View
214
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Noble GasesNoble Gases
Groundwater recharge Groundwater recharge temperatures temperatures
HeNe
Ar
Kr
Xe
Gaz nobles Groupe 18Gaz nobles Groupe 18
n 1 18
1 1
H 1
2 13 14 15 16 17 2
He 0
2 3
Li 1
4
Be 2
5
B 6
6
C –4 –2 0
4
7
N –3 0 3 5
8
O –2 0
9
F –1
10
Ne 0
3 11
Na 1
12
Mg 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Al 3
14
Si 4
15
P –3 5
16
S –2 0 4 6
17
Cl –1
18
Ar 0
4 19
K 1
20
Ca 2
21
Sc 3
22
Ti 4
23
V 5
24
Cr 3
25
Mn 4 3 2
26
Fe 2 3
27
Co 2 3
28
Ni 2
29
Cu 1 2
30
Zn 2
31
Ga 3
32
Ge 4
33
As 3,5
34
Se –2 0 4 6
35
Br –1
36
Kr 0
5 37
Rb 1
38
Sr 2
39
Y 3
40
Zr 4
41
Nb 3 5
42
Mo 4 6
43
Tc 7
44
Ru 3 4
45
Rh 2 3 4
46
Pd 2 4
47
Ag 1
48
Cd 2
49
In 3
50
Sn 4,2
51
Sb 3,5
52
Te –2 0 4 6
53
I –1
54
Xe 0
6 55
Cs 1
56
Ba 2
57
La 3
72
Hf 4
73
Ta 5
74
W 4 6
75
Re 7
76
Os 3 4
77
Ir 2 4 6
78
Pt 2 4
79
Au 1 3
80
Hg 2
81
Ti 1 3
82
Pb 2
83
Bi 3 5
84
Po 2 4
85
At –1
86
Rn 0
7 87
Fr 1
88
Ra 2
89
Ac 3
58
Ce 3
59
Pr 3
59
Nd 3
61
Pm 3
62
Sm 3
63
Eu 3
64
Gd 3
65
Tb 3
66
Dy 3
67
Ho 3
68
Er 3
69
Tm 3
70
Yb 3
71
Lu 3
90
Th 4
91
Pa 5
92
U 4 6
93
Np 4 5
94
Pu 4
95
Am 3
96
Cm 3
97
Bk
3 4
98
Cf 3
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No
103
Lr
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
0 10 20 30 40Temperature °C
He (C0°C = 5.0 ∙10–8)
C0°C
cc STP/cc H2O
Kr (C0°C = 1.3 ∙10–7)
Ar (C0°C = 5.0 ∙10–4)
Ne (C0°C = 2.3 ∙10–7)
Xe (C0°C = 2.0 ∙10–8)
Re
lati
ve s
olu
bil
ity
(C/C
0°
C)
Noble gas solubilities and temperature
Solubility in BrinesSolubility in Brines
0E+00
5E-08
1E-07
2E-07
2E-07
3E-07
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature °C
So
lub
ilit
y cc
/cc
H2O
Fresh water
Seawater
Brine
Neon
0E+00
2E-08
4E-08
6E-08
8E-08
1E-07
1E-07
1E-07
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature °C
So
lub
ilit
y cc
/cc
H2O
Fresh waterSeawaterBrine
Krypton
0E+00
1E-04
2E-04
3E-04
4E-04
5E-04
6E-04
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature °C
So
lub
ilit
y cc
/cc
H2O
Fresh waterSeawater
Brine
Argon
0E+00
5E-09
1E-08
2E-08
2E-08
3E-08
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature °C
So
lub
ilit
y cc
/cc
H2O
Fresh waterSeawaterBrine
Xenon
29-May-02 35-BYellowknife B8906.1.1B8906.1.1
Original tracer volume inserted - Mayoriginals1 originals2 originals3
3He/4He 20Ne/22Ne vol Ne 36Ar/40Ar vol Ar 78Kr/84Kr vol Kr 132Xe/136Xevol Xe He 4.69E-05 3.51E-05 ######time (min.) M-57 M-37 30 M-57 1000 M-57 M-57 Ne 3.75E-05 7.91E-06 ######
1 0.0246 0.1023 3.07E+00 0.00599 5.99E+00 9.35 Didn't have the new XwAr 1.26E-05 6.20E-04 ######2 0.0247 0.0975 2.92E+00 0.00595 5.95E+00 9.52 spike yet Kr 5.75E-06 1.64E-06 ######3 0.0245 0.0952 2.86E+00 0.00599 5.99E+00 9.66 4.06E-08 ######4 0.0249 0.0942 2.83E+00 0.00592 5.92E+00 9.86 Vair = Vt * [tXt - airXt*R]/[airXair*R - tXair]5 0.0243 0.0946 2.84E+00 0.00589 5.89E+00 10.04 Mole % of isotope in Tracer Mole fraction of isotope in Air6 0.0241 0.0949 2.85E+00 0.00585 5.85E+00 10.31 Isotope Isotope7 0.0238 0.0947 2.84E+00 0.00582 5.82E+00 10.53 3He 0.9999 3He 1.4E-068 0.0239 0.0942 2.82E+00 0.00575 5.75E+00 10.68 4He 0.0001 4He 19 0.0243 0.0934 2.80E+00 0.00571 5.71E+00 10.80 20Ne 0.0010 20Ne 0.905
