NMDM121 MEDICINAL FOOD SCIENCE Session 19 Fruits … · cranberry supplements have been confounded by poor compliance, ... • Blueberry anthocyanins have been shown to protect retinal

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NMDM121

MEDICINAL FOOD SCIENCE

Session 19

Fruits Part II:

Antioxidant-Rich Fruits

and Other Fruits

Nutritional Medicine Department


• Define “ORAC” and discuss the value and limitations of

using ORAC scores to rank the antioxidant potential of

foods and beverages.

• Discuss the nutritional value, phytochemical profiles and

therapeutic benefits of antioxidant-rich fruits and other

fruits:

‒ Berries, Pomegranate, Cherries

‒ Dates, Apples, Grapes

Session Summary


ORAC Values


ORAC Values

• There are many methods available to assess the

antioxidant capacity of foods.

• Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity is one of these

methods.

• The ORAC score represents the ability of a substance to

stabilise peroxyl radicals in vitro.

‒ Not necessarily an indicator of actions in vivo.

• Serves as a useful tool when making healthy choices but

has limitations.

‒ A low ORAC score does not represent a lack of nutrition.

(Winter, 2011)


ORAC Values

• ORAC values are generally expressed in micromoles of

Trolox Equivalents per 100 grams of sample, although

other measurements can also be used.

• This is important to consider when making comparisons

between foods. For example 100 grams of a ground

spice is likely to be much denser in phytochemicals and

therefore have a higher ORAC score than a piece of raw

fruit, which has a high water weight. It is much easier

(and safer) to eat 100 grams of fruit than 100 grams of

dried spices.


ORAC Values


Antioxidant Capacity

Some of the methods used to assess antioxidant capacity

include:

• ORAC – Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity

• TEAC – Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity

• FRAP – Ferric-Reducing Ability of Plasma

• CAA – Cell-based Antioxidant Activity

• DRSC - 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical

Scavenging Capacity


Berries

http://www.health.com/health/


Berries

Overview

• In botanical language, a berry or true berry is a simple

fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single

ovary.

• True berries based on this botanical definition include:

• Grapes

• Tomatoes and other species of the Solanaceae family such as

Capsicum and Goji berries

• Barberry

• Currants

• Elderberry

• Gooseberry


Berries

Overview

Family Name of berry

Ericaceae (Heath) family Bilberry/blueberry, cranberry

Rosaceae (Rose) family Blackberry, raspberry, strawberry

Moraceae (Mulberry) family Mulberry

Grossulariaceae (Currant)

family

Gooseberry

From a culinary perspective the term “berries” includes

those listed above.


Berries

Constituents

• There is a great deal of research interest in berries due

to their phytochemical content.

• Berries are a good source of anthocyanins which give

them their bright red, blue and purple colours.

• They also contain a range of nutrients and other

phytochemicals.

• This session begins by looking at the phytochemicals

found in berries generally, together with an overview of

the biological activities associated with these

phytochemicals. Specific types of berries are then

discussed in more detail.


Berries

Constituents

(Nile & Park, 2014)


Berries

Constituents

(Nile & Park, 2014)


Berries

Constituents

Anthocyanins Water-soluble; give blue, purple, red colour; concentrated

in skin of berries; also in flesh of cherries and strawberries;

antioxidant effect; beneficial effect on blood vessels;

protective effect on visual function during inflammation

(animal studies)

Catechins More abundant in the skin and external tissues of fruits

than internal tissues; catechins found in cranberries are

similar to those found in green tea; possible cancer

protective role.

Ellagic acid Reported to have antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory

and chemopreventive effects.

Gallic acid Antioxidant found in berries, black tea and red wine;

cytotoxic activity in-vitro against various cancer cell lines.

(Nile & Park, 2014)


Berries

Therapeutic Effects • Small human trial by Torronen et al. (2013) to determine

whether berry consumption with white or rye bread had any

effect on glucose and/or insulin response.

• Consumption of 150 grams of berries (as whole berry puree)

by healthy females in 3 randomised, controlled, crossover 2-

hour meal studies.

• Main finding was that berries attenuated the postprandial

insulin response to bread with little or no effect on the glucose

response.

• The lower insulin response after consumption of berries

implies that less insulin is required and secreted for

maintenance of normal or slightly improved postprandial

glucose metabolism. This could have health benefits.


