NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg ;gLj ;jy ;: xU gy;ghpkhzg ;gzp · 81 `pA+ kpahy; NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg ;gLj ;jy ;: xU gy;ghpkhzg ;gzp 1. mwpKfk; 82 2. NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf ;ff; nfhs;iffs; 83 NkhJif

81

`pA+ kpahy;

NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy;;;:

xU gy;ghpkhzg;gzp

1 . mwpKfk; 82

2 . NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; ; nfhs;iffs; 83

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; nfhs;if vd xd;W cs;sjh? 83

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; nfhs;iffSf;fhd gq;fspg;Gfs 85

NkhJif nfhs;ifapypUe;J #oiktpyhd NkhJif nfhs;iff;F 89

3. NkhJifj; jPHT eilKiwfs; 95

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;; 95

$l;bizg;Gk; gy; jl ,uh[je;jpuKk; 99

eilKiwfspd; jhf;fj;ij fzpg;gply; 101

4 . KbTiu 103

5 . crhj;Jiz E}y;fSk;> Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk;. 104

82

NkhJifia khw;Wepiyahf;fk;;;:

xU gy;ghpkhzg; gzp

`pA+ kpahy;

`pA+ kpahy;

1. mwpKfk;

mjp etPd NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; Nfhl;ghL vd;why; vd;d? NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;ff; Nfhl;ghL xd;W Vw;nfdNt cs;sjh? mt;thwhapd; mjd; mbj;jsk; vd;d?

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ,f; Nfhl;ghl;il jkJ nraw;ghl;Lf;F topfhl;bahf ek;gyhkh?

NkhJiffSf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk;> ,ilaPLfspd; tpisit kjpg;gPL

nra;tjw;Fk; Ma;thsHfs; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhkh? NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;bYk;

nraw;ghl;bYk; fhzg;gLk; Fwpg;ghd mk;rq;fis milahsq;fhZtijAk;> mjd; gpujhd

gupkhzq;fis ,dq;fhZtijANk ,f;fl;Liu Nehf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. NkhJiffis

Muha;tjw;Fk; mtw;Wf;F cfe;j tpisTfisf; fhz;gjw;Fk;> mtw;wpd; tpisTfis

kjpg;gPLnra;tjw;Fk; NghJkhd mbg;gilia Mf;fNtz;Lkhapd;> mj;jifa NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;ff; Nfhl;ghL xd;W mtrpakhFk;. mj;jifa Nfhl;ghL NkhJiffspd; khWgLk;

,ay;Gf;Nfw;g njhlHr;rpahf rPHnra;ag;glNtz;baJld;> cyfshtpa NkhJiffisAk;;> NkhJif

,ila PLfisAk ; fUj ;j pnyLf ;ff ;$ba tifapy ; jw ;Nghija Nfhl ;LghLfs ;

khw;wpaikf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gij vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

,f; fl;Liuapd; Kjyhk; gpupT NkhJif epiykhw;wf; Nfhl;ghl;il NkhJif

Kfhikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;Jk;> NkhJifj; jPHTf; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;Jk; NtWgLj;jpf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mJ rpy gpujhd NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f mZFKiwfis NkYk; tpupthf

Muha;e;J> gpd;dH mit xj;jpirthd> KOikahd Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fg; gq;fspf;fpd;wdth vd

tpdTfpd;wJ. ,jidj; njhlHe;J mJ cyfkakhf;fy; #oiktpd; mbg;gilapy; NkhJiffs;

gw;wpa vkJ Ma;T r%f> gpuhe;jpa> rHtNjr #oikTfSf;F Kiwahd ftdk;

nrYj;jNtz;Lnkd tpthjpj;J> NkhJiffs; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J #oikthd NkhJiff; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F

efHjy; Ntz;Lnkdf; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. td;ikahd NkhJiffs; vOe;j fhyk;njhl;L

mit jPHf;fg;gl;lgpd;duhd ePz;l fhyg;gFjptiu ,t;NtWghl;L kl;lq;fspy; rkhjhdj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nkk;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfisAk; NkhJiffSf;Fj; J}gkpLk; fhuzpfisAk;> ehk;

MuhaTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;topahf mt;tikg;gpDs; ,g;gpupT fy;Jq; kw;Wk; mrhupd; Kuz;ghLfis

cUthf;Fk; Nfhl;ghLfis Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F tp];jupf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;>

mJ Kuz;ghl;L ,ilaPLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;> kjpg;gPLnra;tjw;Fk; mbg;gilahfg; gad;glf;$ba

tifapy; Ie;Jtifahd Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wq;fisf;nfhz;l fl;Lf;Nfhg;G xd;iwg;

gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;lhk; gpupthdJ murhq;f> murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd gpujpepjpfs;> mgptpUj;jp

Kftuhz;ikfs; murhq;frhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fs; (NGO)> NkhJifr; #o;epiyapy; cs;s cs;s+H

jug;gpdH FOf;fs; Mfpa ehd;F gpujhd nraw;ghl;Ltiffspy; epfo;e;Js;s Kuz;ghl;Lr;#oypDs;

Kuz;ghl;L khw;Wepiyahf;f eltbf;ifapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s mgptpUj;jpgw;wp Muha;fpd;wJ. ,t;Ntt;NtW

FOf;fspd; eltbf;iffisf; $l;bizg;gjpy; cs;s gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpAk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,f;fl;Liuapd; ,Wjpg;gpupthdJ NkhJif epiykhw;wj;ijr; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GNthupYk;

NkhJifr; rKjhaj;jpYk; Njitg;gLk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba tpj;jhff;fUjp thjpLfpd;wJ.

83

NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy;;;: xU gy;ghpkhzg; gzp

vz;zf;fUf;fSk; FWf;Fntl;L rthy;fSk;;

2. NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff;; nfhs;iffs;

2.1 NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; nfhs;if vd xd;W cs;sjh?

Mff;Fiwe;jJ NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff;; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fhd mbj;jskhapDk;

,lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;> ,j;Jiwapy; gy;NtWtifg;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;bayhd mZFKiwfs;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;LtUfpd;wd vd;gJk; cz;ikahFk; ,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; NtWgl;l epak cjhuzq;fisAk;>

ntt;NtWtifahd ,ilaPl;lhsHfisAk; gpujpgypg;gitahf cs;sd. (mur> murrhHgw;w

cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspthup) ntt;NtW vOj;jhsHfSk;> njhopy; GupNthUk; mbg;gilf;

fUJNfhs;fisAk;> gjq;fisAk; Kiwaw;wtifapy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. Fwpg;ghfr;

nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fk; vd;w gjk; ,j;Jiwia tpupthf tpsf;Fk;

Nehf;fk;nfhz;ljha; NkhJif Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; NkhJifj; jPHtpid xj;jjhf cs;sjh

my;yJ kw;w ,U mZFKiwfisaLj;Jk; NtWgLj;jf;$ba tifapy; jdpg;gl;l Mf;ff;

$Wfisf; nfhz;ljh vd;gJ njspthftpy;iy. vdJ thjk; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;nfd

jdpg;gl;l xU Nfhl;ghL epr;rakhf cUthfp tUfpwJ vd;gNjahFk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,g;Gjpa

Nfhl;ghL gupr;rakhd gy NkhJif Kfhikj;Jt kw;Wk; NkhJifj; jPHTf; fUJNfhSf;Nf

,l;Lr;nry;fpwJ vdTk; mj;Jld; NkhJiffs; njhlHghd toikahd Nfhl;ghLfspd;

mbg;gilapNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ vdTk; ehd; mtjhdpj;Js;Nsd;. ,jid Kw;wpYk; xU Gjpa

mZFjyhff; fUjhJ rkfhy NkhJiffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtifapy; ,j;Jiwapd; nghJikf;

fUj;Jfs; kPsikf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhff; fUjyhk;.

