.;

Western Region

SALT LAKE CITY,

UTAH

March 1973

NOAA TM NWS WR 83

NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS WR83 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service

A Comparison of Manual and Semi­automatic Methods of Digitizing Analog Wind Records.

GLENN E. RASCH

NOAA TECI:IN I CAL MEMORANDA National Weather Service, Western Region Subseries

The National Weather Service (NWSl Western Region (WRl Subseries provides an informal medium for the documentation and quick dissemination of results not appropriate, or not yet ready, for formal publication. The seri.es is used to report on work in progress, to describe technical procedures and practices, or to relate progress to a I lmited audience. These Technical Memoranda wll I report on investigations devoted primarily to regional and local problems of interest.mainly to personnel, and hence wll I not be widely distributed.

Papers I to 23 are in the .former series, ESSA Technical Memoranda, Western Region Technical Memoranda (WRTMl; papers 24 to 59 are in the former series, ESSA Technical Memoranda, Weather Bureau Technical Memoranda (WBTMl. Beginning with 60, the papers. are part of the series, NOAA Technical Memoranda NWS.

Papers I to 23, except for 5 (revised edition) and ·10, are available from the National Weather Servlce.Weste~n Region Scientific Services Division, P. o. Box 11188, Federal Bui ldlng, 125 South State Street, Salt Lake C1ty, Utah 841 I I. Papers.5 (revised edition), 10, and alI others beginning with 24 are avai I able from t~e N~tional Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sills Bldg., 5285.Port Royal Road, Spr1ngf1eld, Va •. 22151. Price: $3.00 paper copy; $0.95 microfiche. Order by accession nu~ber shown in parentheses at end of each entry.

WRTM I WRTM 2 WRTM 3

WRTM 4 WRTM 5

WRTM 6 WRTM 7 WRTM 8 WRTM 9 WRTM 10 WRTM II WRTM 12

WRTM 13

WRTM 14

WRTM 15

WRTM 16 WRTM 17

WRTM 18 WRTM 19

WRTM 20

WRTM 21

WRTM 22 WRTM 23

WBTM 24

WBTM 25

WBTM 26 WBTM 27 WBTM 28 WBTM 29 WBTM 30

WBTM 31

WBTM 32

WBTM 33 WBTM 34 WBTM 35

WBTM 36

WBTM 37 WBTM 38

WBTM 39 WBTM 40 WBTM 41 WBTM 42

WBTM 43 WBTM 44

WBTM 45/1

ESSA Technical Memoranda

Some Notes on Probability Forecasting. Edward D. Diemer, September 1965. (Out of print.) Cl imatologlcal Precipitation Probabll !ties. Campi led by Lucianna Mi I ler, December 1965. Western Region Pre- and Post-FP-3 Program, December I, 1965 to February 20, 1966. Edward D. Diemer, March 1966. Use of Meteorological Sate I I ite Data. March 1966. Station Descriptions of Local Effects on Synoptic Weather Patterns. Phi I ip Wi I Iiams, Jr., April 1966 (revised November 1967, October 1969). (PB-178000) Improvement of Forecast Wording and Format. C. L. Glenn, May 1966. Final Report on Precipitation Probability Test Programs. Edward D. Diemer, May 1966. Interpreting the RAREP. Herbert P. Benner, May 1966 (revised January 1967). (Out of print.) A Collection of Papers Related to the 1966 NMC Primitive-Equation Model. ·June 1966. Sonic Boom. Loren Crow (6th Weather Wing, USAF, Pamphlet), June 1966. (Out of print.) (AD-479366) Some Electrical Processes in the Atmosphere. J. Latham, June 1966. A Comparison of Fog lncidenc'e at Missoula, Montana, with Surrounding Locations. Richard A. Dightman, August 1966. (Out of print.) A Collection of Technical Attachments on the 1966 NMC Primitive-Equation Model. Leonard W. Snel lman, August 1966. (Out of print. l · . ApplIcation of Net Radiometer Measurements to Short-Range Fog and Stratus Forecasting at Los Angeles. Frederick Thomas, September 1966. The Use of the Mean.as an Estimate of "Normal" Precipitation in an Arid Region. Paul C. Kangieser, November 1966. Some Notes on Accl imatlzatlon in Man. A Digitalized Summary of Radar Echoes L. B. Overaas, December 1966.

