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http://bio.fsu.edu/~bsc2011L/
Click on Course Documents,then Lab Review
& select phyla of choice
This presentation is also available:Click on Lab Review,
then Spring 2005Midterm Practical Review
Practical Exam:March 2, 2005
•Again- be careful of times! The exam schedule is different from that for the reviews. Students are responsible for taking note of the sessions they signed up for…and keeping to this schedule!
The actual exam lasts less than 40 minutes. We have a built in buffer at the end for business, but we will start them on time!
Limit 25 students per session.
Special Needs Students
• Students needing special assistance (e.g. extra time) must sign up for the LAST review & LAST exam session.
• They must have their signed documentation on file with the coordinator prior to entry into either.
Exam - Grade / Question Distribution
~15% OF YOUR OVERALL GRADE
~1/3 Taxonomy & identification
~1/3 Structure & function
~1/3 Comparisons between phyla
Exam - Point / Time Distribution
25 stations - 2 questions per station
50 questions total - 1 point per question
Round 1 - 60 SECONDS (I min.) per station
= 25 minutes for round 1
Round 2 - 30 SECONDS (1/2 min.) per station
= 12.5 minutes for round 2
Total exam time given = 37.5 minutes- ¾ minute (45 seconds) per question!
Exam - Grading Policies• Capitalize taxa
Points WILL be deducted for not doing so.If you wish to use all capitals, make sure the first letter is most definitely TWICE as big as the rest.
• Spelling 1 letter will be over looked2 letters - lose ½ point3 letters - lose 1 point
These rules only apply if 1 or 2 letters do notcreate another word that could mean that thestudent does not know the answer to the Q.
Mesohyl (of Porifera) Mesophyll (of Plants)
Exam - Rules!•Sign up for one exam!
•Arrive at least 10 minutes prior to your session. If you are late you may not be let in!
•Bring only a couple of pencils and an eraser (Pencil enables you to change your response and leave only the part that you wish to be graded.) You may use a pen if you insist!
•You will be given a pre-exam introduction re exam rules! No cheating! Keep eyes on your own paper (Turn caps around, pull hair away from face.) etc, etc……
•Sign your sheet if you want your grades posted. If you choose not to sign it you will have to see the Coordinator in person to get your grade.
•Grade information will not be given out over the phone or by e-mail.
Student ‘flow’ around the lab
49, 50 1,2
DOOR
WINDOWS41, 42
SIN
K &
AQ
UA
RIU
MS
Note - the following slides may look different from what you saw in lab!!!
These images are to be used in conjunction with
your lab drawings, your notes &
the lab manual.
DON’T FORGET ……STUDY the MICROSCOPE- USAGE & PARTS!!!
*Compound vs. Dissection*How to illuminate an opaque vs.
transparent object*Magnification formula (M=OO) etc.
KINGDOM ANIMALIAPHYLUM PoriferaPHYLUM CnidariaPHYLUM PlatyhelminthesPHYLUM NemertinaPHYLUM NematodaPHYLUM RotiferaPHYLUM AnnelidaPHYLUM Arthropoda
(SUPHYLA Trilobitmorpha, Crustacea & Chelicerata.)These are the phyla that you will be tested on for the midterm practical
• CELLULAR level of body organization
• Middle layer = MESOHYLAcellular matrix - location of spicules, spongin & archeocytes
• Diagnostic cell type: CHOANOCYTE – the flagellated collar cell
PHYLUM
PORIFERA
The Three TYPES of Sponges
Asconoid = smallest
Leuconoid = Largest
Syconoid = middle-sized
PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid
Too small to dissect in lab, you could only look at a whole specimen (as above) or prepared slides (mini green cacti).
This sponge looks white in the jar, but most of our slide specimens have been stained green so they look like green cacti! This is the smallest and simplest sponge type. Too small to dissect.
PHYLUM Porifera TYPE ?
BSU – Basic Sponge UnitIt’s choanocytes are located in the spongocoel. Note the buds (asexual reproduction) and many oscula(plural of osculum). What are gemmules?
PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid
PHYLUM Porifera TYPE ?
Name this hole?
What is this?
PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid
Note: Spicules at the
neck of the osculum
Terms you need to know: spicules, spongocoel, osculum& bud. Compare to fig 1.3-A in your lab manuals.
PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Syconoid
Note the prominent spicules
The choanocytes are located in the radial canals. These are the ‘middle-sized’ sponges
Osculum (O) Spongocoel (S) Incurrent canal (I) Radial canals (R) Choanocytes (C) Water enters via the ostium - > l - > via the Prosopyle (P) (a porocyte cell type) - > radial canal - > Apopyle - > S - > O
O
l.s.
S
SR
I
I
II
R
l.s. & c.s. views
Ostium
R
P
PHYLUM PoriferaTYPE Syconoid
Choanocytes are located where?
PHYLUM PoriferaTYPE LeuconoidThese are examples of the most complex sponge type. The choanocytes are located in the many flagellated chambers.Any large sponge is most likely a leuconoid - type sponge.
Sponge Reproduction
SEXUAL• Male & female gametes
are formed. Archeocytes become eggsChoanocytes filter sperm out of the water
• Fertilization is involved.• Planktonic larvae or mini
flagellated colonies are released to colonize new
ASEXUALMarine• Budding• Fragmentation• RegenerationFreshwater sponges• Gemmules• + 3 methods above
areas.
• TISSUE level of body organization
• Middle layer = MESOGLEA = Acellular matrix (Just jelly!)
• Diagnostic cell type = CNIDOCYTEIt contains the Nematocyst organelle
PHYLUM
CNIDARIA
AB C
Cnidocyte vs. Nematocyst
A = ?
B = ?
C = ?
?
Insert: A Cnidocyte (C) – cell containing a Nematocyst - organellenot yet triggered.
Cnidarians areDIPLOBLASTIC
E
E
G
G M
(2 tissue layers)C = Epidermis (E) & A = Gastrodermis (G)with B = Mesoglea in between the two
Specialized cells called cnidocytes contain nematocysts. These are used for anchorage, defense and capture ofprey.
Phylum Cnidaria
Close-up of Nematocysts
Cnidarian Life Cycles
• Hydrozoa Polyp dominantMedusa does exist
(Hydra is cute but odd!)Remember the fire coral!
• Scyphozoa Medusa dominantPolyp does exist
• Anthozoa Polyp only
Do you know the difference between a bud and a gonad?
PHYLUM Cnidaria
cLASS Hydrozoa
Cnidocyte-bearing tentacles, mouth, GVC & bud (branch = asexual reproduction) [fig 2.2]
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Hydrozoa
Polyp with gonads for sexual reproduction & close-up view of the gonads [fig 2.2] (bumps)
Which structure is used for what?
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Hydrozoa
Obelia colony slide with close-up of the some of the polyps or zooids. Note polymorphism - gastrozooids (with feeding tentacles) & gonozooids for reproduction [fig 2.3-6]
It floats like like boat and
Stings like a bee
It’s squishy and ghoulish
Unlike Mohamed Ali
So what is it?
Clue - Hydrozoan
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Hydrozoa
Portuguese Man-O-War is an excellent example of polymorphism. It is a colony of many individuals –again = zooids – modified for different tasks (feeding, floating, reproduction, etc.)
This next specimen is on almost EVERY practical exam!
PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Hydrozoa
Calcium-carbonate skeletons of a fire coral. This is a hydrozoan(not an anthozoan corals) because it has both a POLYP stage (dominant = above) & a MEDUSA stage in its life cycle.
Ventral view of a Hydrozoan Medusa [fig 2.3-7]Note Long knobby tentacles with batteries ofnematocysts along them. (S) Statocysts are for balance
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Hydrozoa
S
Please pass the jelly!
What am I talking about?
Clue – It’s NOT Polander All-fruit
A Scyphozoan = A jelly!
Statocysts can be at the base of the tentacles or in between them.
3 examples of jellyfish. Note the large amount of mesoglea present in this class. MEDUSA is dominant in Scyphozoans, butpolyp stage is also present at some point during their life cycle.
PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa
You need to know the order of the following life-cycle structures…..
Again – they appear in almost every exam….