Berries

Therapeutic Effects

• In the short term, a lower insulin response prevents

hypoglycaemia and inappropriate increases of free fatty acids

and stress hormone concentrations, which are often seen

during the late postprandial period after consumption of

refined carbohydrate-rich foods.

• Regular consumption of diets with a low postprandial insulin

response may increase first-phase insulin secretion, indicating

improved pancreatic β-cell function, and modulate the

inflammatory status.

• The mechanism of action is not yet understood; however,

berries contain citric and other organic acids with a pH of ~3

and previous studies with addition of vinegar or lactic acid in

sourdough bread have shown similar responses.

(Torronen et al., 2013)


Berries

Therapeutic Effects

Emerging Impact on Cardiovascular Health

• “Data reported from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk

Factor Study showed a significantly lower risk of CVD-related

deaths among men in the highest quartile of berry intake

(>408g/day) versus men in the lowest intake (<133g/day) over

a 12.8y period.”

• “While limited epidemiological data inversely associate

consumption of berries with inflammation and CVD, these

conclusions need to be strengthened in future case control or

cohort studies investigating the long term health benefits of

berries in specific populations.”

(Basu et al., 2010)


Berries

Research Emerging Impact on Cardiovascular Health

• “Clinical studies in healthy humans, subjects with diabetes

mellitus, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, hypertension or in

smokers, show a significant decrease in CVD risk factors,

especially glucose, lipids and lipid peroxidation and systolic blood

pressure following berry intervention.”

• “The principal mechanisms of action underlying the potential

cardioprotective effects of berries include counteracting free

radical generation, attenuating inflammatory gene expression,

down regulating foam cell formation, and up regulating eNOS

expression; through these effects, progression of atherosclerosis

is slowed and normal vascular function and blood pressure are

preserved.”

(Basu et al., 2010)


Berries

Cranberry

Vaccinium macrocarpon

http://smoochsmile.co.za/cranberries


Cranberry: Therapeutic Effects

• The medicinal use of cranberry dates back to the 17th century

when it was a popular treatment for scurvy and gastric

problems.

• Phytochemicals of interest include flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins,

A-type proanthocyanidins, benzoic acid and ursolic acid.

• Proanthocyanidins from cranberry are composed of repeating

epicatechin units with at least one A-type linkage.

• Much of the research on cranberries has focused on the

potential of cranberry proanthocyanidins to inhibit the

adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to mucosal membranes, thus

potentially preventing infections.

(Mukherjee et al., 2014)



• The distinction between A-type and B-type

proanthocyandins (PACs) is important because the

differences can influence their biological properties.

• The A-type PACs exhibit significantly greater inhibition of

in-vitro adhesion of P-fimbriated E. coli bacteria to

uroepithelial cells than the B-type PACs.

• Many plant foods such as apple, grape and cocoa

contain high amounts of PACs, but only plums, peanuts,

avocados, cinnamon, lingonberry and cranberry contain

A-type PACs with cranberries and lingonberries

containing the highest amount.

(Blumberg et al., 2013)



Effect of processing on cranberry phytochemicals

• Cranberry is rarely consumed fresh due to its tart and

astringent taste. It is often consumed as processed juice.

• Multi-step processing for juice leads to a substantial loss

of phytochemicals; anthocyanins are most affected with

losses of > 50%.

• Flavanols and PAC are somewhat heat stable but can be

affected by high heat which is sometimes used when

cranberries are processed into powders.

• The juice is often diluted or blended with other fruits with

further diminishes or modifies the phytochemicals.

(Blumberg et al., 2013)



• Most of the research interest has focused on cranberry for the

prevention of urinary tract infections.

• Despite promising in-vitro studies and a biologically plausible

mechanism being demonstrated, results from clinical trials

have shown mixed results.

• Interventions testing the efficacy of cranberry juice and

cranberry supplements have been confounded by poor

compliance, high drop-out rates and variable doses of

bioactives from a range of different products.

• The optimal dose has not been determined.

• The effect may differ amongst population groups, e.g. young

women, older women in residential care, children or men.


Cranberry: Cautions

• Cranberry generally has a record of safety, although

long-term safety data are lacking.

• No significant herb-drug interactions have been reported.

• A small study found a statistically significant rise in

urinary oxalate levels prompting a caution that regular

use of cranberry may increase the risk of kidney stone

formation in people with a history of oxalate calculi.