NkhJiffspd; ,ay;GfspYs;s rpy gpujhd khw;wq;fs; mj;jifa xU kPs;

fUj;JUthf;fj;ij mtrpag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Kjyhtjhf> rkfhy td;ikahd NkhJiffspy;

mNdfkhdit mjpfhuk; me;j];J Mfpatw;wpy; rkkpd;ikAld;> rkr;rPuw;witAkhFk;.

,uz;lhtjhf> (,j;njhFjpapy; lhd; ];kpj; mtHfspd; gq;fspg;gpidf; fhz;f) gy rkfhy

NkhJiffs; ePz;lfhyk; ePbg;gitahfTk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; td;nray;fSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;gitahfTk;>

td;nray;fshy; J}z;lg;gLgitahfTkpUe;J Rw;Wr;Roy; tbtj;Jf;F my;yJ kzp tbtj;Jf;F

vjpuhditahfTs;sd. %d;whtjhf> ePbj;j NkhJiffs; r%fj;ijAk;> nghUsjhuj;ijAk;>

mit mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;ijAk; rpijj;J> xU gf;fk; cs;s+H Nghuhl;lq;fshYk;> kWgf;fk;

MAj tHj;jfk; ntspehl;L muRfhshy; muRf;F my;yJ fpsHr;rpf;fhuUf;F MjuT Nghd;w

cyfshtpa fhuzpfshYk; J}z;lg;gl;L rpf;fyhd mtrufhy epiyikfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

,r;rpf;fyhd #o;epiyfs; NkhJifj; jPHtpy; ehk; fhZk; gpujhd Nfhl;ghLfspd; xg;gPl;lsthd

vspikf;F> Fwpg;ghf ,U jug;G Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wp> ntw;wp tpisit Cf;Ftpg;NghUf;F

Kw;wpYk; Kuz;gl;ljhf cs;sd. mtw;Wf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; gpujhd tplaq;fis mq;fPfupf;Fk;

mNjNtisapy; Gs+k;gPy;l; kw;Wk; nua;yp MfpNahupd; $w;wpd; gpufhuk; midj;JKs;spl;l

,j;JiwapDs; mtw;Wf;fpilNa jOtpf;fhzg;gLk; gpujhdkhd tplaq;fis mq;fPfupf;Fk;

mNjNtis (nuapkhdpd; gq;fspg;igg; ghHf;fTk;) %d;W ntt;NtW rpe;jidg; Nghf;Ffis

milahsq;fhZtJ gadspf;Fk;.

,k;%d;W NkhJif ,ilaPl;Lf;fhd ntt;NtW mZFKiwfis ,izg;gNjhL

NkhJiffs; njhlHghd ntt;NtW vz;zf;fUthf;fq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpwd.

NkhJif Kfhikf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfs; r%fq;fspDs;Sk;> r%fq;fspdpilapYk;

fhzg;gLk; NtWgl;l tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fspd; jPHf;fKbahj tpisthfNt td;ikahd

NkhJiffis Nehf;Ffpd;wdH. td;Kiwf;fhd kdg;ghq;F jw;NghJs;s epWtdq;fspd; tuyhw;Wj;

84

`pA+ kpahy;

njhlHGfs; fhuzkhfTk;> jhgpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug; guty; fhuzkhfTk; vOe;Js;sJ. mj;jifa

Kuz;ghLfisj; jPHg;gJ ajhHj;jkw;wjhfNt fUjg;gl;lJ. mtw;iwr; rkhspj;J> fl;Lg;gLj;jp

nraiy xJf;fp itj;J> ,ilf;fpilNa tuyhw;W Kf;fpak; tha;e;j ,zf;fk; xd;iwf;

fhZtNj rpwe;j topahFk;. NkhJif Kfhikj;JtkhdJ murpay; jPHTfis vl;Lk;nghUl;L

Fwpg;ghf mjpfhuKk;> tsq;fSKs;s NkhJk; jug;gpdupilNa jPHTfhZk; tifapy; mOj;jj;ijg;

gpuNahfpf;Fk; rf;jptha;e;j nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; nghUj;jkhd ,ilaPLfisg;

gpuNahfpf;Fk; xU fiyahFk;. mj;Jld; mJ jtpHf;f Kbahjjhf NkhJiffisg; nghUj;jkhf

topelj;Jk;nghUl;L Vw;w epWtdq;fis tbtikf;Fk; fiyAkhFk;.

GSk;gPy;l; kw;Wk; nuapypapd; $w;Wg; gpufhuk; NkhJif Kfhikj;Jtk;

NtWghLfisAk;> tpyfy;fisAk; NeuhfTk;> Mf;fG+HtkhfTk; ifahSfpd;wJ.

NkhJiffis ePf;Ftjw;fhd toptiffisg; gupe;Jiu nra;tijf;fhl;bYk;

NkhJiffisr; rkhspg;gJ> mjid vt;thW Mf;fG+Htkhff; ifahStJ>

NkhJk;; jug;gpidiu vt;thW $l;LwT Kiwapy; ,izg;gJ> NtWghLfspd;

Mf;fG+Htkhd Kfhikj;Jtk; fUjp $l;bizg;G Kiwikia eilKiwrhj;jpakhd

tifapy; vt;thW tbtikg;gJ Nghd;w tplaq;fis Muha;tjpNyNa mJ

ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

(Gs+k;gPy;l; kw;Wk; nuapyp 1998 18).

,jw;F khwhf NkhJifj; jPHTf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfs; NkhJiffspd; ,e;j mjpfhu

murpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij epuhfupg;gJld; ,d> milahs NkhJiffspy; kf;fs; mtHfsJ

mbg;gilj; Njitfis tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fKbahJ vd thjpLfpd;wdH. vt;thwhapDk;>

jug;gpdHfisAk; mtHfsJ epiyg;ghLfisAk;> mf;fiwiaAk; Ma;T nra;J> Muha;e;J>

Iag;ghLfisj; jPHj;J kPsikg;gjw;F cjtpaspf;fg;gl;lhy; NkhJiffisf; fle;Jtplyhk;

vd mtHfs; thjpLfpd;wdH. vdNt Gjpa rpe;jidiaAk;> cwTKiwiaAk; tsHf;Fk;Nehf;fpy;

jug;gpdUld; cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;w Kiwapy; gzpahw;Wk; jpwikkpf;f> MapDk; mjpfhukw;w

%d;whk; jug;gpdupd; ,ilaPl;ilNa NkhJifj;;jPHT typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. mtHfs; NkhJiffSf;F

cz;ikahd fhuzk; vd;d vd;gij Muha;tjpYk;> jug;gpdHfs; jkJ mirahepiyg;ghLfs;

jtwtpl;bUf;ff; $ba Mf;fG+Htkhd jPHTfis ,dq;fhZtjpNyNa ehl;lk; fhl;Lfpd;wdH.

mtHfspd; mf;fiw NkhJifj;;jPHthdJ vt;thW NkhJiffspi; G+[;aj;njhif mopT

tbtj;jpypUe;J NeHf;fzpaj;njhif Mf;fG+Ht tpisTfSf;F jug;gpdH vt;thW efuyhk;

vd;gijg;gw;wpaNj MFk;. 'NkhJk; jug;gpduhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk;> NkhJiffisj;

jPHg;gjpy; gaDWjp kpf;fjhAk; Njhw;Wk; NkhJif Kuz;ghl;Lj;jPHT eilKiwia" tsu;j;njLg;gNj

Nehf;fkhFk; (mrhH NgHl;ld; 1986>1)

rkfhy NkhJiffspy; epiyikfis kPsikg;gJ> ntw;wp - ntw;wp tpisTfis

milahsq; fhz;gJ Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhd Njit cs;snjd NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f

