Non Animal Technology

7/30/2019 Non Animal Technology

1/17

NON ANIMAL TECHNOLOGY - the future is amazing, andanimal-free.

Technology is more valuablethan animal tests

Ifwe didnt have animal testing, medical progress would stop. We

would have no idea which medications were effective and which

were dangerous until humans took them.

This is claimed by people who dont understand animal

experiments, and people who support them for financial

reasons. The reality is that the technology available is incredible

and enables achievements that few would have believed possible.

An excellent film on non-animal technology was made by doctors'

group Safer Medicines. This isavailable to view onlineand comes

very highly recommended.

You may also like to see our news page onmedical progress.

Frustration at the slow pace at which technology is adoptedhas

been voiced by medical professionals.

The concept that animal testing is neccesary is gaining more

challenges in the media, such ashere.Anotherarticle explains the

neccesity of developing and using human-centred technology, as

the animal methods are not predictive.

* Computer modelling

* Cell culture

* Microdosing

* Proteomics

* Brain research

Computer modelling

Imagine that you try a drug on a mouse and it dies of a heart

attack. You then have to ask:
http://www.safermedicines.org/safermedicines/video.shtmlhttp://www.safermedicines.org/safermedicines/video.shtmlhttp://www.safermedicines.org/safermedicines/video.shtmlhttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_32http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_32http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_32http://www.alternatives-petition.org/docs/Mandatory-Alternatives-Petition.pdfhttp://www.alternatives-petition.org/docs/Mandatory-Alternatives-Petition.pdfhttp://www.alternatives-petition.org/docs/Mandatory-Alternatives-Petition.pdfhttp://www.alternatives-petition.org/docs/Mandatory-Alternatives-Petition.pdfhttp://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/6/29/lifefocus/6533559&sec=lifefocushttp://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/6/29/lifefocus/6533559&sec=lifefocushttp://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/6/29/lifefocus/6533559&sec=lifefocushttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_72http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_72http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_72http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_72http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2010/6/29/lifefocus/6533559&sec=lifefocushttp://www.alternatives-petition.org/docs/Mandatory-Alternatives-Petition.pdfhttp://www.alternatives-petition.org/docs/Mandatory-Alternatives-Petition.pdfhttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_32http://www.safermedicines.org/safermedicines/video.shtml


2/17

* Did the drug actually cause the heart attack?

* What actually happened?

* Would it be the same in humans?

Computer models of the human heart are now in use. They enable

us to watch the heart beat in 3D from all angles, and show reaction

to a drug being used. You can then replay in slow motion what may

happen and see what happened and why. The heart can develop

illnesses and react to drugs, and since 2001 it has been used to

identify dangerous drugs. (NewScientistTech. 2551 13 May 2006)

Other organs have been modelled too, and now there are even

entire virtual humans. Yorkshire-based company Simcyp is

producing software which predicts the effect of drugs, and accounts

for the patients age, sex and height. A speciality is enabling

predictions of drug effects in babies and children, a problematic

area. (New Technology Detects Risks Of Drugs To Heart

Sooner.Yorkshire Today, 2006)

Another key player is Physiomics, who claim they can help identify

optimum dose levels, particularly for cancer drugs, accurately. The

computer simulation it owns, SystemCell, uses biology and scientific

data to simulate the way drugs will work in the body. (The Daily

Telegraph. 19 August 2004)

The virtual heart has to be seen to be believed. An online

video is availablehere.
http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=56&ArticleID=1315019http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=56&ArticleID=1315019http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=56&ArticleID=1315019http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17047-virtual-heart-pumps-up-the-realism.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17047-virtual-heart-pumps-up-the-realism.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17047-virtual-heart-pumps-up-the-realism.htmlhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17047-virtual-heart-pumps-up-the-realism.htmlhttp://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=56&ArticleID=1315019


3/17

Cell culture

The concept behind cell culture is simple, but the degree to which

it has evolved is incredible. In 1996 the techniques available then

were evaluated alongside animal tests, and the cell culture ones

were found to be more accurate. (Clemedson C, McFarlane-Abdulla

E, Andersson M, et al. MEIC Evaluation of Acute Systemic Toxicity.