• Cranberry juice is acidic and requires sugar or other

sweeteners which may contribute to tooth

demineralisation and formation of dental caries.

(Mukherjee et al., 2014)


Berries

Blueberry

Vaccinium myrtillus

www.organicgardening.com


Blueberry

• Blueberries contain pterostilbene which is structurally similar

to resveratrol; it has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties (McCormack &

McFadden, 2013).

• Blueberries are high in anthocyanins.

• Animal studies using blueberry extracts suggest they may be

of benefit in age-related neuronal deficits either through their

ability to lower oxidative stress and inflammation and/or by

directly altering the signalling involved in neuronal

communication (Giacalone et al., 2011).

• Blueberry anthocyanins have been shown to protect retinal

cells from UV damage (based on in-vitro studies) (Liu, et al.,

2012).


Blueberry

• One of the most researched berries with health benefits

linked to reduced cognitive decline, longevity, decreased

cancer risk and improved cardiovascular health.

• The precise mechanism remains unknown, however with

age-related decline it is believed they enhance existing

neuronal connections, improve cellular communication

and stimulate neuronal regeneration.

• The flavonoids in blueberries have also been shown to

induce memory improvements through the activation of

signalling proteins via specialised pathways in the

hippocampus.

(Payne, 2009)


Berries

Strawberry

Fragaria x ananassa

www.organicfacts.net


Research

Strawberry

• Provide a significant amount of vitamin C and is a good

source of folate (250g provides ~ 60mcg of folate = 30%

RDI).

• “Strawberry studies are few…hypothesised health

benefits related to strawberry consumption include their

role in prevention of inflammation, oxidative stress and

cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancers, type 2

diabetes, obesity and neurodegeneration.”

(Giampiere et al., 2011)


Research

Strawberry

• A study on healthy humans looked

at the levels of plasma TAC (total

antioxidant capacity) after an acute

or protracted intake of

strawberries.

• There were significant increases in

TAC largely due to the high

concentration of vitamin C and the

phenolic compounds like

ellagitannins and anthocyanins in

strawberries.


http://www.storyhack.com/


Research

Strawberry

“Several reports have demonstrated various

cardiovascular, antiproliferative, and neurologic

benefits associated with the consumption of

strawberries. Although most health-promoting effects

were initially observed with in vitro studies, there is

increasing animal and clinical research focused on

translating the in vitro evidence into in vivo outcomes.”



Pomegranate Punica granatum

fitnessheat.com


Pomegranate

Overview

• Native to Persia (modern day Iran).

• Pomegranate is both Arabic and Hebrew for ‘fruit of

paradise’.

• Historically is affiliated with “abundance, blessings, fertility,

immortality, invincibility, posterity, prosperity and the

endurance of marriage.”

• The fruit served as a way of transporting liquid while

travelling through the dessert.

• Commonly used in traditional medicine systems including

Ayurveda, TCM and Sowa-Rigpa (Tibetan).

(Engels et al., 2014)


Pomegranate

Overview

• In Ayurvedic medicine, “the pomegranate is considered a

pharmacy unto itself and is used as anti-parasitic agent, a

blood tonic and to heal aphthae, diarrhoea and ulcers.” (Jurenka, 2008)

• The seed is consumed raw; the fleshy outer portion of the

seed is the part that is desired.

• The tannins provide the distinctive taste.

• Pomegranates are used mainly in

Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisines,

utilising fresh fruit, juice or syrups.

www.freepik.com



Pomegranate

Constituents

(Jurenka, 2008)


Pomegranate

Constituents

• The synergistic action of pomegranate constituents as a whole appears to be superior to that of a single constituent (Jurenka, 2008).

• The main pomegranate phytochemicals that have been researched

include:

‒ Anthocyanins such as delphinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin,

which give the juice its red colour.

‒ Hydrolysable tannins, such as punicalagin and gallagic acid.

‒ Other polyphenolic components of possible interest include

kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin.

‒ The seed oil also contains many compounds of interest with

known antioxidant and anti-cancer activities, e.g. punicic acid

(present at about 1–5 μg/mL in juice).

(Wang & Martins-Green, 2014)


Pomegranate

Therapeutic EffectsThere is a lot of research interest in the potential of pomegranate

juice/pomegranate extract to reduce the risk of prostate cancer

and/or delay its progression:

• Recent research has shown that pomegranate juice (PJ)

and/or pomegranate extracts (PE) significantly inhibit the

growth of prostate cancer cells in culture.