Nfhl;ghl.;lhsHfs; thjpLfpd;wdH. jug;gpdupd; fl;likg;Gk;> cwT KiwANk Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;Jf;F

mg;ghYk; gue;J nry;Yk; NkhJifj; njhlHGKiw tbtj;jpy; gjpe;jpUf;fyhk;. vdNt NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;fj; njhlHGKiwfs;> mf;fiwfs;> nrhy;yhly;fs; kw;Wk; NjitNaw;gbd;

td;ikahd NkhJiff;F Mjutspf;Fk; rKjha mikg;igNa khw;Wtjpy; <LgLk; xU

eilKiwahFk;. khw;wj;Jf;fhd gpujhd Kftuhf my;yJ Cf;fpahf tpsq;FtJ Mf;fG+Htkhd

NkhJifNaahFk;. rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; ePz;lfhy eilKiwapy; NkhJk; jug;gpduhd

kf;fs;> ghjpg ;gpw ;Fs;shd rKjhak; my;yJ kjk; nghUj;jkhd kdpjtsq;fSk;

85



nghUs;tsq;fSKs;s ntspahHfs; Mfpa midtUf;Fk; rkgq;Fz;L. ,J ntspahupd;

,ilaPbd;wp r%fk; FOf;fspd; Mjuit typAWj;Jk; mfy;tpupthd gue;j mstpyhd XH

mZFKiwiag; gpNuupf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> mJ njhluhd rpwpa my;yJ ngupa khw;wq;fs+lhfg;

gy;NtW nraw;gLeHfs; gpujhd ghj;jpuk; tfpf;ff;$ba tifapy; NkhJiffis gbg;gbahf

khw;wg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ. nyluhr;rpd; $w;Wg;gb:

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fkhdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l #oiktpDs; kdpj

fyhrhutsq;fis cs;slf;FtjhfTk;> nfsutpg;gjhfTk;> Nkk;gLj;JtjhfTk;

,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F me;j mikg;igAk; mjpYs;s kf;fisAk;

'gpur;rpidfshfTk;" ntspahiu 'tpilahfTk;|" ghHf;Fk; vkJ fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;

khw;wk; Vw;glNtz;Lk;. NkYk; rupahff; $Wtjhapd;> khw;wj;jpd; ePz;lfhy

,yf;F mikg;gpYs;s kf;fSf;Fk;> tsq;fSf;Fk; nry;Ygbepiy toq;fp NkYk;

fl;bnaOg;GtjhfTk; ehk; Gupe;J nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. (nynluhr; 1995).

2.2 NkhJifkhw;Wepiyahf;ff; nfhs;iffSf;fhd gq;fspg;Gf;fs;

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfs; jkJ vz;zf; fUf;fisg;

gy;NtWtifahd mikg;Gf;fspypUe;J ngw;wpUf;fpd;wdH. mtw;Ws; rpy goikahditahfTk;>

NtWrpy gpw rpe;jid KiwfspypUe;J ,uty;ngwg;gl;lditahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. NkhJif

cUthjy; vz;zf;fU Vw;fdNt NkhJif cUthjiy Muha;e;j INuhg;gpa fl;likg;Gf;

Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfspd; gzpKiwfspy; ,Ue;Js;sJ (c-k; nry;fh]; 1973> fpupngd;NlhHy; 1973).

MapDk;> ,w;iwtiuahd kpfTk; nry;thf;F kpf;f rhjid cs;ika vz;zf;fUf;fspd;

rpwe;j rhuq;fis toq;Fk; fy;Jq;fpd; (fy;Jq; 1996>70-126 ,y; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ) gzpahFk;.

NkhJiffs; tho;f;ifia cWjpnra;Ak;> tho;f;ifia mopf;Fk; mk;rq;fs;

,uz;ilANk nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;jhFk; . r%ff;fl ;likg;g pYs;s

xt;thj;jd;ikfs; fhuzkhf ,it vOfpd;wd. ,it kdg;ghq;fpYk;> elj;ijapYk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. cUthf;fg;gl;lJk; NkhJiffs; gy;NtW khw;Wepiyahf;fr;

nray;KiwfSf;F cl;gLfpd;wd: ,izj;jy; my;yJ KwpT> kdr;rhd;Wf;F fl;Lg;gLjy;

my;yJ fl;Lg;glhik> rpf;fyhf;Fjy; my;yJ vspikahf;Fjy; jPtpukiljy; my;yJ jzpj;jy;

( 1996 >90 ) . Kuz;ghLfspd ; vy ;iyfisf ; flg ;gjd ;%yk ; > t pl ;Lf ;nfhLg ;gjhy ; >

Kuz;ghl;Lf;fl;likg;ig Mog;gLj;Jtjhy; my;yJ tphpthf;Ftjhy; mj;Jld; nraw;gLeu;fis

,izj;J my;yJ gphpj;Jr; nraw;gLjyhy; jug;gpsh;fSf;fpilapyhd xj;jpirtpd;ikia

ePf;fKbAk; (1996 - 116). fy;Jq;> fphpg;ngz;Nlhu;g; kw;Wk; VidNahh; cyf rKjhaj;jpd;

fl;likg;Gld; cyfg;nghUshjhuj;jpYk; nghjpe;Js;s ghhpa Kuz;ghLfSf;Fk; Vida

Kuz;ghLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfis typAWj;Jfpd;wdh;.

NfHypd; gzp (1971) fy;Jq;fpd; mZFKiw mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUe;jJ.

kdr;rhd;Wf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> vjpHnfhs;sy;? ,zf;fr;Ngr;R> mgptpUj;jp eilKiw%yk;

va;jg;ngw;w rkdw;w njhlHgpypUe;J rkepiyAila njhlHGf;fhd efHT%yk; vt;thW rkr;rPuw;w

njhlHGfs; khw;wg;glf; $Lk; vd;gij mtH fz;lwpe;jhH. ,f;ife;E}Yf;fhd mtuJ gq;fspg;Gf;F

NfHypd; fUJNfhs;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l gpuhd;rp]; NghyNt> nyluhr;Rk; NfHypd;

fUJNfhs;fisNa gpd;gw ;w pdhH mfpk ;irf; Nfhl ;ghl ;lhsHfspd; gq;fspg ;GfSk;

Kf;fpakhditahf cs;sd (\hHg; 1973>NyH NgHf]; kw;Wk; NgHf]; 1994: fpshHf; 2000).

fhzpr;rPHjpUj;jj;ij vjpHf;Fk; FOf;fisg; Nghd;w Kuz;ghl;ilj; jhq;Fk; J}z;fis mfw;wp

86

`pA+ kpahy;

mtHfisr; r%f khw;wPLfSf;F Mjutspg;gjw;Fj; jpul;LtJ%yk; XH mfpk;ir ,af;fj;jhy;

Kuz;ghL epiykhw;wk; nra;a KbAk; (,d;lHe\dy; mNyHl; 1996> 22> 31> 33). rkfhy

Kuz;ghLfspd; ePbj;jjd;ikf;F xU tpsf;fj;ijj; jUtjd; %yk; ePbj;j r%fKuz;ghLfs;

Fwpj;j mrhupd; gzp (1990) Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wj; jj;Jtj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd nry;thf;ifr;

nrYj;JfpwJ. gytPdkhd muRfspd; rkfhy Kuz;ghLfspd; ,ay;GfSf;F kpfTk;

nghUj;jkhd mZFKiw xd;iwg;gw;wp mtH fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpwhH. mtuJ gzp ePbj;j

Kuz;ghLfspd; cw;gj;jp> kw;Wk; NgZif njhlHghff; ftdk;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mtupd;

,f;Nfhl;ghl;il mgptpUj;jpnra;tjd;%yk; mjid Kuz;ghl;L khw;wf;Nfhl;ghL xd;whfTk;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

cUtg; glk; I ePbj;j r%f Kuz;ghLfs; njhlHghd mrhupd; Kd;khjpup mbg;gilapy;

tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy khw;wq;ffSld; mrhupd; khjpup cU ,t; tifahd Kuz;ghLfspd;

cUthf;f epiykhw;wk; (my;yJ cUtopj;jy;) Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd;gijf;

fhl;Lk; tifapy; mJ ,q;F tpupthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cUtg; glj;jpid mrhupd; E}yp;y; cs;sthW ,lkpUe;J tykhf thrpf;Fk;NghJ

ePbj;j Kuz;ghL cUthjiy xUtH fz;lwpayhk; mJ tuyhw;Wr; re;jHg;gj;jpypUe;Jk;>

mbg;gil kdpjj;Njitfshd mZFjy;> milahsk;> ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpd; kWg;gpypUe;Jk;

mur> rHtNjr murpay; nghUshjhuj; njhlHGfs;> gilj;Jiw murpay; Mfpatw;wpy;

tfpf;fg;gLk; gq;Ffs+lhfTk; vOfpd;wJ. muRk;> ,df;FOf;fSk; jkJ cj;jpfshf

mlf;FKiwiaAk; td;ikahd vjpHg; GzHr;rpiaAk; filg;gpbj;jhy;> Kuz;ghlhdJ

mopTf;Fupajhf khWk;.

