Nlsiu Defence Winning Memorial 2010

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THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR TIMOSHINE

AT BRIHANE, TIMOSHINE

IN THE APPEALS CHAMBER

__________________________________________________________________

Criminal Appeal No.______/2010

(Uner Ar!. 2" o# !$e S!a!%!e o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'ana

Alijahan ... Appellan!

).

Prosecutor …Re*ponen!

________________________________________________________________________

+ri!!en S%&mi**ion* on Be$al# o# !$e Appellan!



Co%n*el #or !$e Appellan!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. 2

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ......................................................................................................................... 3

STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION .............................................................................................................. 8

STATEMENT OF ISSUES .......................................................................................................................... 8

STATEMENT OF FACTS ......................................................................................................................... 10

SUMMARY OF PLEADINGS ................................................................................................................... 11

PLEADINGS .......................................................................................................................................... 13

PRAYER ................................................................................................................................................ 27

2



INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

International Cases

1. Barcelona Traction ( Belgium v. Spain, 1-0 I.C. Repor!* .

2. Delcourt ). Belgium, Serie* A, No. 11 (E%ropean Co%r! o# H%man Ri$!*, an%ar 1-,

1-0.

. E##e! o# A'ar* o# Compen*a!ion Mae & !$e Uni!e Na!ion* Amini*!ra!i)e

Tri&%nal, 314"5 I.C. Repor!* "-.

4. Fritzsche, IMT %men!, 22 The Trial of German Major War riminals! Procee"ings of the #nternational Militar$ Tri%unal Sitting at &urem%erg German$(1"6.

5. Georgia"is ). Greece, Repor! 1-7III (E%ropean Co%r! o# H%man Ri$!*, Ma 2,

1-.

. Government of #srael ). A"olf 'ichmann, 6 I.8.R. 4 (9.C. (m. 161.

-. 8eal Con*e:%ene* #or S!a!e* o# !$e Con!in%e ;re*ene o# So%!$ A#ria in Nami&ia

(So%!$7+e*! A#ria No!'i!$*!anin Se%ri! Co%nil Re*ol%!ion 2-6 (1-0,

A)i*or Opinion o# 24 %ne 1-1, 1-1 I.C.. Repor!* 16.

8. &ahimana et al ). Prosecutor , Ca*e No. ICTR77427A (ICTR Appeal* C$am&er,

No)em&er 2<, 200-.

!. &ahimana et al ). Prosecutor , 9ei*ion on !$e In!erlo%!or Appeal, Ca*e No. ICTR

-72-7AR-2 (ICTR Appeal* C$am&er, 4 Sep!em&er, 2000 (oin! Separa!e Opiniono# %e lal C$an =o$ra$ an %e Ra#ael Nie!o7Na)ia

10. Prosecutor ). A(a$esu, Ca*e No. ICTR767"7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er I, Sep!em&er 2,

1<.

11. Prosecutor ). Bagam%i(i, Ca*e No. ICTR77"67T (ICTR Trial C$am&er7III,

>e&r%ar 24, 200".

12. Prosecutor ). Bagilishema, Ca*e No. ICTR7471A7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, %ne -,

2001.

13. Prosecutor ). Bagosora et al , 9ei*ion on Mo!ion* #or %men! o# A:%i!!al, Ca*e No. ICTR7<717T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, >e&r%ar 2, 2004.

14. Prosecutor ). Blagojevi) * +o(i), Ca*e No. IT7027607T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7I,

an%ar 1-, 2004.

15. Prosecutor ). Bla,(i), Ca*e No. IT7471"7A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, %l 2 200".

1. Prosecutor ). Br"janin, Ca*e No. IT7767T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, Sep!em&er 1,

200".

17. Prosecutor ). Du,(o Ta"i), Ca*e No. IT7"717A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, %l 14,

1.



18. Prosecutor ). Du,(o Ta"i), 9ei*ion on !$e 9e#ene Mo!ion #or In!erlo%!or Appeal

on %ri*i!ion, Ca*e No. IT7"717T (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, O!o&er 2, 2004.

1!. Prosecutor ). Gali), Ca*e No. IT7<727T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, 9eem&er 4, 200.

20. Prosecutor ). Gatete, 9ei*ion on 9e#ene Mo!ion On Ami**i&ili! o# Allea!ion*

O%!*ie !$e Temporal %ri*i!ion o# !$e Tri&%nal, Ca*e No. ICTR720007617T, (ICTR

Trial C$am&er, r No)em&er, 200

21. Prosecutor ). Georges -utagan"a, Ca*e No. ICTR7677T (ICTR Trial C$am&er,

9eem&er 6, 1.

22. Prosecutor ). Goran +elisi), Ca*e No. IT747107T (ICT? Trial C$am&er I, 9eem&er

1", 1.

23. Prosecutor ). .a"zihasanovic, Ca*e No. IT7017"-7T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, Mar$

14, 2006.

24. Prosecutor ). .alilovic, Ca*e No. IT7017"<7T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7I, Se!ion A,

No)em&er 16, 2004.

25. Prosecutor ). /ajelijei, Ca*e No. ICTR7<7""A7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, 9eem&er

1, 200.

2. Prosecutor ). /amuhan"a, Ca*e No. ICTR7474"A7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er7II,

an%ar 22, 200".

27. Prosecutor v. /a$ishema an" -uzin"ana, Ca*e No. ICTR74717A 0 ICTR Appeal*

C$am&er, %ne 1, 2001.

28. Prosecutor v. /a$ishema an" -uzin"ana, Ca*e No. ICTR74717T (ICTR Trial

C$am&er, Ma 21, 1.

2!. Prosecutor ). /or"i) an" 1er(ez, Ca*e No. IT7471"/27A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er,

9eem&er 1-, 200".

30. Prosecutor ). /rnojelac, Ca*e No. IT7-7247A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, Sep!em&er

1-, 200.

31. Prosecutor ). /rsti), Ca*e No. IT7<77A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, April 1, 200".

32. Prosecutor ). /upre,(i) et al ., Ca*e No. IT747167T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, an%ar1", 2000.

33. Prosecutor ). /vo2(a et al ., Ca*e No. IT7<70/17A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er,

>e&r%ar 2<, 2004.

34. Prosecutor ). 3imaj et al ., Ca*e No. IT707667T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, No)em&er 0,

2004.

35. Prosecutor ). Musema, Ca*e No. ICTR76717T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, an%ar 2-,

2000.

"



3. Prosecutor ). &ahimana, et al ., Ca*e No. ICTR77427T (ICTR Trial C$am&er,

9eem&er , 200.

37. Prosecutor ). &icolic, Ca*e No. IT7"72A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, >e&r%ar ",

2004.

38. Prosecutor ). &i$itege(a, Ca*e No. ICTR77"67A (ICTR Appeal* C$am&er, %l -,

2006.

3!. Prosecutor ). &ta(irutimana, Ca*e No. ICTR767107T an ICTR7671-7T (ICTR

Trial C$am&er, >e&r%ar 21, 200.

40. Prosecutor ). -uggiu, Ca*e No. ICTR7-727T (ICTR Trial C$am&er7I, %ne 1,

2001.

41. Prosecutor ). Semanza, Ca*e No. ICTR7-7207T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, Ma 14,

200.

42. Prosecutor ). Serom%a, Ca*e No. ICTR720017667I (ICTR Trial C$am&er7I, 9eem&er

1, 2006.

43. Prosecutor ). Sta(i), Ca*e No. IT7-72"7T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7II, %l 1, 200.

44. Prosecutor ). Strugar , Ca*e No. IT7 017"27T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7II, an%ar 1,

2004.

45. Prosecutor ). 4asiljevi), Ca*e No. IT7<727A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, >e&r%ar

24, 200".

4. Prosecutor ). 5ejnil Delali) et al ., Ca*e No. IT767217A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er,>e&r%ar 20, 2001.

47. Prosecutor ). 5lat(o Ale(sovs(i, Ca*e No. IT7471"/17A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er,

Mar$ 2", 2000.

48. Streicher , IMT %men!, 22 T$e Trial o# @erman Maor +ar Criminal* ;roeein*

o# !$e In!erna!ional Mili!ar Tri&%nal Si!!in a! N%rem&er @erman (1"6.

4!. Trial of William 4on 3ee% * Thirteen 6thers, U.N. +ar Crime* Commi**ion, 12 8a'

Repor!* o# Trial* o# +ar Criminal* 1 (1"< ( .igh omman" ase7.

50. 8 .S . ). Wilhelm list , et al ., 11 Trial* o# +ar Criminal* Be#ore !$e N%rem&er Mili!arTri&%nal Uner Con!rol Co%nil 8a' No. 10, -4" (1"6 71".

51. 9assin A%"ullah /a"i ). ouncil of the 'uropean 8nion an" ommission of the 'uropean ommunities, Ca*e T704/01 (E%ropean Co%r! o# >ir*! In*!ane, Sep!em&er

21, 2004.

National Cases

1. Bran"en%urg ). 6hio, 4 U.S. """ (16.

2. .ess ). #n"iana, "1" U.S. 104 (1-.

3. +ersil" ). Denmar( , 1 E.C.H.R. 1 (14.

4



4. Magan%hai #sh:ar%hai Patel ). 8nion of #n"ia, AIR 16 SC -<.

5. Masses Pu%lishing o. ). Patten, 2"" >. 44(S.9.N.?. 11-.

. &ational Socialist Part$ ). S(o(ie, "2 U.S. " (1--.

7. Smith ). ollin, "6 U.S. 4 (1-<.

8. State of West Bengal ). /esoram #n"ustries, (200" 10 SCC 201.

Essays, Articles an !o"rnals

1. AD$a)an, En#oremen! o# !$e @enoie Con)en!ion A C$allene !o Ci)ilia!ionF, <

.arvar" .uman -ights +ournal 2 (14.

2. AleGaner 9ale, Co%n!erin Ha!e Me**ae* !$a! 8ea !o =iolene T$e Uni!e

Na!ion* A%!$ori! !o U*e Raio ammin !o Hal! Ineniar Broaa*!*F, 11 Du(e + .omp. * #nt;l 3. 10 (2001.

3. Ameer @opalani, T$e In!erna!ional S!anar o# 9ire! an ;%&li ini!emen! !o

Commi! enoie An O&*!ale !o U.S. Ra!i#ia!ion o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal

Co%r! S!a!%!eF, 2 al . W . #nt<l 3. + . <- (2001.

4. 9iane Oren!li$er, Criminaliin Ha!e Spee$ in !$e Cr%i&le o# Trial ;ro*e%!or ).

Na$imanaF, 21 Am. 8 . #nt;l 3. -ev. 44- (2006.

5. @reor @oron, A +ar o# Meia, +or*, Ne'*paper*, an Raio S!a!ion* T$e

ICTR Meia Trial =eri! an a Ne' C$ap!er in !$e In!erna!ional 8a' o# Ha!e

Spee$F, "4 4a. + . #nt;l 3. 1 (200".

. @%lielmo =erirame, T$e @enoie 9e#ini!ion in !$e %ri*pr%ene o# !$e A7$o

Tri&%nal*F, "(The #nternational an" omparative 3a: =uarterl$ 4-< (2000.

7. Har)ar 8a' Re)ie' A**oia!ion, In!erna!ional 8a'[email protected]. Tri&%nal

>in* T$a! Ma** Meia Ha!e Spee$ Con*!i!%!e* @enoie, Ini!emen! !o @enoie,

an Crime* Aain*! H%mani! 77 Prosecutor ). &ahimana, Bara$ag:iza, an" &geze(!$e Meia Ca*e, Ca*e No. ICTR77427T (In!l Crim. Tri&. >or R'ana Trial

C$am&er I9e. , 200F, 11- .arv. 3. -ev. 2-6 (200".

8. amie Me!l, R'anan @enoie an !$e In!erna!ional 8a' o# Raio amminF, 1

Am. + . #nt;l 3. 62< (1-.

!. o*$%a +allen*!ein, ;%ni*$in +or* An Anal*i* o# !$e Nee**i! o# !$e Elemen!

o# Ca%*a!ion in ;ro*e%!ion* #or Ini!emen! !o @enoieF, 4" Stan. 3. -ev. 41

(2001.

10. Jin*le Mo$al%, In!erna!ional H%mani!arian 8a' #rom N%rem&er !o Rome T$e

+ei$! ;reeen!* o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'anaF, 1" Pace #nt;l 3. -ev. 2- (2002.

11. M. C$eri# Ba**io%ni, In!erna!ional Crime* %* Coen*F an O&lia!io Era

Omne*F, 4(" 3a: an" ontemporar$ Pro%lems 6 (16.

6



12. Mi$ael ADe$%r*!, C%*!om a* a So%re o# In!erna!ional 8a'F, "- Brit . 9 . B. #nt;l 3. 1(1-"7-4.

13. S$imon 8. J$aa!, Rela!ion* &e!'een M%*lim*, e'* an C$ri*!ian* a* Re#le!e

in Ara&i ;ro)er&*F, 6(2 Fol(lore 10 (1<4.

Treatises an Di#ests

1. AUST, Mo"ern Treat$ 3a: an" Practice (Cam&rie Cam&rie Uni)er*i! ;re**,

2000.