Life cycle (fig 2.6)P A S St E A
P Planula A Actinula (No slide)S ScyphistomaSt StrobilaE Ephyra A Adult
PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa
P S St
E
Close-up of planula stage [fig 2.6-B] Bilateral motile larval stage able to move away from parent to settle in a new area.
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Scyphozoa
Close-up of scyphistoma stage [fig 2.6-D]
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Scyphozoa
Close-up of strobila stage. Buds form from asexual reproduction [fig 2.6-E]
PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa
PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa
Close-up of ephyra larva [fig 2.6-F]
Calcium-carbonate skeletons of various corals, sea fans & sea whips. All = Anthozoa: ONLY the POLYP stage is present.
PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Anthozoa
PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Anthozoa
Note that ONLY the POLYP stage is present. In their life cycle
Remember you saw them fight in slow motion in the ‘Shapes of Life’video????
Some Anthozoa grow as individual polyps such as this Sea anemone. [fig 2.7]
Other Anthozoa grow as colonies of polyps. Examples of this include sea pansies (shown here,) sea fans, sea whips, sea pens and of course corals.
Remember, ONLY the POLYP stage is present in the Anthozoa class of cnidarians.
PHYLUM Cnidaria
CLASS Anthozoa
ACOELOMATESPHYLUM
PLATYHELMINTHES&
PHYLUM
NEMERTINA
The
ACOELOMATE Condition
Lumen of gut
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Any triploblastic organism which lacks a body cavity is said to be an acoelomate...
PLATYHELMINTHES‘Flatworms’
• ORGAN grade of body organization
• TRIPLOBLASTIC
• MESENCHYME = Middle layer derived from mesoderm germ layer = space-filling packing tissue
• ACOELOMATE - Mesoderm obliterates the blastocoel in the embryo
PLATYHELMINTHES3 main classes
• CLASS Turbellaria - Free-living flatworms
• CLASS Trematoda - Endoparasitic Flukes
• CLASS Cestoda - Endoparasitic Tapeworms
These next guys caused a laugh in the video…
(Ooh, yes their going to do it………….. Yes, Yes, YES! Oh wow! That was great!)
It was violent and yet the participants were quite beautiful…
What am I referring to?
Marine flatworms…
But what we saw in lab was a freshwater flatworm. It was brown and looked as if it were boss-eyed.
PHYLUM PlatyhelminthesCLASS Turbellaria
M
PPO
PO P M
I
Note extensible pharynx (P), pharyngeal opening (PO), mouth (M) & intestine (I) [fig 3.2-A]
PHYLUM PlatyhelminthesCLASS Turbellaria
Anterior
Pharyngeal regionPosterior
cs through anterior of organism [fig 3.4] aka Batman’s plane. Note No pharynx, only caeca
PHYLUM PlatyhelminthesCLASS Turbellaria
c.s. through pharyngeal region [fig 3.4] Note Pharynx, gastric caeca & Mesenchyme (Cilia!?) Fist of 2 Acoelomate c.s
View of whole fluke organism. Note the two suckers. Anterior (A) one is for feeding, the ventral (V) one is for attachment
PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Trematoda
A
V
PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Trematoda
C
C
VS
OS
P
Anterior end of fluke. Note oral sucker (OS), pharynx (P), caeca (C) & ventral sucker (VS) (for attachment) [fig 3.5]
PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Trematoda
E
O
C
T
U
OC
Note eggs E, ovaries O, shell gland, caeca C, uterus U and testes T [fig 3.5]
PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda
Scolex (I) and maturing proglottids.
The most reproductively mature sections are at the posterior end of the tapeworm.
What are these sections called?
Scolex region. Note rostellum (R) (rings of hooks) & suckers (S) for attachment [fig 3.7-A]
PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda
S
R
S
PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda
Sperm in from partner
Ovary
Uterus & Shell Gland
Speckled background = Testes
Sperm exit here
to enter another partner’s proglottid
Uterus will swell with many out-pockets as the eggs develop
Mature proglottid w/ reproductive structures [fig 3.7-D]
PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda
Uterus has swollen with eggs - fertilized with a partner tapeworm’s sperm
Gravid proglottid chock full o’ eggs [close-up of fig 3.7-E]
PHYLUM
NEMERTINA(Acoelomate)
This is our 1st organism with a COMPLETE digestive tract -
(i.e. it has an anus)
PHYLUM Nemertina
You did not see the specimen but had to fill out labels on a diagram in your lab manual showing a slide of a c.s.