glk;kPz;Lk; tykpUe;J ,lkhf thrpf;Fk;NghJ mwpTG+Htkhd Kuz;ghL mgptpUj;jp

tbtj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sjhfTk;> mjidr; Ruz;LtjhfTk;> Ml;rpKiw jpupGgl;l tbtkhfTk;>

murpay; gilj;Jiw tbtkhfTk; khWfpwJ. ,J NkYk; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; kWf;fg;gLtjw;F

,l;Lr; nry;fpwJ. ,jd;tpisthf epWtdKiwahd rPHFiyTk;> mopitj;jUk; Kuz;ghl;L

tl;lKk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

kWGwj;jpy;> Ml;rpKiwikapYk; r%fj;jpYk; NghJkhd Mw;wypUg;gpd;> murpay;

kpfTk; ,uhZt kag;glhtpby;> mj;Jld; rHtNjr #oy; Mjutspg;gjhf ,Ug;gpd ;murhq;fq;fs;

tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jiyAk;> xj;Jg;NghjiyAk;> ,df;FOf;fs;> Kuz;ghLfspd; murpay; tbtq;fisAk;

njupTnra;ayhk;. ,J <w;wpy; rl;lepiyj;jfTs;s jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jp>

jd;dhl;rp mgptpUj;jpia tYg;gLj;jp gilj;Jiw murpaiyad;wp rptpy; murpaiyj;

jf;fitf;ff;$bajhd Mf;fG+Htkhd Kuz;ghl;L tbtj;Jf;F ,l;Lr;nry;yyhk;. ,it midj;Jk;

mbg;gilj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F cfe;jitahFk;> Kd;khjpupahdJ vspa

fl;likg;gpayhd my;yJ elj;ij Kiwahd tpsf;fq;fSf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W> Kuz;ghl;L

tbtq;fs; vt;thW kdpjj; Njitfisg; G+Hj;jpnra;tjpy;> murpay; nghUshjhu epWtdq;fSlDk;>

murpay; nraw;gLeHfspdhy; nra;ag;gLk; njupTfSlDk; ,ilj;jhf;fk; Gupfpd;wd vd;gijf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> vkJ ntt;NtW tpUg;gj; njupTfs; vt;thW NfLtpistpf;fpd;w

my;yJ eyd;gaf;Fk; Kuz;ghl;L tiffSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wd vd;w fUj;ijAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

87



Mw;wy;kpf;f tifapy; NkhJiffs; vt;thW khw;wg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;tjd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;Jk; Ntupdd;> jPHT mbg;gilapyd;wp> khw;w mbg;gilapyhd

Kuz;ghl;Lj; jj;JtNk rpwe;jJ vd thjpLfpd;whH.

'NkhJiff; Nfhl;ghLfs; gy gpur;rpid> nraw;gLeHfs;> mf;fiwfs;

Mfpatw;iw mit jug;gl ;lthNw fUJtJld; mjd; mbg;gilapy;

mtHfSf;fpilNAs;s NtWghLfisj; jzpf;Fk; nghUl;Lmy;yJ ePf;Fk;nghUl;L

jPHT xd;wpidf; fhZk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sd> ,Ug;gpDk;> r%fj;jpy; epyTk;>

r%f nghUshjhu> murpay; epiyg;ghLfs; fhuzkhf gpur;rpidfs;>

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;;> mf;fiwfs; Mfpad fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khWgLfpd;wd."

(Ntupdd; 1991>4)

mtuJ mZFKiw> mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;TrhHe;jjhfTk;> Nfhl;ghl;bayhdjhfTk;

,Ug;gpDk;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GNthH. fUj;jpnyLf;ff;$ba gytifahd

,ilaPLfisg;gw;wpAk; njuptpf;fpwJ (Ntupdd; 1991 Ig; ghHf;fTk;)

• nraw;ghl;lhsu; epiykhw;wq;fs;> jug;gpdupy; cs;sf khw;wq;fs; my;yJ Gjpa fl;rpfs;

cUthjy;.

• gpur;rpidfspy; epiykhw;wq;fs;> NkhJifg; gpur;rpidfspd; epfo;r;rp epuiy khw;wy;.

• tpjpfspy; epiykhw;wq;fs;> NkhJiffis MSk; epakq;fs; my;yJ tpjpfspy; khw;wk;.

cUtk; 01 : ePbj;j r%f NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fk; (Mjhuk; mrhu; - 1990)

Njitfs; ,aYik eltbf;ifahsu; NkhJifR+oikT

NkhJif

epiy

cUthf;fg;gl;l

mopf;ff;$ba

nghWg;Ngw;gjw;fhd

Njit Kf;fpa

khd kw;Wk;

gz;ghLfis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

re;juu;g;g

trkhd

gpd;d

fhdp

mjhtJ :

fhyzpj;Jt

cupik gy;

,dj;Jtk;>

tuyhw;W

uPjpahd

r%f

fl;likg;G

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

toq;fg;gltpy;iy

Njitf;fhd

toptiffs;

mjhtJ :

murpay; kw;Wk;

nghUshjhu

xj;Jiog;G

ghJfhg;G

Njitfs;

Nghrhf;F> tPL>

ngsjPf

ghJfhg;G

ru;tNjr nghUshjhu/murpay;

xd;wpaq;fspd; khjpup

cjtp toq;Fk;

Ruz;Lk;

Ml;rp kw;Wk;

murhq;fk;

rl;lG+u;tkhd

rl;lG+u;tkw;w

,uhZtj;jpd;

gq;fspg;G

r%f murpay;

,uhZt

murpay;

mur

eltbf;ifa-

hsu;fs;

,lk;toq;fg;gLk;

rpwg;ghdjhf;Fk;

r%f FOf;fs;

Kfq;nfhLj;jy;

Kuz;ghL

fytuk;

88

• fl;likg;G khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs;> NkhJiffspYs;s cwTKiwfspYk;> KOf; fl;likg;gpYk;>

mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpYk; khw;wk;. &grpq;f (1995> 1998) gy;Rtl;L ,ilaPLfisj; jOTk;

mfy;tpupthd> FWfpa nfhs;iff; fl;Lg;ghlw;Nwhupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; NjHe;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

mZFKiwrhHghf thjpLfpd;whH. mbkl;lj;jpy; rkhjhdf; FOkq;fisAk;> jug;gpdupilNa

rptpy; r%fkl;lj;jpYk; (,Ug;gpd;) rkhjhdf; FOkq;fis fl;bnaOg;GtijAk;> mj;Jld;

tpahghuf;FOf;fs;> Clfk;> ,uhZtk; Nghd;w khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ltuf;$ba VjhtJ

FOf;fspilNaAk; rkhjhdf;$l;lzpfis Vw;gLj;JtJgw;wpAk; fUj;Jj;njuptpf;fpd;whH.

mtH NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijAk;> NkhJifj; jPHTg; gapw;rpiaAk; ,uh[je;jpu

,ilaPLfs;> rkhjhdk; fhj;jy; cl;gl;l RtL 1 ,ilaPLfisAk; $l;bizf;Fk; tpupthd

mZFKiwahff; fhz;fpd;whH.

nynluhr;rpd; gzp (1997) NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fr; rpe;jidahsHfspd; kpfTk;

tpupthd $w;Wfspy; xd;whf ,w;iwtiu ,Ue;JtUfpwJ. mtH rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij

rkhjhdk;> ePjp NeHik> fUiz Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Ntl;ifahy; ce;jg;gl;L ePz;lfhy Aj;j

Kiwikiar; rkhjhd Kiwikahf khw;Wk; xd;whff; fUJfpd;whH.

