Nomenclature What is a Wind Turbinewind-works.org/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Files/presentations/Wind... · Nomenclature What is a Wind Turbine ... Furling-Horizontal Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

NomenclatureWhat is a Wind Turbine

• Turbine: RotorAssemblage of Blades

• GeneratorNacelle

• TowerGuyed, Freestanding

• Foundation

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org

Nomenclature


• Mid-80s HAWT• Internal Ladder• w/ Fall Restraint• Work Platform• Tip Brakes• “Rocket” Tower

Wind Energy Conversion Devices


• Drag DevicesHAWT (Seldom)VAWT (Often)

First Choice of “Inventors”

• Lift DevicesHAWT (Dominant)VAWT (Rare)

Configuration: Axis of Rotation

Paul Gipe & Assoc.

HAWT VAWT

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) Configurations


VAWTs Darrieus2 Blades


DAF-IndalAtlantic Wind Test Site, PEI

GiromillArticulating Straight Blade VAWT


Dansk Vindkraft, 1980, RisøDenmark

Horizonztal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) Configurations


One-Blade


Rival Calzoni, Central Italy

Two Blades


Three-Blades

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Tehachapi Pass, California

ApplicationsHow Wind Energy is Used


Applications-Telecom


Applications--Off-the-Grid


Applications--Homes


Applications--Farms


Electric Vehicle Charging


Single Turbine Interconnection



Hanstholm, Denmark

Multiple Turbine Cluster


Multiple Turbine Cluster



Applications--Wind Power Plants

Whitelee, Glasgow, Scotland

Off-Shore

Paul Gipe, wind-works.orgWikimedia.org

Wind Plant ArraysRectilinear


Wind Plant Arrays--Rectilinear


160-250 kW: Mojave, California

Wind Plant ArraysLinear

Dikes, Breakwaters, Canals


Wind Plant ArraysLinear


1 MW: White Deer, Texas


Wind Plant ArraysRidgetops


Wind Plant ArraysRidgetops

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Campania, Italy

Wind Turbine Size

• In Wind Energy—Size MattersRotor Diameter or Swept Area

• Not Generator Size!


Medium-Size & Large Wind Turbines


0

20

40

60

80

100

120Rotor Diameter (m)

250

1000

500

50

15 25 40 60 80 110Diameter (meters)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Swept Area (m²)

2000

3000

Specific Capacity & Specific Area


Sample Specific Capacity Specific Area

SpecificSpecificRatedSweptRotorAreaPowerPowerAreaDia.

m2/kWW/m2kWm2mModelManufacturer2.83581,8005,02780V80Vestas3.23121,6505,28182V82Vestas2.63791,5003,959711500GE3.13221,5004,657771500SLGE4.92041,6007,854100100-1.6GE

Annual Energy Production Relative to Rated Power & Rotor Area


Renewable Tariffs Launched

4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

Average Wind Speed (m/s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7Million kWh/yr

GE 1500 71GE 1500 77




4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Million kWh/yr

N80 2500N90 2300




4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9


0

2

4

6

8

10Million kWh/yr

V82 1650V80 1800

IEC Large Wind Turbine Classes


IEC Large Wind Turbine Classes(Wind speed in m/s)

SLow WindMedium WindHigh Wind

a: Slope parameter used in the turbulence intensity equationNote: 10-minute averages, hub height wind speed. Air density; 1.225 kg/m3.

0-471-48997-2, p. 210.Adapted from IEC 61400-1; cited in Wind Energy Handbook, Tony Burton, et al, John Wiley & Sons UK, 2001, ISB

IVIIIIII67.58.510VaveAnnual Average Wind Speed

3037.542.550VrefReference Wind Speed4252.559.5701.4 Vref50-year Return Gust Speed

31.539.444.652.51.05 Vref1-year Return Gust SpeedBABABABA16%18%16%18%16%18%16%18%I15Turbulence Intensity at 15 m/s

32323232aI15: Characteristic value of hub-height turbulence intensity at a ten-minute average wind speed of 15 m/s

Size Today


112 m

Hvide Sande, Denmark

80-100 m

• 3 MW• 10,000 m2

• 10,000,000 kWh/yr• 250 t

Rotor Overspeed Controls

• All Wind Turbines Must Have Some Form of Rotor Overspeed Control--All

Micro: Dynamic Brake OKMini: Dynamic Brake Maybe OKHousehold-size: Dynamic Brake Typically Not

Sufficient


Rotor Overspeed Controls


• No Aerodynamic Controls • Furling

VerticalHorizontal

• Tip Brakes• Parachutes• Pitching Blade Tips• Spoilers• Variable Pitch

Pitch to FeatherPitch to Stall

Overspeed ControlsFurling-Vertical


Rotor ControlsFurling-Horizontal


Overspeed ControlsPitching Blade Tips


OverspeedControls

Variable Pitch


• Pitch-to-Feather

LessonsFrom 30+ Years of Experience • No Panaceas• No Cheap Solutions• No Breakthroughs--No Miracles• Numbers Matter• Experience Matters• Size Matters


Lessons• Always Check the Numbers

Vortec: The Numbers Didn’t Add Up

• Always Check the ReferencesVortec: References Discredited in the USA

• Always GoogleVortec: Ducted Turbine Critics on the Web

• Always Go to the Library. . . Or to Your Neighborhood Bookstore!