Edited by Leonard W. Snel lman, November 1966. Within 100 Miles of Sacramento, California. J, A. Youngberg and

Limitations of Selected Meteorological Data. December 1966. A Grid Method for Estimating Precipitation Amounts by Using the WSR-57 Radar. R. Granger, December 1966. (Out of print.) Transmitting Radar Echo Locations to Local Fire Control Agencies for Lightning Fire Detection. Robert R. Peterson, March 1967. (Out of. print.) An· Objective Aid for Forecasting the End of East Winds in the Columbia Gorge, July through October .. D. John Coparanls, April 1967... . Derivation' of Radar Horizons in Mountainous Terrain. Roger G. Pappas, Apri I 1967. "K" Chart Appl icatlons to Thunderstorm Forecasts Over the Western United States. Richard E. Hambidge, May 1967.

ESSA Technical Memoranda, Weather Bureau Technical Memoranda (WBTMl

Historical and Climatological Study of Grinnell Glacier, Montana. Richard A. Dightman, July 1967. (PB-178071 l Verification of Op'erational Proba~i I ity of Precipitation Forecasts, Apri I 1966-March 1967. W. W. Dickey, October 1967. (PB-176240) A Study of Winds in the Lake Mead. Recreation Area. R. P. Augul is, January 1968. (PB~I77830)' Objective Minimum Temperature Forecasting for Helena, Montana. D. E. Olsen, February 1968. (PB-177827) Weather Extremes. R. J. Schmid I i, April 1968 (revised July 1968). CPB-178928) Small-Scale Analysis and Prediction. Philip Williams, Jr., May 1968. (PB-178425) Numerical Weather Prediction and Synoptic Meteorology. Capt. Thomas D. Murphy, U.S.A.F., May 1968. CAD-673365) Precipitation Detection Probabi I ities by Salt Lake ARTC R~dars. Robert K. Belesky, July 1968. (PB-179084) Probabi I ity Forecasting--A Problem Analysis with Reference to the Portland Fire Weather District. Harold s. Ayer, July 1968, CPB-179289) Objective Forecasting. Philip Wi I Iiams, Jr., August 1968. (AD-680425) The WSR-57 Radar Program at Missoula, Montan~. R. Granger, October 1968. CPB-180292) Joint ESSA/FAA ARTC Radar Weather Survei I lance Program. Herbert P. Benner and DeVon B. Smith, December 1968 (revised June 1970). CAD-681857) Temperature Trends in Sacramento--Another Heat Island. Anthony D. Lentini, February 1969. <Out of print.) (PB-183055) Disposal of Logging Residues Without Damage to Air Qual tty. Owen P. Cramer, March 1969. (PB-183057) Climate of Phoenix, Arizona. R. J. Schmidt i, P. C. Kangieser, and R. s. Ingram. Apri I 1969. (Out of print.) CPB-184295) Upper-Air Lows Over Northwestern United States. A. L. Jacobson, April 1969. (PB-184296) The Man-Machine Mix in Applied Weather Forecasting In the 1970s. L. W. Snel lman, August 1969. (PB-185068) High Resolution Radiosonde Observations. W. S. Johnson, August 1969. (PB-185673) Analysis of the Southern California Santa Ana of January 15-17, 1966, Barry B. Aronovitch, August 1969. (PB-185670) Forecasting Maximum Temperatures at Helena, Montana. David E. Olsen, October 1969. (PB-185762) Estimated Return Periods for Short-Duration Precipitation in Arizona. Paul C. Kangieser, October 1969. ( PB-187763 l Precipitation Probabi I !ties in the Western Region Associated with Winter 500-mb Map Types. Richard A. Augulis, December 1969. (PB-188248)

...