,e;eilKiwapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs; ntt;NtW fhyg;gFjpfspy; (FWfpa> eLj;ju>

ePz;lfhy) cUthf;fg;gl;L> gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; ntt;NtW Kiwik kl;lq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;

NkhJiffspd; nrhe;j> fl;likg;gpayhd njhlHGila> fyhrhu mk;rq;fspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fshFk;.

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; ,t;thwhd xU fl;likg;gpayhd eilKiwahff;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghUj;jkhd cj;jp xd;W (kj;jpakl;lj; jiytHfSf;Fk;> NkhJk;

jug;gpdUf;Fkpilapyhd tiyaikg;Gg;Nghd;w) nghUj;jkhd Neuf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gld; (rkhjhdf;

FOkk; xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd kj;jpafhy eltbf;iffspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis>

vjpHNehf;Fk; vjpHfhyj;ijg; gw;wpa njhiyNehf;FfisAk; jw;Nghija rpf;fyhd epiygw;wpa

tpopg;GzHitAk; jOTjy; Nghd;W) njhlHGgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fl;likg;igg;gw;wp rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ

nyluhr; caH FbapdiuAk;> jPHkhdk; vLg;NghiuAk; cr;rj;jpYk;> r%f mikg;Gfs;> Myaq;fs;

kw;Wk; caHju> gj;jpupifahsHfis kj;jpakl;lj;jpYk;> rKjhaj; jiytHfis mbkl;lj;jpYk;

nfhz;l $k;gfnkhd;iwg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whH. XH mfy;tpupthd rkhjhd eilKiwahdJ

,t;tidj;J kl;lq;fspYKs;s KOepiwthf;Fk; khw;wq;fisAk; fUj;jpnyLf;fNtz;Lk;.

,e;j Kd; khjpupapd; tYnthd;W vd;dntdpy; mJ jdJ fz;Nzhl;;lj;ij

NkhJiffspypUe;J NkhJk; jug;gpdUf;F tp];jupg;gJld;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd

tsq;fisg; gue;j r%fj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Fwpapyf;ifAk; Rl;bf;fhl;LtjhFk;.

NkhJifahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpd; murpay; Kiwikapd; jd;dhl;rp eilKiw khw;wq;fSf;F

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ftdj;ijr; nrYj;JtJ xU tYf;FiwthFk;.

NkhJif ,ilaPl;Lr; #oiktpy; nyluhr;rpdhy; vOg;gg;l;L NkhJifj; jPHT

rpe;jidahsHfshy; gue;j mstpy; tpthjpf;fg;gLk; gpur;rpidahdJ> njhlHepfo;T epiyg;gLj;jy;

gpur;rpidahFk;. ve;j tifahd eltbf;if my;yJ ,ilaPL nghUj;jkhdJ; ahuhy;> vg;NghJ

vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;?. fpsh]py; (1982) NkhJiffs; mjpfupf;Fk; xd;gJ gbepiyfisg;gw;wpf;

$wpAs;shH. mtH ntt;NtW Neuq;fspy; ntt;NtW tifahd ,ilaPLfs; nghUj;jkhFnkd

thjpLfpd;whH. gp\H> fp\;ypapd; (1891) vjpu;ghuh epfo;Tf; Nfhl;ghL ,jdbg;gilapNyNa

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,ilaPLfspd; ,ay;G NkhJifg; gbepiyf;F nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtHfsJ fUj;jhFk;. NkhJiffspd; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,yFgLj;jy; mDruiz

`pA+ kpahy;

89

nghUj;jkhdJ. Mdhy; NkhJif xd;W mjp cr;repiyf;F Kidg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ mjpfhu

mbg;gilapyhd ,ilaPLfs; (my;yJ gyte;jk;> tw;GWj;jy;$l) Njitg;gLk;. nyluhr; (1997)>

NfHypd; (1971) NkhJif Kd;Ndw;w mbg;gilapyhd tw;GWj;jiyj; jtpHf;Fk; kw;WnkhU

vjpu;ghuh epfo;T khjpupia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whH.

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f ghuk;gupaj;jpDs; cs;s vOj;jhsHfs; %tif

rpe;jidahsHfSk; nghJthd NkhJif mirtpaf;fk; njhlHghd rpe;jidfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;Ls;sdH. cjhuzkhf> NkhJiffs; rpyNtisfspy; jPtpu my;yJ jzpthd #oYf;F

,l;Lr;nry;yf; $ba td;ikahd Nghf;FilaitahFk;. nghJthf> Kuz;ghLfs; tpuptilfpd;wd>

(Gjpa gpur;rpidfis cs;thq;fy;)> gue;J gLfpd;wd (Gjpa nraw;ghLfis cs;thq;fy;)

mj;Jld; jptPukhf;fg;gLfpd;wd (Gjpa ghjpg;Gw;Nwhiu cs;thq;fy;)> MapDk;> Gjpa jug;gpdH

epiykhWtjhYk;> Gjpa ,yf;Ffisg; gpd;gw;WtjhYk;> Gjpa nraw;gLeHfs; Njhd;WtjhYk;>

Gjpa njhlHGfs; kw;Wk; khw;wg;gl;l fl;likg;Gf;fs; Njhd;WtjhYk; NkhJiffs; khw;wkilaf;$Lk;.

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f Nfhl;ghl;bd; mZFKiwfs;njhlHghd ,r;RUf;fkhd

kPsha;tpypUe;J mrhH> Ntupdd; MfpNahuhy; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; rpy Nfhl;ghLfs;

rkfhy NkhJiffspd; cUthf;fj;ijAk;> khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijAk; mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;T

G+HtkhdjhfTk;> tpsf;f tpisthdjhfTk; vLj;Jiuf;fKaYfpd;wd. NfHy;> nyluhr; Mfpa

gpwupd; fUj;Jf;fs; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GNthUf;F NkhJifapypUe;J tpUk;gpa tpisTf;F

,l;Lr;nry;Yk; topiaf;fhl;Lk;tifapy; tpjpKiwf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;FupadthAs;sd. fy;Jq;fpd;

mZFKiw xU $l;bizg;ig kpf neUq;fptUfpwJ vdyhk;.

2 .3 NkhJif Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J #oiktpyhd NkhJiff;

Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F

rkhjhdk; cUfhf;fYf;fhd nry;KiwahdJ NkhJiffisj; jtpHj;jypypUe;J

NkhJiff;Fg; gpe;jpa rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F tp];jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahYk;> cyfkakhf;fypd;

fhuzkhf cs;ehl;L NkhJiffs; kPJ mjpfupj;j jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wikahYk; NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;f; Nfhl;ghLfspd; Nehf;n;fy;iyAk; mjw;F epfuhf tp];jupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. kWGwkhf>

mit gy;NtWgl;l re;jHg;gq;fspy; NkhJiffis J}z;btpLk; fhuzpfisg; gw;wpAk;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;

fhuzpfisg; gw;wpAk; ftdk;nrYj;jNtz;Lk; (ngl;b xd;iwf; fhz;f).



ngl;b 1 : gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; NkhJifia kpifg;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; kl;Lg;gj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;

VJthd

fhuzpfs;

Mokhf

jLj;jy;

cf;fpukhf;Fk;

fhuzp

cf;fpukilahj

fhuzp

cUf;Fioe;j

khw;Wk; rhjdk;

Muk;gpg;ghsu;

rkhjhdj;ij

fl;bnaOg;GNthu;

fhuzp

kpifg;

;gLj;jy;

kl;Lg;

gLj;jy;

fl;lk; Kd;

td;Kiw,lh; cf;fpukiljy; ePbj;jy; gpd; jPu;khdk;

Muk;gpg;ghsu;

ruskhf

jLj;jy;