ATLA 1996;24:273-311)

Since then, cell culture use has expanded. The American National

Cancer Institute (NCI) has developed a screening project to identify

cancer drugs using only cell culture methods. NCI explains

that This project is designed to screen up to 20,000

compounds per year for potential anticancer activity. The

operation of this screen utlilizes 60 different human tumor


4/17

cell lines, representing leukaemia, melanoma, and cancers of

the lung, colon, brain, ovary, breast, prostate and

kidney.(http://dtp.nco.nih.gov/branches/btb/ivclsp.html)

Previously, drug screening has been in animals. A textbookconcludes that:"despite 25 years of intensive research and

positive results in animal models, not a single anti-tumour

drug emerged from this work."(JCW Salen, Animal Models-

Principles and Problems in Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science

1994)

June 2010 - news item on cell culture -click here.

Dec 2010 - cell culture dug trials of cancer drugs are quicker and

more effective than animal tests -read more here.March 2011 - The damage of Parkinson's Disease can now be

observed in a cell culture -read more here.

June 2011 - As a doctor explains, animal tests are inferior than any

of the technological technology tests.click here.

June 2011 - Experts are building a computer-based genetic model in

which colon cancer treatment will be tsted on a personal level.

Clickhere.

November 2011 - 'Micro lungs' built from lung and liver cells will

enable more accurate testing. Read morehere.

February 2012 - Nanosensers enable testing of chemicals. Read

more here.

February 2012 - Swansea University search for better

methods. Read more here.

May 2012 - Analytical chemistry replaces mice in Food Standards

test.Read more here.

June 2012 - China approves a non animal technique for cosmetics

ingredients. Read more here.

July 2012 - $70 million project to develop 'organ on a chip'

technology.Read more here.

Skin and eye safety

Skin testing has long been a common use for animals, although

various cell culture tests exist. EpiDerm uses human skin cells and

is accepted as accurate, while Epipack uses sheets of cloned humanskin cells. The Human Keratinocyte Bioassay enables a computer to
http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_61http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_61http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/Test-tube%20tumours%20to%20speed%20up%20cancer%20drug%20trialshttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/Test-tube%20tumours%20to%20speed%20up%20cancer%20drug%20trialshttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/Test-tube%20tumours%20to%20speed%20up%20cancer%20drug%20trialshttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_113http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_113http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_113http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_108http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_108http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_108http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_110http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_110http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_110http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_51http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_51http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_136http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_136http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_136http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_138http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_138http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_149http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_149http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_149http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_148http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_148http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_160http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_160http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_160http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_148http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_149http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_138http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_136http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_136http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_51http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_110http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_108http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_113http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/Test-tube%20tumours%20to%20speed%20up%20cancer%20drug%20trialshttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_61


5/17

measure damage to the epithelial cells, which cover the skin and

eyes. Corrositex detects skin damage using a membrane and a

chemical detection fluid, and gives results in 4 hours compared

with 4 weeks for animal tests. (www.mbresearch.com)

Eye damage can be assessed usingMatTek EpiOcular(see the

diagram below). Since 1985 this model has been using human cells

to evaluate eye irritancy. Valuable as this is, the test is not isolated

and other models are being developed.

(www.mbresearch.com31/12/2006)

Interestingly, the SkinEthic and MakTek cellmodels wereapproved

by European regulators which means the much discredited Draize

rabbit test is officially obsolete.

New applications are always emerging - such asToxcast

Another isInLiveTox, an artificial liver and gut.

Tox21 was discussed in August 2010 as a much more reliable and

fantastically more speedy method than animal testing to reveal

drug safety and efficiency.

Another area is biochips. An'Artery-on-a-chip'has been

developed, which is a microfluidic platform on which fragile blood

vessels can be fixed, allowing the factors that promote and sustain

cardiovascular diseases to be studied.