2. BRUNO SIMMA, The harter of the 8nite" &ations! A ommentar$ (Ne' ?orD OG#or

Uni)er*i! ;re**, 1".

3. 9A=I9 R ABBAN, Free Speech #n #ts Forgotten 9ears (Ne' ?orD Cam&rie Uni)er*i!

;re**, 1-.

4. @I9EON BOAS AN9 +I88IAM SCHABAS, #nternational riminal 3a: Developments in thease 3a: of the #T9 (8eien Mar!in%* No## ;%&li*$er*, 200.

5. IAN BRO+N8IE, Principles of Pu%lic #nternational 3a: (OG#or OG#or Uni)er*i!

;re**, 200.

. 6ppenheim;s #nternational 3a: (!$ en., R. ENNIN@S K A. +ATTS E9S.,8onon

;eae, 1.

Treaties

1. Con)en!ion on ;re)en!ion an ;%ni*$men! o# !$e Crime o# @enoie, (1"< -<

U.N.T.S 2--.

2. =ienna Con)en!ion on 8a' o# Trea!ie*, 16.

Unite Nations Doc"$ents

1. Ba*i ;riniple* o# a Con)en!ion on @enoie, UN 9o. E/AC.24/-.

2. 9ra#! Coe o# Crime* Aain*! !$e ;eae an Se%ri! o# ManDin, Repor! o# !$e

In!erna!ional 8a' Commi**ion on !$e +orD o# i!* >or!7Ei$!$ Se**ion, 16, U.N.

9o. A/41/10 (16.

. In!erim Repor! o# !$e Commi**ion o# EGper!* E*!a&li*$e ;%r*%an! To Se%ri!

Co%nil Re*ol%!ion -<0 (12, UN 9o. S/4-".

4. Repor! o# !$e In!erna!ional Commi**ion o# In:%ir on 9ar#%r !o !$e Uni!e Na!ion*

Sere!ar7@eneral ;%r*%an! !o Se%ri! Co%nil Re*ol%!ion 146" o# 1< Sep!em&er

200" (@ene)a, 24 an%ar 2004.

4. Sere!aria! 9ra#! Con)en!ion on !$e Crime o# @enoie, U.N. 9o. E/""-.

. U.N. @AOR, r Se**., 6!$ Comm., <-!$ m!., U.N. 9o. A/<-/;=.

-. UN 9o, A/C.6/SR.<4 (Manini Rio*, Ur%%a.

-



<. UN 9o. A/C.6/21-.

. UN 9o. A/C.6/SR.<" (A&o$, Iran.

10. UN 9o. A/C.6/SR.<" (JaeDen&eeD, Beli%m.

Stat"tes

1. S!a!%!e o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'ana, 1".

Miscellaneo"s

1. R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'ana.

2. Con*!i!%!ion o# Inia, 140.

. Commen!arie* on !$e Ai!ional ;ro!ool* o# < %ne 1-- !o !$e @ene)a Con)en!ion*

o# 12 A%%*! 1".

STATEMENT OF !URISDICTION

T$e Appellan! $a* approa$e !$i* Hon&le Co%r! %ner Ar!. 2" o# !$e S!a!%!e o# !$e

In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal o# R'ana. T$e Re*ponen! $%m&l *%&mi!* !o !$e

%ri*i!ion o# !$i* Hon&le Co%r!.

STATEMENT OF ISSUES

1. +HETHER THE TRIBUNA8 HAS URIS9ICTION TO HEAR THE MATTER L

2. +HETHER A8IAHANS RI@HT TO >AIR TRIA8 HAS BEEN =IO8ATE9L

3. +HETHER THE E=ENTS BE>ORE 1ST ANUAR? 2004 CAN BE A9MITTE9 AS E=I9ENCEL

". +HETHER A8IAHAN IS @UI8T? >OR @ENOCI9EL

4. +HETHER A8IAHAN IS @UI8T? >OR 9IRECT AN9 ;UB8IC INCITEMENT TO @ENOCI9EL

6. +HETHER A8IAHAN IS @UI8T? >OR CONS;IRAC? TO COMMIT @ENOCI9EL

-. +HETHER A8IAHAN IS @UI8T? UN9ER THE OINT CRIMINA8 ENTER;RISE 9OCTRINEL

<



<. +HETHER A8IAHAN IS IN9I=I9UA88? RES;ONSIB8E UN9ER ARTIC8E 6(1 O> THE STATUTEL

. +HETHER A8IAHAN IS @UI8T? UN9ER THE COMMAN9 RES;ONSIB8E 9OCTRINE UN9ER ARTIC8E 6(

O> THE STATUTEL



STATEMENT OF FACTS

Tilen* an Co!ene* are !'o ro%p* 'i!$in Re)a!e, a *!a!e in !$e Union o# Timo*$ine. T$ere

$a &een oa*ional in*!ane* o# reliio%* !en*ion &e!'een !$e !'o ro%p*. In ano!$er

inien! o# *%$ a na!%re !$a! !ooD plae on an &e!'een 14 !$ !o 1<!$ A%%*! 2004, !$o%*an*

o# per*on* 'ere Dille. T$e ma!!er 'a* repor!e !o $a)e &een a re*%l! o# !$e Dillin o# Be&e

Remeee), a Tilen reliio%* leaer alleel & Co!ene* on 1" !$ A%%*! 2004. T$e Cen!re

@o)ernmen! $a !o %*e mili!ar #ore !o re*!ore peae in !$e *!a!e.

T$e a%*e, Alia$an, !$e C$ie# Mini*!er o# Re)a!e 'a* 'iel ri!iie & !$e meia an

loal an lo&al N@O*. He 'a* $el re*pon*i&le #or !$e lare *ale ma**are* !$a! !ooD plae.

T$e ma!!er &eame *%&e! !o m%$ p%&li i*%**ion !$a! !$e ma!!er 'a* re#erre !o !$e

Uni!e Na!ion* Se%ri! Co%nil ($ereina#!er SCF. T$e SC pa**e a Re*ol%!ion No. 101/06

*e!!in %p a Tri&%nal #or pro*e%!ion o# per*on* re*pon*i&le #or !$e e)en!*.

On 20!$ Sep!em&er 200-, !$e ;ro*e%!ion #ile an ini!men! $arin Alia$an 'i!$ (i

Genoci"e un"er Art . >0?@ 0a@ of the Statute of the #nternational riminal Tri%unal for -:an"a0hereinafter Statute7@ (ii onspirac$ to commit Genoci"e un"er Art . >0?@0%@ of theStatute (iii Direct an" Pu%lic #ncitement to commit Genoci"e un"er Art .>0?@0c@ of theStatute (i) +oint riminal 'nterprise un"er Art . 0C@ of the Statute or in the alternative for

planning , ai"ing , a%etting , instigating an" or"ering the crimes () superior responsi%ilit$un"er Art .0?@ of the Statute. T$e oin! Criminal En!erpri*e alleel 'a* ompo*e o#

Alia$an, $i* 'i#e ?a*$oe, &%*ine**man J.R. 9olme, !$e area S%perin!enen! o# ;olie Mr.

Riaro Melena an en, a leaer.

T$e allea!ion* le)elle aain*! Alia$an inl%e (A ma(ing inciting speeches at a pu%licrall$ on Cth August >EE instigating Tilen;s against otene;s (B participation :ith Dolmein the large scale (illings of otene;s in 4illage 5enotia (C participation in the (illings ofotene;s in To:n -o"in on Cth August >EE %$ the policemen (9 "iscussions on the

situation :ith Political Part$ 93S;s 9outh Wings :hich ha" a strong Tilen affiliation an"organising a meeting at the 9uv(one cric(et sta"ium for the purpose of protecting the rightmin"e" people7 in the state from antisocial elements (E participation in the meeting :ith

Melena at the sta"ium in :hich allusions to the nee" for protecting Tilen;s from otene;s:ere ma"e (> (illing of otene;s at .ousing olon$ M-F on C th August >EE %$ a group

le" %$ Mr . Melena (@ "iscussions at his house %et:een Melena, Dolme, 9asho"e an"himself regar"ing the nee" to ta(e stern action against otene;s on the night of ?C st

Decem%er >EE (H78 participation in meetings :ith Melena, Dolme, an" 9asho"e :hichcentre" on the nee" to ma(e -evate a completel$ Tilenpopulate" state.

A! !$e 9e#ene openin *!a!emen!, eG!en*i)e re#erene 'a* mae !o !$e m%rer o# Be&e

Remeee) an !$a! !$e Dillin* !$a! !ooD plae *%&*e:%en!l 'ere a rea!ion !o i!. T$e

9e#ene *o%$! permi**ion !o pro%e 0 'i!ne**e* in onne!ion 'i!$ !$e m%rer. T$e Trial

C$am&er enie permi**ion. T$e Trial C$am&er i**%e i!* %emen! on 10!$ 9eem&er,

200< #inin Alia$an %il! o# all $are* an *en!ene $im !o li#e impri*onmen!. Alia$an

$a* appeale aain*! !$i* ei*ion &e#ore !$e Appeal* C$am&er o# !$e Tri&%nal.

10



SUMMAR% OF PLEADIN&S

'( THE TRIAL CHAMBER PROCEEDIN&S ARE IN)ALID SINCE THE TRIBUNAL DOES NOT HA)E THE

!URISDICTION TO TR% THE APPELLANT(

T$e e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e Tri&%nal & !$e Se%ri! Co%nil ($ereina#!er SCF Re*ol%!ion No.101/06 i* %nla'#%l *ine !$e SC oe* no! $a)e po'er* !o e*!a&li*$ %iial !ri&%nal* %ner

C$ap!er =II o# !$e UN C$ar!er. T$e SC Re*ol%!ion i* n%ll an )oi *ine i! a##e!*

Timo*$ine* *o)erein! a* i! on#li!* 'i!$ Timo*$ine* Con*!i!%!ion. Sine enoie i* no!

reonie a* a rime in Timo*$ine, on*en! !o a$ere & !$e SC ei*ion i* )i!ia!e %e !o

on#li! 'i!$ !$e Timo*$ine Con*!i!%!ion '$i$ pre)en!* re!ro*pe!i)e lei*la!ion.

*( THE TRIAL CHAMBER PROCEEDIN&S ARE ILLE&AL AND )OID SINCE THE% )IOLATED THE FAIR TRIAL

PRO)ISIONS IN THE ICTR STATUTE(

T$e enial o# permi**ion & !$e Trial C$am&er !o !$e e#ene !o pro%e e)iene inonne!ion 'i!$ Be&e Remeee)* m%rer, '$i$ 'a* r%ial !o !$eir a*e, an !$e enial o#

er!i#ia!e o# appeal aain*! !$e ei*ion o# !$e Trial C$am&er 'a* a )iola!ion o# !$e priniple

o# e:%ali! o# arm*. Hene, Alia$an* ri$! !o #air !rial %ner Ar!ile 20(2 o# !$e ICTR

S!a!%!e 'ere )iola!e.

+( ALI!AHAN IS NOT &UILT% OF &ENOCIDE(

@enoie i no! o%r. In an a*e, @enoie i* impo**i&le a* !$e Co!ene* o no! #orm a

reliio%* or e!$ni ro%p. S!a&le an permanen! ro%p* an *%&e!i)e ro%p* are no!

pro!e!e & !$e *!a!%!e. In!en!ion #or enoie re:%ire* mo!i)e an !$i* 'a* mi**in. >%r!$er,"olus specialis i* al*o mi**in. T$ere 'a* no in!en!ion !o e*!ro a *%&*!an!ial par! o# !$e

ro%p. Alia$an i no! ommi! an a! li*!e in Ar!. 2(2.

( ALI!AHAN IS NOT &UILT% OF DIRECT AND PUBLIC INCITEMENT TO &ENOCIDE .

A on)i!ion #or an ini!emen! o##ene i* *%*!aina&le onl i# !$e paren! o##ene 'a* leall

po**i&le. Sine !$e Co!ene* 'ere no! a pro!e!e ro%p, a on)i!ion #or enoie #or

e*!roin !$em i* a leal impo**i&ili!. >%r!$er, ini!emen! anno! &e pro*e%!e %nle**

!$ere i* re*%l!an! enoie, '$i$ $a* no! &een e*!a&li*$e in !$e in*!an! a*e. Sine !$e

reor oe* no! e*!a&li*$ !$a! Alia$an in!ene !o e*!ro !$e Co!ene* a* *%$, or !$a! $e

e)en in!ene !o e*!ro !$em in !$e #ir*! plae, mens rea anno! &e imp%!e !o Alia$an.

>inall, !$e !$rea! in Alia$an* *!a!emen!* 'a* nei!$er imminen!, nor ire! an 'a* a! 'or*!,

an a! o# $a!e *pee$ or e!$ni lean*in '$i$ no! p%ni*$a&le %ner !$e S!a!%!e.

-( ALI!AHAN IS NOT &UILT% OF CONSPIRAC% TO COMMIT &ENOCIDE(

An o&e!ion i* rai*e rearin !$e ami**i&ili! o# e)iene !$a! an!ea!e* !$e !emporal

%ri*i!ion o# !$e Tri&%nal. A $are anno! &e &a*e on *%$ e)en!*. >%r!$ermore, !$e

anno! &e ami!!e a* e)iene a* i* e)ien! #rom !$e SC e&a!e '$ile eG!enin !$e

!emporal %ri*i!ion o# !$e Tri&%nal.