90

`pA+ kpahy;

kWGwj;jpy;> ,j;jj;Jtq;fs; rHtNjr Kiwikapd; midj;J NtWgl;l kl;lq;fspdJk;

fhuzfHj;jhf;fspdJk;> jLg;ghsHfspdJk; ,iltpisTfis NghJkhd msT ifahSgitahf

,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. rkfhy NkhJiffs;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk; Ie;J NtWgl;l kl;lq;fis xUtuhy;

,dq;fhzKbAk;. cyfshtpa> gpuhe;jpauPjpahd> r%f> NkhJifj; jug;gpdH> kw;Wk; jdp egH

caH Fbapdu;(kpahy;> uk;];nghjhk;> Tl;`T]; 1999) ngl;b 2. Utz;lhtpd; cjhuzq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp ,e;j kl;lq;fspy; td;ikahd NkhJiff;fhd fhuzq;fspdJk;> jLg;ghsHfspdJk;

Fwpg;gpl;l cjhuzq;fisj; jUfpwJ.

ngl;b 2 ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspy; td;ikahd NkhJifSf;fhd fhuzq;fSk;> jLg;NghUk;.

kl;lk; fhuzpfSld; cjhuzk;

ru;tNjr rpWghd;ikapdupd;

cupikfs;

OSCE mikg;gpd; %ykhfr

NkhJifia jLj;jy;'

,dtu;f;f fl;rpfSf;fpilapy;

Nju;jy;

rpWghd;ikapdu; eilKiwapy;

tuf;$ba mZFKiw

[dhjpgjp OSCE MNyhriz

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

jLg;gJ njhlu;ghd

cjhuzq;fs;

cyf

gpuhe;jpa

murhq;f $ r%f

NkhJif jug;gpdu;

Nky; kl;lj;jpdh;$

ru;tNjr

gpd; fhyzpj;Jt guk;giu

nrhj;J

ghupa gpuNjrj;jpw;F NkhJif

tpuptiljy;

,df;FKk FOf;fs;

muir ifg;gw;wy;

Ll;]p ,dj;jtufSf;nfjpuhd

P̀w;W vjpu;g;G eltbf;if

P̀w;W jiytu;fisKOikahf xopf;f eltbf;if

xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy;

NkhJiff; Nfhl;ghLfis kpfTk; FWfpa Kiwapy; Nehf;fpy; mit NkhJiffs;

Vw;gLk; re;jHg;gq;fisNah> NkhJiffSf;Fr; Rakhfj; J}gkpLk; fhuzpfisg;gw;wpNah (c-

k; re;ijfs;> td;Kiwgz;ghL) fUjhJ kpf mjpfkhf NkhJk; jug;gpdH kl;lj;jpy; jug;gpdH>

gpur;rpidfs; ,yf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F $Ljy; ftdk;nrYj;JtJ GydhFk;. vt;thwhapDk;>

gpd;dzpia NkYk; tpsf;fKbAk;. cjhuzkhf> fy;Jq;fpd; NkhJiffspd; vspa Kf;Nfhz

cUthf;fypy; 'NkhJifia" '#oikthfTk;"> 'kdg;ghq;Ffis||> ||epidTfshfTk;||>

||elj;ijfis”> ||njhlHGfshfTk;||> 'cU"> fl;bnaOg;g KbAk; (2 Ig;ghHf;fTk;). ,J NkhJifapd;

mHj;jk; ngUkstpy; NkhJif vOk; re;jHg;gj;ij mbg;gilahf; nfhz;lJ vd;gij

mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. xU jug;gpdH kPJ kw;iwatupd; csg;ghq;F Kd;ida cwTfshy;

tbtikf;fg;gLk;. mtHfsJ elj;ij Kw;wpYk; vjpHj;jhf;fKilajy;y. MapDk; fle;jfhyj;jpy;

ele;jitgw;wpa epidTfspYk;> vjpHfhyj;jpy; elf;ff;$Lk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLgitapYNk

mbg;gilahfj; jq;fpAs;sJ. NkhJiff;fhd #oikT NkhJk; rKjhaj;jpdiuAk;> gue;j

rHtNjr> gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpdiuAk; cs;slf;Fk;. r%fr;#oypy; gpujhdkhd gpd;dzpahf

,Ug;git gz;ghl;L Ml;rpKiw xOq;Ffs;> epWtdq;fs; r%fg;gq;F> epakq;fs; xU

rKjhaj;jpYs;s tpjpfs;> xOf;f Kiwfs;> mjd; mgptpUj;jpg; ghij MfpaitahFk;.

cjhuzkhf> ,df;FOkk;> rpWghd;ikapdH my;yJ mur fl;likg;Gf;F rthy;fs; njhlHghd

NkhJiffspy; gpujhd gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gJ mur fl;likg;NgahFk;. cyfkakhf;fYld;

91



cs;s+H NkhJiffs; jtpHf;fKbahjthW gue;j nghUsjhju murpay; rf;jpfspd; nry;thf;Ff;F

cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it cyfpd; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; tHj;jf KjyPl;ilAk;> njhopy;

El;gtiyaikg;igAk; tYg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;fpidAk;> Mgpupf;fh> Kd;ida Nrhtpaj; A+dpad;

Nghd;w gpwgpuNjrq;fis Xuq;fl;Lk; Nghf;fpidAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jd; tpisthf>

,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; muRk;> nghUshjhuKk; eyptiltJld;> rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; muRf;F cz;ikahd

rpf;fy; epiyia cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. cs;ehl;L NkhJiffs; tYtw;w muRfs;> cyfkakhf;fypd;

jhf;fj;Jf;F Vw;g vjpHj;jhf;fq;fis fhl;l ,ayhik Mfpatw;Wld; njhlHGw;witahFk;.

njhlHGfs; vd;gJ NkhJiffs; Vw;gLk; r%fq;fspYk; mjw;F kpfTk; mg;ghy; gpw

r%fq;fspYk; cs;s ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lit. nyluhr; (1997) thjpLtJlNghy;

NkhJiffspd; ,e;j mk;rk; gpujhdkhdJ. FOf;fSf;fpilapYs;s Nkhrkhd njhlHGfs;

mNefkhd NkhJiffisj; J}z;Lgitahf ,Ug;gJld;> td;nray; Kbtile;jgpd;dUk;

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gtjpy; ,it gpujhd jilahfTs;sd.

cUtg;glk; 2 NkhJif Kf;Nfhzj;ij tpupthf;fy; ntt;NtW Kiwik kl;lq;fspy;

NkhJiffis khw;wpaikg;NghUk;> J}z;LNthUk;.

rKjhaq;fs;

mgptpUj;jp

epWtfk;

MSif

gz;ghL

khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy;

fhuzp

cjh.

jlk; 1

jlk; 11

jlk; 111

Muk;g

fl;lq;fs;

nek;GNfhs;

cjh.

MAjtpahghuk;

Gyk;ngah;e;Njhh;

gpuhe;jpa

NkhJif

rpjwpr;nry;yy;

cyf kl;lk;

gpuhe;jpa kl;lk;

mur / r%f kl;lk;

re;ju;g;gk;

epidTfs; cwTepiy

cUtk; 2 : NkhJif Kf;Nfhzj;ij tpupT gLj;jy;

gy;NtW Kiw kl;lq;fspy; NkhJif khw;W epiyg;gLj;jy; fhuzp kw;Wk; nek;GNfhy;

A B

C

92

`pA+ kpahy;

epidTfs; vd;git epiyik njhlHghd xt;nthU jug;gpduJk; r%f epu;khd

tpsf;fk; fyhrhuk;> fy;tpawpT> nrhy;yhly;> ek;gpf;if Mfpatw;why; tbtikf;fg;gl;l Gupe;JzHtpd;

xU gFjpahFk;. vt;thW FOf;fs; mtHfsJ fle;jfhyj;ij epidtpy; epWj;jp cUthf;FfpwhHfs;

vd;gJ NkhJiffis epiyg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJld>; ,zf;fg;ghl;ilAk;> fyhrhu

ghuk;gupa gzpfisAk; epiwNtw;Wtjw;F gpujhdkhf cs;sJ fhyk;> Neuk; vd;w gue;j

gpd;dzpapy; #oikT> njhlHGfs;> epidTfs; ahTk; Kuz;ghL cUthjYld; gpd;dpg;

gpize;Js;s xt;thikfs;> kdg;ghq;F> elj;ij Mfpatw;wpd; xU gFjpahFk;.