• In preclinical murine models, PJ and/or PE inhibit growth

and angiogenesis of prostate tumours.

• Three components of PJ, luteolin, ellagic acid and punicic

acid together, have been shown in animal models to have

inhibitory effects on prostate cancer growth, angiogenesis

and metastasis.

• Continued on next slide:



Pomegranate

Therapeutic Effects

Results from clinical trials are also promising:

• To investigate the effects of PJ consumption on prostate cancer

progression in men, a phase II clinical trial for men with rising PSA

after surgery or radiotherapy was conducted in 2006.

• Patients were treated with 250 mL of PJ daily until disease

progression. During the trial, there were no serious adverse events

reported and the treatment was well tolerated. Mean PSA doubling

time significantly increased with treatment from a mean of 15

months at baseline to 54 months post-treatment (p < 0.001).

• PJ treatment suppressed cell proliferation and increased apoptosis

in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP as well as increasing serum

nitric oxide and reducing the oxidative state and sensitivity to

oxidation of serum lipids in patients. No patients developed

metastases during the period of the trial period.



Pomegranate

Therapeutic Effects

• In 2014 results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled

randomised trial using an oral capsule containing a blend

of pomegranate, green tea, broccoli and turmeric

showed that the supplement delayed prostate cancer

progression as indicated by slower increases in PSA

levels.

• The median increase in PSA levels in the supplement

group was 14.7% as compared to 78.5% in placebo

group, suggesting the great potential of the food

supplement to prevent prostate cancer progression.

(Thomas et al., 2014)


Pomegranate

Therapeutic Effects

Other areas of research include:

• In preliminary laboratory research and human pilot studies, pomegranate juice has been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors, including:

‒ Decreased oxidative damage in atherosclerosis (De Nigris 2005).

‒ Decreased LDL and the progressive risk of atherosclerosis (De Nigris 2006).

‒ Reductions seen in total cholesterol (Esmaillzadeh, 2004).

‒ Reduction in systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (Aviram 2001).


Pomegranate

Therapeutic Effects

The main therapeutic actions of pomegranate are:

• Antioxidant

• Anti-inflammatory

• Anti-atherogenic effects

• Anti-tumourigenic

Other areas of research include:

• Decreased proteoglycan breakdown in-vitro

osteoarthritis model (Ahmed, 2005) and decreased

inflammation and degradation in rheumatoid arthritis

animal model (Shukla, 2008).


Pomegranate

Therapeutic Effects

• A 2012 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled

trial looked at 101 chronic haemodialysis patients. The

study group was given 100mls of pomegranate juice 3

times per week.

• The pomegranate group experienced:

• Reduced inflammation biomarker levels

• Reduced protein and lipid oxidation

• This resulted in fewer second hospitalisations as a result

of infections and problems with atherosclerosis.

• The beneficial effects disappeared 3 months after the

study ended.

(Engels et al., 2014)


Cherry Prunus avium

http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/07/09/5-health-benefits-cherries/


Cherries

Overview

• Cherries belong to the Rosaceae family.

• They are the smallest of all stone fruits.

• There are over 100 different types of cherries.

• In folk medicine, the juice was

used to treat rheumatism.

healthowealth.com



Cherries

Constituents

• The sweetness in cherries is mainly due to glucose, fructose and

sucrose (which combined, make up about 13g/100g).

• Sour cherries have less simple sugars (8g/100g) and have more malic

acid.

(Ferretti et al., 2010)


Cherries

Constituents

• The phenolic compounds increase in cherries as they ripen.

• Chlorophyll is degraded while phenolic compounds and

anthocyanins accumulate.

Phytochemical

class

Constituent

Phenols Tannins ,cyanidin 3-glycoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside,

cyanidin 3-sophoroside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside,

pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-

rutinoside.

Phenolic acids Neochlorogenic acid and p-coumaroylquinic acid

Flavonols Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin 3-glycoside,

quercetin 3-rutinoside and kaempferol 3 - rutinoside



Cherries

Constituents

• Many of the constituents found in cherries work

synergistically to demonstrate antioxidant, anti-

inflammatory and anti-cancer actions.

(Ferretti et al., 2010)professionalmedical.wordpress.com


Cherries

Constituents



Cherries

Therapeutic Effects

Anti-inflammatory action

• A study in healthy men and women looked at the effects

of cherry consumption on CRP and NO blood levels.