11



In orer !o pro)e on*pira, i! $a* !o &e e*!a&li*$e !$a! !$ere 'a* an areemen! &e!'een !$e

par!ie*. No areemen! !o "estro$ !$e Co!ene* an &e *$o'n in !$e in*!an! a*e a* Alia$an

merel eie !o maDe Re)a!e a Tilen *!a!e alon 'i!$ !$e o!$er*.

.( ALI!AHAN IS NOT A PART OF !OINT CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE

>or a on)i!ion %ner !$e oin! riminal o!rine ($ereina#!er CEF !$ere nee* !o &e a

ommon p%rpo*e. I! anno! &e in#erre &eon rea*ona&le o%&! !$a! !$ere 'a* a ommon

p%rpo*e !o e*!ro !$e Co!ene reliio%* ro%p. Alia$an* par!iipa!ion in !$e allee CE

oe* no! e*!a&li*$ a linD in !$e $ain o# a%*a!ion. >%r!$ermore, Alia$an i no! $a)e !$e

re:%ire in!en! !o e*!ro !$e Co!ene* in par!i%lar an $e 'a* aain*! enemie* in eneral.

T$%*, $e i* no! re*pon*i&le %ner !$e #ir*! #orm o# CE #or enoie. Alia$an anno! &e $el

%il! #or 9ire! an p%&li !o ommi! enoie %ner !$e !$ir #orm o# CE &ea%*e !$e

e#ini!ion o# ommon p%rpo*e *$o%l &e *!ri! an !$a! !$e a%*e anno! &e $el %il!

%ner !$e !$ir #orm o# CE %nle** *pei#iall pleae in !$e ini!men!.

/( ALI!AHAN IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR PLANNIN&, INSTI&ATIN&, ORDERIN& OR AIDIN& AND ABETTIN&

&ENOCIDE

Alia$an* *%&*!an!ial par!iipa!ion in e*inin !$e riminal on%! o# enoie anno! &e

pro)e #rom !$e #a!*. T$ere i* no neG%* &e!'een $i* *pee$ an !$e enoie !$a! !ooD

plae. He i no! orer an o# !$e rime* an $e 'a* merel aain*! !$o*e '$om $e

on*iere !$e enemie* o# !$e *!a!e. >%r!$ermore, #or aiin an a&e!!in, &o!$ nee !o &e

pro)en *im%l!aneo%*l '$i$ $a* no! &een *a!i*#ie $ere. In an a*e, Alia$an i no!

po**e** !$e re:%i*i!e mens rea #or a&e!!in enoie. He i* no! ini)i%all re*pon*i&le %ner

Ar!. 6(1.

0( ALI!AHAN IS NOT RESPONSIBLE UNDER THE ART( .1+2

Alia$an i no! eGeri*e an a%!$ori!, "e jure or "e facto, o)er 9olme, Melena, !$e o%!$

'in* $ea* or !$e poliemen. T$ere i* no $ain o# omman pre*en! an Alia$an i* no!

per*onall re*pon*i&le #or !$eir a!*. S%&*!an!ial in#l%ene i* no! *%##iien! !o pro)e *%perior7

*%&orina!e rela!ion*$ip. T$e mens rea re:%iremen! #or i)ilian *%perior* i* $i$er !$an !$a!

#or mili!ar ommaner*. Al!$o%$ Alia$an are**e a rall a#!er Be&e Remeee)* ea!$

'$i$ 'a* al*o a!!ene & 9olme, i! i* in#orma!ion no! *%##iien! #or $im !o onl%e !$a!

9olme 'o%l $a)e ommi!!e !$e rime. >%r!$ermore, $e merel a*De !$e o%!$ 'in*

$ea* !o *prea !$e me**ae o# *el#7e#ene an $a a*De Melena !o &e pre*en! a! !$e

*!ai%m !o pro)ie o)er. Hene, Alia$an anno! &e $el re*pon*i&le %ner Ar!. 6(.

12



PLEADIN&S

'( THE TRIBUNAL DOES NOT HA)E THE !URISDICTION TO HEAR THE PRESENT MATTER (

'('( T3e A44eals C3a$5er 3as t3e 6"risiction to 3ear a c3allen#e to 6"risiction o7 t3e

Tri5"nal(

Aorin !o R%le -2(B o# !$e R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene o# !$e ICTR ($ereina#!er

R;E, all preliminar mo!ion* inl%in mo!ion* on %ri*i!ion *$o%l &e pre*en!e in !$e

Trial C$am&er ($ereina#!er TCF *!ae. Ho'e)er, in!erlo%!or appeal* #rom !$e Trial

C$am&er ei*ion, '$i$ al*o inl%e !$e leali! o# e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e Tri&%nal (a

:%e*!ion o# %ri*i!ion, an &e pre*en!e &e#ore !$e Appeal* C$am&er.1

'(*( T3e esta5lis3$ent o7 t3e Tri5"nal 5y Sec"rity Co"ncil Resol"tion No( '8'98. is

"nla:7"l(

1.2. 1. T$e Tri&%nal $a* !$e %ri*i!ion !o re)ie' !$e Se%ri! Co%nil Re*ol%!ion No. 101/06.

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e %iial re)ie' o# Se%ri! Co%nil ($ereina#!er SCF Re*ol%!ion* i*

permi!!e inire!l #or !$e e!ermina!ion o# leal on*e:%ene* ari*in a* a re*%l! o# eGeri*e

o# *%$ po'er & !$e SC.2 In Ta"i), !$e Appeal* C$am&er $el !$a! !$e ICT? $a* !$e

%ri*i!ion !o eGamine !$e :%e*!ion o# $allene !o i!* %ri*i!ion &a*e on !$e in)alii! o#

i!* e*!a&li*$men! !$ro%$ a SC Re*ol%!ion. Al*o in /a"i, i! 'a* $el !$a! re)ie' o# SC

Re*ol%!ion* i* permi!!e in :%e*!ion* rearin )iola!ion* o# jus cogens." Hene, !$e !ri&%nal

an re)ie' !$e SC Re*ol%!ion e*!a&li*$in i!.

T$e leali! o# !$e e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e Tri&%nal i* $allene on !'o ro%n* *!a!e &elo'.

1.2 .2. T$e Se%ri! Co%nil oe* no! $a)e !$e po'er* !o e*!a&li*$ %iial !ri&%nal*.

1.2.2.1. T$e po'er i)en !o !$e SC %ner C$ap!er =II o# !$e UN C$ar!er #or main!enane o#

in!erna!ional peae an *e%ri! oe* no! eGplii!l or implii!l en)i*ae !$e #orma!ion o#

%iial !ri&%nal*. +$a! i* en)i*ae in Ar!. "1, #rom '$i$ !$e SC p%rpor!* !o eri)e !$e

po'er #or e*!a&li*$in !$e pre*en! Tri&%nal, i* eonomi an poli!ial mea*%re* an no!

%iial mea*%re*. T$e mea*%re* '$i$ an &e %*e & !$e SC are limi!e !o *%$ a!eorie*

an anno! &e *!re!$e *o #ar a* !o i)e !$e SC 'ie i*re!ionar po'er*.

1.2.2.2. Arguen"o !$e mea*%re* men!ione in Ar!. "1 are no! eG$a%*!i)e, applin !$e

priniple o# ejus"em eneri* 7 a reonie mean* o# !rea! in!erpre!a!ion %ner Ar!. 2 o# !$e

=ienna Con)en!ion on 8a' o# Trea!ie* ($ereina#!er =C8TF4 !o Ar!. "1 o# !$e UN C$ar!er 7

1 Prosecutor ). Du,(o Ta"i), 9ei*ion on !$e 9e#ene Mo!ion #or In!erlo%!or Appeal on %ri*i!ion, Ca*e No.IT7"717T (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, O!o&er 2, 2004 (Ta"i) +uris"ictionF.2 8eal Con*e:%ene* #or S!a!e* o# !$e Con!in%e ;re*ene o# So%!$ A#ria in Nami&ia (So%!$7+e*! A#ria No!'i!$*!anin Se%ri! Co%nil Re*ol%!ion 2-6 (1-0, A)i*or Opinion o# 24 %ne 1-1, 1-1 I.C..

Repor!* 16 E##e! o# A'ar* o# Compen*a!ion Mae & !$e Uni!e Na!ion* Amini*!ra!i)e Tri&%nal, 314"5I.C. Repor!* "-. Ta"i) +uris"iction."

9assin A%"ullah /a"i ). ouncil of the 'uropean 8nion an" ommission of the 'uropean ommunities, Ca*eT704/01 (E%ropean Co%r! o# >ir*! In*!ane, Sep!em&er 21, 2004 ( /a"iF.4 AUST, Mo"ern Treat$ 3a: an" Practice 200 (Cam&rie Cam&rie Uni)er*i! ;re**, 2000.

1



!$e SC an onl !aDe poli!ial mea*%re*, poli!ial mea*%re* &ein !$e ommon en%* $ere.

1.2. . T$e SC Re*ol%!ion No. 101/06 e*!a&li*$in !$e Tri&%nal i* n%ll an )oi.

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! i! i* jus cogence norm !$a! *o)erein! o# a S!a!e, 6 in !$i* a*e Timo*$ine,

*$o%l no! &e )iola!e & !$e e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e Tri&%nal, an i)in !$e Tri&%nal !$e

po'er !o re)ie' !$i* re*ol%!ion.- In !$e pre*en! a*e, Timo*$ine i* a *ina!or !o !$e

Con)en!ion on ;re)en!ion an ;%ni*$men! o# !$e Crime o# @enoie ($ereina#!er !$e

@enoie Con)en!ionF o# 1"<. Ho'e)er, a !rea! anno! &eome la' o# !$e lan an

anno! &e &ro%$! in!o #ore %nle** !$e ;arliamen! pa**e* lei*la!ion %ner Ar!. 24 o# !$e

Con*!i!%!ion o# Inia en#orin !$e *ame,< '$i$ i* in pari materia 'i!$ !$e Con*!i!%!ion o#

Timo*$ine. Ar!. = o# !$e @enoie Con)en!ion re:%ire* !$e par!ie* !o ena! lei*la!ion in

aorane 'i!$ !$eir re*pe!i)e Con*!i!%!ion* #or i)in e##e! !o !$e @enoie Con)en!ionin !$eir ome*!i leal **!em*. T$ere i* no *!a!%!e i)in e##e! !o !$e @enoie Con)en!ion

in Timo*$ine a* !$e @enoie Con)en!ion A!, 160 al!$o%$ ena!e, $a* no! &een no!i#ie

in !$e O##iial @ae!!e. Sine !$ere i* no la' in !$e a&*ene o# no!i#ia!ion, Timo*$ine $a* no

leal o&lia!ion* ari*in #rom !$e @enoie Con)en!ion an enoie i* no! reonie a* a

rime %ner i!* ome*!i la'. T$%*, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! an on*en! i)en & !$e Timo*$ine

o)ernmen! !o !$e Se%ri! Co%nil !o !aDe a!ion i* in)ali a* i! i* inon*i*!en! 'i!$ !$e

pro)i*ion* o# Ar!ile 20 (1 o# !$e Con*!i!%!ion '$i$ ran!* pro!e!ion aain*! eG7po*! #a!o

la'*.

Ar!. "6 o# !$e =C8T, 16 *!a!e* !$a! !$e on*en! o# a *!a!e !o &e &o%n & a !rea! an &e

in)alia!e i# a$erene !o !$e !rea! re*%l!e in !$e )iola!ion o# i!* in!ernal la' o#

#%namen!al impor!ane. T$i* pro)i*ion applie* !o !$e UN C$ar!er a* 'ell *ine !$e IC $a*

$el !$a! !$e pro)i*ion* o# !$e =ienna Con)en!ion an &e on*iere a* a oi#ia!ion o#

alrea eGi*!in %*!omar la'. T$ere#ore, !$e on*en! o# Timo*$ine !o &e &o%n & !$e SC

Re*ol%!ion No. 101/06 i* )i!ia!e & )ir!%e o# i! &ein inon*i*!en! 'i!$ !$e Con*!i!%!ion o#

Timo*$ine '$i$ i* i!* in!ernal la' o# #%namen!al impor!ane. Hene, !$e a!ion !aDen &

!$e Se%ri! Co%nil in e*!a&li*$in !$e Tri&%nal i* !o &e reare a* a )iola!ion o#

Timo*$ine* #%namen!al la' an $ene o# i!* *o)erein!.

In !$e li$! o# !$e a&o)e men!ione !'o ro%n*, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e

Tri&%nal 'a* %nla'#%l an !$a! i! laD* %ri*i!ion !o !r !$e Appellan!.