Lots of Wind Books Now Available


Lessons• Always Be Wary of “New” Designs

© VortecPaul Gipe, wind-works.org

Scams, Frauds, & FlakesTell-Tale Signs


• Heavy on Hype--Weak on Experience• Fancy Web Site

Web Sites are Much Cheaper than Real Turbines

• Aggressive MarketingWatch for Multi-Level Pyramid Schemes“Get in on the Ground Floor”

• “New” Design, “Not Like The Others”Often VAWTs, Squirrel Cage, Ducted (DAWT)

Scams, Frauds, & FlakesTell-Tale Signs

• PatentsRarely Mean Anything

• Works at Low Speeds (<3 m/s)There’s Little Power in Low Winds

• Silent!Yes, Because They Seldom Do Anything

• Doesn’t Kill BirdsYeah, right!


Fundamentals of Wind Energy


Power in the Wind

321 AVP

Where is air density (kg/m3),A is area (m2), andV is velocity (m/s); thus2V3 = 8P


Seasonal Wind Distribution


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Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Month

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18Avg. Monthly Wind Speed (mph)

Amarillo, TexasErie, Penn.San Francisco, Calif.

!

&

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Rayleigh Wind Speed Distribution


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Wind Speed Bin

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16Frequency of Occurrence %

5 m/s6 m/s7 m/s

Speed, Power, & Height


V/Vo = (H/Ho) α

P/Po = (H/Ho) 3α

Where α is the surface friction coefficient.• 1/7 (0.14), Low Grass Prairies• 1/4 (0.25), Suburbs• 0.40, Urban

Increase in Wind Speed with Height


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1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 51

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

Wind Shear Exponent0.1 0.14 (1/7) 0.2 0.25, ) & *

V=Vo (H/Ho)"

H/Ho

Increase in Power with Height


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1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 51

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5Wind Shear Exponent

0.1 0.14 (1/7) 0.2 0.25, ) & *

P=Po (H/Ho)

H/Ho

"3

Change in Wind Speed & Power with Height


1/7 (0.14), Low Grass Prairies

2 X Height 25 to 50 m

5 X Height 10 to 50 m

Wind Speed 1.1 1.25

Wind Power 1.35 1.99

Annual Energy Output (AEO) Estimating Methods


• Back-of-the-Envelope (Swept Area)Simple Approximation

• Power Curve & Speed DistributionMethod Used by the ProsAccuracy Dependent Upon Data

• Manufacturers’ TablesDependent Upon Honesty of Manufacturer

• SoftwareMust Know Assumptions Used (RETScreen)

Energy in the WindAnnual Energy Output (AEO)

Annual Energy Production (AEP)

AEO = 1/2 ρ A V ή (8,760 hrs/year)3



Rotor Dimensions

Medium-Size & Large Wind Turbines

0

20

40

60

80

100

120Rotor Diameter (m)

250

1000

500

50

15 25 40 60 80 110Diameter (meters)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

Swept Area (m²)

2000

3000


Tararua New Zealand Yields

Tararua Wind Plant New Zealand Specific YieldsVestas V47

Specific YieldSwept AreaDiameterApproximatekWh/m2/yrm2mkWh/yr

8008401,735471,457,901Low1,5001,4401,735472,500,000Median1,8001,7601,735473,050,622High

WindStats, Spring 2005, Vol. 18, No. 2, pg 13.


AEO Medium & Large Turbines


Net Generation from Wind Plants

Net

Availability 98%

Electrical 97%

Array Interference 90%-95%

Total 86%-90%


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Rotor Diameter (m)

2

5

4

3

1

61 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rotor Diameter (m)

0

10

20

30

40

Swept Area (m²)

7

Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines


AEO Small Wind Turbines



Measures of Productivity

• Capacity (Plant) FactorMisleading IndicatorUsed for Fossil-Fired PlantsNot Suited for Wind Energy Use

• kWh/kW/yr (for Planning Purposes)When Sufficient Data is Unavailable

• Annual Specific Yield (kWh/m2/yr)The Only Measure Specific to Wind Energy

Equivalent Capacity Factorfor Specific Rated Capacity


!

!

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!!

!!

!!

!

"

"

""

""

""

""

"

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500Annual Specific Yield (kWh/m2/yr)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1 Capacity Factor

Specific Capacity kW/m20.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6" !

Typical Yields (kWh/kW/yr)


Low High

Germany 1,500 1,800

France 1,400 1,900

Spain 1,700 2,100

Denmark 2,000 2,500

Measures of Cost• $/kW of Installed Capacity

Often a Misleading Indicator

• $/m2 of Installed Swept AreaMost Useful When Resource is Unknown

• $/kWh/yr of Annual GenerationMost Important Criteria in the End


Sources of Information


• Trade Magazines• European Wind Reports• German Market Survey• Books• Web Sites• Workshops

Trade Magazines


• Windpower Monthly• WindStats• WinDirections• RE World• New Energy• Neue Energie• North American Windpower• Systèmes Solaires

• Power Curves• Noise• Power Factor• Flicker


Measured Performance Data

Documents

Nomenclature What is a Wind Turbinewind-works.org/cms/fileadmin/user_upload/Files/presentations/Wind... · Nomenclature What is a Wind Turbine ... Furling-Horizontal Paul Gipe, wind-works.org