‒ Study participants consumed ~280g cherries (total

weight 300g, depitted at time of consumption,

approximately 45 cherries) for 28 days.

Findings

• Serum concentration of CRP decreased by 8% by day 14

and 25% by day 28.

• Nitric oxide reached maximum reduction of 18% within 14

days.

(Kelley et al., 2006)


Cherries

Therapeutic Effects

“In conclusion, supplementing the diets of healthy

men and women with cherries reduced the

serum/plasma concentrations of some markers of

inflammation…

The anti-inflammatory effects of cherries may be of

clinical significance and should be investigated in

further studies.”(Kelley et al., 2006)


Cherries

Therapeutic Effects

Gout • Zhang and colleagues (2012) investigated the risk of recurrent

gout attacks and cherry consumption on 633 individuals with

gout. This was a case-crossover study.

Findings

• Cherry intake was associated with a 35% lower risk of

recurrent gout attacks and intake of cherry extract showed a

similar inverse association.

• “When cherry intake was combined with the use of allopurinol,

the risk of gout attacks was 75% lower than during the period

without either exposure.” (Zhang et al., 2012)


Cherries

Therapeutic Effects

Findings

• The exact mechanism through which these effects are

demonstrated is unknown, however the authors speculate that

cherries may have a urate-lowering effect through increased

glomerular filtration rate or reducing tubular reabsorption.

“Our findings suggest that cherry intake is

associated with a lower risk of gout attacks. Cherry

products could provide a novel

nonpharmacological option for the prevention of

gout attacks.” (Zhang et al., 2012)


Cherries

Therapeutic Effects

Cherries and Sleep

• Because cherries, especially tart cherries, contain

melatonin there has been interest in investigating

whether cherry juice and/or concentrated cherry

products might help with treatment of insomnia.

• Several small human trials have shown promising

results; however, further research is required (Garrido et

al., 2013).

• Sour cherries contain 15-18 ng of melatonin per gram

(ng = nannogram; 1 microgram = 1,000 nannograms).

This is a very tiny amount. Therapeutic doses of

melatonin are usually 3-5 milligrams.


DatesPhoenix dactylifera

www.fragrantica.com


Dates

Overview• A staple food of the Middle East for thousands of years.

• Believed to have originated around the Persian Gulf

• Cultivated since ancient times from Mesopotamia to prehistoric Egypt,

possibly as early as 4000 B.C.

• High tannin content; traditionally used as medicine for their

cleansing power and as an astringent in intestinal troubles.

• Traditionally made as an infusion, decoction, syrup or paste,

dates may be administered for sore throat, colds, bronchial

catarrh and taken to relieve fever and number of other

complaints.

• The seed powder is also used in some traditional medicines.



Dates

Constituents• Energy-dense food – 100 grams provide

~1200 kilojoules.

• Contain good amounts of selenium,

potassium, copper and magnesium.

100 grams can provide > 15% of RDI

of these minerals.

• Good source of antioxidants, mainly

carotenoids and phenolics.

• Dried dates have a GI of 31-62 and a 60

gram serve has a GL of 14-22.

• Excellent source of dietary fibre. www.tropicaloasisfarms.com


ApplesMalus domestica

www.zeehd.com


Apple

Overview

• The tree originated from Central Asia, where its wild ancestor is still found today.

• There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples resulting in a range of desired characteristics.

http://itswrittenonthewalls.blogspot.com.au/2012/08/its-all-about-apple-yummy-things.html



Apple: Constituents

Category Sub-class Examples

Fibre Soluble fibre Pectin - associated with lowering of

cholesterol and lower glycaemic effect.

Polyphenols Flavonol Quercetin – antioxidant effect; animal

studies have shown anti-inflammatory effect

and broncho-relaxant effect; down-regulation

of mast cell activation.

Phenolic acids Hydroxyxinnamic acids – e.g. chlorogenic

acid – antioxidant effect

Flavan-3-ols Procyanidin B2, epicatechin, oligomeric

procyanidins

Anthocyanins In red peel

Dihydrochalcones Phloridzin

(Hyson, 2011)


Apple: Therapeutic Effects

Health effect Evidence

Cancer protective There have been several cohort and case-control

studies suggesting apple consumption may be

associated with reduced risk of cancer, especially lung

cancer.

CVD protective Several cohort studies have shown reduced risk of CVD

with higher apple consumption.