= 2nd acoelomate c.s.
c.s. through anterior end of a flatworm
??
?
PHYLUM Nemertina
Rhynchocoel
Proboscis
Intestine
Note proboscis in the rhynchocoel & the flattened intestine (outlined). [fig 4.3-B]
PSEUDOCOELOMATES
PHYLUM NEMATODAPHYLUM ROTIFERA
The PSEUDOCOELOMATE Condition
Lumen of gut
PSEUDOCOELOM
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Any organism which has a “false” body cavity (pseudocoel) is said to be a pseudocoelomate...
Definition of a pseudocoelom?- a fluid-filled body cavity, (derived from the
blastocoel), which surrounds the gut.
Functions (i.e. what’s it used for?)
• Hydrostatic skeleton• Circulatory
• Location of organs – reproduction & excretion
PHYLUM
NEMATODA • (Roundworms)• Eutely• Only longitudinal muscles• Pseudocoelom functions as
circulatory system• Complete digestive system• Renette cells - excretion• Amoeboid sperm
Phylum Nematoda
P
cs through esophagus. Note triradiate esophagus, pseudocoel (P) & thick cuticle [fig 5.4]
Male or female? Which one is which? How do you tell?
A
c.s. through female (A) & male (B) nematode worms. Notice the 2 large round structures in the female (uteri) and the thick cuticles on both the male and female worms. [fig 5.3]
Phylum Nematoda
B
Phylum Nematoda
Lumen of gut
P
c.s. of male, note reproductive structures, and pseudocoel (P) [fig 5.3]
Phylum Nematoda
PI
O
ODU
c.s. of female Note intestine (I), pseudocoel (P), ovaries (O), oviducts (OD), & one of the 2 LARGE uteri (U) [fig 5.3]
PHYLUM
ROTIFERA• Cirri, corona & trochus bring in
water currents and therefore aid in feeding, respiration and locomotion
• Mastax & trophi = internal feeding apparatus
• Pedal glands and spurs (toes) –attachment
• Flame bulb – excretory canals• Parthenogenesis, Mictic, viviparous
PHYLUM Rotifera What was the other one???
The other pseudocoelomate phylum we studied!!! Note corona (for feeding, locomotion & respiration), mastax/trophi, pedal glands & spurs (toes) [fig 5.5]
EUCOELOMATESPHYLUM ANNELIDA
onwards….
TheEUCOELOMATE Condition
Lumen of gut
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
COELOM
Any triploblastic organism which has a TRUE body cavity is said to be a (eu)coelomate...
PHYLUM
ANNELIDA3 CLASSES:
CLASS PolychaetaCLASS OligochaetaCLASS Hirudinea
PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Polychaeta
A
Note parapodium w/ setae & acicula (A). Parapodia are used for locomotion, sensory purposes & respiration. [fig 6.3-A]
PHYLUMAnnelida
CLASSPolychaeta.
MP
EC
Esophagus
EC
Polychaete dissection. Note esophageal caeca (EC) and muscular pharynx (MP). Remember, polychaete worms have parapodia (which look like “fins”) [fig 6.4]
This image is a give-away…….it is usually on an exam…. What is this?
Note typhlosole. This increases the surface area to aid in absorption of the food in the intestine that has already beendigested although some scientists still claim that the typhlosole may also play a part in digestion itself. [fig 6.8]
PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta
Dorsal blood vessel
TyphlosoleCoelom
PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta
N
C
Note longitudinal & circular muscles, nephridium (N), and the coelom (C). [fig 6.8]
You gave them a bath
You gave them some bubbly
And then you put them to sleep….
So that you could rip their guts open
What were they?
PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta. Earthworm dissection [fig 6.7]
Gizzard (G)
Pharynx (P)
Nephridia
Esophageal region (P - G) w/ pseudohearts
They are not all blood-suckers….