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE

NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM WR-83

A COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND SEMIAUTOMATIC METHODS OF DIGITIZING ANALOG WIND RECORDS

Glenn E. Rasch Regional Warning Coordination Center

Salt Lake City, Utah

WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO. 83

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH MARCH 1973

,,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

I • Introduction

I I . Manu a I D i g i t i z i n g

Ill. Digitizing with the CALMA Model 302 Digi.tizer

IV. Comparison of the Two Methods

V. Acknowledgments

VI • References

i i

2-3

3-4

4-5

6

6

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure I. Portion of Wind Record from Epic Mechanical Wind Recorder 7

Figure 2. CALMA Model 302 Digitizer 8

Tab I e I. Wind Coding Format 9

Table I I. Manual Storage Program 10

iii

A COMPARISON OF MANUAL AND SEMIAUTOMATIC METHODS OF DIGITIZING ANALOG WIND RECORDS

ABSTRACT

Two methods for obtaining digitized hourly wind data from an analog wind trace are described and compared. The first method is a manual one. Hourly averages of wind direction and speed are obtained by manual inspection of the wind trace. Hourly averages are then key punched onto data cards and stored on magnetic tape. The second method is more automatic. The CALMA model 302 digitizer is used to trace over the analog wind trace and store digitized wind data at 0.01 inch intervals on magnetic tape. Hourly wind averages are then produced from this digitized data through a series of four data reduction programs, and the resulting hourly averages are stored on magnetic tape.

The more automatic method has the advantages of being accurate and slightly faster than the manual method. advantages are off-set by its higher cost and greater prob I ems.

I. INTRODUCTION

s I i g h t I y more However, these technical

Due to differences in terrain, surface wind conditions observed at Las Vegas airport frequently differ from those observed on nearby Lake Mead [1]. Hence, a network of surface wind instruments was installed on small islands and reefs in the lake so that winds on the lake could be observed and compared to observations taken at Las Vegas.

From late 1967 to early 1971, about 105 station-months (one station­month equals one month of record for one station) of surface wind data were collected. The wind instruments used were German Woelfle type mechanical wind recorders distributed by Epic, Inc. A sample of the wind record from one of these instruments is shown in Figure I.

The purpose of this study is to determine the best way to obtain digital one-hour averages of wind speed and direction from the analog wind traces and how best to store this digital information on magne­tic tape. Once on magnetic tape, this wind data can be accessed readily by a digital computer for the purpose of making various statistical summaries and forecast studies.

After careful consideration, two methods of producing digitized wind data and storing it on magnetic tape were tried. One method is basically manual, while the other method is more automatic. The two methods are described in the following sections.

II. MANUAL DIGITIZING

The manual method consists of simply "eyebal I ing" one-hour averages of wind speed .and direction directly from the wind trace and record­ing the averages on a coding form.

A wind direction average tan usually be obtained with an accuracy to within about iive degrees. However, sometimes the wind direction varies greatly within an hour, making it difficult to manually obtain an accurate average. For example in Figure I on September I, the wind direction varies considerably between 0900 and 1000 hours, making an accurate determination of the average direction difficult. Large variations of wind direction are usually associated with very I ight winds.

The Epic wind instrument records the wind speed by a slope method. The flatter the slope of the wind trace, the greater the wind speed. The strip chart is divided into 10 equal· increments labeled 0 to 10 (see Figure 1). Each increment.that the trace crosses represents one kilometer. If the trace passes from the zero I ine to the 10 I ine In a one-hour time span (crossing alI 10 increments), the average wind speed for that hour would be 10 kmph (kilometers per hour). Refer­ring to Figure I, on September I the average wind speed between 0900 and 1000 hours would be approximately 6.5 kmph (6.5 increments were crossed by the trace between 0900 and 1000). By 2000.hours the average wind speed has increased to about 29 kmph. (The trace crossed alI ten increments twice and an additional 9 increments between 1900 and 2000.) Smal I wind speed averages can be determined with leis absolute error than large wind speed averages. When the winds are strong, the trace crosses the horizontal hourly markings at a very small angle making the actual crossing point difficult to determine. However, percentage errors are about the same for strong winds as for I ight winds.

As mentioned previously, the hourly averages of wind speed and di'rec;.. tion are written onto coding form;;, and "fihen the wind information is keypunched onto 80•column data processing cards. The format Dsed ih this study is shown in Table I. Two cards are needed to record the w~nd information for one station for one day. Bookkeeping information is recorded in the first seven co I umns of the first card: co I umns I and 2 tontain the station number (wind data was collected at 5 differ­ent locations); columns 3, 4 and 5 contain the Julian date; and columns 6 and 7 contain the last two digits of the year. The remainder of the first card contains wind speed information. Two columns areal located for each of the 24 average wind Speeds. The second card contains the wind direction information. Each direction value occupies three columns .. If all or part of the wind data is missing, 99 is entered where the first wind speed ~ormal ly goes, and the remainder of the first card and alI of the second card are left blank. If any part of the data is missing, the entire day is omitted from the record.

