No.5: Agriculture in the Long-term Cooperative Action

7/30/2019 No.5: Agriculture in the Long-term Cooperative Action

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Platform Issue Paper

Platform Issue Papers are

intended to share informa-

tion and knowledge to ad-

vance the r ole and poten-

tial of ARD in sustainable

and more equitable devel-

opment.

1) IISD (2009) Sum mar y of the Cli -

mat e Change Talks 1- 12 June 2009

(26pp), Earth Negotiations BulletinVol. 12 No. 241

http://www.iisd.ca/climate/sb30.

www.donorplatform.org

This Agriculture and Climate Change Issue Paper is one of a series to be produced during 2009.

Platform Issues Papers are intended to share informat ion and knowledge and advance the r ole of

Agr iculture and Rural Development (ARD) in sustainable and more equitable development. The

papers are designed to inform curr ent debates and do not reflect the position of any individual

member.

Agricul ture in the LCA:- Analysis of Revised Negotiating Text FCCC/AWGLCA/2009/ INF.1 -

Summar y/Key messages

Agricultur e-r elated terms are included 72 times in the curr ent document;

Three key areas include: recognition of the import ance of food security and sustainable

agricultur e within a changing climate, how agricultur e might be brought into REDD-pl us

(Reduced Emissions thr ough Deforestat ion and Degradation), and calls for incl usion of

mor e research into research & development (R&D) on agricult ural m itigation technolo-

gies;

There is no reference to smallholder agr iculture, rur al development or livestock; where

mentioned,

or groups;

Adaptation is being increasingly associated/mer ged with r isk r eduction and manage-

ment. In this fr amework, insurance is included as a key tool and mentioned in r elation to

crop production;

References to -p sometimes refer purely to forestry; at other

times they ltur e;

With regard to mitigation, a key reference to agriculture is found in the context of sec-

toral approaches/sector-specific activities;

The link between land use sector and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)

is curr ently not well developed;

The need for effect ive measurem ent, repor ting and verification (MRV) for bot h NAMAs

and REDD-plu s is emph asized.

Background

This note analyses how agriculture and related r ural issues are being included in progressive ver-

sions of the UNFCCC negotiating texts in the period before the Copenhagen COP15 meeting in De-

cember 2009. Platform Issue Paper 1 analysed the initial negotiating texts that were discussed at

the Bonn Meeting in June 2009 in the t wo gr oup sessions: Kyoto Protocol (KP) and Long -ter m Coop-

erative Action (LCA). This paper analyses the revised negotiating text from the LCA session, which

was presented shortl y after t he June meeting, incorporating comm ents from Parties. The KP group

has not pr oduced a revised version of the text as yet.

As was repor ted in Issue Paper 1, the AWG- her uncon-

troversially through the meeting, with Parties simply adding and clarifying proposals and stating

.1 The outcome of this is that the negotiating text has increased from 43 to 199 pages inlength and t here are now alternatives and options provided to nearl y every original paragr aph.

Summarised points from previous and curr ent texts

It is worth r e-stating key points relating to agricultur e from the analysis of the negotiating text pr o-

No. 5 | August 2009
http://www.donorplatform.org/http://www.donorplatform.org/


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duced by the LCA Chair before th e Bonn June 2009 meet ing:

Crop production and food securi ty: are mentioned in the f irst paragraph as adversely affected by climate change.

Resilience-building activities mention sustainable agriculture.

NAMAs: Agricult ure was mentioned as a sector that might be included in the nationall y appropriate mitigation actions.

R&D: Emphasis is given to the need for more research and development around mitigation technologies in agricul tur e,

especially soil carbon sequestr ation.

IPR: In discussing intell ectual propert y rights, there was a call to disallow patenting of species for adaptation in agricul -

tur e by corporations.

Insurance: Insurance is mentioned to address extr eme weather events and risks to crop production, food secur ity and

livelihoods.

Land Use: Land use may or may not be included in the REDD discussions (options were given in brackets).

This current revised version of the text includes a total of 72 references to agriculture-related issues, including thefollowing:

A. Agr icultur e, soil , crops, food: Recognition of the need to address GHG emissions from agriculture: and the need for it to receive attention therefore in

the LCA document.

The links between adaptation and mit igation in sustainable agricul tur e are mentioned several t imes in the document.

Agr iculture continues to be linked to food secur ity and pover ty reduction.

Agriculture is linked to increasing resilience.

Agr iculture is linked to possible REDD-pl us activities. The rationale given for this is that the expansion of food production

into forest areas is a main driver of deforestat ion and therefore needs to be included in subsequent r evisions of REDD-

plus, in stepped phases.

Continued emphasis given to the need for more cooperation and R&D on agriculture mit igation technologies, especially

soil carbon sequestration (see above).

Concern is expressed that the process should not create agricultural performance standards as this may create barr iers

to world tr ade.

IPR concerns continue (see above).

Insurance proposal for crop production and food securi ty r emains (see above).

Biochar is mentioned - the need for cooperation on activities and technologies is expressed in the text .

Agr icultural efficiency should be a focus of mitigation actions.

Food is expressed as being a human right.

Ecosystem services include food provision.

B. Land Use, land and land use change and REDD-plus: Agr iculture is not ment ioned in the l ist of activities to be covered by REDD-plus as listed in paragraph 106.4 (reproduced

here):

106.4 Activit ies under paragraph 106, hereinafter , REDD-Plus, should include: (a) Increasing forest cover due to afforesta-

tion and refor estation (b) Maintaining and enhancing forest carbon stock by forest conservation, incremental change of for -

est cover , sustainable management of forest (c) Reducing deforestation (d) Reducing forest degradation.

When discussing the purpose of REDD, however , this specificall y descr ibes monitoring of l and use and sustainable land

management, which goes beyond forests to incorporate sustainable l and management.

Land use planning is pr oposed as a way to reduce r isks f rom climate change.

Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestr y (LULUCF) provide sinks for the r emoval of GHGs.

Alternative text options include the possibili ty of expanding REDD-plus mechanism to incorporate selected forest activi-

ties and land use and land use change categories can be incorporated into the REDD-plus mechanism (although which

categories these will be is not specified).

Platform Issue Paper | No. 5


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Text options for REDD-plus to develop comprehensive land use inventories.

Developed countr ies are to commit to sustainable funding of LULUCF in developing countr ies.

LULUCF sectors are mentioned as sectors for gradual uptake quantified emission targets by developing countr ies through

the REDD-plus mechanism.

Global and national inventories of LULUCF proposed.

Need for a legal fr amework for l and tenure, land rights and land use planning.