* ( THE TRIAL CHAMBER PROCEEDIN&S ARE ILLE&AL AND )OID SINCE THE% )IOLATED THE FAIR TRIAL

PRO)ISIONS IN THE ICTR STATUTE(

6 M. C$eri# Ba**io%ni, In!erna!ional Crime* %* Coen*F an O&lia!io Era Omne*F, 4(" 3a: an"ontemporar$ Pro%lems 6 (16 a! -".- /a"i.<State of West Bengal ). /esoram #n"ustries, (200" 10 SCC 201 Magan%hai #sh:ar%hai Patel ). 8nion of

#n"ia, AIR 16 SC -<.BRUNO SIMMA, The harter of the 8nite" &ations! A ommentar$ 0 (Ne' ?orD OG#or Uni)er*i! ;re**,1".

1"



*('( T3ere :as a ;iolation o7 4rinci4le o7 <e="ality o7 ar$s> t3"s res"ltin# in a ;iolation

o7 t3e A44ellant>s ri#3t to a 7air trial(

T$e priniple o# e:%ali! o# arm* &e!'een !$e pro*e%!or an a%*e i* an e**en!ial

elemen! o# !$e #air !rial %aran!ee i)en !o !$e a%*e.10 In Delcourt ). Belgium, i! 'a* $el

!$a! !$e oni!ion* o# a !rial *$o%l no! p%! !$e a%*e %n#airl a! a i*a)an!ae. 11 E:%ali!o# arm* re:%ire* !$a! !$ere i* pari! in !rea!men! o# &o!$ !$e par!ie* in !$e !rial. 12 I! i*

*%&mi!!e !$a! !$ere 'a* a )iola!ion o# !$i* priniple, !$ere& !$e ri$! !o #air !rial %ner Ar!.

1(1 an Ar!. 20(2 o# !$e S!a!%!e, on !'o ro%n*.

2.1.1 T$e Appellan! 'a* no! permi!!e !o pre*en! rele)an! an ami**i&le e)iene

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e TC* ei*ion a* o# r %ne 200< 'a* in )iola!ion o# R%le <(B an

<(C o# !$e R;E, '$i$ permi! pre*en!a!ion o# all pro&a!i)e e)iene in orer !o en*%re a

#air e!ermina!ion o# !$e ma!!er, an Ar!. 20("(e o# !$e S!a!%!e, '$i$ i)e* !$e a%*e !$e

ri$! !o e! all 'i!ne**e* on $i*/$er &e$al# eGamine.. T$e Appellan!* a*e re*!e on !$e #a!!$a! !$e m%rer o# Be&e Remeee) ($ereina#!er BRF & !$e Co!ene* $a re*%l!e in

rea!ion* in !$e #orm o# lare *ale Dillin* o# Co!ene* an !$a! i! 'a* no! a **!ema!iall

Dillin o# a reliio%* ro%p. Hene, !$e pro%!ion o# !$e 0 'i!ne**e* in onne!ion 'i!$

BR* m%rer 'a* o# *%##iien! pro&a!i)e )al%e !o !$e Appellan!* a*e an in !$e a&*ene o#

eGpre** pro$i&i!ion* aain*! pre*en!a!ion o# er!ain e)iene, !$e TC anno! 'i!$o%! a%*e

en !$e a%*e $i* ri$! !o pre*en! e)iene in $i* e#ene.1 T$%*, an Ar!. 20("(e o# !$e

S!a!%!e.

2.1.2 . T$e Appellan! 'a* no! ran!e a er!i#ia!e o# appeal aain*! !$e TC ei*ion

Aorin !o R%le -(B o# !$e R;E, !$e Appellan! $a* a ri$! !o an in!erlo%!or appeal on

an i**%e '$i$ 'o%l *ini#ian!l a##e! !$e #air an *pee on%! o# proeein* or !$e

o%!ome o# !$e !rial. T$e ri$! !o appeal i* al*o a on*!i!%en! o# !$e #air !rial %aran!ee i)en

!o !$e a%*e.1" T$e ei*ion o# !$e Trial C$am&er !o en !$e mo!ion #or er!i#ia!e o#

appeal 'a* erroneo%* a* !$e pro%!ion o# e)iene in !$i* a*e 'a* per!inen! !o !$e

Appellan!* a*e an o%l $a)e a *ini#ian! &earin on !$e o%!ome o# !$e !rial.

+( ALI!AHAN IS NOT &UILT% OF &ENOCIDE(

+('( &enocie is an e?tre$e cri$e co$$itte to estroy a #ro"4 or 4art o7 it(

Hi*!or o# !$e rime inia!e* !$a! enoie i* !$e %l!ima!e rime,14 an no eroa!ion on !$e

poin! i* permi!!e.16 T$e ICT? in /upres(ic e*ri&e enoie a* most inhuman crimeF.1-

10 Prosecutor ). Du,(o Ta"i), Ca*e No. IT7"717A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, %l 14, 1 (Ta"i) Appeal F.11 Delcourt ). Belgium, Serie* A, No. 11 (E%ropean Co%r! o# H%man Ri$!*, an%ar 1-, 1-0.12 Ta"i) Appeal .1 See generall$ Se!ion , C$ap!er =I, R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal

#or R'ana.1" Prosecutor ). 5lat(o Ale(sovs(i, Ca*e No. IT7471"/17A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, Mar$ 2", 2000.14 AD$a)an, En#oremen! o# !$e @enoie Con)en!ion A C$allene !o Ci)ilia!ion, < .arvar" .uman -ights

+ournal 2 (14.16 See generall$, 6ppenheim<s #nternational 3a: (!$ en, R. ennin* K A. +a!!* e*, )ol%me I, 8onon

;eae, 1 Ian Bro'nlie, Principles of Pu%lic #nternational 3a: (6!$ en., OG#or OG#or Uni)er*i! ;re**,200.1- Prosecutor ). /upre,(i) et al , Ca*e No. IT747167T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, an%ar 1", 2000.

14



Clearl, !$e rime i* in!en!ionall ire!e !o &e %ni:%e, !$ere& maDin i! !$e mo*! *erio%*

an repre$en*i&le o# !$em all, !$%*, &ein alle !$e rime o# rime*F.1< T$%*, onl

eGep!ional a*e* '$ere eG!reme an mo*! in$%man #orm o# per*e%!ion $a* o%rre an

:%ali# a* enoie. Re*ponen!* $a)e no! *$o'n !$a! !$e la*$e* amo%n! !o &e o# !$e mo*!

*erio%* na!%re. I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e a!!aD on Co!ene* 'a* an in*!in!i)e rea!ion '$i$ in!$e i)en ir%m*!ane* oe* no! maDe i! an eG!reme rime.

+(*( Cotene>s are not a 4rotecte #ro"4 "ner t3e Stat"e(

A* *!a!e earlier, #or enoie !o &e on*!i!%!e, a na!ional, reliio%*, e!$nial or raial ro%p

m%*! eGi*!.1 I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! Co!ene* are no! a pro!e!e ro%p %ner !$e S!a!%!e. T$e

Co!ene* are no! a na!ional or raial ro%p. In orer !o &e on*iere an e!$ni ro%p, !$e

m%*! *$are !$e *ame lan%ae an %l!%re20 '$i$ anno! &e in#erre #rom !$e #a!*. A*

rear* reliio%* ro%p, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e ao%n! o# reliio%* !en*ion &e!'een Tilen*

an Co!ene* re#er* !o reliion in a &roa *en*e. @i)en !$a! !$ere i* no ommon

%ner*!anin o# !$e !erm reliion, i! m%*! &e *!ri!l on*!r%e an !$ere#ore *$o%l onl

inl%e !rai!ional reliion* or reliion* an &elie#* 'i!$ analoo%* in*!i!%!ional

$ara!eri*!i* a* $a* &een e#ine in !$e pa*!.21 I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$ere i* no!$in !o

inia!e !$a! !$e Co!ene* mee! !$i* *!anar o# !$e !erm reliion. I! i* al*o *%&mi!!e !$a!

!$ere an &e ro%p* 'i!$in !$e *ame reliion an !$ere $a)e &een )ario%* in*!ane* o# la*$e*

&e!'een !'o ro%p* o# *ame reliion in !$e pa*!.22 S%$ ro%p* '$i$ are par! o# !$e *ame

reliion in eneral anno! &e la**i#ie a* pro!e!e ro%p %ner !$e S!a!%!e. T$ere#ore

Co!ene* anno! &e a**%me !o &e a reliio%* ro%p.

Seonl, !$e onep! o# *!a&le an permanen! ro%p '$i$ emere in A(a$esu, !o $ol

*%$ a ro%p !o &e a pro!e!e ro%p alleel on !$e &a*i* o# !$e travauH o# !$e @enoie

Con)en!ion i* 'ron. I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$i* i* an inorre! %ner*!anin o# !$e travauH a*

!$e a%!$or* o# !$e Con)en!ion eGl%e poli!ial ro%p* a* a pra!ial ompromi*e an no!

&ea%*e !$e are no! *!a&le an permanen!.2 >%r!$er, !$e prepara!or 'orD* o# a o%men!

are !o &e %*e !o in!erpre! i! onl '$en !$ere i* *ome le)el o# am&i%i! in !$e !eG!, 2" no! !o

re'ri!e %nam&i%o%* *!a!%!e*.24 I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! *ain !$a! !$e S!a!%!e pro!e!* all *!a&le

an permanen! ro%p* eGpan* !$e e#ini!ion o# rime* & analo an !$ere#ore *%$ a

on*!r%!ion anno! &e %p$el. I! i* #%r!$er *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e ar%men! !$a! a ro%p eGi*!* in

!$e ee* o# !$e perpe!ra!or* o# !$e rime an !$ere#ore !$eir a!* an &e p%ni*$e a*

enoie26

i* %n!ena&le. S%$ an in!erpre!a!ion riminalie* an impo**i&le a! on !$e &a*i* o#!$e men!al maDe7%p o# !$e e#enan!*, '$i$ 'a* no! an o%l no! $a)e &een !$e in!en!ion

1< Prosecutor ). A(a$esu, Ca*e No. ICTR767"7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er I, Sep!em&er 2, 1< ( A(a$esuF.1 Ar!ile 2, S!a!%!e o# !$e ICTR, 1".20 A(a$esu.21 SCHABAS, Genoci"e in #nternational 3a:, 12< (Cam&rie Cam&rie Uni)er*i! ;re**, 2000. (SCHABAS

2000F Prosecutor v. /a$ishema an" -uzin"ana Ca*e No. ICTR74717T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, Ma 21, 1.( /a$ishema an" -uzin"anaF A(a$esu.22 S$imon 8. J$aa!, Rela!ion* &e!'een M%*lim*, e'* an C$ri*!ian* a* Re#le!e in Ara&i ;ro)er&*F ,6(2 Fol(lore 10 (1<4.2 SCHABAS 2000, supra no!e 21, a! 10.2"

Ar!. 2, =iennaCo)en!ion on 8a' o# Trea!ie*, 16.24 SCHABAS 2000, supra no!e 21, a! 12.26 /a$ishema an" -uzin"ana.

16



&e$in !$e on)en!ion.2- B allo'in *%&e!i)e ro%p* !o &e eno%$ !o on*!i!%!e enoie,

!$e ICTR eGpane !$e area o# applia!ion o# !$e pro)i*ion an a *!ri! in!erpre!a!ion o# !$e

S!a!%!e 'a* no! #ollo'e, an !$%* 'a* 'ronl eie.2<

I! i* #%r!$er *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e ar%men! !$a! a ro%p eGi*!* in !$e ee* o# !$e perpe!ra!or* o#

!$e rime an !$ere#ore !$eir a!* an &e p%ni*$e a* enoie2 i* %n!ena&le. S%$ anin!erpre!a!ion riminalie* an impo**i&le a! on !$e &a*i* o# !$e men!al maDe7%p o# !$e

e#enan!*, '$i$ 'a* no! an o%l no! $a)e &een !$e in!en!ion &e$in !$e on)en!ion.0

+(+( T3e clas3es :ere not eli5erate acts esi#ne to estroy Cotene #ro"4(

A* ar%e a&o)e, !$e a!!aD on Co!ene* 'a* an in*!in!i)e rea!ion. Sine enoie i* *%$ a

*erio%* rime, *peial in!en!ionF i* re:%ire !o &e e*!a&li*$e #or !$e rime o# enoie.1 In

!$e pre*en! a*e, !$e *ame anno! &e #o%n. In i!* o##iial repor!, !$e UN $a* lari#ie !$a!

'$en enoial in!en! i* mi**in, a!* *%$ a* attac(s on villages, (illing of civilians, rape,

pillaging an" force" "isplacement F 'o%l no! &e la**i#ie a* enoie.

2

In S%an '$ere*imilar )iolene 'a* reore, !$e Uni!e Na!ion & i!* repor! elare i! !o no! &e an

inien! o# enoie. Similar inien!* '$i$ o%rre in @%ara! in 2002 'ere no! elare

!o &e enoie an *imilar 'a* !$e *i!%a!ion in a*e o# NATO &om&in* '$ere i! 'a* $el

!$a! !$ere 'a* no elemen! o# in!en!ion ire!e aain*! a ro%p." Sine !$ere i* no!$in !o

inia!e !$a! !$e la*$e* in !$e a*e a! $an 'ere an i##eren!, !$e *ai inien! anno!

:%ali# a* enoie. T$%*, Alia$an anno! &e on)i!e o# enoie.