,e;j mikg;G epfo;fpd;w khw;wj;jpd; tiffs;gw;wpa rpwe;j Gupe;JzHit vkf;F

mspf;fpd;wJ. Ntupddpd; mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; ngl;b 3 Ie;J tifahd

khw;Weppiyahf;fq;fis my;yJ khw;WNthiu tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

#oikT khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; vd;gJ NkhJif epiyiknjhlHghf xt;nthU

jug;gpduJk; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; mj;Jld; mtHfsJ Nehf;fq;fspYk; Vw;glf;$ba khw;wq;fisf;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. gpuNjr Kuz;ghLfs;kPjhd gdpg;NghH Kbtpd; jhf;fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cjhuzkhFk;.

rpauhypNahdpYk;> mq;NfhyhtpYKs;s NkhJiffsiy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;

$ba 'NkhJif ituq;fis" gytPdg;gLj;jf;$batifapy; itutpahghu tpjpfspy;

cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; ePz;lJ}uk; nry;yKbahjitahFk;. cyf itukd;wk; xd;wpid

jhgpg;gJ (www.worlddiamendcouncil.com) xU ek;gpf;ifA+l;Lk; Muk;gkhf ,Ug;gpDk;>

mjdhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fk; Vw;gLkh vd;gij ,g;NghNj $Wtjw;F KbahJ.

fl;likg;G khw;Wepiyahf;fkhdJ NkhJiffspd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;gpy; mjhtJ

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> mtHfsJ gpur;rpidfs;> xj;jpirtw;w ,yf;FfSk;> njhlHGfSk; my;yJ

NkhJif epyTk; r%fk; nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; muR vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. %y cwTfis

khw;whky; rkr;rPuw;w NkhJiffis khw;w KbahJ. mj;jifa khw;wq;fs; gbg;gbahf epfOk;

Ntisapy; cs;sf ntspg;Gwr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; njhlHe;Jk; mtHfsJ Mjuit toq;fyhk;.

cjhuzkhf> ];Bt; gpf;Nfhtpd; 'fWg;gpd czHT" ,af;fkhdJ njd; Mgpupf;f FbapUg;gfspy;

thOk; Vio kf;fspd; mjpfhuk; njhlHghf tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJld;> ,d xJf;fPL

vjpHg;G ,af;fkhdJ ,d xJf;fPl;L Ml;rp KbTf;F tUtjw;F kpf Kd;dNu ntspehl;lhUf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhd tpahghuq;fspy; Kjy; nra;ahkypUg;gJnjhlHghd tplaj;jpy; mOj;jk;fhl;Ltjw;F

cjtpaJ. njd; Mgpupf;fhtpd; mz;ikf;fhy NkhJiffs;; gy Aj;jj;Jf;Fj; J}gkpLk; nghUshjhu

eydpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jhJ NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijf; nfhz;LtuKay;tJ gadw;wJ

vd;gijf;fhl;bAs;sJ.

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd;; khw;Wepiyahf;fkhdJ gq;Nfw;Nghu;fs; jkJ ,yf;Ffis

khw;Wtjw;F my;yJ NkhJif njhlHghd mtHfsJ nghJthd mZFKiwapy; khw;wq;fis

Vw;gLj;JtJ njhlHgpy; vLf;Fk; jPHkhdq;fis cs;slf;Fk; ,J rkhjhdj;ij ehLk; my;yJ

rkhjhd eilKiwia Muk;gpf;Fk; jPHkhdq;fis cs;slf;Fk; mj;Jld; mit NkhJiffspy;

epiy khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kf;fpakhdjhapUf;Fk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; khw;wj;ijAk;

cl;gLj;Jk;. mj;Jld;> mjpy; kf;fs; njhFjpfspd; mikT me;je;j murpay; jiytHfspd;

MjuthsHfspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ,J xU fl;rpapDs;spUe;Jnfhz;L

mf;fl;rpapd; epiyapy; khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;LtUNthH ngUk;ghYk; rkhjhd eilKiwapy;

gpujhd nraw;gLj;JeuhfTk;> jlk; ! jlk; !! nraw;gLeHfshd ntspahiuf;fhl;bYk; nry;thf;F

cilatHfshAkpUf;fyhk; vd;gjhy; ,J Fwpg;ghd NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd gy

topKiwfSf;F toptFf;fpwJ.

93



gpur;rpidfspy; khw;Wepiyahf;f NkhJiffspd; kj;jpapy; gpujhdtplaq;fspy;

fl;rpapduJ epiyg;ghl;il kPSUthf;Fjy; njhlHghdjhfTk;> xj;jpirT my;yJ jPHT xd;Wf;F

tUKfkhf me;epiyg;ghLfis fl;rpfs; vt;thW kPs;tiuaiw nra;fpd;wdu; my;yJ

kPsikf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ njhlHghdjhfTk; cs;sJ. tl maHyhe;J A+dpadp];l; fl;rp

gilf;fisg;Gg; gpur;rpidia tpl mau;yhe;J Nguit Muk;gk; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidapypUe;J

gpupj;J itg;gjw;F vLj;j KbT ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. NkhJif njhlHghd

gpur;rpidfspy; ||Kd;Ndw;wk;|| fhz;gJ kpfTk; nkJthfTk;> tUe;jj;jf;ftpjj;jpy; jpUg;gq;fSf;F

cl;gLitahf ,Ug;gJld; Kd;Ndw;wk; vdf; fUjg;gLtNj epr;rakhf rHr;irf;Fupajhf

cs;sJ.

neUf;fbahd re;jHg;gq;fspy; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; mjpfhuKs;s jdpeguhd jiytHfs;

my;yJ rpWFOf;fspd; ,jaj;jpy; my;yJ cs;sj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jdpg;gl;l khw;wq;fs; kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhditahf ,Uf;fyhk;. rpy ntspaf ,ilaPl;lhsHfs; ,j;jiytHfis mZfp

,e;jj; jdpg;gl;l khw;wj;ij Neubahf Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpf;fyhk; (NfHy; 1987 kpn\y;

2000). ,r; re;jHg;gj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l khw;wq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; jiytHfsp;d; ,zf;fg;ghlhd

iriffs; Kf;fpa gq;if tfpf;fyhk;.

,t;ite;J tifahd khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fSf;F NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l NkhJiffs;

cUthjy; my;yJ jLj;jy; kl;lq;fSld; cldbahfj; njhlHGilaitahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

gpur;rpid khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; toikahf mur> r%f kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLgit. nraw;ghl;lhsu;

gpr;rpid khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; Mfpait NkhJifj;jug;Gld;> mj;Jld; Nky;kl;lj;jpy;

vOgitahFk;. jdpg;gl;l epiykhw;wq;fs; jdpegHkl;lj;jpd; jpwidj; Njitg;gLj;JgitahFk;.

khw;Wepiyahf;f tiffs; mrhupd; epajpg;gbahdjhf (glk; 1 Ig;ghHf;f) my;yJ

fy;Jq;fpd; (glk; 2Ig; ghHf;f) #oiktpy; fhzg;gLtjhf ,lUg;gpDk;> NkhJif cUthf;fj;ij

gy;NtW gFjpfSld; njhlHGgLj;j KbAk; Nkhjiffspd; gpujhd #oikT> fl;likg;G>

gpur;rpid khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; mdj;Jk; re;jHg;gq;fisAk;> NkhJiffisAk; ikaj;jpy;

ngl;b.3 ( NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;JNthu;