C. Fisheries: Fisher ies and marine ecosystems are mentioned three times in the text as vulner able to climate change, needing more

study and as possibly requir ing a compensation mechanism to be created for reduction in fisher ies as a result .

Agricul ture-r elated terms and mentions in TextRevised Negotiating Text dated 22 June 2009 produced after t he June Bonn meeting (199pp).

Methodological noteTexts were analysed for the appearance of key words using the

these were r elevant t o agricultur e and the ARD debate. Text extracts were cr eated of those mentions deemed useful and coll ated by key

word. There is some r epetition of extr acts where different k ey words ar e mentioned in the same paragr aph as some user s of this doc-

ument m ay be interested in just one or t wo key words, so this tool is designed so that r elevant extracts are present in all sections under

the different r elevant key words.

Terms1

Agricul tur e and AFOLU 13 Crop 2 Energy (related to agricultur e) 2 Food/food securit y 10 Land use, land use change and forest ry/ LULUCF 27 Livestock 0 Marine, fisheries 6 REDD (related to agricul tur e) 8 Rural development 0 Soil (i.e. soil carbon sequestr ation) 2 Smallholder 070

1)

Available: http:// unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/awglca6/eng/inf01.pdfText searches were also done for references to poverty (33 mentions) and development (526 mentions).

These were not included in this analysis.

Text extr acts:

Brackets around text mean that this is an optional element in the text. Both types of

brackets show an optional elem ent in the text (i.e. can be rem oved or l eft in).

{ } are options added by the chair in th e original negot iation text.

[ ] are options added by Parties in th e SBSTA round of tal ks.

x is used to num ber sect ions wher e new text h as been added ( i.e. x.1, x.2 etc.)

Options are different possibilities for consideration within a paragraph statement.

Alternativesare m ore substantial sections to be considered as substitutes

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/awglca6/eng/inf01.pdfhttp://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/awglca6/eng/inf01.pdf


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1.1 Agriculture1.1.1 When discussing the adverse effects of climate change on p. 9, agriculture is mentioned as a way to ensure food security

and poverty reduction. This is an alternative to paragraph 2 which did not m ention agricultur e.

e development, adaptation, and mitigation, agriculture plays an important role,

especially in the context of food security and poverty reduction. Therefore, adaptation as well as mitigation efforts in the

AFOLU sector are r equired to enable substantial incr ease in production and productivity needed for ensuring f ood securit y.

Reducing GHG emissions in agriculture is a challenging task and m ay thus require attention in the context of any shared vi-

sion for long-

1.1.2 The rol e of agriculture is emphasized as important to both adaptation and miti gation effort s on p. 14.agriculture, especially with respect to food security, must be recognised in both adaptation

1.1.3 Discussing the cost coverage that developing countries shall provide as stated in Article 4.3.on page 52, agriculture wasmentioned as a sector needed for r esilience-building activities. Its inclusion in brackets means this r eference may be omit-

ted:

l l provide] [{Agreed} full {incr emental} cost coverage, as stated in Art icle 4.3 (meet th e full in-

cremental costs of implementing m easures th at are covered in paragr aph 1 of this Article) should be provided for:]

(d) [Resilience-building activities with t he participation of all stakeholders based on vulnerability and disaster risk reduc-

tion assessments, including for sustainable livelihood, economic diversification for a sustainable economy, sustainable

agriculture, building community capacities and infrastructures, access to technologies and innovations, etc.].

Alter native to subparagr aph 30 (d):

[Improvement of adaptive capacity based on vulnerability assessments, including for sustainable livelihood, sustainable agri -

culture, building comm unity capacities

1.1.4 In terms of mi tigation commitments by developed Parti es on p. 73, the promotion of sustainable agricultur e is proposed asa poli cy by all Par ties.

practicable, in im plementing r elevant Articles of this Pr otocol:

(a) Implement and/ or fur ther elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national cir cumstances, such as:

(i) Enhancement of ener gy efficiency in rel evant sector s of the national econom y;

(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not contr olled by the Montr eal Protocol, tak-

ing into account its commitments under relevant international environmental agreements; promotion of sustainable

forest m anagement practices, afforestation and r eforestation;

(iii) Promotion of r educing emissions fr om deforestation and for est degradation;

(iv) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture .

1.1.5 Discussing the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions [NAMAs] on p. 89, agriculture is mentioned as a sector whereREDD-pl us actions might be taken.

[(x.a) Development of national act ion plan]

(a) [Sustainable developmen t policies and measur es;]

(b) [[Low-emission][Low carbon] development strategies and plans;]

(b).1 Renewable ener gy strat egies and plans;

(c) [Programm atic CDM], technology deployment pr ogramm es [or standards], energy efficiency programmes [and energy

pricing measures] standards of financial schemes, including renewable energy and energy efficiency;

(d) [Cap-and-tr ade schemes and carbon t axes;] and the use of n ew and existing [flexible][carbon- mar ket] m echanisms, in-

cluding project- and program- based CDM;

(e) [[Economy-wide and] [Sectoral intensity targets], national sector- based m itigation actions and standards, [and no- lose

sectoral cr editing baselines];]

(f) [REDD-plus19 activities and other mitigation actions impl emented in [different][related] areas and sectors[, including

agriculture]

1.1.6 When presenting the objectives, scope and guiding principles of a REDD-plus mechanism on p. 111, agriculture is pre-sented as a sector where developing countr y Part ies contri bute to enhanced mitigation actions.

06. [Developing country Parties contribute to enhanced mitigations actions in the [forestry sector] [land use, land-use

change and forestr y sector] [agriculture, forestry and land use sector]] [thr ough REDD-plus actions] by reducing emissions

[from deforestation and forest degradation], [ensuring [conservation]] [permanence] of existing car bon stocks, [afforestation


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and reforestation] and enhancing removals [by sinks] [maintaining existing forest carbon stocks and enhancing removals],

[and conserving carbon reservoirs] while promoting [sustainable forest [and land] management.] [and forest governance]

1.1.7 Discussing the funds needed to support REDD-plus actions on p. 121, sustainable agriculture is presented as a sector thatcan have incentives for r educing emissions. This is an alternat ive to paragraph 114.