Healthy babies

Teratology or the study of the cause of birth defects is an area

where animal tests are clearly inferior to other available methods

(Biogenic Amines Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 97145 (2005)) (see our page
http://www.mbresearch.com/http://www.mbresearch.com/http://www.mbresearch.com/http://www.mbresearch.com/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/animal-protection-coalition-applauds-international-adoption-of-replacement-for-cruel-rabbit-draize-test-99809629.htmlhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/animal-protection-coalition-applauds-international-adoption-of-replacement-for-cruel-rabbit-draize-test-99809629.htmlhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/animal-protection-coalition-applauds-international-adoption-of-replacement-for-cruel-rabbit-draize-test-99809629.htmlhttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_62http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_62http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_62http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_52http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_52http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_52http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-05/pfizer-may-gain-as-u-s-devises-speedy-alternative-to-animal-safety-tests.htmlhttp://altweb.jhsph.edu/news/current/arterystudy.htmlhttp://altweb.jhsph.edu/news/current/arterystudy.htmlhttp://altweb.jhsph.edu/news/current/arterystudy.htmlhttp://altweb.jhsph.edu/news/current/arterystudy.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-05/pfizer-may-gain-as-u-s-devises-speedy-alternative-to-animal-safety-tests.htmlhttp://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_52http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_62http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/animal-protection-coalition-applauds-international-adoption-of-replacement-for-cruel-rabbit-draize-test-99809629.htmlhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/animal-protection-coalition-applauds-international-adoption-of-replacement-for-cruel-rabbit-draize-test-99809629.htmlhttp://www.mbresearch.com/http://www.mbresearch.com/


6/17

on this - LINK). The Embryonic Cell Test (EST) is a highly accurate

test, and the Micromass (MM) test is proven particularly effective

for chemicals causing specific forms of damage to the growing

embryo, emphasizing the value of cell culture tests in this area too.

(Biogenic Amines Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 97145 (2005))

Their conclusions

show that the dilemma is not between animal tests and cell culture,

but a decision between cell culture and humanexperience: virtually every substance or dietary deficiency

currently recognized as being teratogenic in humans was

initially identified as a result of case reports and clinical

series. (Polifka, J. E. and Friedman, J. M. (1999). Clinical

teratology: identifying teratogenic risks in humans).

The microdose

Microdosing is so incredible it sounds like science fiction. In reality

it is the incisive use of technology to safely study medications in the

ideal model a human patient.

It involves tiny doses of a test medication being given to a patient,

who is then scanned in detail using sensitive imaging

equipment. This helps to accurately identify the route of the drug,


7/17

and the organs or other tissues that it affects. The appeal of the

technique is safe because the doses involved are so tiny (typically

about 1% of clinical levels) that damage will not be caused. The

technique enables the drug to be tested in an intact living system

without resorting to use of a different species.

The method works by labelling the drug using a carbon isotype,

which enables it to be traced. The conversion of the drug into other

molecules can then be measured, and the length of time they stay

in the system can be assessed.

Does it work?

Concerns were made that low dose drugs would behave different

from the full dose. To counter, an independent test was invited

byXceleron, a pioneer of the technique formed from York

University. Drugs known to have unusual characteristics that

animal testing failed to detect were examined using

microdosing. An accuracy rate of 70% was achieved when results

were compared with full-dose studies.

Considering that animal studies typically achieve lower accuracy

rates, and that this test was for drugs known to harbour

idiosyncrasies, the success isremarkable. The American drug

regulator FDA has now said it will accept microdose data.

Evidence that the technique can work at doses even lower than 1%

was revealed by American group Radiant Research, who re-

evaluated HIV drug AZT at one millionth (0.0001%) of its usual

dose. More than 72 hours after administering the drug they were

able to evaluate concentrations in blood, saliva, urine,

DNA andwhite blood cells. The accuracy is stunning: an expert

explained "we can say with confidence that between 30 min

and 45 minutes after dosing, 0.09% of the oral dose resided

within the white blood cells in the blood. We were also able

to show uptake of AZT into the genetic material of these

cells, which is ultimately how antivirals like AZT inhibit viral

replication. Such data couldnot have been obtained by any

other method".