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Table 2 contains a I isting of a program which wi I I read the wind data from the cards and store it on a magnetic tape cal led MEAD!. This program was written for use on the UNIVAC 1108 computer. It uses sub­routines cal led INOUT from the University of Utah computer center pro­gram I ibrary to perform the transfer of data to magnetic tape. The same INOUT subroutines may be used to read the data from magnetic tape.

A manual digitizer can digitize and enter wind data onto a coding form at the rate of about seven station days per hour. In other words, it takes a I ittle more than four man-hours of work to digitize one month of wind data for one station. The cost of having the data for one station-month keypunched onto data processing cards (assuming a key­punching rate of $5.00 per hour) would be about $3.25. It is esti­mated that it would take approximately 50 man hours of work plus $40 for keypunching cards and $10 for computer time Cat present rates for computer time) to process the data for one year for one station.

I I I. DIGITIZING WITH THE CALMA MODEL 302 DIGITIZER

Another way to convert analog wind data to digital form is by using the CALMA Model 302 digitizer [2]. A sketch of the Model 302 is shown in Figure 2. To digitize analog data, the operator places the wind trace on the back! ighted viewing area and traces the analog wind trace with a movable stylus/carriage assembly. The movements of the stylus are recorded directly onto magnetic tape at 0.01 inch intervals. The station number, Julian date, and year are recorded on the magnetic tape prior to digitizing each station-day via the manual entry keyboard. The Model 302 is capable of digitizing up to 125 inches of analog trace per minute. However, in order to follow the analog trace accurately, the operator would in general digitize at a slower rate.

After recording the wind trace information onto tape, hourly averages of wind spee~ and direction are. obtained through a series of four data reduction programs. These four programs are too lengthy to I ist in this report, but are avai !able from Scientific Services Division, Western Region Headquarters, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Once the magnetic tape is rewound on the Model 302 tape drive at the end of each day of digitizing, the tape cannot be repositioned the next day to the point where the operator I eft off. Because of this unfortunate characteristic of the Model 302, at the end of each day's work the data must be transferred to another storage tape so that the operator can begin recording at the beginning of the digitizing tape on the next day. Therefore, the first of the four programs simply transfers the digitized data from the digitizing tape to a larger storage t~pe. In addition the program produces a I isting of data for each day digitized, which the digitizer operator must review each day for errors. After becoming proficient at digitizing, the average operator wi II make errors at the rate of about I O%, i.e., about I O% of the days digitized wi I I have to be redigitized due to operator error.

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The second program sorts the data that have been stored on tape and stores them in chronological order by Jul iah date on a new master data tape. This program could be eliminated if the digitizer opera­tor could digitize without making errors. But this is simply impossible, and whenever an ~rror is made, the day in error must be redigitized, which upsets the chronological order.

The Model 302 actually records the X, Y movement in inches of the stylus as the wind record is traced. The third data reduction pro­gram converts this X, Y position information to wind speed and direc­tion information. The X, Y position information is read from the master data tape, 10-minute wind speed and directi~n values are computed, and these 10-minute averages are printed out by the computer and written onto another tape along ~ith the station number and date.

The final program reads the 10-minute wind speed and direction averages from tape, computes one-hour_averages both on printed ~age and on magnetic tape. The same INOUT routines discussed in Section I I are used to perform the transfer of data to magnetic tape.

On the average a digitizer operator can digitize about 10 days of record in one hour. Digitizing rate is very strongly dependent upon wind speed. High wind-speed records take much longer to digitize than low wind-speed records. Assuming a 10% error rate and using the current cost of $5 per hour for use of the digitizer, one station-year would cost about $200 to digitize and would require about 40 man-hours of work. This cost does not include the cost of computer time for running the four data reduction programs discussed above. This cost amounts to about $90 for reducing the data for one station-year. In addition about $250 in digitizer rental fees and computer time was spent (wasted) getting proficient in the use of the Model 302 and working the "bugs" out of the data reduction programs.