Alternative 3

[A fund shall be established to reward or provide incentives for reducing emissions through sustainable land management

practices, including forest conservation, sustainable forest management, the avoidance of deforestation, afforestation and

sustainable agricultur e

1.1.8 Noting the cooperative sectoral approaches and sector- specific actions required for the implementation of Art icle 4.1 ofthe Convention, agr iculture i s mentioned as a rel evant sector.

e-

duce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not control led by the Montral Protocol, in all r elevant sec-

tors, including, but not l imited to, energy, transport, industry, agriculture forestry, health, tourism, and waste management

1.1.9 When discussing the sector -specific actions for agri cultur e on p. 132, agri cultur e is mentioned as a sector wher e the crea-tion of standards may hamper the international t rade of goods.

x.1 Cooperative sectoral approaches in the agricultural sector should avoid the cr eation of international perf ormance stan-

dards for the sector and any other measure that may result in barriers to or distortion of the international trade system of

1.1.10 There is emphasis on the need of cooperation of the Parties in R&D mitigation activities and technologies based aroundagr icultur e, especiall y its production systems, soil carbon sequestration, and agricultural management. Various alterna-

tives to paragraph 134 are presented, all of them around agriculture.

Parties shall cooperate in R&D of m itigation technologies for t he agricultural sector, recognizing the necessity for in-

ternational cooperative action to enhance and provide incentives for m itigation of GHG emissions from agricultur e [, in pa r-

ticul ar in [developing] [developed] countr ies. [Consideration should be given to the role of soils in carbon sequestr ation, in-

cluding thr ough [the use of biochar and enhancing carbon sinks in dr ylands.]]]

Alternative 2

[All Parties should enhance efforts to r educe emissions and enhance rem ovals from agricultur e by strengthening and coope-

rating in research and development of mitigation technologies and methodologies for the agriculture sector. All Parties

should consider means of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production systems, enhancing soil sequestration, and

achieving sustainable agricultural land m anagement benefits including for reducing emissions from deforestation.]

Alternative 3

[Cooperative sectoral approaches in the agricultural sector should be encouraged but should not lead to:

(a) Discrim inatory tr ade practices;(b) Carbon offsets;(c) Approaches that may contribute to deforestation and for est degradation in developing countries.]

1.1.11 Discussing the measures to address intell ectual pr oper ty r ights, it is stated that genetic material essential for agr icultur aladaptation should not be patented by corporat ions.

[[LDCs][Countries vulnerable to the adverse effects of clim ate change] should be exempted from patent protection of climate-

related technologies for adaptation and mitigation, as required for capacity-building and development needs. [Genetic re-

sources, including germ plasms of pl ant and animal species and varieties that are essential for adaptation in agriculture, shall

not be patented by multinational or any other corpor ations.]]]

1.1.12 Finally, discussing the recognition of voluntary agreements of partnerships between Parties of the Convention and othersectors, a healthy and rel iable agricultur al production system is mentioned as necessary in Option 2.

Technological information transfer agreement/multiple agreements to facilitate the spread of environment-friendly products

[and a healthy and reliable agricultural production system should be established].]]



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1.2 Crop1.2.1 When discussing the warming of the climate system as a consequence of human activity on p. 7, crop production is men-

tioned as one of the sectors l ikely to be affected by cl imate change.

in its Fourth Assessment Report] [Warm ing of

the climate system, as a consequence of human activity, is unequivocal. [As assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel for Cli-

mate Change (IPCC) in its Fourt h Assessment Report,] Current atmospheric concentrations are principally the r esult of his-

torical em issions of gr eenhouse gases, the lar gest share of which h as originated in developed countries. Curr ent per -capita

emission in developed countries remain relatively high compared to those in developing countries, as noted in the Convention

and by the IPCC. [the serious adverse effects of climate change, notably those on crop production and food security, marine

and coastal ecosystems, coastal livelihood, water resources and human health, ecosystems as well as on housing and infra-

structur e,] as well as insufficient access to a global atm ospheric resource [climate change is having significant deleterious ef-

fects on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and m anaged ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic

systems and on hum an health and welfar e, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water r esources, as well as

on housing and infrastructure. These effects] [notably the effects on ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems

and on human health and welfare, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as on h ous-

ing and infrastr ucture are] ar e [becoming] a major obstacle to efforts to pr omote [sustainable] economic and social develop-

ment and to [[r educe] povert y] [eradication] [promote poverty aliviation], [which are t he first and overr iding priorities of all de-

veloping countries]. In or der t o build up their coping or adaptive capacity, developing countries m ust pur sue these overr iding

priorit ies to the best of their abilities. The maintenance of healthy ecosystems and their services is necessary to m aintain the

life support system on earth in the face of clim ate change, providing food and livelihoods, contributing to human welf are and

en

1.2.2 Discussing new r isk shar ing and transfer mechanisms such as insur ance on p. 57, crop production is presented as one areato be insured.

[Option 1

Consist of [two] [t hree] [four ] components:(a) A risk m anagement and r isk prevention component to develop and promote [r isk assessment and r isk management]

tools and strategies at all levels, with a view to facilitating and supporting the im plementation of r isk reduction and r isk

management measures;

(b) [An insurance component to address clim ate-r elated extrem e weather events, and risks t o , food secu-

rity, water availability, disease increase and local livelihoods] that encourage risk reduction;

(c) A rehabilitation and compensation component to address the curr ent and pr ogressive negative impacts th at r esult in

loss and damage];

(c).1 Include innovative financial instru ments, for example ventur e capital funds and climate insurance funds, integrated

1.3 Energy (relating to agr iculture), Bio-energy/Biochar1.3.1 Emphasis is put on the need of cooperat ion of the Par ties in R&D miti gation activit ies and technologies based around agri -cultur e. Biochar is mentioned as one possible inclusion in this.

Agriculture

x.1 Cooperative sectoral approaches in the agr icultur al sector should avoid the creation of int ernational perfor mance stan-

dards for the sector and any other measure that may result in barriers to or distortion of the international trade system of

goods and products of the agricultur al sector.

134. [Parties shall cooperate in R&D of mitigation technologies for t he agricultur e sector, recognizing the necessity for inter -

national cooperative action to enhance and provide incentives for mitigation of GHG emissions from agriculture[, in particular

in [developing][developed] countries. [Consideration should be given to the role of soils in carbon sequestration, including

thr ough [the use of biochar and] enhancing carbon sinks in drylands]]]

1.3.2 On page 116, bio-energy is mentioned as related to the loss of forest carbon. The idea is mooted to include wider agricul-tural sectors i n future beyond purely forest carbon into the REDD mechanism.