10 0.0250 0.0927 2.78E+00 0.00570 5.70E+00 10.96 22Ne 0.9990 22Ne 0.092311 0.0257 0.0922 2.77E+00 0.00564 5.64E+00 11.00 36Ar 1.0000 36Ar 0.003 0.003364 1.0178212 0.0263 0.0913 2.74E+00 0.00563 5.63E+00 11.25 40Ar 0.0000 40Ar 0.997 0.996 1.01781213 0.0267 0.0913 2.74E+00 0.00554 5.54E+00 11.38 78Kr 0.9914 78Kr 0.003 8.7E-0614 0.0268 0.0914 2.74E+00 0.00556 5.56E+00 11.45 84Kr 0.0086 84Kr 0.5715 0.0271 0.0920 2.76E+00 0.00548 5.48E+00 11.50 132Xe 0 132Xe 0.269
0.0 10.7276 0.0060 9.3488 136Xe 1 136Xe 0.089cc sample 1.88E-03 3.86E-06 4.72E-03 9.83E-07mass H2O 8.12 8.12 8.12 8.12cc/ccH2O 2.31E-04 4.75E-07 5.82E-04 1.21E-07
40/36 ratio 302water @ 5° 4.9E-08 2.17E-07 4.4E-04 1.1E-07 1.9E-08brine @ 0° 9.5E-09 3.4E-08 6.6E-05 1.9E-08 2.3E-09overpressuring 2.19 1.33 1.13Air contamination cc 7.5E-08 0.0143637 2.6E-07 1.3E-04 1.6E-08Corr Gl+modern 2.31E-04 2.17E-07 4.48E-04 1.05E-07
1.0000Fraction composition dry air 9.45E-01 1.06E-03 0.0537849He 5.20E-06 3H 24.00 cc/cc at TNe 1.80E-05 % brine 0.0010609 0 TAr 9.30E-03 % glacial 0.0537849 1E-07 Ne 2.3 6.5 averageKr 1.10E-06 % modern 0.9451542 1E-04 Ar 5.0 2.9 5.2Xe 8.60E-08 1E-08 Kr 12.7 6.3 stdev
1E-08 Xe 1.9 0.0 2.02020
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
He
Kr
Ne
Ar
Xe
02
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
He
Kr
Ne
Ar
Xe
-10
-9
-8
-7
-10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Corrected 14C age (years)
Modern (3H > 2 TU)Paleo-groundwaters
18O
‰ V
SM
OW
W
0
4
8
12
16
0 10 20 30 40Age ka
Ar/
Kr
pale
o-T
°C
Down-gradient evolution of a14C and 13C in groundwaters from the Bunter sandstone. The inverse correlation of a14C with d13C demonstrates the effect of non-decay reaction in attenuating 14C.
0
20
40
60
80
1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 30
Site down-gradient
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
a14
CD
IC p
mC
C 13C
‰ V
PD
B B
14C13C
3H > 2 TU 3H - free groundwaters
Fig. 8-9 Down-gradient evolution of aC and 13C in groundwaters from the Bunter sandstone. The inverse correlation of aC with 13C demonstrates the effect of non-decay reaction in attenuating C.
-10
-9
-8
-7
-10000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Corrected 14C age (years)
Modern (3H > 2 TU)Paleo-groundwaters
18O
‰ V
SM
OW
W
0
4
8
12
16
0 10 20 30 40Age ka
Ar/
Kr
pale
o-T
°C
Noble gas isolation and measurementby quadrupole mass spectrometry
Ian, I don’t thinkit’ll work on Mars.
Isotope dilution Isotope dilution methodmethod
AtmosphereAtmosphere SpikeSpike
Vol - unknownVol - unknown Vol - known Vol - known44HeHe 33HeHe2020NeNe 2222NeNe4040ArAr 3636ArAr8484KrKr 7878KrKr132132XeXe 136136XeXe
Andrews, J.N., N. Hussain, and M.J. Youngman, 1989. Atmospheric and radiogenic gases in groundwaters from the Stripa granite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1831-1841.
Poole, Jason C., Gavin McNeill, Stephen R. Langman, and Frank Dennis (1997). Analysis of noble gas in water using a quadrupole mass spectrometer in static mode. Applied Geochemistry 12: 707-714.
Pinti, Daniele L., and Eddy Van Drom (1998). PALEOTEMP: A Mathematica® program for evaluating paleotemperatures from the concentration of atmosphere-derived noble gases in ground water. Computers and Geosciences 24: 33-41.
Isotope DilutionIsotope Dilution
Atmosphere Spike
Vol - unknown Vol - known4He 3He20Ne 22Ne40Ar 36Ar84Kr 78Kr
132Xe 136Xe R84/78 = —––––VKr(atm)
VKr(spike)