IV. COMPARISON OF THE TWO METHODS

Automatic digitizing with the Model 302 has two main advantages over manual digitizing:

Cl) It is faster. About 40 man-hours of work are required for one station-year compared to about 50 man-hours for the manual procedure.

(2) It is more accurate. The wind speed data digi­tized manually (hourly averages) were rounded to the nearest whole kilometer per hour, resulting in an average error of + .5 kmph. The data digitized automatically are-probably accurate to within about + .2 kmph. Accuracy of the direction data is strongly dependent upon variabi I ity of the wind direction for the manual procedure. When the direc­tion trace is highly variable, the manual method can easily be off by as much as+ 30 degrees. The average

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error is probably about +5 degrees. The automatic method is probably accurate to within +2 degrees. Accuracy of the automatic method is somewhat dependent upon digitizing speed. If the digitizer operator tries to digitize too fast, he wi I I sacrifice accuracy. The above accuracy figures are based on a digitizing rate of about 10 days per hours, and assuming wind speeds normally encountered in the Lake Mead area.

Automatic digitizing has three main disadvantages when compared to the manual method:

(I) It costs more. As discussed above, normal digitizing costs about $50 per station-year to produce hourly averages of wind direction and speed on magnetic tape. Automatic digitizing costs about $290.

(2) It is fraught with technical problems. There are numerous ways in which the digitizer operator can make an error. Frequently he cannot tel I he has made an error unti I after the first data reduction program (transfer program) has been run. Any error results in a loss of the data for the day being digitized and frequently results in the loss of several days. Some errors result in improper execution of the transfer program, in which case it must be rerun with modifications. After running the transfer program, the data must be screened thoroughly for errors before executing the subsequent programs. If errors go undetected, the subsequent programs wi II not run successfully. On several occasions tape parity errors were encountered. When these errors occurred, the data causing the error had to be skipped over and redigitized.

(3) It takes more time to attain proficiency. The manual digitizer can become a proficient digitizer in a couple of hours. The data reduction ~rogram is simple and easy to understand. The Model 302 operator requries several days to become proficient at digitizing wind traces. In addi­tion the data reduction programs are complex and the data from each program must be checked carefully before running the next program.

In summary, the manual method is a much better method for producing hourly averages of wind speeds and directions on magnetic tape. It is slightly less accurate and slower, but much less expensive and a great deal simpler.

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V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is indebted to Mr. Bi I I Normington, of the University of Utah Meteorology Department for loan of his data reduction programs and for providing instructions on the use of the CALMA Model 302 digitizer. The fine work of Mr. Rick Bourdeaux, who spent many hours digitizing wind rol Is both manually and with the Model 302, is gratefully acknowledged.

VI. REFERENCES

[I] Augul is, R. P. A Study of Winds in the Lake M ad Recreation Area. Technical Memorandum WBTM WR-26, January 1968.

[2] CALMA Company, Model 302 Digitizer.

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Figure I. Portion of Wind Record from Epic Mechanical Wind Recorder

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BACKLIGHTED VIEWING AREA

MANUAL ENTRY KEYBOARD

500 CHAR/SEC, 556 BPI INCREMENTAL TAPE TRANSPORT

Figure 2. CALMA Model 302 Digitizer

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Table I. Wind Coding Format FORM INC- I 071 (3--68)

cor·~10i~ N DlMEN~ION LABLEC4)riVAVG(24)riUAVG(24)rVAVG(24)r0AVGC24) n=o Pt<lf'lT 2

-4::. Fv~·V·:A.T('o'r'IF VELuC!TY AT 100 Hi<S IS 61.5 AND REI>'IAINING POSITIO,"s X M~E LERu FILLEDr UATA IS i•iiSSING') ·

PHH:T 4 4 Fu;~'.J!AT('l')

R~ADC5rlb) MAXDAYrMAXSTN UO 1t~ NUAY:l,~AXUAY 11:::)

10 lJ.:::II+l READ(~rlo) (LAbLE(J)rJ:2r4)r(IVAVG(K)rK:lr24) IFCLAuLE(2),NE,II,QR,LABLE(3),NE,NDAY> GO TO 120 R~~1(~•lb> (!DAVG{K>rK=lr24)