Alternative 1[Given the linkage between the loss of forest carbon due to bio-energy and food production needs, this Mechanism may be

expanded in th e futur e to include other emissions intensive activities or sectors, such as rural energy and food production,

consistent with modalities, rules and guidelines approved by the Conference of the Parties



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1.4 Food/Food security1.4.1 In opening statements on p. 7, food securi ty is mentioned as one of the sectors li kely to be affected by climate change.

ssessed by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report] [Warming of


mate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report,] Curr ent atm ospheric concentrations are principally the r esult of histor-

ical emissions of greenhouse gases, the largest share of which has originated in developed countries. Curr ent per -capita


and by the IPCC. [the serious adverse effects of climate change, notably those on crop production and food securit y, marine

and coastal ecosystems, coastal l ivelihood, water r esources and human health, ecosystems as well as on housing and infr a-

structur e,] as well as insufficient access to a global atm ospheric resource [climate change is having significant deleterious ef-

fects on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and m anaged ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic

systems and on hum an health and welf are, including crop production, fisheries and food security, water resources, as well as

on housing and infrastructur e...

1.4.2 Discussing that climate change has negative impacts, particularly in vulnerable regions of the world, food is mentioned asa human r ight and a vulnerable sector at r isk.

hallenges to] [The

adverse effects of climate change will be felt most acutely by [those segments of th e] [vulnerable countries and] population

particularl y in developing countries who have contributed l east to climate change but [who ar e already in vulnerable situations

[owing to factor s such as geogr aphy, poverty, gender, age, indigenous or m inor ity status and disability]]. These adverse eff ects

also [underm ine the equitable development needs of present and futur e generations]], and have a range of direct and indirect

implications for the ful l and effective enjoyment of hum an rights including the r ight to self determ ination, statehood, life, food

and health and the right of a people not to be deprived if its own means of subsistence , particularl y in developing countr ies

[demand a mor e equitable util ization of the global atm ospheric r esource to reflect the needs of present and future gener a-

tions]. The AR4 demonstrates clearly that negative impacts of climate change are already evident and widespread, in particu-

lar in vulnerable r egions of t he world, and are increasingly posing a risk t o ecosystems, food productions, the attainment of

1.4.3 An alt ernative to paragraph 2 states that agr iculture plays an impor tant r ole in the context of food securi ty.especially in the context of food security and poverty reduction. Therefore, adaptation as well as mitigation efforts in the AFO-

LU sector are required t o enable substantial incr ease in production and productivity needed for ensuring food security Re-

ducing GHG emissions in agriculture is a challenging task and may thus require attention in the context of any shared vision

for long-

1.4.4 In terms of the capacity of developing countries to respond to the challenges of climate change, food is mentioned as a by-product of ecosystems, justifying a focus on healthy marine and ter restri al ecosystems.

Developing country Parties over r iding prior ity rem ains sustainable economic gr owth and poverty eradication, an effort

which have been complicated by the effects of climate change. Special attention should be given to the [Urgent and immediate

adaptation needs of all developing countries, especially those that are [particularl y] vulnerable to the adverse effects of c li-

mate change as stated in pr eambular 19 of UNFCCC and the adverse effects of response measures, part icularly low- lying and

other sm all island countries, countries with low- lying coastal, arid and semi- arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and

desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems, and SIDS and LDCs [require special attention]

[must be met]. The healthy marine and terrestrial ecosystems and their services are required to sustain the life supporting

system on earth, pr oviding food and livelihoods, contributing to human welfare and enabling sustainable economic develop-

ment. [[Countries] [Developing country Parties] lacking sufficient capacity to r espond to the challenges of clim ate change re-

quire access [to opportunities to obtain t his capacity] [to r esources] in a tim ely sustained and cooperative manner.]] [Measur-

able, reportable and verifiable financing, technology transfer and compensation m ust be provided by developed countries to

address the full costs of adaptation in developing countries, supported by appropriate institutional arrangements under the

Conference of Parties.] It is also par ticularl y important to pr ovide adequate, predictable, stable, sufficient and tim ely funding

for adaptation purposes particularly by developed countries. Developed country Parties shall support these developing coun-

1.4.5 Discussing the shared vision for long-term cooperative action, reference is made to Article 2 of the Convention that foodproduction is not t hreatened by climate change as its ult imate objective. This text is given as an alt ernative to pr eceding

text.

Alternative to paragraphs 1 9:

-ter m cooperative action, including a long-



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the four building blocks of the Bali Action Plan in a compr ehensive and balanced m anner, that would enhance the full, effec-

tive and sustained impl ement ation of the Convention, and achieve its objective as set out in Articl e 2 of the Convention, inclu d-

ing its ultimate objective and the parameters

adapt natur ally to clim ate change, to ensure th at food production is not t hreatened and to enable economic development t o

l l :

...(continued)

1.4.6 Discussing the long-term vision for cooperative action on p. 14 the role of agriculture in terms of food security is men-tioned as impor tant.

food security, must be recognised in both adaptation

and mit

1.4.7 o-vided by the ecosystems. This is stated as an altern ative to paragr aph 22, subparagr aph 22(m).

they provide (such as water , food , soil protection and carbon capture etc.) underpin r esilience and are fundamental t o support

1.4.8 Whilst talking about r isk sharing and transfer mechanisms, insurance is proposed as a means to address risks to food se-curity.

[Option 1

Consist of [two] [t hree] [four] components:

(a) A risk m anagement and r isk prevention component to develop and promote [r isk assessment and r isk management]

tools and strategies at all levels, with a view to facilitating and supporting the im plementation of r isk r eduction and risk

management measures;

(b) [An insur ance component t o address climate-r elated extreme weather events, and risks to cr op production, food secu-

rity, water availability, disease increase and local livelihoods] that encourage risk reduction;

(c) A rehabilitation and compensation component to address the curr ent and pr ogressive negative impacts th at r esult in

loss and damage];

(c).1 Include innovative financial instr uments, for example ventur e capital funds and clim ate insurance funds, integrat ed

into the financial mechanism, for addressing the risks as

1.4.9 On page 116, food production is mentioned as a factor linked to the loss of forest carbon and, therefore, potentially to beincluded in future r evisions of the Mechanism.

Alternative 1

[Given the linkage between the loss of for est carbon due to bio- energy and food production needs, this Mechanism may be

expanded in the fu ture to include other emissions intensive activities or sectors, such as rur al energy and food production,

consistent with modalities, rules and guidelines approved by the Conference of the Parties

1.4.10 In terms of the cooperation of Par ties in R&D of mi tigation technologies and actions in the agricult ure sector, the links be-tween food secur ity and population growth should be taken into account.