+(( T3e clas3es :ere not intene to estroy t3e #ro"4 :3olly or in 4arts(

In orer !o pro)e !$e men!al elemen! o# @enoie, i! m%*! no! onl &e *$o'n !$a! !$ere 'a*

in!en! aain*! !$e pro!e!e ro%p a* *%$, &%! al*o !$a! !$e in!en! 'a* !o e*!ro !$a! ro%p,

'$oll or in par!. I! i* aep!e !$a! !$e 'or* in par!F mean a! !$e )er lea*! a *%&*!an!ial

par! o# !$e ro%p.4 In !$e in*!an! a*e, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! no *%$ in!en! an &e mae o%!.

T$e la*$e* onl o%rre &e!'een er!ain Tilen an Co!ene ro%p* li)in in Re)a!e, '$i$

i* a S!a!e 'i!$in !$e Union o# Timo*$ine. I!* onl a rea*ona&le a**%mp!ion, !$ere 'ere

people &elonin !o !$e Co!ene ro%p li)in in !$e re*! o# Timo*$ine. T$ere i* no!$in !o

inia!e *ome in!en!ion '$a!*oe)er aain*! an o# !$em. I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! in!en!ion aain*!

a *mall, loalie peren!ae o# a ro%p anno! &e e:%a!e 'i!$ an in!en!ion !o e*!ro !$e

ro%p in *%&*!an!ial par!.

2- SCHABAS 2000, supra no!e 21, a! 110.2< Ma!$e' 8ippman, T$e Con)en!ion on !$e ;re)en!ion an ;%ni*$men! o# !$e Crime o# @enoie >i#! ?ear*8a!erF, Arizone +ournal of #nternational an" omparative 3a:, 14 Ari. . In!Pl K Comp. 8a' "14, "4 (1<.2 /a$ishema an" -uzin"ana.0 SCHABAS 2000, supra no!e 21, a! 110.1 A(a$esu.2 Repor! o# !$e In!erna!ional Commi**ion o# In:%ir on 9ar#%r !o !$e Uni!e Na!ion* Sere!ar7@eneral

;%r*%an! !o Se%ri! Co%nil Re*ol%!ion 146" o# 1< Sep!em&er 200" (@ene)a, 24 an%ar 2004. #" ." @%lielmo =erirame, T$e @enoie 9e#ini!ion in !$e %ri*pr%ene o# !$e a $o !ri&%nal*F, " ( The

#nternational an" omparative 3a: =uarterl$ 4-< (2000 a! 4<".4 SCHABAS 2000, supra no!e 21, 110 A(a$esuI See also, Prosecutor v. Semanza, Ca*e No. ICTR7-7207T (ICTR

Trial C$am&er, Ma 14, 200 (SemanzaF Prosecutor ). Goran +elisi), Ca*e No. IT747107T (ICT? TrialC$am&er I, 9eem&er 1", 1 ( +elisi)7@ Prosecutor ). &icolic, Ca*e No. IT7"72A, (ICT? Appeal*C$am&er, >e&r%ar ", 2004.

1-



+(-( Arguendo Ali6a3an i not co$$it t3e #enocie(

To on)i! Alia$an #or enoie, !$e pro*e%!ion $a* !o pro)e !$a! Alia$an ommi!!e a!

lea*! one o# !$e a!* li*!e in Ar!. 2(2 o# !$e S!a!%!e. I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! $e ommi!!e none

o# !$em. +$en people 'ere a!!aDe in =illae Qeno!ia (Allea!ion B, Alia$an 'a* mo)in

a'a #rom !$e *ene o# rime. T$ere i* no!$in !o inia!e !$a! $e a%*e !$e Dillin a! !$e*ai plae. +$en !$e polie 'ere in!erroa!in 14 people in !$e pre*ene o# Alia$an

(Allea!ion C, !$ere i* no!$in !o inia!e !$a! !$e a! 'a* ommi!!e &ea%*e !$e people

'ere par! o# a ro%p, '$i$ i* a nee**ar inreien! !o pro)e enoie %ner Ar!. 2 o# !$e

S!a!%!e. >inall, on !$e ni$! o# 16!$ A%%*! 2004, !$ere i* no!$in !o inia!e !$a! an o# 4

a!* men!ione in Ar!. 2 o# !$e S!a!%!e 'ere ommi!!e aain*! an per*on &elonin !o !$e

Co!ene*.

( ALI!AHAN IS NOT &UILT% OF DIRECT AND PUBLIC INCITEMENT TO &ENOCIDE(

('( Incite$ent cannot 5e 4rosec"te "nless it is res"ltin# in #enocie as t3e ra7tersintene to 4"nis3 only s"ccess7"l Incite$ent(

Al!$o%$ i! $a* &een $el !$a! ini!emen! i* an in$oa!e o##ene, 6 i! i* $%m&l *%&mi!!e !$a!

!$i* onl%*ion i* 'ron in li$! o# !$e travauH an %*!om. In !$e a&*ene o# a e#ini!ion o#

ini!emen! in !$e S!a!%!e, !$e @enoie Con)en!ion *$o%l &e %*e, #rom '$ere !$e e#ini!ion

$a* &een &orro'e. T$e ra#! Ar!ile o# !$e @enoie Con)en!ion p%ni*$e, Direct an" pu%lic incitement to an$ act of genoci"e, :hether the incitement %e successful or not .FBeli%m propo*e ele!ion o# !$e p$ra*e, '$e!$er !$e ini!emen! &e *%e**#%l or no!,-

'$i$ 'a* oppo*e & o!$er elea!ion*, '$o 'an!e !o al*o p%ni*$ %n*%e**#%l

ini!emen!.<

T$e Beli%m amenmen! 'a* $o'e)er aep!e,

learl inia!in !$a!ra#!er* in!ene !o p%ni*$ onl$ successful incitement . T$e In!erna!ional 8a' Commi**ion

al*o pro)ie #or ini!emen! !o appl, onl !o a rime !$a! in fact occurs."0 In !$e pre*en!

ma!!er, i! $a* alrea &een ar%e !$a! !$ere 'a* no enoie !$a! o%rre in Re)a!e. Unle**

i! i* *%e**#%ll pro)e !$a! enoie o%rre in Re)a!e an 'a* a%*e & Alia$an, !$e

a%*e anno! &e on)i!e o# !$e *ame.

(*( In any e;ent, a c3ar#e o7 irect an 4"5lic incite$ent cannot 5e s"staine(

".2.1 T$e appropria!e *!anar o# imminene $a* no! &een *a!i*#ie .

T$e orre! !e*! $a* &een el%ia!e in A(a$esu, '$i$ i* a ar&on op o# !$e Han !e*! o#imminene."1 T$e ;roGmire A!, applin !$i* !e*!, e#ine* ini!emen! a* %rin ano!$er !o

enae imminentl$ in con"uct in ir%m*!ane* %ner '$i$ !$ere i* a su%stantial li(elihoo"

6 A(a$esu @reor @oron, A +ar o# Meia, +or*, Ne'*paper*, an Raio S!a!ion* T$e ICTR MeiaTrial =eri! an a Ne' C$ap!er in !$e In!erna!ional 8a' o# Ha!e Spee$F, "4 4a. + . #nt;l 3. 1 (200".- UN 9o. A/C.6/21- UN 9o. A/C.6/SR.<" (JaeDen&eeD, Beli%m.< UN 9o. A/C.6/SR.<" (A&o$, Iran UN 9o, A/C.6/SR.<4 (Manini Rio*, Ur%%a. UN 9o. A/C.6/SR.<4 (1 in #a)o%r, 12 aain*!, 'i!$ 1" a&*!en!ion*."0 9ra#! Coe o# Crime* Aain*! !$e ;eae an Se%ri! o# ManDin, Repor! o# !$e In!erna!ional 8a'

Commi**ion on !$e +orD o# i!* >or!7Ei$!$ Se**ion, 16, U.N. 9o. A/41/10 (16 ( Draft o"eF."1

Masses Pu%lishing o. ). Patten, 2"" >. 44(S.9.N.?. 11- ( PattenF Bran"en%urg ). 6hio, 4 U.S. """(16 Ameer @opalani, T$e In!erna!ional S!anar o# 9ire! an ;%&li ini!emen! !o Commi! enoie AnO&*!ale !o U.S. Ra!i#ia!ion o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Co%r! S!a!%!eF, 2 al . W . #nt<l 3. + . <- (2001.

1<



o# imminentl$ causing such con"uct . Bo!$ A(a$esu an -uggiu"2 no!e a ire! linD &e!'een

!$e *pee$ an !$e re*%l!in enoie. T$ere m%*! &e proo# o# a possi%le a%*al linD,

irre*pe!i)e o# '$e!$er !$e Ini!emen! i* *%e**#%l or no!." T$e *!anar i* !$a! !$e *pee$

m%*! imminentl$ threaten interference :ith the la:ful an" pressing purposes of the la:.F""

In .ess ). #n"iana,

"4

We;ll ta(e the street later 'a* $el !o &e pro!e!e. T$e Co%r! *!a!e,at :orst Jthe statementK amount Je"K to nothing more than a"vocac$ of illegal action at

some in"efinite future time.F Alia$an i no! maDe an *!a!emen! !o anone '$i$ o%l &e

%*e !o *$o' !$a! $e %re !$em !o immeia!el, imminentl$ *!ar! Dillin people #rom !$e

Co!ene ro%p. On !$e on!rar, Alia$an onemne )iolene an 'a* po*i!i)el i*!%r&e

'$en *omeone *%e*!e i! (Allea!ion A. Hi* *!a!emen! !o !$e o%!$ 'in* $ea*

(Allea!ion 9 onl inia!e* !$a! $e 'a* onerne a&o%! !$e a!!aD on people #rom an!i7

*oial mem&er* in !$e S!a!e. A* rear* Allea!ion @, !$e me**ae pa**e on !$e ro%p

olle!e o%!*ie !$e a%*e* $o%*e oe* no! a%*e imminen! aner !o !$e Co!ene ro%p.

".2.2 T$e appropria!e *!anar o# ire!ne** $a* no! &een *a!i*#ie.

T$e Appeal* C$am&er in &ahimana $el !$a!, !$e ini!emen! $a* !o &e ire! in na!%re an

*pee$ !$a! rea!e* a lima!e on%i)e !o i!* ommi**ion anno! &e on*iere ini!emen!. "6

I! o%l no! &e a )a%e or inire! *%e*!ion, an an am&i%i! 'o%l &e re*ol)e in #a)o%r

o# !$e a%*e."- In !$e Fritzsche a*e, !$e a%*e 'a* a:%i!!e o# ini!emen! &ea%*e !$ere

'a* no eGplii! all #or !$e eG!ermina!ion o# e'*."< I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! in !$e in*!an! a*e,

!$ere i* no ire! appeal or eGplii! all !o ommi! enoie an'$ere in Alia$an*

*!a!emen!*. A! mo*!, !$e me**ae* pa**e on !o ?8S par! 'orDer* an &e *ai !o &e ini!in

e!$ni $a!re !o maDe Re)a!e a Tilen *!a!e $o'e)er !$i* anno! &e e:%a!e !o ini!emen! !o

@enoie."

T$e mee!in '$i$ o%rre &e!'een Alia$an an o!$er a%*e al*o re)ol)earo%n !$e !$eme o# maDin Re)a!e a Tilen S!a!e an !$a! *ome Co!ene* 'ere in)ol)e in

'ron a!*, an not aro%n ire!in people !o a%*e enoie. Hene, !$e re:%iremen! !o

e*!a&li*$ ire! an p%&li ini!emen! $a* learl no! &een me! 'i!$.

".2. Alia$an* *!a!emen!* 'ere a lei!ima!e eGeri*e o# #ree *pee$ .

42 Prosecutor ). -uggiu, Ca*e No. ICTR7-727T (ICTR Trial C$am&er7I, %ne 1, 2001 (R%i%F." A(a$esu."" 9A=I9 R ABBAN, Free Speech #n #ts Forgotten 9ears 127"6 (Ne' ?orD Cam&rie Uni)er*i! ;re**, 1-."4 .ess ). #n"iana, "1" U.S. 104 (1-."6 U.N. @AOR, r Se**., 6!$ Comm., <-!$ m!., U.N. 9o. A/<-/;=.47 Prosecutor ). &ahimana, et al , Ca*e No. ICTR77427T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, 9eem&er , 200

( &ahimana7@ See also, -uggiu, U.N. @AOR, Se**., 6!$ Comm., <-!$ m!., U.N. 9o. A/<-/;= amie

Me!l, R'anan @enoie an !$e In!erna!ional 8a' o# Raio amminF, 1 Am. + . #nt;l 3. 62< (1-."< Streicher , IMT %men!, 22 The Trial of German Major War riminals! Procee"ings of the #nternational

Militar$ Tri%unal Sitting at &urem%erg German$ (1"6 amie Me!l, R'anan @enoie an !$e

In!erna!ional 8a' o# Raio amminF, 1 Am. + . #nt;l 3. 62< (1-.4! &ahimana See also, Prosecutor v. /or"i) an" 1er(ez, Ca*e No. IT7471"/27A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er,

9eem&er 1-, 200" ( /or"i) an" 1er(ezF Ba*i ;riniple* o# a Con)en!ion on @enoie, UN 9o.

