematode-diseases

• Cover crops

• Suppressive soils

• Other crops – Hops

Thanks Adama, Corteva, Bayer CropScience, Marrone BioInnovations for support

E-mail: jad@ufl.eduWebsite: https://uflnematodes.wordpress.com/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/uflnematology/