1~.:~ Flli~ ;,; I' T ( I 2 r I 3 , I 2 r1 J\ , 2tU 2 ) lb FOI~i·'<A T ( 2413)

uo 22 1<=1, 2'+ ~AVG(~):JVAVG(K)

VAVGCK):VAVG(K)*,b21 2~ UAVGC~>=lUA~G(K)

CALL uUTPUT(lAGLErUAVGrVAVG) It= (I I ,t_Q ,i•IAXST:~) Gv· TO 90 Gu 10 1 J

9...i CALL t:.i~F.LLE{2) 10(, COt,jTI.~UE

GO TO 130 12u PRINT 12~~1IrNDAYrLABLE(2)rLA8LE(3) . 12..:. FUF~~1Ai'('l',•STATI0N',I3r2Xr•DAY'ri4r2Xr•WA5 TO BE STUDIED, BUT STA

XTlON'ri3r2Xr'OAY'rl4r2Xr'WAS READ FROM CARu') 130 s·r oP

END

SUg;~OUT INE OUTPUT { LABL, DAV~, VAVG) C01"H'~oN N DIMENSION L~8L(28)rDAVGC24)rVAVGC24)riTIME(24) DATA lTIM[/0100r0200r0300r~400r0500r0600r0700r0800r0900rlOOOr

X 11(~r1200r1300r1400r1500rl600rl700r1800rl900r2000r2100r2200• X 23C;.Jr2'+00/

1\l=t\1+1 IF((N-1)/4*4~EQ,(N-1)) PRINT 5

~ FuW~AT('l') . PHI1JT 10

10 FOP~AT<'O'rT43r'ONE HOUR AVERAGE DIRECTION AND VELOCITY VALUEStr/) PkiNT 15r(LA8L(l)rl=2r4)

1~ FOP1AT<' '•'STATION NUiw'lBER: •ri2r5Xr'DAY: 'rt3r5Xr•YC:AR: t,r2) PHINT 2J

20 Fun•.:AT( 'u' rT11r •TH1E DIRi:.CTION VELOCITY' rl2Xr 'TJtflE DIHECTIOt·~ X VE~OC1TY•r12Xr'TIME DlRECTION VELOCITY•>

DO L~O I=lro. PRINT JJriTIME(l)rDAVG(I)rVAVG(I)riTI~E(I+B)rUAVGCI+8)rVAVG(I+D)r XITI~E(I+lb)rDAVG(l+16)rVAV~CI+l6)

3~ FOR~AT<' 'rT11,3(I4r4XrF6,lr5XrF6,lrl4X)) 4u COiJTii·;UE

CALL l~00T(Or2rLAdL(2)r3) CALL li-~0Uf(vr2ruAVGr24) CALL .LHOUT(Or2rVAVGr24) lkTURf.i Ei~O

Table 2. Manual Storage Pro~ram -10-

Western Region Technical Memoranda: (Continued)

No. 45/2

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No. 79 No. 80

No. 81

No. 82

Precipitation Probabilities in the Western Region Associated with Spring 500-mb Map Types. Richard P. Augul is. January 1970. (PB-189434) Precipitation Probabilities in the Western Region Associated with Summer 500-mb Map Types. Richard P. Augul is. January 1970. (PB-189414) Precipitation Probabilities in the Western Region Associated with Fal I 500-mb Map Types. Richard P. Augul is. January 1970. CPB-189435) Appl !cations of the Net Radiometer to Short-Range Fog and Stratus Forecasting at Eugene, Oregon. L. Yee and E. Bates. December 1969. (PB-190476) StatistOical Analysis as a Flood Routing Tool. Robert J. C. Burnash December 1969. (PB-188744) Tsunami. Richard A. Augul is. Predicting Precipitation Type. CPB-190962)

February 1970. CPB-190157) Robert J. C. Burnash and Floyd E. Hug. March 1970.

