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NomenclatureScientific Plant Classification
Early Classification Started by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus Classified all plants into annuals, biennials, and perennials, according to life span Herbs, shrubs, and trees, according to their growth habit
Modern Taxonomy Modern classification of plants is based on Linnaeus (Carl von Lenné), a 18th century Swedish physician and “the father of taxonomy” who revolutionized the field of plant and animal classification Use of binomial nomenclature
- Genus and species for scientific names Use of trinomial nomenclature for horticultural crops
Genus, species, and cultivar for cultivated crops
Scientific NamesRed Delicious Apple
ClassificationRed Delicious Apple
KingdomPlantae
DivisionAnthrophyta
ClassDicotyledonae
OrderRosales
FamilyRosaceae
Genus Malus (or Malus)
Speciesdomestica (or domestica)
Variety (naturally occurring)
(cultivar) ‘Red Delicious’
Form--
Individual --
Botanical Names for Horticultural Crops
Mostly deals with family, genus, species, and cultivar Binomial for botanical names Italicize or underline genus and species
Genus species (or Genus species)
Do not underline or italicize family and cultivar names Rosaceae (the rose family) Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious
Variety names may be underlined or italicized Picea glauca var. densata Black Hills Spruce Picea pungens cv. Hoopsii Hoops Blue Spruce
Blue Spruce
Natural botanical varieties are seed propagated Cultivars are propagated asexually by cuttings or grafting
Picea pungens var. glauca Picea pungens cv. Hoopsii
Red Delicious or Golden Delicious Apples
Malus domestica cv. Red Delicious
Malus domestica cv. Red DeliciousMalus domestica ‘Red Delicious’Malus domestica ‘Red Delicious’
Malus domestica cv. Golden DeliciousMalus domestica cv. Golden DeliciousMalus domestica ‘Golden Delicious’Malus domestica ‘Golden Delicious’
Golden Delicious was a sport of Red Delicious
Selected Terminology
Variety – A group of variants within a species which have similar characteristics
Cultivar – Cultivated variety, usually human-made
Cultigen – A cultivar that has naturalized in a native stand Ecospecies – A subdivision of species that are formed by
ecological barrier (i.e., Cercis canadendensis, Redbud) Clone – A group of plants all of which arose from a single
individual (ortet) through asexual (vegetative) propagation Clonal Cultivar – An asexually propagated clone (i.e., Russet
Burbank potato, Royalty rose, etc.) Pure Lines – Homozygous inbred lines grown from seed
AAbbcc, aabbcc, aaBBcc, aabbCC Hybrid Cultivar – A cultivar developed by hybridizing (crossing)
two or more genetically diverse parental linesGenetically heterozygous, phenotypically uniform (homogeneous)
AaBbCc (A=dominat allele, a=recessive allele)
Ecospecies of Redbud Formed by ecological isolation Clines with continuous variation in leaf pubescence from east to
west
Redbud
Some Horticulturally Important Families
1. Rosaceae Rose Family
2. Solanaceae Nightshade Family
3. Cucurbitaceae Gourd Family
4. Brassicaceae Mustard Family
5. Apiaceae Celery Family
6. Liliaceae Lily Family
7. Orchidaceae Orchid Family
Rosaceae (Rose Family)
• About 100 genera, 3000 species• Rose, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry, prunus
(peach, cherry, apricot, almond, plum), apple, pear, quince
• Examples– Rosa hybrida cv. Royalty Royalty rose– Pyrus communis cv. Bartlett Bartlett Pear– Malus domestica cv. Fuji Fuji Apple– Fragaria ananasa Strawberry
Solanaceae (Nightshade Family)
• About 90 genera, 2200 species• Mostly native to South America• Genus Solanum is the largest with 1700 species• Many species contain alkaloids, solanine, nicotine,
atropine• Examples
– Solanum tuberosum Potato– Solanum tuberosum ‘Russet Burbank’ Russet Burbank
potato– Petunia hybrida cv. Red Cascade Red Cascade petunia– Lycopersicon esculentum Tomato– Capsicum frutescens ‘Red Bell’ Red Bell pepper
Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family)
• About 100 genera, 559 species• Native to both the old and new worlds• Mostly vines with tendrils• Examples
– Citrullus vulgaris Watermelon– Cucumis sativus Cucumber– Cucurbita pepo Pumpkin– Cucurbita maxima Squash– Cucumis melo Muskmelon
Some Cucurbitaceae Crops
Cucumber
Watermelon, seedlessWatermelon, seedless
Watermelon
Gourds Pumpkin
Muskmelon
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae, Mustard Family)
• About 350 genera, 3200 species• Cole crops such as cabbage, broccoli,
radish• Many are common garden crops• Typically 4-merous (cross-like flower petals)• Examples
– Brassica oleracea Cabbage, kale, kohlrabi, broccoli, cauliflower
– Brassica napa Pak Choi, Napa cabbage, turnip
– Brassica juncea Mustard– Raphanum sativa Radish, Daikon radish
ApiaceaeFormerly Umbeliferae, Celery or Parsnip Family
• About 250 genera, 2500 species• Annual or biennial herb• Umbel shape inflorescence (compound
umbels)• Examples
– Daucus carota Carrot– Apium graceolens Celery– Coriandrum sativum Coriander– Petroselinum hortense Parsley
Liliaceae (Lily Family)Monocots
• About 240 genera, 3000 species• Specialized foot storage organs such as
rhizomes, bulbs, fleshy roots)• Include many ornamental plants• Examples
– Asparagus officinalis Asparagus– Lilium longiglorum Easter lily– Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera– Allium cepa Onion– Tulipa spp. Tulips
Garlic Festival Held in Gilroy, CA, - Garlic capitol of the world (122,000 visitors in 2004) 28th annual Gilroy garlic festival was held July 28-30, 2006
Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)Monocots
• About 800 genera, 30,000 species• Mostly native to tropical and subtropical regions• Epiphytic as well as terrestrial growth habits• Many species are used as ornamentals• Examples
– Vanilla planifolia Vanilla orchid– Cattleya spp. Cattleya orchids– Dendrobium spp. Dendrobium orchids– Phalaenopsis spp. Phalaenopsis orchids– Cymbidium spp. Cymbidium orchids– Cypripedium reginae Lady slipper orchid
Some Orchidaceae Plants
Vanilla orchid
Vanilla flower
Cattleya
Lady SlipperCattleya hybrid
Phalaenopsis