NNIN SUMMER EXPERIENCE

GOALS

To learn about the technology behind an AFM and produce images of different materials

To create a lesson plan that incorporates nanotechnology into the existing curriculum

To develop an action plan that exposes students to nanotechnology throughout the school year

AFM

Explored the main principles behind the AFM (cantilever, photodetector, feedback loop, etc.)

Produced and analyzed images from a Nanosurf® easyScan AFM system

Developed a presentation for other educators to use with this AFM system

AFM Operation - Overview

http://www.pacificnano.com/afm-modes.html

Learning to use the AFM

Used the AFM to image Gold samples Interpretation of the images to

distinguish between the two gold samples

Image of Gold GratingMeasurement and Analysis of Gold

Grating to determine grating spacing

Images of Gold Samples

Au Sample Baverage roughness (Sq = 100nm)Gold deposition by sputtering

Au sample A average area roughness (Sq = 6nm)Gold deposition by electroplating

Gold Practice Grating

Image Analysis

Average grating spacing : 1.04 μm

Average height of features:

51.2 nm

Nature of the surface:

Blazed

Gold Practice Grating : 8μm scan

Plane Transmission Grating

1-D grating (sample A) grating spacing: 4.8 μm

2-D gratinggrating spacings:

x: 6.97 μm y: 7.07 μm

1- D grating (sample B)grating spacing:

1.28 μm

LESSON PLAN: CDs AND DVDs AS DIFFRACTION GRATINGS

Develop Student Worksheet and Teacher’s Guide

Incorporate AFM imaging and analysis of CDs and DVDs with an existing Diffraction Grating Lab

Diffraction Pattern using a CD as a Diffraction Grating

screen

CD grating

Laser central spot

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/grating.html

AFM Images and Cut-out Scans of a Blank CD AND DVD (10 m)

AFM Images of CD and DVD (unrecorded)

CD-Blank (10 μm scan)

Track pitch = 1.57 μm

DVD- Blank (10 μm scan)

Track pitch = 0.780 μm

AFM Images CD/DVD (recorded)

CD - data encrypted scan size : 20 μm

DVD – data encryptedscan size : 10 μm

AFM Images CD/DVD (recorded)

CD - data encrypted scan size : 5 μm

DVD – data encryptedscan size : 5 μm

Blu-Ray AFM Images

Comparing Data Density of CD, DVD and Blu-Ray

Blu-Ray Disc

DVD

CD

Blu-Ray DVD CDLaser Size 405 nm 650 nm 780 nm

Track pitch 0.32 m(0.33 m)

0.74 m(0.79 m)

1.6 m(1.57 m)

Min. pit length

0.15 m(0.17 m)

0.40 m(0.41 m)

0.83 m(0.79 m)

Channel bit size

0.062 m 0.133 m 0.278 m

Capacity 25 GB 4.7 GB 0.7 GB

Blue: experimental values black : reference values

Experimental Data and Reference Data

CONCLUSIONS Experimental results of track pitch, minimum pit length of a

CD , DVD and Blu-Ray agree well with known values.

Experimental results of grating spacing obtained from the diffraction pattern using CDs and DVDs agree well with the grating spacing obtained from imaging them with the AFM.

The AFM image of a CD was used to determined the no. of data bits per square micrometer. The total usable area of a CD was determined from measurement and used to calculate the storage capacity of the disc.

The density of the tracks of CDs and DVDs as compared to a Blu-Ray was used to explain the increase in storage capacity and the recent technology used to further increase the same.

ACTION PLAN Metric conversions – Powers of Ten Video (http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBsOeLcUARw) Hooke’s Law and cantilevers (SP3: Simple Harmonic

Motion) Diffraction Gratings (SP4: Waves) Photodiodes, Lasers, Voltage and the AFM (SP4 and

SP5: Waves and Electromagnetism) Piezo materials and Voltage (SP5: Electromagnetism) Journal Readings Projects Career Research

GPS Standards

Links to Lesson Plans

Lesson PlanStudent worksheet AFM Quick Reference

Dr.Larry Bottomley and group

School of Chemistry and BioChemistry

Dr. Nancy Healy

NNIN Educational Coordinator

Joyce Palmer

Asst Educational Coordinator ,NNIN