Statistical .Report of Aeroal Jergens (Pol lens and Moldsl Fort Huachuca, Arizona 1969. Wayne S. Johnson. Apri I 1970. CPB-191743) Western Region Sea State and Surf Forecaster's Manual. Gordon C. Shields and Gerald B. Burdwel I. July 1970. (PB-193102) Sacramento Weather Radar Climatology. R. G. Pappas and C. M. Valiquette. July 1970. CPB-193347) Experimental Air Quality Forecasts in the Sacramento Val ley. Norman S. Benes. August 1970. (PB-194128) A Refinement of the Vorticity Field to Delineate Areas of Significant Precipitation. Barry B. Aronovitch. August 1970. App I i cation of the SSARR Mode I to a Basin Without Discharge Record·. Va i I Schermerhorn and Donald W. Kuehl. August 1970. CPB-194394). Areal Coverage of Precipitation in Northwestern Utah. Philip Willlams, Jr., and Werner J. Heck. September 1970. CPB-194389) Preliminary Report on Agricultural Field Burning vs. Atmospheric Visibi I ity in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Earl M. Bates and David O. Chilcote. September.J.97Q. (PB-194710) Air Pollution by Jet Aircraft at Seattle-Tacoma Airport. Wallace R. Donaldson. October 1970. CCOM-71-00017) Application of P.E. Model Forecast Parameters to Local-Area Forecasting. Leonard W. Snel lman. October 1970. (COM-71-DOOI6}

NOAA Technical Memoranda NWS

An Aid for Forecasting the Minimum Temperature at Medford, Oregon. Arthur W. Fritz, October 1970. CCOM-71-00120) Relationship of Wind Velocity and Stabi I ity to so2 Concentrations at Salt Lake City, Utah. Werner J. Heck, January 1971. CCOM-71-00232) Forecasting the Catalina Eddy. Arthur L. Eichelberger, February 1971. CCOM-71-00223) 700-mb Warm Air Advection as a Forecasting Tool for Montana and Northern Idaho. Norris E. Woerner, February 1971. CCOM-71-00349) Wind and Weather Regimes at Great Fa I Is, Montana. Warren B. Price, March 1971. Climate of Sacramento, California. Wi I bur E. Figgins, June 1971. CCOM-71-00764) A Pre I iminary Report on Correlation of ARTCC Radar Echoes and Precipitation. Wi I bur K. Hall, June 1971. CCOM-71-00829) Precipitation Detection Probabi I ities by Los Angeles ARTC Radars. Dennis E. Ronne, July 1971. CCOM-71-00925) A Survey of Marine Weather Requirements. Herbert P. Benner, July 1971. CCOM-71-00889) National Weather Service Support to Soaring Activities. ElI is Burton, August 1971. CCOM-71-00956) Predicting I nvers (on Depths and Temperature I nf I uen-ces in the He I ena Va II ey. David E. Olsen, October 1971. CCOM-71-01037) Western Region Synoptic Analysis~Problems and Methods. Phi I ip Wi I I lams, Jr., February 1972. CCOM-72-10433) A Paradox Principle in the Prediction of Precipitation Type. Thomas J. Weitz, February 1972. CCOM-72-10432) A Synoptic CJ imatology for Snowstorms in Northwestern Nevada. Bert L. Nelson, Paul M. Fransiol i, and Clarence M. Sakamoto, February 1972. (COM-72-10338) Thunderstorms and Hai I Days Probabi I ities in Nevada. Clarence M. Sakamoto, Apri I 1972. CCOM-72-10554) A Study of the Low Level Jet Stream of the San Joaquin Val ley. Ronald A. Wi I lis and Phi I ip Wi I Iiams, Jr., May 1972. CCOM-72-10707) Monthly Climatological Charts of the Behavior of Fog and Low Stratus at Los Angeles International Airport. Donald M. Gales, July 1972. (COM-72-1 I 140) A Study of Radar Echo Distribution in Arizona During July and August. John E. Hales, Jr., July 1972. CCOM-72-11136) Forecasting Precipitation at Bakersfield, California, Using Pressure Gradient Vectors. Earl T. Riddiough, July 1972. CCOM-72-1 I 146) Climate of Stockton, California. Robert C. Nelson, July 1972. CCOM-72-10920) Estimation of Number of Days Above or Below Selected Temperatures. Clarence M. Sakamoto, October 1972. CCOM-72-10021 l An Aid for Forecasting Summer Maximum Temperatures at Seattle, Washington. Edgar G. Johnson November 1972. CCOM-73-10150) Flash Fiood Forecasting and Warning Program in the Western Region. Phi I ip Wi I I lams, Jr., Chester L. Glenn, and Roland L. Raetz, December 1972. (COM-73-10251)