Antioxidant effects A daily dose of fresh apples (2 g/kg bw) for 1 month

showed increased superoxide dismutase and

glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and increased

overall antioxidant potential in plasma.

Asthma and

pulmonary function

Several cohort studies have shown inverse association

between apple consumption and asthma.

(Hyson, 2011)


Apple: Therapeutic Effects

Health effect Evidence

Ageing and

cognitive processes

Animal studies show neuroprotection from apple juice

consumption.

Diabetes One large cohort study found apple consumption

associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.

Weight loss Small human trial with high drop out rate suggested

apples may be helpful for weight loss due to low-energy

density and high fibre.

Bone health Very preliminary studies – apple consumption may have

positive effect on markers related to bone health.

Gastrointestinal

protection from

drugs or injury

Preliminary animal studies show that phenolic-rich

extracts of freeze dried apples may have a protective

effect on gastrointestinal mucosa.

(Hyson, 2011)


GrapesVitis vinifera

www.medicalnewstoday.com


Grapes

Overview

• Cultivation of grapes dates back to around 6500–6000 BC.

• There are around 600 different species.

• Grape leaves have traditionally used for their astringent

and anti-inflammatory action.

• Haemorrhages and minor bleeding

• Grapes belong to the Vitaceae family.

• In Ancient Rome, grapes signified fertility and eating

grapes or raisins was seen as a way of strengthening

mental capabilities.


Grapes

Overview

Grape products include:

• Grapes (fresh fruit)

• Raisins (dried fruit)

• Grape juice

• Wine

• Grape seed oil

• Grape seed powder

• Grape seed extract

• Grape skin powder

• Grape skin extract

• Pomacewww.medicalnewstoday.com


Grapes: Constituents

Flavonoids Anthocyanins - 3-O-monoglucosides or 3,5-O-diglucosides

of malvidin, cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin

and petunidin (Anthocyanins are only found in red, purple

grapes – they accumulate mainly in the berry skin.)

Flavonols - 3-O-glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol,

myricetin

Flavanols - (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, (−)-epicatechin-3-

O-gallate

Proanthocyanidins (accumulate in grape skins and grape

seeds)

Phenolic acids Gallic acid, caftaric acid, coutaric acid

Stilbenes Resveratrol

(Georgiev et al., 2014; Vislocky, 2010)


Grapes: Therapeutic Effects

Grape and phytochemicals have been found to have the

following actions (based on in-vitro and animal studies):

• Antioxidant

• Anti-inflammatory

• Antimicrobial and antiviral

• Neuroprotective

• Hepatoprotective

• Anticancer

(Georgiev et al., 2014)


Grapes

Therapeutic Effects

(Vislocky, 2010)


Grapes

Therapeutic Effects

• Human studies have demonstrated improved vasodilation

with regular consumption of grape juice.

• 8ml/kg of grape juice for 2 weeks increase flow-mediated

vasodilation of the brachial artery.

(Vislocky, 2010)

• A study on healthy males

consuming a freeze dried

preparation of red, green and

blue-black grapes (equivalent to

1.25 cups of fresh grapes)

found that endothelial function

remained normal following a

high fat meal. http://post.jagran.com


Grapes

Therapeutic Effects

“Numerous studies have documented a decrease in

oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in

humans following supplementation with grape

powder, grape juice or grape seed extract.”

• A study on pre- and post-menopausal women found that

daily supplementation of grape powder over 4 weeks

(equivalent to approx. 1 ½ cups of fresh grapes) reduced

whole body oxidative stress markers and plasma

concentrations of TNF-α. (Vislocky, 2010)

(Vislocky, 2010)


Grapes

Therapeutic Effects

“7ml/kg body weight of

purple grape juice over 14

days decreased superoxide

production and inflammatory

markers, while increasing

plasma antioxidant

capacity.” (Vislocky, 2010)

authenticselfwellness.com


Grapes

Therapeutic Effects

Grape Seed Extract

consciouslifenews.com


Grape Seed Extract

Oligomeric Procyanidins (OPCs)

Grape Seed Extract

• Grape Seed Extract is available in tablet/capsule or

liquid extract form. It is made from the whole seeds of

grapes.

• Grape seed extract is a rich source of plant flavonoids

called oligomeric procyanidins, or more commonly,

OPCs.

• Maritime Pine Bark Extract also called French Pine Bark

Extract (Pycnogenol®) is also a rich source of OPCs.