A B
PHYLUM AnnelidaCLASS Hirudinea
?
?
(A) Preserved organism (B) whole mount Note segmentation (annuli), as well as the 2 suckers. [fig 6.9]
A B
PHYLUM AnnelidaCLASS Hirudinea
T
O
(O) Long slender ovary (T) Round testis
PHYLUM
ARTHROPODA4 SUBPHYLA:
SUBPHYLA TrilobitmorphaSUBPHYLA CrustaceaSUBPHYLA ChelicerataSUBPHYLA Uniramia (not on Midterm)
SUBPHYLUMTrilobitmorpha
Trilobites are the most diverse group of extinct animals preserved in the fossil record.
PHYLUM
ARTHROPODASUBPHYLUM Crustacea
5 CLASSES:CLASS MalacostracaCLASS CopepodaCLASS OstracodaCLASS CirripediaCLASS Branchiopoda
Subphylum Crustacea
…to recap
–Class Malacostraca »Order Isopoda »Order Amphipoda »Order Stomatopoda»Order Decapoda
SUBPHYLUM
CrustaceaClass Cirripedia
Acorn & Stalked Barnacles
Largest class3 ORDERS
Isopoda = Rolly polies
AmphipodaBeach Hoppers & Sand Fleas
DecapodaCrabs, Lobsters etc..
ClassBranchiopoda
“Lung feet”
Fairy Shrimp
Class Malacostraca
Class Ostracoda
Class Copepoda
Can you remember how to tell a male from a female crayfish?
1st pleopod is reduced or absent in females
SUBPHYLUM
Crustacea
The male crab has the T-shaped abdomen whereas the female abdomen is much broader
Any dissected crab in the lab will not be stained like this but you should be familiar with the structures…..
PHYLUM
ARTHROPODASUBPHYLUM Chelicerata
3 CLASSES:CLASS ArachnidaCLASS Merostomata (Horsehoe crabs)
CLASS Pycnogonida (Sea spiders)
SUBPHYLUMChelicerata
Merostomata Arachnida
Araneae
ArachnidaAcarina
TAGMOSISChelicerata Crustacea
Cephalothorax & Abdomen
Prosoma & Opisthosoma
The line delineating the head from the thorax in the cephalothorax is the cervical groove.
COMPARISON Qs
A. How many of the following organisms
are at the organ level of organization?
B. Give the letter(s) of the organism(s) that
has(have) a CLOSED circulatory system.
Compare traits and systems such as circulatory, excretion, reproduction etc. and group Phyla when studying!!!
Body TypesAsconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid
PHYLUM PoriferaBody Forms
Medusa vs. Polyp…….PHYLUM Cnidaria
Level of Organization
Cell - PHYLUM Porifera
Tissue - PHYLUM Cnidaria
Organ - PHYLUM Platyhelminthes
onward…
• Diploblastic - 2 Cell LayersPH - PHYLUM Cnidaria
• Triploblastic - 3 Cell LayersPH- PHYLUM Platyhelminthes
onward…
Tissue Layers
Coelom Formation
Acoelomates (2 phyla)
Pseudocoelomates (2 phyla)
(Eu)Coelomates (6 phyla)
We are only dealing with two eucoelomatephyla this practical exam…
Acoelomates- PHYLUM Platyhelminthes- PHYLUM Nemertina
Pseudocoelomates- PHYLUM Nematoda- PHYLUM Rotifera
(Eu)Coelomates- PHYLUM Annelida- PHYLUM Arthropoda
PHYLUM MolluscaPHYLUM BryozoaPHYLUM EchinodermataPHYLUM Chordata
Digestive System
Incomplete (no anus)
PHYLUM Cnidaria
PHYLUM Platyhelminthes
Complete
PHYLUM Nemertinaonward……
These are the types of comparison or conceptquestions that might
appear on the practical.
This list is by no means exhaustive…
Good Luck!From: Matt Schrader – Instructor
Me – Lab CoordinatorJon – HonchoMia, Pete, Matt A. Brendan & Tim - TAs