The technique is possible thanks to Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
http://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokinetics


8/17

technology, coupled with PET scans to see where the drug travels in

the body. AMS is so incredibly sensitive that it enables analysis at

levels previously impossible. Thanks to microdose technology,

drug research will never be the same.

European regulators have concluded that the technique will make

human clinical studies safer; until now they have relied largely

on animal studies. They could also save money. Anindustry

publication stated that itshould allow better choices to be

made in drug development, focusing resources on drug

candidates that are more likely to succeed and killing early

those compounds that will sap resources and waste time.

Personalised medicine

Microdosing could also develop the area of personalised

medicine. Some drugs may be safe or effective in many patients,

but useless or damaging in others. People have died due to

unexpected reaction caused by otherwise safe medical drugs.

"The individual response to drugs can vary tremendously",

saysan expert."Some of this behaviour can be explainedthrough metabolic signatures in the individual. Accelerator

Technology enables such profiling."

Microdosing promises not only to make existing processes safer and

more accurate, but also to unlock areas of medicine we only

dreamed of in the recent past.

June 2011 -This article in a leading medical journal details the

calls for routine personalised medicine.

December 2011 -This article explains how personalised medicine

can revolutionise cancer treatment.

December 2011 -The Mayo Clinic (USA) is developing a landmark

project to advance this form of study.

Proteomics

The cells of life
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/headlines/news/article_06_01_20_en.htmlhttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://the-scientist.com/2011/06/14/the-ghost-of-personalized-medicine/http://the-scientist.com/2011/06/14/the-ghost-of-personalized-medicine/http://the-scientist.com/2011/06/14/the-ghost-of-personalized-medicine/http://www.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=17557http://www.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=17557http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_130http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_130http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_130http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_130http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_130http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_130http://www.publicservice.co.uk/feature_story.asp?id=17557http://the-scientist.com/2011/06/14/the-ghost-of-personalized-medicine/http://www.emediawire.com/releases/2005/10/emw300761.htmhttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://www.drugresearcher.com/news/ng.asp?n=65500-xceleron-microdosing-adme-pk-pharmacokineticshttp://europa.eu.int/comm/research/headlines/news/article_06_01_20_en.html


9/17

Test on an animal and immediately youre faced with the

complexities of an intricate living system, and identifying the effecton different organs is unfeasible. It is now more obvious that

disease works on at the level of individual cells, so understanding

the different cell types is essential.

This is leading to the rise of proteomics. This exciting area of

science studies the activity of proteins in the cells: how, in the

normal cell function, proteins function and are regulated - and what

happens to cause illness. The proteome is defined as the

constellation of the proteins in a cell. The arrangement of them andwhich ones are present is a matter which has massive

consequences for health. This is because proteins build most cell

structures and perform most of the functions which are needed for

life to function healthily. Proteins are central to our

understanding of cellular function and disease processes and

without a concerted effort in proteomics the fruits of

genomics will go unrealised. The necessity of proteomics

cannot be avoided - says an expert in the field.

(www.xensei.com/users/chi/2001/hpr/hpr_pressrelease.htm)

Catalogue the proteome

Plans to catalogue proteins have started in a similar way to the

human genome project. Just as genes and their roles are

understood far better thanks to study of the human genome, plans

to investigate the human bodys proteins are underway. The

benefits of proteomics are likely to be in complex diseases likecancer, and those of the cardiovascular system. Already advances


10/17

have been made; a protein called HER3 has been studied and the

three-dimensional structure in now known. Before this, it was

almost impossible to predict how drugs will bind to the protein, but

experts now predict they will be able to prevent or treat specific

cancer types by targeting HER3. (John Hopkins Medical institutionsPress Release Aug 6th2002 Structure of key receptor unlocked;

Related proteins will fall like dominoes)

Hopes were raised in the area of HIV treatment when it was

discovered that a gene prevents HIV from reproducing, but is

blocked by a single protein. This could lead to a whole new type of

HIV treatments. (Thomas Jefferson University Information Release

8thJuly 2002 Discovery may lead to new HIV drugs, says Jefferson

virologist)

There are big plans for proteomics -read more here.