Grape Seed Extract


OPCs have demonstrated the following potential

therapeutic actions (based on in-vitro and animal studies);

• Stabilising capillary walls and preventing increases in

capillary permeability. Connective tissue, blood

vessels and capillary walls are all supported

structurally by a collagen matrix. OPCs support

collagen structures and help to prevent destruction of

collagen.

• Antioxidant.


Grape Seed Extract

Therapeutic Effects

Therapeutic actions of Grape seed extract (based on in-

vitro and animal studies):

• Reduced platelet aggregation

• Enhanced NO release

• Improved human endothelial function

• Reduces oxidative stress, especially that caused by smoking

• Rat studies have demonstrated anti-hyperglycaemic effects

in diabetic-induced animals.

• Preliminary data is investigating the use of grape seed

extract on cancer cell and prevention rates.

(Kar et al., 2006)


Grape Seed Extract


Therapeutic Effects

Based on biological actions, supplements rich in OPCs

such as grape seed and pine bark extracts, might be useful

for the following conditions, although good quality clinical

trials are needed:

• Chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins,

haemorrhoids

• Fluid retention

• Skin health – UV protection and anti-ageing

• Conditions associated with oxidative stress


OPC Supplements: Cautions

• Grape seed and pine bark extracts are not recommended

during pregnancy or breastfeeding as their safety hasn’t been

researched.

• Caution required for those with autoimmune disorders as it

might upregulate the immune system.

• Caution required for those taking immunosuppressing drugs –

e.g. corticosteroids, cyclosporine; caution required for those

taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding such as

warfarin; may interact with blood pressure-lowering drugs.

• Stop using at least 2 weeks before surgery.

• May cause dizziness, gastrointestinal problems, headache or

mouth ulcers in some.

(Medline Plus, 2014)


Grape Seed vs Pine Bark

(D’Andrea, 2010)


Session Summary

• Define “ORAC” and discuss the value and limitations of

using ORAC scores to rank the antioxidant potential of

foods and beverages.

• Discuss the nutritional value, phytochemical profiles and

therapeutic benefits of antioxidant-rich fruits and other

fruits:

‒ Berries, Pomegranate, Cherries

‒ Dates, Apples, Grapes


References

Ahmed, S., Wang. N., Hafeez, B. B., Cheruvu, V. K. & Haqqi, T. M. (2005). Punica

granatum L. extract inhibits IL-1beta-induced expression of matrix

metalloproteinases by inhibiting the activation of MAP kinases and NF-kappaB

in human chondrocytes in vitro. Journal of Nutrition, 135(9), 2096-2102.

Aviram, M. & Dornfeld, L. (2001). Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum

angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure.

Atherosclerosis, 158(1), 195-198.

Basu, A., Rhone, M. & Lyons, T. J. (2010). Berries: emerging impact on

cardiovascular health. Nutrition Reviews, 68(3), 168-177.

Blumberg, J. et al. (2013). ‘Cranberries and their bioactive constituents in human

health. Advances in Nutrition, 4, 618-632.

D’Andrea, G. (2010). Pycnogenol: A blend of procyanidins with multifaceted

therapeutic applications? Fitoterapia, 81, 724 – 736.

De Nigris, F., Williams-Ignarro, S., Lerman, L. O., Crimi, E., Botti, C., Mansueto, G.,

D'Armiento, F. P., De Rosa, G., Sica, V., Ignarro, L. J., & Napoli, C. (2005).

Beneficial effects of pomegranate juice on oxidation-sensitive genes and

endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity at sites of perturbed shear stress.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 102(13), 4896-4901.


References

De Nigris, F., Williams-Ignarro, S., Botti, C., Sica, V., Ignarro, L. J., & Napoli, C.

(2006). Pomegranate juice reduces oxidized low-density lipoprotein

downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human coronary

endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide, 15(3), 259-63.

Engels et al. (2014). Pomegranate. Herbalgram, 100, 1-8.

Esmaillzadeh, A., Tahbaz, F., Gaieni, I., Alavi-Majd, H., & Azadbakht, L. (2004).

Concentrated pomegranate juice improves lipid profiles in diabetic patients with

hyperlipidemia. Journal of Medicinal Food, 7(3), 305-308.

Ferretti, G., Bacchetti, T., Belleggia, A. & Neri, D. (2010). Cherry antioxidants: from

farm to table. Molecules, 15, 6693-7005.

