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AIRBUSAIRBUS
Future Trends in Fire Safety Research-a Manufacturer’s View-
J-F. Petit
Future Trends in Fire Safety Research-a Manufacturer’s View-
J-F. Petit
2/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Contents
● Introduction● Areas of Research● Materials in Hidden Areas● Smoke/Fire Detection Systems● Halon Replacement● Alternative to Oxygen on Board● Evolution of Airbus Own FST Specifications● Conclusion
3/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
A/C Size / Regulation Development
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
20001940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2010Amendments
14 32 59 6061
66 74 93
HRR 65/65 + smoke 200
Lavatory fire protection
HRR 100/100
Cargo liners burn through resistance
Seat cushions fire resistance
Vertical + horizontal Bunsen burner tests
12s vertical test only12s horizontal test only
B707-330
B747-100
B747-400
Cargo class D to C
A380-800Insulation materials
Max Pax
A340-300
A300 B4
B777-200
B777-300
Introduction
4/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
IntroductionAirbus FST Specifications
✈ Introduced 1979 as ATS 1000✈ Superseded in 1994 by ABD0031✈ All Airbus Programs ✈ Specific Smoke & Toxicity Criteria✈ All Non-Metallic Components in the
Pressurized Section
5/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
IntroductionAirbus FST Specifications
Cabin lining panelsincl. Secondary insulation
ThermoplasticsTransparencies
Textiles
Floor panels and non-metallic structural parts
6/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
IntroductionAirbus FST Specifications
Tapes/Adhesives
Wiring incl. brackets
Air ducts incl. ducting insulation and brackets
Primary insulation
7/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
IntroductionAccidents per Mill. FH
0123456789
101112131415
1959 1969 1979 1989 1999
8/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Introduction
✈ These efforts in fire safety have contributed to a significant reduction of the number of accidents.
BUT✈ Further effort in fire safety research is
required in order to keep reducing the accident risk.
9/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Areas of Research
Hidden areas
Evolutionof FSTSpecification
Oxygen
Cargo Smoke/FireDetectionHalon Replacement
10/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Materials in Hidden Areas
State of the Art✈ Hidden Areas not specifically identified
in Regulations (compartment interiors & cargo or baggage compartments)
✈ Airbus FST Specification applies to the Pressurized Section of the Fuselage(incl. Hidden Areas)
✈ No In-Service Report on Fire Propagation in Hidden Areas of Airbus a/c
11/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Materials in Hidden Areas
Identified Issues✈ Hidden Areas are Non-Accessible Areas
✈ Potential for Non-readily identified Fire Hazard
✈ Materials must not propagate Fire
✈ Fire Test Criteria must address the potential Threat
12/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Materials in Hidden Areas
Research Objectives✈ Identify effective Contribution of Materials
to Fire Spread✈ Evaluate Fire Test Methods & Criteria vs
Potential Fire Threat✈ Airbus contribution to
– IAMFTWG - sub working group on “Hidden Areas”– DGAC/JAA Research Program on “Hidden Fires”– German National Research Program “TIPPS”
13/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Smoke/Fire Detection Systems
State of the Art✈ Regulation requires that warning be
provided within 60s after the start of a fire
✈ All fire sensors in the fuselage are smoke detectors (ionisation- and photoelectric sensors)
14/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Smoke/Fire Detection SystemsSmoke Detector and Halon Nozzle Arrangement in Cargo Compartment
Smoke Detector
Smoke Detector
Halon Nozzle
Protection Grid
15/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Smoke/Fire Detection Systems
Identified Issues✈ False alarm rate is high (due to dust, cargo
condensation, …) ✈ A/c turnbacks, emergency landings,
evacuations, Halon discharge, AOG, ✈ Detection of smoldering fires in electronic
bays is not possible with today's systems
16/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Smoke/Fire Detection Systems
Research Objectives✈ Suppression system – compatible fire and
smoke detection for cargo compartments with drastically reduced false alarm rate
✈ Technology for „electrical wire overheat“ detection
✈ Means for visualisation of status inside cargo compartment
17/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Smoke/Fire Detection SystemsParticle Sensing•Photoelectric Sensor•Laser Particle Sensor•Light Attenuation Sensor•Ionisation Sensor
Light emitter(IR or visible)
Photo diode
Amplifier Signal
Gas Sensing•Semicond. Metal Oxide Sensor•Infra Red Sensor•Electrochemical Cell
Temperature Sensing•Metallic Resistors•Thermistors•Silicon Semicond. Temp. Sensor•Thermoelectrical Devices•Piezoelectrical Devices•Temperature Radiation Sensing•Fibre-Optical Cables
Fire Detection: Technology
18/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Halon Replacement
State of the Art✈ Since more than 40 years Halons are used
successfully for fire fighting
✈ Excellent compromise between extinguishing efficiency and toxicity
✈ In all modern aircraft Halons are used for fire fighting applications
19/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Halon ReplacementInstallation of Halon Cargo Fire Extinguishers
Initial Concentration
Maintain Concentration
20/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Halon Replacement
Identified Issues✈ Halons belong to the CFCs which deplete
the stratospheric ozone layer✈ Montreal Protocol has banned Halon
production and use since January 1994✈ A suitable alternative is not available for
aviation, due to special requirements like:– Toxicity– Maintaining visibility– Necessary extinguishing mass/volume
21/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Halon Replacement
Research Objectives✈ Environment friendly (non - halon) fire
extinguishing system that : – provides the same level of safety– creates limited disadvantages vs Halon – is fully compatible with the a/c environment
✈ Airbus contribution to– European research program “FIREDETEX” – International Systems Fire Protection WG
22/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Alternative to Oxygen on Board
State of the Art✈ Oxygen on Board : Gaseous or
Chemical Generators
✈ Regulations require significant Quantity of Gaseous Oxygen for certain Operational Scenarios
✈ Significant Safety Precautions are required for Oxygen System Installation
23/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Alternative to Oxygen on Board
Identified Issues
✈ Oxygen can contribute to Fire Development
(eg B737 USAir Los Angeles 1991)
✈ Servicing or Maintenance Incidents have
been reported
(eg B727 DELTA Salt Lake City 1989)
24/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Alternative to Oxygen on Board
Research Objectives✈ To reduce Quantity of Gaseous Oxygen or
Chemical Generators on board
✈ To reduce the Risk of inadvertent Release of Oxygen
✈ Solutions under Investigation:– OBOGS “On-Top” to refill on-board O2 Cylinders
– OBOGS “On-Line” to generate O2 on- demand
25/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Evolution of Airbus FST Directive
Considering✈ Upcoming Rule on Insulation Materials to
be considered
✈ Introduction of non-metallic structural parts in the pressurized Section
✈ Increase of electrical Systems (IFE, Passenger Service…)
✈ Extended use of Optical Fibers
26/26October 2001 Conference Atlantic City JFP
Conclusion
✈ Further effort in fire safety research is required in order to keep reducing the risk of accident.
✈ Manufacturers are committed to play a Major Role in current and future Fire Safety Research Programs
✈ Fire Safety Research must also consider industrial Feasibility and impact on aircraft Performance