With so many pre-clinical systems that are much more reliable

than animal research now available, the only reason I can see to

use animal experiments is this: there is need to think when doing

such experiments. Killing animals is so much more congenial than

thinking for some scientists that animal research remains

popular. (Irwin D Bross, PhD, former Director of Biostatics at theRoswell Park Memorial Institute for Cancer Research)

Brain research

Technology in the modern laboratory

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) This technique

identifies the role of different areas of the brain. It does this bydetecting higher and lower magnetic susceptibilities in the blood,

which indicate whether the blood is newly oxygenated or not. Real

time scans are possible which aid treatments such as surgery and

are of great value as a diagnostic tool.
http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_44http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_44http://www.vivisectioninformation.com/index.php?p=1_44


11/17

Seethisfor more orthisfor a British University applying the

technique.

MagnetoEncephaloGraphy (or MEG) detects the magnetic fields

associated with brain activity without using X-rays. It sends no

signals into the brain so is entirely safe. It enables a functional

image of the brain to be shown. This helps show what activity the

brain is undertaking, and where in the brain this comes from. It

helps show where problems (eg epilepsy or migraine) is coming

from.
http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fmri_intro/brief.htmlhttp://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fmri_intro/brief.htmlhttp://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fmri_intro/brief.htmlhttp://www.dcn.ed.ac.uk/bic/research/structural.asphttp://www.dcn.ed.ac.uk/bic/research/structural.asphttp://www.dcn.ed.ac.uk/bic/research/structural.asphttp://www.dcn.ed.ac.uk/bic/research/structural.asphttp://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fmri_intro/brief.html


12/17

Seethis linkfor a UK university working at the forefront of this

technology. Or seethis work at Aston University andthese

projectsthere for some of the valuable work now being conducted

in humans.

EIT (Electrical Impedance Tomography), is mobile and cheap. It

registers electrical resistance in disease-affected areas. The main

benefit is therefore to trace the movement of blood and other fluids.

Developments will hopefully lead to this being a cheap, portable

method of imaging the brain in full 3-D detail.

Seethis linkfor the detailed interpretation of info from EIT,

andthisfor more applications.

SPECT (Single Photon-Emission Computed Tomography) enables

doctors to build 3D images of the brain by detecting details about

the flow of blood. This shows brain function and is vital for detection

of illnesses. This is done by radioactive labelling blood.

See morehereandhere.

Powerful new microscopes and other technologies make studies ofactual human tissue very valuable to serious researchers, while

making animal research obsolete.

SPECT scan showing details of a patient's stroke.
http://www.magres.nottingham.ac.uk/meg/index.phtmlhttp://www.magres.nottingham.ac.uk/meg/index.phtmlhttp://www.magres.nottingham.ac.uk/meg/index.phtmlhttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/facilities/meg/faq.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/facilities/meg/faq.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/facilities/meg/faq.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/groups/nrg/nrg_projects.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/groups/nrg/nrg_projects.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/groups/nrg/nrg_projects.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/groups/nrg/nrg_projects.jsphttp://dnl.ucsf.edu/users/tferree/docs/IEEE2002.pdfhttp://dnl.ucsf.edu/users/tferree/docs/IEEE2002.pdfhttp://dnl.ucsf.edu/users/tferree/docs/IEEE2002.pdfhttp://www.mdx.ac.uk/hssc/research/groups/biomedical/g_biomodel.htmhttp://www.mdx.ac.uk/hssc/research/groups/biomedical/g_biomodel.htmhttp://www.mdx.ac.uk/hssc/research/groups/biomedical/g_biomodel.htmhttp://www.amershamhealth-us.com/patient/diaguide/spect.htmlhttp://www.amershamhealth-us.com/patient/diaguide/spect.htmlhttp://www.amershamhealth-us.com/patient/diaguide/spect.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/single-proton-emission-computed-tomographyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/single-proton-emission-computed-tomographyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/single-proton-emission-computed-tomographyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/single-proton-emission-computed-tomographyhttp://www.amershamhealth-us.com/patient/diaguide/spect.htmlhttp://www.mdx.ac.uk/hssc/research/groups/biomedical/g_biomodel.htmhttp://dnl.ucsf.edu/users/tferree/docs/IEEE2002.pdfhttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/groups/nrg/nrg_projects.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/groups/nrg/nrg_projects.jsphttp://www.aston.ac.uk/lhs/research/facilities/meg/faq.jsphttp://www.magres.nottingham.ac.uk/meg/index.phtml