E/AC.24/- Sere!aria! 9ra#! Con)en!ion on !$e Crime o# @enoie, U.N. 9o. E/""- 9iane Oren!li$er,Criminaliin Ha!e Spee$ in !$e Cr%i&le o# Trial ;ro*e%!or ). Na$imanaF, 21 Am. 8 . #nt;l 3. -ev. 44-

(2006 Har)ar 8a' Re)ie' A**oia!ion, In!erna!ional 8a'[email protected]. Tri&%nal >in* T$a! Ma**

Meia Ha!e Spee$ Con*!i!%!e* @enoie, Ini!emen! !o @enoie, an Crime* Aain*! H%mani! 77 Prosecutor). &ahimana, Bara$ag:iza, an" &geze (!$e Meia Ca*e, Ca*e No. ICTR77427T (In!l Criminal. Tri&. >orR'ana Trial C$am&er I, 9e. , 200F, 11- .arv. 3. -ev. 2-6 (200".

1



A eneral in!erna!ional pre*%mp!ion *%ppor!in !$e #ree #lo' o# iea* an in#orma!ion

eGi*!*.40 In !$e U.S, Neo7Nai mili!iamen are allo'e !o parae !$ro%$ e'i*$

nei$&o%r$oo*.41 In 9enmarD, rai*! ro%p* are allo'e raio !ime. 42 T$e Hea o# !$e Nai

;ropaana Mini*!r* Raio 9i)i*ion 'a* a:%i!!e.4 Alia$an* *!a!emen!* 'ere aime a!

onemnin )iolene in eneral an Dillin o# BR in par!i%lar. T$e i no! o%n*el)iolene, arme re*i*!ane or %pri*in, an $ene i no! !ran*re** !$e limi!* o# #ree

*pee$.4" T$i* i* !$%* learl a lei!ima!e eGeri*e o# #ree *pee$.

(+( Arguendo Ali6a3an>s state$ents a$o"nte to incite$ent, it incite et3nic cleansin#

T$e @enoie Con)en!ion oe* no! riminali*e e!$ni lean*in, '$i$ allo'* %*in #ore !o

remo)e per*on* o# i)en ro%p* #rom !$e area.44 T$e ICT? reonie !$i* & no! e)en

ini!in !$e a%*e #or enoie, '$en i! 'a* e*!a&li*$e !$a! $e $a enae in e!$ni

lean*in.46 T$e ra!ionale i* !$a! i*plain a pop%la!ion in orer !o $ane !$e e!$ni

ompo*i!ion o# a !erri!or i* learl i##eren! #rom e*!roin !$e ro%p.4- Ei$mann 'a* !$%*

a:%i!!e o# enoie in !$e a#!erma!$ o# +orl +ar II.4< Alia$an* a!* in Allea!ion* @

an H !o 8 onl inia!e $i* e*ire !o maDe Re)a!e a Tilen S!a!e. T$i* an :%ali# a* an a! o#

e!$ni lean*in &%! no! enoie. Hene !$e :%e*!ion o# $i* $a)in ini!e enoie oe* no!

ari*e. >or all !$e*e rea*on*, Alia$an anno! &e on)i!e o# ire! an p%&li ini!emen! !o

enoie.

-( ALI!AHAN IS NOT &UILT% OF CONSPIRAC% TO COMMIT &ENOCIDE(

-(' T3ere i not e?ist a co$$on 4lan or a#ree$ent to co$$it #enocie(

In orer !o pro)e on*pira, i! i* nee**ar !o pro)e !$a! !$ere eGi*!e an areemen! &e!'een

!$e on*pira!or*.4 Al!$o%$ i! oe* no! re:%ire !$e eGi*!ene o# a #ormal or eGpre**

areemen!,60 !$ere m%*! &e *ome *em&lane o# %ner*!anin &e!'een !$e on*pira!or* !o

ommi! a riminal a!.

In !$e pre*en! a*e, !$ere i* no!$in !o inia!e an *or! o# areemen! &e!'een Alia$an an

an o!$er per*on !o ommi! a riminal a!. On !$e on!rar, ?a*$oe, mae on!rar

*!a!emen! in !$e p%&li mee!in o# A%%*! 14 2004 '$i$ onl *$o'* !$a! !$ere 'a* no

areemen! &e!'een !$e !'o. +$erea* #rom !$e *!a!emen!* mae in !$e *ai p%&li mee!in, i!

40 AleGaner 9ale, Co%n!erin Ha!e Me**ae* !$a! 8ea !o =iolene T$e Uni!e Na!ion* A%!$ori! !o U*e

Raio ammin !o Hal! Ineniar Broaa*!*F, 11 Du(e + . omp. * #nt;l 3. 10 (2001.41 Smith ). ollin, "6 U.S. 4 (1-< &ational Socialist Part$ ). S(o(ie, "2 U.S. " (1-- o*$%a

+allen*!ein, ;%ni*$in +or* An Anal*i* o# !$e Nee**i! o# !$e Elemen! o# Ca%*a!ion in ;ro*e%!ion* #orIni!emen! !o @enoieF, 4" Stan. 3. -ev. 41 (2001.42 +ersil" ). Denmar( , 1 E.C.H.R. 1 (14.4 Fritzsche, IMT %men!, 22 The Trial of German Major War riminals! Procee"ings of the #nternational

Militar$ Tri%unal Sitting at &urem%erg German$ (1"6.4" &ahimana.44 In!erim Repor! o# !$e Commi**ion o# EGper!* E*!a&li*$e ;%r*%an! To Se%ri! Co%nil Re*ol%!ion -<0(12, UN 9o. S/4-" Jin*le Mo$al%, In!erna!ional H%mani!arian 8a' #rom N%rem&er !o Rome T$e

+ei$! ;reeen!* o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'anaF, 1" Pace #nt;l 3. -ev. 2- (2002.46 Prosecutor ). Du,(o Ta"i), Ca*e No. IT7"717T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, Ma -, 1-.4- SCHABAS 2000, supra no!e 21, a! 1.4<

Government of #srael ). A"olf 'ichmann, 6 I.8.R. 4 (9.C. (m. 161.4 Prosecutor ). /ajelijei, Ca*e No. ICTR7<7""A7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, 9eem&er 1, 200.60 &ahimana Appeal .

20



an &e ar%e !$a! Mr*. ?a*$oe 'a* !rin !o ini!e !$e p%&li aain*! !$e Co!ene* '$i$

o%l $a)e re*%l!e in )iolene, Alia$an 'a* onemnin )iolene (Allea!ion A. I! i* lear

!$a! Alia$an an Mr*. ?a*$oe 'ere no! in areemen! an !$e pro*e%!ion nee* !o e*!a&li*$

!$e eGi*!ene o# a common plan !o pro)e %il! #or on*pira.61 T$%*, Alia$an anno! &e *ai

!o $a)e aree %pon a ommon plan 'i!$ !$e re*! o# !$e a%*e !o ommi! enoie.4.1.1 Con)i!ion anno! &e &a*e on e)en!* !$a! an!ea!e !$e Tri&%nal* !emporal %ri*i!ion

I! i* e*!a&li*$e !$a! !$e all !$e elemen!* o# !$e rime #or '$i$ on)i!ion i* *o%$!,

irre*pe!i)e o# '$e!$er i! i* a on!in%in rime or no!, o%$! !o $a)e o%rre %rin !$e

!emporal %ri*i!ion o# !$e Tri&%nal.62 Hene, a on)i!ion anno! &e &a*e on !$e mee!in*

!$a! o%rre prior !o 1*! an%ar 2004.

4.1.2 T$e e)en!* anno! &e ami!!e a* e)iene

@i)en !$a! !$e S!a!%!e oe* no! eGplii!l men!ion a&o%! !$e ami**i&ili! o# e)iene prior !o

i!* !emporal %ri*i!ion perio, !$e in!en!ion o# !$e SC $a* !o &e !aDen in!o on*iera!ion.T$e SC '$ile eiin !$e !emporal %ri*i!ion o# !$e ICTR eli&era!el eG!ene i! !o 1*!

an%ar 1" e*pi!e !$e #a! !$a! !$e enoie o%rre in April 1". T$e o&e!i)e 'a* !o

capture the planning stage of crimesF.6 T$%*, *ine !$e SC $a* alrea eG!ene !$e

!emporal %ri*i!ion, i! anno! &e eG!ene #%r!$er !o !aDe in!o !$e e)en!* !$a! o%rre

&e#ore 1*! an%ar 2004.

In an a*e, !$ere i* no!$in !o inia!e !$a! Alia$an 'a* par! !o an *%$ on*pira e)en

i# $e 'a* par! !o !$e mee!in*. T$e onl inia!e !$a! !$ere 'a* an areemen! %pon !$e #a!

!$a! !$ere 'a* irre*pon*i&le &e$a)io%r on !$e par! o# Co!ene* an !$e #a! !$a! Re)a!e *$o%l

&e mae a Tilen *!a!e. An areemen! !o e*!ro !$e Co!ene reliio%* ro%p anno! &e

in#erre #rom !$e*e #a!*.

-(* T3e dolus specialis 7or #enocie is not esta5lis3e(

T$e mens rea re:%iremen! #or on*pira i* !$a! !$e a%*e in!ene !o e*!ro, in '$ole or

in par!, a pro!e!e ro%p a* *%$.6" A* ar%e earlier, !$e :%e*!ion o# "olus specialis *$o%l

no! an anno! &e in#erre #rom Dno'lee o# an in#orma!ion or liDeli$oo o# an inien!.

T$e Trial C$am&er in &ahimana, Bara$ag:iza an" &geze o&*er)e !$a! on*pira an &e

in#erre #rom Dno'lee. Ho'e)er, !$e Trial C$am&er ame !o !$i* onl%*ion onl &ea%*e

!$e a%*e in !$e *ai a*e on*io%*l in!era!e 'i!$ ea$ o!$er, %*in !$e in*!i!%!ion* !$eon!rolle !o promo!e a oin! aena, '$i$ 'a* !$e !are!in o# !$e T%!*i pop%la!ion #or

e*!r%!ion. T$ere 'a* p%&li pre*en!a!ion o# !$i* *$are p%rpo*e an oorina!ion o# e##or!*

!o realie !$eir ommon oal64 '$i$ i* a&*en! in !$e pre*en! a*e.

61 MusemaI &ta(irutimana &i$itege(a &ahimana Appeal .62 &ahimana et al ). Prosecutor , 9ei*ion on !$e In!erlo%!or Appeal, Ca*e No. ICTR -72-7AR-2 (ICTR

Appeal* C$am&er, 4 Sep!em&er, 2000 (oin! Separa!e Opinion o# %e lal C$an =o$ra$ an %e Ra#ael Nie!o7Na)ia ( &ahimana #nterlocutor$ Appeal F &ahimana Appeal Prosecutor ). Gatete, 9ei*ion on

9e#ene Mo!ion On Ami**i&ili! o# Allea!ion* O%!*ie !$e Temporal %ri*i!ion o# !$e Tri&%nal, Ca*e No.ICTR720007617T, (ICTR Trial C$am&er, r No)em&er, 200 (GateteF6 &ahimana #nterlocutor$ Appeal .6"

&ahimana Appeal MusemaI Prosecutor ). Serom%a, Ca*e No. ICTR720017667I (ICTR Trial C$am&er7I,9eem&er 1, 2006 &i$itege(a.64 &ahimana Appeal .

21



.( ALI!AHAN @AS NOT A PART OF !CE

T$e actus reus o# CE ompri*e* o# pl%rali! o# per*on*, ommon p%rpo*e an par!iipa!ion

in #%r!$erane o# !$a! ommon p%rpo*e. I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$ere i* no ommon p%rpo*e ( .('

an in an a*e, Alia$an i no! par!iipa!e in #%r!$erane o# !$a! ommon p%rpo*e (.(*.

T$e mens rea (.(+ #or CE i* al*o no! #%l#ille $ere. T$ere#ore, Alia$an i* no! %il! #orenoie %ner !$e CE. In an a*e, $e anno! &e $el %il! %ner !$e !$ir #orm o# CE #or

ire! an p%&li ini!emen! !o ommi! enoie (.(.

.(' T3e co$$on 4"r4ose o7 estroyin# t3e Cotene reli#io"s #ro"4 cannot 5e in7erre

T$e ommon areemen! nee no! &e eGpre** &%! i! m%*! &e !$e onl rea*ona&le in#erene !$a!

an &e mae #rom !$e #a!*.66 In !$e in*!an! a*e, in !$e mee!in* !$a! 'ere $el &e!'een

Alia$an, ?a*$oe, 9olme an Melena (Allea!ion* @ an H !o 8, i! 'a* eie !$a! !$e

Co!ene* $a !o &e eal! 'i!$ *!ernl an !$a! *!ron a!ion 'o%l &e neee !o maDe Re)a!e

a Tilen *!a!e. Ho'e)er, !$i* oe* no! lea !o !$e onl$ rea*ona&le onl%*ion !$a! !$e planne!o "estro$ !$e Co!ene reliio%* ro%p a* *%$.