Garrido, M. et al. (2013). A Jerte valley cherry product provides beneficial effects on

sleep quality. Influence on aging. Journal of Nutrition in Health and Ageing,

17(6), 553-560.

Giacalone, M. et al. (2011). Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of blueberry

polyphenols: a critical review. Nutritional Neuroscience, 14(3), 119-125.

http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000007

http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000007


ReferencesGeorgiev, V. et al. (2014). Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as

nutraceuticals. Nutrients, 6, 391-415.

Giampieri, F., Tulipani, S., Alvarez-Suarez, J., Quiles, J., Mezzetti, B. and Battino, M.

(2011). The strawberry: composition, nutritional quality and impact on human

health. Nutrition, 28, 9–19.

Hyson, D. (2011). A comprehensive review of apples and apple components and

their relationships to human health. Advances in Nutrition, 2, 408-420.

Jurenka, J. (2008). Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Purnica granatum L.):

a review. Alternative Medicine Review, 13(2), 128- 144.

Kar, P. et al. (2006). Flavonoid-rich grape seed extracts: a new approach in high

cardiovascular risk patients? Journal Compilation, 60(11), 1484–1492.

Kelley, D. et al. (2006). Consumption of Bing sweet cherries lowers circulating

concentrations of inflammation markers in healthy men and women. Journal of

Nutrition, 136(4), 981-986.

Keser, S., Celik, S., Turkoglu, S. (2013). Total phenolic contents and free-radical

scavenging activities of grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) and grape products.

International Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition, 64 (2), 210-216.

Liu, Y. et al. (2012). Blueberry anthocyanins: protection against ageing and light-

induced damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells. British Journal of Nutrition,

108(11), 16-27.


References

McCormack, D. & McFadden, D. (2013). A review of pterostilbene antioxidant

activity and disease modification. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,

Published online 4 April, 2013.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649683/

Medline Plus. (2014). Pycnogenol. Medline Plus, viewed on 15 December 2014,

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/1019.html

Mukherjee, M. et al. (2014). Exploring the role of cranberry polyphenols in

periodontitis: A brief review. Indian Society of Periodontology, 18(2), 136-139.

Nile, S. & Park, S. (2014). Edible berries: Bioactive components and their effect on

human health. Nutrition, 30, 134-144.

Shukla, M., Gupta, K., Rasheed, Z., Khan, K. A., & Haqqi, T. M. (2008).

Consumption of hydrolyzable tannins-rich pomegranate extract suppresses

inflammation and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition, 24(7-8), 733-

743.

Thomas, R., Williams, M., Sharma, H., Chaudry, A., Bellamy, P. (2014). A double-

blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial evaluating the effect of a polyphenol-

rich whole food supplement on PSA progression in men with prostate cancer—

The U.K. NCRN POMI-T study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Diseases, 17, 180–

186.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649683/

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/1019.html


References

Torronen, R., Kolehmainen, M., Sarkkinen, E., Poutanen, K., Mykkanen, H. &

Niskanen, L. (2013). Berries reduce postprandial insulin responses to wheat

and rye breads in healthy women. Journal of Nutrition, 143, 430-436.

Vislocky, L. & Fernandez, M. (2010). Biomedical effects of grape products. Nutrition

Reviews, 68(11), 656-670.

Wang, P. (2013). The effectiveness of cranberry products to reduce urinary tract

infections in females: a literature review. Urologic Nursing, 33(1), 38-45.

Wang, L. & Martins-Green, M. (2014). Pomegranate and its components as

alternative treatment for prostate cancer. International Journal of Molecular

Sciences, 15, 14949-14966. doi:10.3390/ijms150914949. Retrieved from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200766/pdf/ijms-15-14949.pdf

Winter, J. (2011). Beyond ORAC. Functional Ingredients, 112, 28-32.

Zhang, Y. et al. (2012). Cherry consumption and the risk of recurrent gout attacks.

Arthritis and Rheumatology, 64(12), 4004–4011. doi:10.1002/art.34677.

Retrieved from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510330/pdf/nihms-401649.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200766/pdf/ijms-15-14949.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510330/pdf/nihms-401649.pdf


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NMDM121 MEDICINAL FOOD SCIENCE Session 19 Fruits … · cranberry supplements have been confounded by poor compliance, ... • Blueberry anthocyanins have been shown to protect retinal