Parties should consider the interlink between population

growth and food security and, therefore, focus mitigation actions on the impr ovements in the efficiency of the agricultur al ac-

1.5 Land use, land use change and forestr y, LULUCF1.5.1 Discussing the r ole of agriculture in the context of food securi ty and poverty r eduction, land use is mentioned as linked to

sustainable development and adaptation and mi tigation effor ts.

land use being linked to sustainable development, adaptation, and mitigation, agriculture plays an im portant role,

especially in the context of food security and poverty reduction. Therefore, adaptation as well as mitigation efforts in the AFO-

LU sector ar e required to enable substantial increase in pr oduction and productivity needed for ensuring food security. Reduc-

ing GHG emissions in agriculture is a challenging task and may thus require attention in the context of any shared vision forlong-

1.5.2 In terms of the commitment of all Part ies to reduce ri sks related to climate change, land use planning is mentioned as amechanism to achieve this goal and used as an example to increase resi l ience.

Alternative to paragraph 42:



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[All Parties should comm it to r educing and better m anaging risks associated with cl imate change by:

(a) Identifying m ajor vulnerabilities to climate change;

(b) Creating l egal and r egulatory conditions that facilitate adaptation, including disaster resilience (for example, building

codes, land use planning, risk sharing tools, and str engthening policy coherence among sectors);

(c) Elaborating best practices that can guide immediate actions with an eye to building longterm resilience to extreme

events and disasters, including thr ough implem entation of the Hyogo Framework f or Action;

(d) Minimize incentives that encourage mal-adaptation;

(e) Educating stakeholders at all levels about adaptation options and the benefits of reducing vulnerability to climate-

related risks;

(f) Using meteorological, Earth observations, socio-economic information, and local and indigenous knowledge to best

coordinate disaster planning and r esponse.

(g) Establish systems of accountability such as institutional checks and balances and open administrative systems. Estab-

lish the r ule of law thr ough means and processes for enforcement;

(h) Improve the environm ent for doing business particularl y for small and medium enterpr ises by combating corruption

(i) Improve availability and application of clim ate and environment al inform ation, including but not l imited t o rem ote sens-

ing, and decision making tools;

(j) Clarify and secure land tenur e and plannin g i.e. allocation, ownership and contr ol over lands and resour ces;

(k) Strengthen environm ental and natural r esources management and enforcement;

(l) Reduce perverse incentives that encourage unsustainable land uses, and reduce negative economic incentives (e.g. tax

1.5.3 After stating that developed countries shall achieve their quantif ied emission limi tations and reduction objectives, the useof rules and guidelines for land use is proposed.

to

Protocol shall apply to all developed country Parties

1.5.4

In a proposed new section on LULUCF, land use is mentioned as a sector that may be used to meet some GHG emissionsreductions commitments of the Parti es.

tional human-induced land use,

land-use change and forestry activities may be used to m eet the com mitm ents under subparagraph (a) above of each Party

1.5.5 Land use is put forward as one option for developing countr y Par ties to use for miti gation actionsParties contribute to enhanced mitigations actions in the [forestry sector] [ land use, land-use

change and forestry sector ] [agricultur e, forestry and land use sector]] [t hrough REDD-plus actions] by reducing emissions

[from deforestation and for est degradation], [ensuring [conservation]] [perm anence] of existing carbon stocks, [afforestation

and reforestation] and enhancing removals [by sinks] [maintaining existing forest carbon stocks and enhancing removals],

[and conserving carbon reservoirs] while promoting [sustainable forest [and land] management.] [and forest governance]

[sustainable management of for ests ] [and prioritizing the restoration of forest

1.5.6 In ter ms of the eff iciency of the REDD-plus mechanism, land use is mentioned as a sector t o be chosen for emission reduc-tions and removals.

-plus mechanism shall be effective, result-based, flexible, dynamic and incentive driven. To achieve this, the

mechanism shall be impl emented in successive, gradually intensifying phases, beginning with national REDD-plus strategy

development and core capacity-building (phase 1), followed by the implementation of national REDD-plus policies and meas-

ures in combination with compensation for proxy-based results for emission reductions and removals from selected forest ac-

tivities and land-use and land-use change categories (phase 2), and finally evolving into a result-based compensation me-

chanism for f

1.5.7 On p. 112 comprehensive land use inventor ies are proposed to be developed through the REDD-pl us mechanism in devel-oping countries.

-pl us mechanism is t o assist developing country Parties in:

(a) Contribu ting t o the objective in Art icle 2 of the Convention;(b) Enhancing efforts to achieve sustainable development goals t hrough their nationally appropr iate mitigation str ategies;

(c) Meeting their commitm ents under the Convention and r elated international agreements;

(d) Conserving biological diversity and combating deser tification;

(e) Developing com pr ehensive land use inventories and monitoring framework s; and

(f) Achieving sustainabl e land managem ent.



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1.5.8 Discussing the means of implementation of the REDD-plus mechanism on p. 117, land use and land use change are men-tioned as sectors where reducing emissions is possible in developing countr ies.

Parties shall pr ovide financial r esources according to their obligations under the Convention. Un-

der th e REDD-pl us mechanism, developed country Parties commit to adequate, predictable and long-ter m sustainable fund-

ing of activities for r educing emissions by sources and increasing removals by sinks in t he forestr y sector and other selected

land-use and land-use change

1.5.9 When establishing national r eference emission levels, r eference levels of emissions and removals f rom land use and landuse change sector s shall be set up.

selected land-use and

land-use change categories and activities from developing countries shall be established in order to avoid carbon l eakage and

1.5.10 Land use and land use change are mentioned in relation to emissions and removals from REDD-plus in developing coun-tr ies. Its inclusion in brackets means this refer ence is under discussion:

9. [Developing country Parties shall develop] Robust national monitoring systems [for emission reductions [and][/or]]

[emissions removals] [carbon stock changes] [for emissions/removals from REDD-plus] [to measure emissions by sources

and rem ovals by sinks in the l and use, land-use change and forestry sector] [shall][should] [be developed following][take into

account] relevant methodological guidance [to be] provided by the [COP] [Meeting of the Parties to this Agreement], on the ba-

sis of the advice received from the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) including the use of [rele-

vant IPCC guidelines and methodologies] [, when appropriate]][the most recent IPCC guidelines [and methodologies] for GHG

inventories] [, including above and below ground carbon stocks, subject to the availability of technology, finance and capacity-

1.5.11 In an alternative to section C, land use and land use change are mentioned as sectors where reducing emissions is possi-ble.

-use and land-use change sectors in developing countries (REDD-plus mechan-

1.5.12 Discussing the REDD-plus st rategy, land use and land use change are mentioned as categories for proxy-based compensa-tion and sectors for emission reduction and removals. (repetit ion of paragraph 106.1 in negotiating text).