.(* In any case, Ali6a3an i not 4artici4ate in 7"rt3erance o7 t3e co$$on 4"r4ose

Mere mem&er*$ip o# !$e en!erpri*e i* no! eno%$ an par!iipa!ion nee* !o &e pro)e.

O!$er'i*e i! 'o%l &e a )iola!ion o# !$e priniple o# nullum crimen sine lege.6- Al!$o%$ i! i*

no! nee**ar !o *$o' !$a! !$e o##en*e 'o%l $a)e o%rre &%! #or !$e a%*e*

par!iipa!ion, i! m%*! #orm a linD in !$e $ain o# a%*a!ion.6< In $i* *pee$ a#!er BR* m%rer,

Alia$an ne)er re#erre !o !$e Co!ene* eGplii!l an a rea*ona&le in#erene anno! &e ra'n

!$a! i! 'a* $i* *pee$ !$a! aro%*e !$e ma**e* an le !o !$e *%&*e:%en! Dillin o# !$e people.

In *pi!e o# $i* !$ir!7min%!e *pee$, !$e ommo!ion in !$e a%iene 'a* rea!e onl a#!er

?a*$oe #ini*$e 'i!$ $er *pee$ '$erein *$e alle #or a!ion aain*! !$e Co!ene*. Hi*

non7a!ion '$en Co!ene* 'ere &ein a**a%l!e & !$e poliemen anno! &e *ai !o &e a linD

in !$e $ain o# a%*a!ion o# enoie. >%r!$ermore, in $i* are** !o !$e $ea* o# ?8S*

o%!$ 'in*, $e merel alle #or *el#7e#ene an a*De !$em !o sprea" the message. T$i*

oe* no! in an 'a inia!e !$a! $e par!iipa!e in !$e CE.

.(+ Ali6a3an i not 4ossess t3e re="isite mens rea

To &e $el %il! %ner !$e #ir*! #orm o# CE, !$e a%*e m%*! $a)e !$e *$are in!en!6 an

'$ere !$e rime re:%ire* *peial in!en!, !$e a%*e m%*! al*o $a)e !$a! *peial in!en!.-0

In !$ein*!an! a*e, Alia$an ne)er ien!i#ie Co!ene* a* enemie* an 'an!e !o !aDe a!ion aain*!

!$e enemies of the state. T$i* i* lari#ie #rom $i* *!a!emen! a! !$e en o# $i* mee!in 'i!$ !$e

o%!$ 'in* $ea* '$erein $e *ai !$a! there :ere no frien"sF in !$i* 'ar. T$%*, $e i no!

!are! an reliio%* ro%p in par!i%lar an 'a* aain*! enemie* in eneral.

66 Prosecutor ). Br"janin, Ca*e No. IT7767T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, Sep!em&er 1, 200" ( Br"janinF.6- Br"janin.6< Prosecutor ). /vo2(a et al , Ca*e No. IT7<70/17A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, >e&r%ar 2<, 2004 ( /vo2(a

Appeal F Prosecutor ). Blagojevi) * +o(i), Ca*e No. IT7027607T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7I, an%ar 1-, 2004

( Blagojevi) * +o(i)F.6 Prosecutor ). 4asiljevi),Ca*e No. IT7<727A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, >e&r%ar 24, 200".-0 /vo2(a Appeal .

22



Al!$o%$ *%&*!an!ial par!iipa!ion i* no! nee**ar, i! i* impor!an! in in#errin in!en! o# !$e

a%*e.-1 A**%min &%! no! aep!in !$a! Alia$an* *pee$ on 14 !$ A%%*! aro%*e !$e

ma**e*, !$i* a! 'a* no! a *%&*!an!ial on!ri&%!ion !o !$e Dillin* !$a! !ooD plae *%&*e:%en!l

a* BR* m%rer $a alrea le !o an%i*$ amon*! !$e ma**e*.

.( Arguendo Ali6a3an is 3el #"ilty 7or #enocie "ner t3e !CE octrine, 3e is notres4onsi5le 7or irect an 4"5lic incite$ent to co$$it #enocie

+$ile %*in !$e CE o!rine, !$e e#ini!ion o# ommon p%rpo*e *$o%l &e *!ri!, irre*pe!i)e

o# !$e a!eor o# CE allee.-2 >rom !$e e#ini!ion o# ommon p%rpo*e a* pleae in !$e

ini!men!, i! i* lear !$a! !$e rime in!ene 'a* !$a! o# enoie an %il! i* *o%$! !o &e

pro)e %ner !$e #ir*! #orm o# CE.

I! $a* &een $el !$a! !$e #orm o# CE %ner '$i$ !$e a%*e i* $are $a* !o &e eGpre**l

men!ione in !$e ini!men! an !$a! an a%*e anno! &e $el re*pon*i&le %ner !$e !$ir

#orm o# CE 'i!$ re*pe! !o an o# !$e rime* allee in !$e ini!men!.

-

T$e ommon p%rpo*e *!a!e $ere i* !$e e*!r%!ion o# !$e Co!ene reliio%* ro%p an no! ini!emen! !o

ommi! enoie. Hene, Alia$an anno! &e $el %il! o# !$e la!!er %ner !$e CE o!rine.

/( ALI!AHAN IS NOT INDI)IDUALL% RESPONSIBLE UNDER ARTICLE .1'2

/(' Ali6a3an is not res4onsi5le 7or 4lannin# #enocie

;lannin re:%ire* a *%&*!an!ial par!iipa!ion o# !$e a%*e in e*inin !$e riminal on%!

on*!i!%!in one or more rime* !$a! are perpe!ra!e-" (actus reus an a'arene** o# !$e

*%&*!an!ial liDeli$oo !$a! rime ma &e ommi!!e-4 (mens rea. ;lannin en)i*ion* !$e

#orm%la!ion o# a me!$o o# e*in, arranemen! or proe%re #or !$e aompli*$men! o# a par!i%lar rime.-6

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! mee!in* $el &e!'een Alia$an, ?a*$oe, 9olme an Melena, '$ere

!$e eie !o !aDe *!ron a!ion aain*! !$e Co!ene* o no! inia!e !$a! !$e planne !o

ommi! enoie. In an a*e, Alia$an* Dno'lee !o commit genoci"e i* no! !$e onl

rea*ona&le in#erene !$a! an &e mae #rom !$e #a!*. Al!$o%$ ir%m*!an!ial e)iene ma

&e %*e !o pro)e mens rea, i! *$o%l &e !$e onl po**i&le in#erene.-- >%r!$ermore, plannin

implie* e*inin !$e ommi**ion o# a rime a! %oth i!* prepara!or an eGe%!ion p$a*e*.-<

Alia$an* par!iipa!ion a! !$e *!ae o# eGe%!ion anno! &e *ai !o &e *%&*!an!ial, a* !$e

ir%m*!ane* !$en an ?a*$oe* *pee$ ien!i#in !$e Co!ene* a* rea!in !ro%&le, le !o!$e enoie.

/(* Ali6a3an cannot 5e 3el res4onsi5le 7or insti#ation "ner Article .1'2

T$e actus reus #or in*!ia!ion i* promp!in ano!$er per*on !o ommi! an o##ene !$a! i*

-1 /vo2(a Appeal .-2 Prosecutor ). /rnojelac, Ca*e No. IT7-7247A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, Sep!em&er 1-, 200 ( /rnojelacF.- /rnojelac.-" Prosecutor ). /or"i) an" 1er(ez, Ca*e No. IT7471"/27A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, 9eem&er 1-, 200".( /or"i) an" 1er(ezF Semanza.-4 /or"i) an" 1er(ez.-6

Semanza.-- Prosecutor ). Strugar , Ca*e No. IT7 017"27T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7II, an%ar 1, 2004 (Strugar F.-< Prosecutor ). Georges -utagan"a, Ca*e No. ICTR7677T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, 9eem&er 6, 1.

2



a!%all ommi!!e.- Al!$o%$ !$e in*!ia!in a! nee no! &e a sina Lua non #or !$e rime !o

o%r, a a%*al rela!ion nee* !o &e *$o'n &e!'een !$e in*!ia!ion an !$e p$*ial

perpe!ra!ion o# !$e a!.<0 T$e a%*e m%*! *%&*!an!iall on!ri&%!e !o !$e ommi**ion o# !$e

rime !$ro%$ !$e in*!ia!in a! an m%*! &e a'are o# !$e liDeli$oo !$a! rime ma &e

ommi!!e in perpe!ra!ion o# !$a! in*!ia!ion.

<1

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! Alia$an* *pee$ anno! &e *ai !o $a)e *%&*!an!iall on!ri&%!e !o !$e

enoie !$a! o%rre an !$ere i* no a%*al neG%* &e!'een !$e *pee$ an !$e rime. A*

alrea ar%e a&o)e, !$e &r%!al m%rer o# BR 'o%l $a)e rea!e re*en!men! amon*! !$e

ma**e* a* $e 'a* !$eir *piri!%al leaer an $ealer. Moreo)er, a#!er Alia$an, $i* 'i#e $a al*o

are**e !$e rall an *$e par!i%larl ien!i#ie !$e Co!ene* an *ai !$a! !$e neee !o

&e !a%$! a le**on. I! 'a* onl a#!er $er *pee$ !$a! !$ere 'a* a ommo!ion in !$e a%iene

an !$e Dillin* anno! &e *ai !o $a)e &een *%&*!an!iall e##e!e !$ro%$ Alia$an* *pee$.

/(+ Ali6a3an is not res4onsi5le 7or orerin# cri$es

Orerin re:%ire* a per*on in po*i!ion o# a%!$ori! in*!r%!in ano!$er !o ommi! an

o##ene.<2 I! oe* no! re:%ire a #ormal *%perior7*%&orina!e rela!ion*$ip a* lon a* !$e

a%*e po**e** "e jure or "e facto a%!$ori! !o orer.< A a%*al linD must &e e*!a&li*$e

&e!'een !$e orer an !$e rime perpe!ra!e an i! i* no! nee**ar !o pro)e !$a! !$e rime

'o%l no! $a)e o%rre in !$e a&*ene o# !$e orer .<" In orer !o pro)e mens rea i! i*

*%##iien! !$a! !$e a%*e $a Dno'lee !$a! rime 'ill &e ommi!!e 'i!$ *%&*!an!ial

liDeli$oo.<4 Mens rea ma &e in#erre #rom !$e #a!* &%! i! m%*! &e !$e onl$ rea*ona&le

in#erene.<6

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! Alia$an i no! orer an o# !$e rime* $are in !$e ini!men!. Hi*in*!r%!ion !o !$e $ea* o# ?8S* o%!$ 'in* 'a* merel !o *prea !$e iea o# *el#7e#ene

an %ar aain*! !$e enemie* o# !$e *!a!e. Hi* *!a!emen! a! !$e en o# !$e mee!in

(Allea!ion 9 learl inia!e* !$a! $e i no! ien!i# !$e Co!ene* a* !$e enemie* o# !$e

*!a!e. Hene, i! anno! &e rea*ona&l in#erre !$a! Alia$an orere !$e o%!$ 'in* $ea* !o

ini!e people !o enoie or !o ommi! enoie.

/( Ali6a3an cannot 5e 3el res4onsi5le 7or aiin# an a5ettin# #enocie(

In A(a$esu, i! 'a* $el !$a! re*pon*i&ili! %ner Ar!ile 6(1 ari*e* #or ei!$er aiin ora&e!!in enoie an i! i* no! nee**ar !$a! &o!$ *$o%l o%r in orer !o $ol !$e a%*e

%il!. Ho'e)er, i! i* $%m&l *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e Trial C$am&er in !$a! a*e i no! rea !$e

S!a!%!e *!ri!l. T$e #a! !$a! penal *!a!%!e* m%*! &e *!ri!l on*!r%e $a* *!oo !$e !e*! o#

!ime.<- I# an ini)i%al oe* no! #all 'i!$in !$e eGpre** lan%ae o# !$e *!a!%!or pro)i*ion,

- Prosecutor ). Gali), Ca*e No. IT7<727T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, 9eem&er 4, 200.<0 Prosecutor ). Bagilishema, Ca*e No. ICTR7471A7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er, %ne -, 2001 Br"janin.<1 /or"i) an" 1er(ez Prosecutor ). 3imaj et al ., Ca*e No. IT707667T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, No)em&er 0,

2004 ( 3imajF Br"janin.<2 /or"i) an" 1er(ez Prosecutor ). Sta(i), Ca*e No. IT7-72"7T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7II, %l 1, 200.< /or"i) an" 1er(ez Strugar .<"

Strugar .<4 /or"i) an" 1er(ez 3imaj Br"janin.<6 Strugar .

2"



!$e in!erpre!er i* no! ompe!en! !o eG!en i! an &rin !$e ini)i%al 'i!$in !$a! pro)i*ion.<<

A loial in!erpre!a!ion o# Ar!ile 6(1 o# !$e S!a!%!e 'o%l inia!e !$a! an a%*e anno!

&e $el %il! %nle** $e &o!$ ai* an" a&e!* !$e plannin, prepara!ion or eGe%!ion o# a rime.

In !$e in*!an! a*e, a**%min &%! no! onein !$a! Alia$an a&e!!e enoie (Allea!ion

C, !$ere i* no!$in !o pro)e !$a! $e ai"e" enoie.