13/17

PET (Positron emission tomography) scans detect radiation frompositrons, and enable a detailed picture of the illness to be

constructed. This is vital for patients with brain dysfunction for

which the cause has not been determined.

See morehere ORhere.
http://www.radiologyinfo/http://www.radiologyinfo/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/http://www.radiologyinfo/


14/17

MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) Enables chemical analysis

of the brain without surgery, by distinguishing the chemical nature

of the part of the brain being scanned. This is done by detecting the

magnetic resonance in that part of the brain and analysing the data

this shows.

Readmore here orhere.

EROS Useslasers which can pass through the skull, to image the

brain. They are fired from dozens of different directions at once,

and the technique measures differences in the way they reflect. The

differences are caused by the fluid in the brain cells, and reveal vital

information about the condition of the different parts of the brain.
http://www.ness-foundation/http://www.ness-foundation/http://www.qrd.alzheimers/http://www.qrd.alzheimers/http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?http://www.qrd.alzheimers/http://www.ness-foundation/


15/17

TMS (Transcranial magnetic stimulation) stimulates or calms parts

of the brain using magnetic impulses. Higher frequencies stimulate,lower ones calm. This enables doctors to calm brain areas and

assess the affect on symptoms, therefore identifying brain areas

linked with specific illnesses. Long-term imbalances in the brain can

be identified.


16/17

See morehere,hereorhere.

Without autopsies, the progress in neurology would be almost non

existent. This method has focused on real patients and the real

nature of their brains, and full records of their condition have been

compared with the findings. As microscopes become more powerful,

the method becomes more effective.

Studies have shown that the same areas in different animal andhuman brains play different roles as well: damage to the

corresponding parts of monkey and human brains has been shown

do cause different symptoms. (Reymond in Comparative Primate

Biology (vol 4): Neurosciences, by H. S Steklis and J. Erwin, 1988,

p605. Dr Hepp-Reymond in Comparative Primate Biology (vol 4):

Neurosciences, ed by H. S. Steklis and J. Erwin, 1988 p605)

In the early 1800s the speech centres of the brain were located

through autopsies and observing patients work which would havebeen impossible through vivisection as animals lack the same

speech process more obviously than they lack other

processes.(Neurology 1981;31:600-02)

Research into human brain function is only really possible through

studying humans either in life or at post mortem. As a recognised

neurologist explains:

The study of the brain, if it is to bear fruit, must be made onman, i.e. at the bedside and in the post-mortem theatre;
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/06080702http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/06080702http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/06080702http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/06080702http://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/xmodal/TMS-for-volunteers.htmhttp://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/xmodal/TMS-for-volunteers.htmhttp://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/xmodal/TMS-for-volunteers.htmhttp://www.ccni.gla.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=41http://www.ccni.gla.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=41http://www.ccni.gla.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=41http://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/xmodal/TMS-for-volunteers.htmhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/06080702http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/06080702http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/06080702


17/17

The utmost that can be learned from experiments on the

brains of animals is the topography of the animals brain,

and it must still remain for the science of human anatomy

and clinical investigation to enlighten us in regardof our

own species; and in fact, it is from the department of clinicalinvestigation and post-mortem study that so far all of our

best brain localizations have been secured.(Jean Martin

Charcot, Quoted in Clinical Medical Discoveries, Bayly, B, NAVS

London, 1961, p27)

Documents

Non Animal Technology