-plus mechanism shall be effective, result-based, flexible, dynamic and incentivedriven. To achieve this, the

mechanism shall be impl emented in successive, gradually intensifying phases, beginning with national REDD-plus str ategy

development and core capacity-building (phase 1), followed by the implementation of national REDD-plus policies and meas-

ures in combination with compensation for proxy-based results for emission reductions and removals from selected forest

activities and land-use and land-use change categories (phase 2), and finally evolving into a result-based compensation me-

chanism for f ully measured, reported and verified emission reductions and removals fr om t he whole forestr y sector and other

selected land-use and land-

1.5.13 Related to the REDD-plus mechanism, land use and land use change are mentioned as sectors for gradual uptake quanti-fied emission targets by developing countr ies.

-pl us mechanism will gradually be phased out as developing country Parties commit to quantified emission tar-

gets for the land- use, land-use cha

1.5.14 The objective of the REDD-pl us mechanism is to assist developing countr y Part ies in the removals and emission reductionsfr om the land use and land use change sector s.

-pl us mechanism is t o assist developing country Parties in:

(a) Contributing to t he ult imate objective of the Convention by reducing their emissions by sources and increasing rem ov-

als by sinks in the forestr y sector, and other selected land-use and land-use change sectors;

(b) Initiating efforts t o embark on economy-wide low carbon development pathway, thr ough economy- wide low carbon de-

velopment plans;

(c) Meeting their commitm ents under t he Convention and related legal instr uments;

(d) Developing capacity and a reliable national fr amework for measurement, r eporting and verification of em ission reduc-

tions and removals fr om forestr y sector and other selected land-use and land-use change sectors;

(e) Achieving sustainable developm ent; and



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1.5.15 Under the REDD-plus mechanism, developed country Parties commit to adequate funds to reduce emissions arising fromland use and land use change in developing countr ies.

Parties shall pr ovide financial r esources according to t heir obligations under the Convention. Un-

der th e REDD-pl us mechanism, developed country Parties commit to adequate, predictable and long-ter m sustainable fund-

ing of activities for r educing emissions by sources and increasing removals by sinks in the forestry sector and other selected

land-use and land-

1.5.16 The categor ies of land use related to the REDD-plus mechanism ar e mentioned.land use categories are those set forth in annex A and that

1.5.17 Land use and land use change are also mentioned in terms of t he flexibili ty of t he mechanism.-use and land-use change categories and

activities on the basis of m easurable, reportable and verifiable commitm ents and actions, including guidelines agreed by the

1.5.18 On several occasions, land use and land use change are mentioned when discussing the actions of the Parties under theREDD-plus mechanism.

-plus m echanism, the Parties shall:

(a) Ensure the environmental integrity of the m echanism; especially global and national additionality of r educed emission

and enhanced r emovals f rom the forestr y sector and other selected land-use and land-use change sectors to any

that woul d have occurr ed in the absence of the REDD-pl us mechanism ;

(b) Ensure against the conversion of natur al forests to forest plantations;

(c) Ensure r eal, measurable and long-t erm benefits related to t he reductions of emissions by sources and increasing r e-

movals by sinks from the forestry sector and other and other selected land-use and land-use change sectors;

(d) Respect the right s of indigenous peoples and ensure th e full an d effective involvement of

stakeholders, in particular indigenous peoples and local communities, in the design and implementation of all activities

linked to this mechanism;

(e) Take precautionary measur es and establish safeguards to pr otect biological diversi ty in REDD-pl us host countr ies; and

(f) Establish and fur ther develop measurable, reportable and verifiable nationally appropriate REDD-plus fr amework, insti-

1.5.19 The development of guidelines and methodologies for the assessment of emission reductions and removals as a responsi-bil ity of the Conference of the Part ies is mentioned in ter ms of land use and land use change.

Part ies shall develop guidelines, principles, methodologies and mechanisms f or m easur ement,

reporting and verification (MRV) of emission reductions and r emovals fr om the forestr y sector and other land-use and land-

use change categor ies and activities, based on the m ost r ecent IPCC guidelin es for GHG inventories, for adoption at [ COP 17].

1.5.20 The establishment of a global reference for future emissions and removals from land use and land use change is consid-ered as needed.

land-use andland-use change categories and activities from developing countries shall be established in order to avoid carbon l eakage and

1.5.21 Discussing phase 1 of t he REDD-pl us mechanism, l and use and land use change are mentioned in var ious occasions.t

out in paragr aph 22, will receive assistance to develop a national REDD-p lus str ategy, includin g, but not necessaril y limited to:

(a) Policies and m easures f or t he establishment of capacity and fram ework necessary for m easuring, monitoring, analyz-

ing, reporting and verifying emission reductions and rem ovals from the forestr y sector and othe r selected land-use,

land-use change categor ies and activi ties as defined in Annex [B] ;

(b) Initial institutional development to address the reductions of emissions and increase of removals from the forestry

sector and other selected land-use, land-use change categor ies and activities as defined in Annex [B]; and

1.5.22 When discussing phase 2 of the mechanism, land use planning is suggested as a measure for receiving additional fundingto implement the national REDD-plus strategy. A legal f ramework including r eform of l and tenure and land rights is pr o-

posed.

al

resour ces to implem ent th e national REDD-plu s strat egy defined in phase 1 by adopting policies and measur es, such as:



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(a) Development of a compr ehensive REDD-plus legal fr amework, including, but not lim ited to, reform of land tenure with

due regard to collective land rights, land use planning and forest govern ance, wher e necessary and appropriat e, and

of r espective law enforcement capabilities;(b) Furt her developm ent of MRV instit utions and capacities; and

(c) Developm ent of a REDD-plus action pl an within t h

1.5.23 Further funding can be received based on the result s of proxy data fr om land use and land use change.basis of results derived from

proxy data on reduced emissions and enhanced removals from the forestry sector, and other selected land-use, land-use

change categor ies and activities defined in Annex C. Suitable proxy data are identified in Annex D. An expert body should be

mandated to propose proxies and corresponding indicators for individual countries, to be finally determined by the COP or any

1.5.24 Introducing phase 3 of the mechanism, land use and land use change are presented as categories where emissions andremovals can be done by developing countr y Par ties to apply for compensations.

s-

sion reductions and enhanced removals fr om th e whole forestry sector and from other selected land-use, land-use change

categories and activities as defined in Annex E, relative to the agreed country specific reference level for future emissions,

provided that reductions in emissions and enhanced removals from land use activities are:

(a) Measured, monitored, reported and verified; and

1.5.25 Land use is ment ioned as a sector needed to conclude the thi rd phase of the mechanism.nfe-

rence of the Parties to extend it, when the Party commit s to quantified emission reduction targets for t he land use sector

1.5.26 A new section on LULUCF is pr esented on p. 68 as part of the enhanced action on mit igation.A new section on LULUCF. Suggestions on placement r eflected in other chapters that are r elated to chapter III include: The

range of emission r eduction in para 14(a) and 5(a) should be rem oved from sh ared vision chapter and tr eated in the mitig ation

1.5.27 A new subsection on LULUCF is pr oposed for paragraph 69 on p. 83.x.1 The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced

land-use change and for estry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as ver i-

fiable changes in carbon stocks in the comm itment period referr ed to in subparagraph (a) above, shall be used to meet t he

commitments under subparagraph (a) above of each Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and

rem ovals by sinks associated with those activities shall be reported in a tr anspar ent and verifiable manner and reviewed.

x.2 The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting fr om additional hum an-induced land use, land-

use change and forestry activities may be used to meet the commitments under subparagraph (a) above of each Party in-

cluded in Ann ex I, provided that these activities have taken place since 1990.x.3 The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, decide upon

modalities, rules and guidelines r elated to th e issues referred to in subparagraphs (i) and (ii) above, taking into account uncer -

tainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,

the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the decisions of the Conference of the

Parties

1.6 Livestock no references1.7 Mar ine, fisher ies1.7.1 Discussing anthropogenic climate change on page 7, marine ecosystems and fisheries are presented as vulnerable to the

effects of this phenomenon.


mate Change (IPCC) in its Fourt h Assessment Report,] Current atmospheric concentrations are pr incipally th e result of hi s-

torical em issions of gr eenhouse gases, the lar gest share of which h as originated in developed countr ies. Curr ent per- capita


Platform Issue Paper | No. 5Platform Issue Paper | No. 5


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and by the IPCC. [the serious adverse effects of climate change, notably those on crop production and food security, marine

and coastal ecosystems, coastal livelihood, water r esources and human healt h, ecosystems as well as on housing and infr a-

structur e,] as well as insufficient access to a global atm ospheric resource [climate change is having significant deleter ious ef-

fects on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural and managed ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic

systems and on hum an health and welfar e, including crop production, fisheries and food securit y, water resources, as well as

on housing and infrastructure. These effects] [notably the effects on ecosystems, on the operation of socio-economic systems

and on hum an health and welf are, including crop pr oduction, fisheries and food security, water r esources, as well as on hous-

ing and infrastr ucture are] are [becoming] a major obstacle to efforts to pr omote [sustainable] economic and social develop-

ment and to [[reduce] poverty] [eradication] [promote poverty alleviation], [which are the fir st and overr iding priorities of all

developing countries]. In order to build up their coping or adaptive capacity, developing countries must pursue these overri d-

ing prior ities to the best of their abilities. The maintenance of healthy ecosystems and t heir services is necessary to maint ain

the life support system on earth in the face of climate change, providing food and livelihoods, contr ibuting to hum an welfare

1.7.2 While discussing sustainable economic growth and poverty eradication as a prior ity for developing countr y Par ties, theimportance of mar ine ecosystems for achieving this goal is str essed.

Parties over riding priority remains sustainable economic growth and poverty eradication, an effort

which have been complicated by the effects of climate change. Special attention should be given to the [Urgent and immediate

adaptation needs of all developing countries, especially those that are [particularl y] vulnerable to the adverse effects of c li-

mate change as stated in pr eambular 19 of UNFCCC and the adverse effects of r esponse measures, particularl y low- lying and

other sm all island countries, countries with low- lying coastal, arid and semi- arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and

desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems, and SIDS and LDCs [require special attention]

[must be met]. The healthy and terr estrial ecosystems and their services are required to sustain the l ife supporting

system on earth, pr oviding food and livelihoods, contributing to hum an welfare and enabling sustainable economic develop-

ment. [[Countries] [Developing country Part ies] lacking sufficient capacity to r espond to the challenges of clim ate change r e-

quire access [to opportunities to obtain th is capacity] [to r esources] in a tim ely sustained and cooperative manner.]] [Measur-

able, reportable and verifiable financing, technology transfer and compensation must be provided by developed countries to

address the full costs of adaptation in developing countries, supported by appropriate institutional arrangements under the

Conference of Parties.] It is also part icularly im portant t o provide adequate, predictable, stable, sufficient and tim ely funding

for adaptation purposes particularly by developed countries. Developed country Parties shall support these developing coun-

1.7.3 The need for an immediate adaptation to climate change is stressed and marine ecosystems are proposed as an instr umentto increase the resil ience to this problem.

6.3 It is impor tant to str ess the need for sustainable coastal and marine ecosystems that will incr ease the resilience to cli-

mate change. An integrated coastal and ocean management approach is a key in pr omoting r esilience, and thus fundamental

to pr eparing for and adapting to the effects of climate change on the ocean.

1.7.4 The Mult i-Window Mechanism mentioned on p. 58, shall have thr ee inter -l inked components. One of them is:ting fr om t he progressive negative im-

pacts of clim ate-r elated slow-onset events, including sea level rise, increasing sea and land tem peratures, ocean acidification(e.g., land loss, coral bl eaching, impacts on potable water availabilit y, redu ction in

1.7.5 The Parti es should pr omote and support the development of climate- fr iendly technological options for all sectors, includ-ing:

-versa, and its effects on marine ecosystems,

marine biodiversity and coastal communities, especially in developing countries and small island states; including marine

1.7.6 Various actions to support the capacities of developing country Parties to implement adaptation and mitigation actions arepresented. Within the sub-paragr aph 199 (f) one suggested action relates to fisheries and marine ecosystems:

to clim ate change impacts on marine ecosystems, communi-

ties, fisheries and other industries; emer gency preparedness, monitoring, and forecasting clim ate change and ocean varia-

bility; and improving public awareness of early warning system capacity;



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1.8 REDD (only r eferences related to agr iculture)1.8.1 REDD-pl us is mentioned in relation to activi ties required in the revision of the negotiati ng text to maintain REDD-pl us as a

separate section p.4. On page 68 a chapter on mit igation is pr oposed, with REDD to be a subsection of this chapter .

p. 4 Revise the text to ensure coher ence between the sections on measurem ent, repor ting and verification of actions, inclu ding

those on REDD-plus, and support, with the structure of the financing mechanism being conceived within the Convention in

other parts of the text Maintain the section on REDD-plus as a separate section

Integrate common element s of measurement, report ing and verification related to REDD-plus into chapter III section B.3 and

B.4 on Measurem ent, reporting and verification.