Arguen"o, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! Alia$an i no! a**i*! or #aili!a!e !$e enoie in an manner.

I! $a* &een $el !$a! !$e ini)i%al aiin an a&e!!in enoie *$o%l $a)e !$e *peial

in!en!ion re:%ire #or enoie.< In an a*e, $e *$o%l &e a'are o# !$e *peial in!en! o# !$e

prinipal perpe!ra!or* '$o*e a!* $e i* aiin an a&e!!in.0

In !$e e)en! !$a! Be&e Remeee) $a &een &r%!all m%rere an !$a! Alia$an 'a* pre*en!

in To'n Co*!in !o i*%** !$e *e%ri! *i!%a!ion o# !$e S!a!e o# Re)a!e, i! anno! &e *ai !$a!

!$e onl rea*ona&le in#erene i* !$a! Alia$an po**e**e !$e re:%i*i!e *peial in!en! !o ommi!

enoie o# !$e Co!ene* or !$a! $e Dne' o# !$e *peial in!en! o# !$e !'o poliemen '$o 'erein!erroa!in !$e Co!ene*.

0( ALI!AHAN IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CRIMES UNDER ARTICLE .1+2 UNDER THE DOCTRINE OF

COMMAND RESPONSIBILIT%

Comman re*pon*i&ili! ($ereina#!er CRF i* a o!rine aorin !o '$i$ a *%perior an

&e $el re*pon*i&le #or rime* ommi!!e & $i* *%&orina!e*.1 In orer !o pro)e CR, !$ree

elemen!* m%*! &e *a!i*#ie2 i! m%*! &e *$o'n !$a! !$ere eGi*!e a *%perior7*%&orina!e

rela!ion*$ip (0(' !$a! !$e *%perior Dne', or $a rea*on !o Dno' !$a! $i* #ore* 'ere

ommi!!in, or 'ere a&o%! !o ommi! rime* (0(* an !$a! !$e *%perior #aile !o !aDe all

nee**ar an rea*ona&le mea*%re* 'i!$in $i* or $er po'er !o pre)en! or repre** !$eir

ommi**ion (0(+.

0('( A s"4eriors"5orinate relations3i4 i not e?ist in t3e instant case(

In orer !o e!ermine !$e eGi*!ene o# a *%perior7*%&orina!e rela!ion*$ip, !$e !e*! %*e i* one

o# e##e!i)e on!rol. T$i* mean* !$a! !$e *%perior m%*! po**e** !$e material a%ilit$ !o pre)en!

or p%ni*$ !$e a!ion* o# $i* *%&orina!e*.

In !$e in*!an! a*e, i! anno! &e in#erre #rom !$e #a!* !$a! Alia$an eGeri*e e##e!i)e

on!rol o)er 9olme, Melena or !$e mem&er* o# ?8S* o%!$ 'in. T$ere i* no "e jure

a%!$ori! !$a! Alia$an $a* o)er !$em an !$e mere #a! !$a! !$e 'ere a par! o# !$e mee!in*

i* no! onl%*i)e proo# !$a! $e $a "e facto on!rol o)er !$em.

I! $a* al*o &een $el !$a! a chain of comman" i* a sina Lua non #or !$e *%perior re*pon*i&ili!

an !$a! *%perior in Ar!ile <- o# Ai!ional ;ro!ool I i* in!ene !o o)er onl !$e

<- Prosecutor ). 5ejnil Delali) et al , Ca*e No. IT767217T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, No)em&er 16, 1<

(ele%iciF.<< ele%ici.< A(a$esu.0 Prosecutor ). /rsti), Ca*e No. IT7<77A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, April 1, 200" Blagojevi) * +o(i).1 SCHABAS 2000, supra no!e 21, a! 11.2

Ar!. 2<, S!a!%!e o# !$e ICTR, 1". &ahimana ;ro*e%!or ). Bla,(i), Ca*e No. IT7471"7A (ICT? Appeal* C$am&er, %l 2, 200" ( Blas(ic Appeal F See also, ele%ici.

24



*%perior i* personall$ responsi%le #or !$e perpe!ra!or* o# !$e a!." Alia$an anno! &e *ai !o

&e per*onall re*pon*i&le #or !$e a!* o# !$e poliemen '$o 'ere a**a%l!in !$e Co!ene*

(Allea!ion C.

+$a! ma$ &e *ai i* !$a! Alia$an $a su%stantial influence o)er !$e perpe!ra!or*. I! i*

*%&mi!!e, $o'e)er !$a!, a* $el in !$e a*e o# Prosecutor ). .alilovic,4 i! i* no! eno%$,%ner %*!omar in!erna!ional la', !o pro)e *%&*!an!ial in#l%ene an eree o# on!rol

'$i$ #all* &elo' !$e !$re*$ol o# e##e!i)e on!rol i* in*%##iien! !o a!!a$ lia&ili! %ner !$e

o!rine o# omman re*pon*i&ili!. I! i* *%&mi!!e, in !$e in*!an! a*e, !$a! !$e re:%ire

!$re*$ol $a* no! &een *a!i*#ie an, i)en !$e #a!* o# !$e a*e, i* impo**i&le !o *a!i*#.

T$ere#ore, a *%perior7*%&orina!e rela!ion*$ip $a* no! &een mae o%! in !$e in*!an! a*e.

0(*( Ali6a3an i not no: or 3a reason to no: t3at cri$es 3a 5een co$$itte or

:ere a5o"t to 5e co$$itte 5y 3is s"5orinates

T$e o!rine o# CR a!!a$e* riminal lia&ili! #or an omission on !$e par! o# !$e *%perior !$a!i*, Dno'in, or '$en o%$! !o $a)e Dno'n !$a! er!ain rime* 'ere a&o%! !o &e ommi!!e,

$e i no! a! !o pre)en! !$eir ommi**ion. @i)en !$a! an omi**ion, a* oppo*e !o an a!, i*

&ein p%ni*$e, i! i* 'ell aep!e !$a! !$e omi**ion m%*! &e eG!remel ra)e or %lpa&le in

na!%re.6 In #a!, !$e mens rea re:%ire m%*! &e so serious that it is tantamount to maliciousintent , apart from an$ lin( %et:een the con"uct in Luestion an" the "amage that too(

place.F- Moreo)er, !$e *!anar o# proo# i* $i$er #or i)ilian leaer* $olin "e facto po*i!ion* o# a%!$ori!.< I! $a* !o &e *$o'n !$a! $e consciousl$ i*reare in#orma!ion '$i$

learl inia!e or p%! $im on !$e no!ie !$a! rime* 'ere &ein ommi!!e or 'ere a&o%! !o

&e ommi!!e.

T$ere#ore, !$e *!anar o# Dne', or o%$! !o $a)e Dno'nF oe* no! impo*e a %! %pon !$e

*%perior !o a!i)el *eeD in#orma!ion a&o%! !$e a!ion* o# $i* *%&orina!e*.100 T$e *!anar i*

limi!e !o a!%al in#orma!ion &ein a)aila&le !o !$e *%perior, on !$e &a*i* o# '$i$ $e o%l

$a)e rea*ona&l #ore*een !$a! $i* *%&orina!e* 'ere ommi!!in, or 'ere a&o%! !o ommi!

rime*.101 T$e pre*ene o# *%$ in#orma!ion anno! &e pre*%me merel #rom *!a!%*.102

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! on !$e in#orma!ion a)aila&le !o Alia$an 'a* no! alarmin 10 eno%$ !o p%!

" ele%ici.4 Prosecutor ). .alilovic, Ca*e No. IT7017"<7T (ICT? Trial C$am&er7I, Se!ion A, No)em&er 16, 2004 Seealso, Prosecutor ). Bagam%i(i, Ca*e No. ICTR77"67T (ICTR Trial C$am&er7III, >e&r%ar 24, 200"

ele%ici.! Musema. See also, Prosecutor ). /amuhan"a, Ca*e No. ICTR7474"A7T (ICTR Trial C$am&er7II, an%ar

22, 200" ( /amuhan"aF Trial of William 4on 3ee% * Thirteen 6thers, U.N. +ar Crime* Commi**ion, 128a' Repor!* o# Trial* o# +ar Criminal* 1 (1"< ( .igh omman" ase7 8 .S . ). Wilhelm list , et al ., 11

Trial* o# +ar Criminal* Be#ore !$e N%rem&er Mili!ar Tri&%nal Uner Con!rol Co%nil 8a' No. 10, -4"(1"6 71".- Commen!arie* on !$e Ai!ional ;ro!ool* o# < %ne 1-- !o !$e @ene)a Con)en!ion* o# 12 A%%*! 1".< /or"i) an" 1er(ez @I9EON BOAS AN9 +I88IAM SCHABAS, #nternational riminal 3a: Developments in the ase

3a: of the #T9 24-(8eien Mar!in%* No## ;%&li*$er*, 200. Prosecutor v. /a$ishema an" -uzin"ana, Ca*e No. ICTR74717A 0 ICTR Appeal* C$am&er, %ne 1, 2001.100 Musema.101

Bla,(i) See also, ele%ici /rnojelac.102 Semanza See also, /amuhan"a.10 ele%ici.

26



$im on $i* %ar #or rime* &ein ommi!!e. He i no! an $a)e a!%al in#orma!ion !$a!

rime* 'ere &ein or $a &een ommi!!e & $i* *%&orina!e*. I! i* onee !$a! Alia$an

are**e a rall '$i$ 'a* al*o a!!ene & 9olme. Ho'e)er, merel &ea%*e $e !alDe

a&o%! ealin *!ernl 'i!$ !$e ea!$ o# Be&e Remeee) in #ron! o# 4000 people 'o%l no!

maDe $im rea*ona&l #ore*ee !$a! 9olme 'o%l lea an arme ro%p an ommi! *%$rime*. >%r!$ermore, Alia$an $a a*De !$e mem&er* o# ?8S* o%!$ 'in !o *prea !$e

me**ae o# *el#7e#ene an $a a*De Melena !o &e pre*en! a! !$e ?%)Done riDe! *!ai%m

to provi"e cover oe* no! ena&le $im !o onl%e Dillin 'o%l &e !$e neG! loial *!ep. A!

!$i* poin!, i! ma &e no!e !$a! a *%perior* Dno'lee an onl &e pre*%me #rom recurrentcriminal acts a *inle riminal a!, ommi!!e & a *inle ro%p o# ien!i#ia&le *%&orina!e*,

$a* &een $el !o &e inae:%a!e in#orma!ion #or $im !o Dno' !$a! !$ere i* a eneral liDeli$oo

o# $i* *%&orina!e* ommi!!in rime*.10" In !$e in*!an! a*e, !$ere $a)e &een no *%$

re%rrin a!* & i##eren! *%&orina!e* an, !$ere#ore, lia&ili! anno! &e a!!a$e.

0(+ Ali6a3an too all reasona5le an necessary $eas"res :it3in 3is 4o:er to 4re;entt3e co$$ission o7 cri$es 5y 3is s"5orinates

I# a ommaner !aDe* all rea*ona&le an nee**ar mea*%re* !$a! are 'i!$in $i* po'er !o

pre)en! !$e ommi**ion o# rime* & $i* *%&orina!e*, riminal lia&ili! anno! !$en &e

a!!a$e !o $im.104 T$e rea*ona&lene** o# !$e ommaner* a!ion* epen %pon !$e eree

o# e##e!i)e on!rol !$a! $e po**e**e* o)er $i* *%&orina!e*.106 In Ale(sovs(i !$e Trial

C$am&er $el !$a! !$e po'er o# a i)ilian *%perior !o p%ni*$ or pre)en! a rime 'a* more

limi!e !$an !$a! o# a mili!ar ommaner.

T$e eree o# on!rol !$a! Alia$an eGeri*e o)er 9olme, Melena an o!$er* i* no! lear. I!

i* onl e)ien! !$a! !$e a!!ene mee!in* 'i!$ Alia$an an i! 'a*n! 'i!$in $i* ma!erial

a&ili! !o p%ni*$ !$em #or !$eir a!*. In #a!, Alia$an *ai !$a! violence is a terri%le thing F'$i$ inia!e* !$a! $e i all $e o%l !o e!er !$em #rom ommi!!in an rime.

PRA%ER

+$ere#ore in li$! o# !$e i**%e* rai*e, ar%men!* a)ane an a%!$ori!ie* i!e, i! i*

$%m&l prae !$a! !$i* Hon&le Co%r! ma

• 9elare !$a! i! oe* no! $a)e !$e %ri*i!ion !o $ear !$i* ma!!er.

• 9elare !$a! !$e a%*e* ri$! !o #air !rial $a* &een )iola!e.

• A:%i! !$e a%*e o# all $are* in !$e ini!men!.

An pa** an o!$er orer !$a! !$i* Hon&le Co%r! ma eem #i! in !$e in!ere*!* o# %*!ie.

All o# '$i$ i* $%m&l prae,

Co%n*el #or !$e Appellan!.

10"

Prosecutor ). .a"zihasanovic, Ca*e No. IT7017"-7T (ICT? Trial C$am&er, Mar$ 14, 2006.104 Bla,(i) See also, Semanza.106 ele%ici.

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Nlsiu Defence Winning Memorial 2010