1.8.2 The text proposes a new insti tut ional ar rangement post 2012 that wil l i nclude REDD activit ies (p.111).The new agreed post-2012 institutional arr angement and legal fram ework to be established for the impl ementation, monitor -

ing, reporting and verification of the global cooperative action for mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing, should be

set under the Convention. It should include a financial and a facilitative mechanism drawn up to facilitate the design, adoption

and carrying out of public policies, as the prevailing instrument, to which the market rules and related dynamics should besubordinate, to assure the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention.

17.2 The new institutional arr angement will provide technical and financial support f or developing countries in t he following

areas: (a) preparation, implem entation and follow-u p thr ough monitor ing, reporting and verification of nationally appropriate

mit igation actions (NAMAs) by developing countr ies.These activities could include options to r educe emissions fr om defor esta-

tion and forest degradation (REDD); (b) preparation, implementation and follow- up of national adaptation progr amm es of ac-

tion (NAPAs) or nat ional comm unications (NC) in developing countr ies;

1.8.3 When discussing the contents of the NAMAs, the inclusion of REDD-plus activit ies is proposed with the possibil it y of includ-ing agriculture specifically mentioned here as an option:

73. [NAMAs may include [but not limit ed to][inter alia]:

(f) [REDD-pl us19 activities and other m itigation actions implem ented in different][r elated] areas and sectors[, including agr i-

culture];]

1.8.4 The text discusses the creation of a new Executive Body on Finances and Technologies for Mitigation that should be ac-countabl e to t he COP (p.110)

An Executive Body on Finance and Technology for Mit igation (EBFTM), accountable to the COP, shall be est ablished;

(b) The EBFTM will g overn a Mitigation Fun d to be cr eated under the Convention.

(c) The EBFTM will be suppor ted by four techni cal panels on:

(i) Research and Developm ent;

(ii) Capacity-buil ding;

(iii) Transfer of Technologies for Mitigat ion; and

(iv) REDD+;

(v) Mark et Mechanism s;

(vi) MRV.

1.8.5 In discussing the objectives of the new REDD-plus mechanism, the pr oposal includes agr icul tur e (AFOLU) as one of a seriesof possible options to be covered as part of the areas that REDD-plus shall assist (see text snippet). Alternatives proposed

to the paragraph omit mention of AFOLU.

106. [Developing country Parties contr ibute to enhanced mit igations actions in the [forestr y sector] [land use, land- use change

and forestry sector] [agriculture, forestry and land use sector ]] [through REDD-plus actions] by reducing emissions [from

deforestation and forest degradation], [ensuring [conservation]] [per manence] of existing carbon stocks, [afforestation and r e-

forestation] and enhancing removals [by sinks] [m aintaining existing forest carbon stocks and enhancing removals], [and con-

serving carbon reservoirs] w hile pr omoting [sustainable forest [and l and] m anagement.] [and forest governance] [sustainable

management of forests ] [and prior itizing the restoration of forests].

1.8.6 In discussing the development of the REDD-plus e-lected l and use and land use changes.

106.1 The REDD-plus mechanism shall be effective, result-based, flexible, dynamic and incentive driven. To achieve this, themechanism shall be impl emented in successive, gradually intensifying phases, beginning with national REDD-plus strategy

development and core capacity-building (phase 1), followed by the implementation of national REDD-plus policies and m eas-

ure in combination with compensation for proxy-based results for em ission reductions and rem ovals from selected forest ac-

tivities and land-use and land-use change categories (phase 2), and finally evolving into a result-based compensation me-

chanism for fully m easured, reported and verified emission reductions and removals fr om the whole forestry sector and other



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selected land- use and land-u se change sectors (phase 3).

1.8.7 Cr iticall y, agr iculture i s not mentioned in t he list of activities to be covered by REDD-plusas listed in paragraph 106.4.

106.4 Activities under paragraph 106, hereinafter, REDD-Plus, should include: (a) Increas-

ing forest cover due to afforestation and r eforestation (b) Maintaining and enhancing forest

carbon stock by forest conservation, incremental change of for est cover, sustainable man-

agement of forest (c) Reducing deforest ation (d) Reducing forest degr adation.

1.8.8 However, the purpose of this specifically describes monitoring of land use and sustain-able land management, which goes beyond forests.

106.7 The purpose of th e REDD plus m echanism is to assist developing country Parties in:

(a) Contribu ting t o the objective in Art icle 2 of the Convention;

(b) Enhancing efforts to achieve sustainable development goals through their nationally

appropriate mit igation strategies;(c) Meeting their commitments under the Convention and related international agree-

ments;

(d) Conserving biological diversity and combating deser tification;

(e) Developing comprehensive land use inventories and monitoring frameworks; and

(f) Achieving sustainable land managem ent.

1.9 Rural Development no r eferences1.10 Soil1.10.1 In terms of the implementation of the adaptation framework programme, soil is men-

tioned as a good and service provided by the ecosystems. This is stated as an alternat ive

to paragraph 22, sub-paragraph 22(m).

gnise that eco-

systems and the goods and services they provide (such as water, food, soil protection and

carbon capture etc.) underpin r esilience and are fundamental to support hum an adaptation

1.10.2 Emphasis is put on the need for cooperation of the Parties in R&D mitigation activitiesand technologies based around agriculture. The role of soil carbon sequestration is men-

tioned. Two out of t hree alternatives to paragraph 134 are presented including soil car-

bon sequestration.

Parties shall cooperate in R&D of mit igation technologies for the agricultur al sector,

recognizing th e necessity for int ernat ional cooperative action to enhance and provide incen-

tives for mitigation of GHG emissions from agriculture [, in particular in [developing] [de-veloped] countr ies. [Consideration should be given to the rol e of soils in carbon sequestra-

tion, including thr ough [the use of biochar and enhancing carbon sinks in drylands]]]

Alternatives to paragraph 134.

Alternative 1

[Special considerations should be given to the role of sustainable land management

(SLM) in general, including the role of soils in carbon sequestr ation and GHG emissions

from sources.]

Alternative 2

[All Parties should enhance efforts to reduce emissions and enhance removals from

agricultur e by strengthening and cooperating in research and development of mitigation

technologies and methodologies for the agr icultur e sector. All Parties should considermeans of incr easing the efficiency of agricult ural production systems , enhancing soil

sequestration, and achieving sustainable agricultural land management benefits in-

clud
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No.5: Agriculture in the Long-term Cooperative Action