1. R+oikT khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs;

2. fl;likg;G

khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs;

3. eltbf;if

khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs;

4. cs;slf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy;

khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs;

5. Nky;kl;lj;jpdh; / gpuGkhw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs;

ru;tNjr my;yJ gpuhe;jpa Rw;whlypy; khw;wq;fs;

rkr;rPuw;w njhlu;Gfspd; rkr;rPu; njhlu;GfSf;F khw;wq;fs; /Ml;rp fl;likg;Gfspy; khw;wq;fs; / td;Kiw njhlu;ghd

re;ijfspy; khw;wq;fs;

jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; khw;wk; / Nehf;fq;fspy; khw;wq;fs; /jug;gpdu;fSf;fpilapyhd khw;wq;fs; / jug;gpdu;fspd;rk];jhdq;fspd; khw;wk; / nraw;ghl;lhsu;fis khw;wy;

fUj;J NtWghbw;F cs;shFk; tplaq;fSf;F Gwk;ghf

nry;yy; / rhjfkhd jPu;T / mbg;gil tplaq;fis jLj;jy;

my;yJ njhLj;jy;

Njhw;wk; khw;wkiljy; / NtW epiyia vLj;jy; /kdTWjpapy; khw;wk; rkhjhdg;gLj;jYf;fhd rkpq;iQ

tif cjhuzk;

94

`pA+ kpahy;

ghjpf;fpd;wd. nraw;ghl;lhsu; jdpg;gl;l khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; Mfpait Fwpg;ghf kdg;ghq;F>

epidT elj;ij njhlHG Kiwfisg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. epr;rakhf ,it KiwNa xd;Wld; xd;W

njhlHGw;Ws;sd.

,Wjpahf ,t;NtWgl;l khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; NkhJiffspd;

fl;lq;fSlDk;> ,ilaPLfspd; Neuf;fzpg;GlDk; NkYk; njhHGw;Ws;sd. #oikthd khw;wq;fSk;>

fl;likg;G khw;wq;fSk; ePz;lfhy mtfhrj;jpy; eilngWtJld; NkhJiffspd; mikg;igAk;

ghjpf;fpd;wd. gpwtifahd khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; NkhJiffspd; ,af;ftpaypd; xU gFjpahfj;

JupjkhfTk;> tupirf;fpukkhfTk; epfo;fpd;wd. khw;wq;fisj; njhluha; mikj;jy; epiyikapd;

epahag;gb xt;thU rkhjhd eilKiwAlDk; NtWgLk; (tl maHyhe;J tplak; njhHghf

ngl;b 4 Ig; ghHf;fTk;). kpf vspa NkhJiffspy; kl;LNk NkhJifkhw;wk; tpiuthd my;yJ

cldb eltbf;ifahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf jdpg;gl;l eltbf;iffis kjpg;gpLtJ

kpfTk; fbdkhFk;.

ngl;b 4 tlmaHyhe;J NkhJiffspy;; khw;Wepiyahf;fk;; Vw;gLj;jpNahH

kpfTk; jPtpukhff; ifahsg;gl;l NkhJiffSs; xd;whfTk; ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; kpfTk; fbdkhd NkhJiffspy; xd;whfTk; tl maHyhe;J NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpd; gy gbg;gpidfis mspj;Js;sJ. ,jd; ntt;NtW

epiyfspy; khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpd; Ie;J kl;lq;fSf;Fkhd rhd;Wfis ehk;

fhzyhk;. NkhjiffSf;fhd #oikT gpupj;jhdpa Iup\; r%fq;fspd; ePz;lfhy

khw;wq;fs;> INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp> gdpg;NghH KbT Mfpatw;why;

khw;wg;gl;lJ. jPtpu Njrpathj fl;rpapdupilNa ,jw;FKd;gpUe;j rkr;rPuw;w

njhlHgpidr; rkg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhd cwtpidAk;> ek;gpf;ifiaAk;

mgptpUj;jp nra;jgpd;dH> NkhJiff; fl;likg;ghdJ khw;wkile;jJ. nrawghl;lhsu;

khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs;> gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jpy; khw;wk;> rpd; ngapd;

jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; rpe;jidapy; mbg;gil efHT |A+dpadp];l;|| ,ilNa gpupTk;>

khw;wKk; mlq;fyhd gpur;rpid khw;Wepiyahf;fkhdJ ngupa nts;sp xg;ge;jj;jpy;

,U fyhrhu ghuk;gupaq;fspdJk; epahaj;ij> xj;jpirthf;fp Iup\; gpupj;jhdpa

Ml;rpKiwg; gupkhzq;fis tYg;gLj;Jk; epWtdq;fis jhgpg;gij cs;slf;Fk;.

,it midj;Jk; jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpYk; caHFbapdu; kl;lj;jpYk; kdjpy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wq;fspy;yhky; epfo;e;jpUf;fKbahJ. ,Ue;jNghJk;> xt;nthU

gUtKk; gpupT> gak; vd;w #oiy kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ NkhJiffs;

epiyj;Jj; njhlHfpd;wd. tl maHyhe;J ntt;NtW RtLfspy KOepiwthf;Fk;

mDFKiwf; fl;likg;G fyhrhu mZFiffs;kPJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cjhuzkhFk;

(Gs+k;gPy;l; 1997). cjhuzkhf> mbg;gilapy; rKjhaj; njhlHGfs; kd;wj;jpd;

mikjpahd gzpfs; ,sk; murpay;thjpfspilNa mikjpahd ciuahlYf;F

trjpnra;J nfhLf;FKfkhf NghJkhd ek;gfj;jd;ikia cUthf;fpAs;sd

(gpl;];ly; 1999). ,e;j rkhjhdeilKapYk;> mj;Jld; rKjhaq;fSf;fpilapyhd

ePz;lfhy eilKiwapYk; ||rptpy; r%fj;jpd;|| gq;fpidg;gw;wp ehk; ,d;Dk;

njspthfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;stpy;iy. nfhr;Nud; kw;Wk; ld; (2002) Mokhd kjpg;gPL

xd;iw toq;Ffpd;wJ.

95



NkhJiffs; kw;Wk; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f ,af;ftpay; Mfpad NkhJiffisf;

ifahSk; r%f kw;Wk; rHtNjr ,aYikAlDk; njhlHGw;wJ. nghJthf> epahakhd tpjpfSk;>

epakq;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l epWtdq;fSs;s> khw;wq;fis mikjpahdKiwapy; ifahSk;

r%fq;fspy; ,j;NjHr;rpahdJ caHthf ,Uf;ff; $ba rhj;jpaf;$W cs;sJ. ,t;thNw>

jPtpukhd NkhJif Aj;j fhyj;jpy; mr;RWj;jg;glyhk; my;yJ mbapy; js;sg;glyhk;. mrhupd;

glk; 1y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s mrhupd; Nfhl;ghl;bd; jpUj;jg;gl;l ciu gpupTgl;l r%fq;fspy;

NkhJif ,af;ftpaYf;Fk;> NkhJif ifahsYf;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlHigf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

Mf;fG+Htkhd NkhJiff; ifahsy;> mjd; r%fepWtdq;fs; NkhJiffisr;

rkhjhdkhf ifahSk; ,aYik kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; Mfpatw;wpy; r%fk; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;ifia

tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. NkYk;> mJ NkhJiffspd; njhlHGfis khw;WtNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ>

r%fj;jpd; Ml;rpKiwiaAk; NkhJiffisf; ifahSk; NjHr;rpiaAk;> rkhjhdkhd

khw;wj;ijAk; tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

kWGwj;jpy; mopitf; nfhzUk; NkhJif> NkhJiffspy; gq;Nfw;NghupdJk;>

VidNahupdJk; ;Nrjq;fs; jPtpukiltij tpisTWj;Jk;. NkYk;> mtHfsJ Ml;rpKiw

cl;gl xj;Jiof;Fk; jpwd;> nghUshjhu xOq;F> r%fj;jpd; midj;J mikg;GfSk; Kw;whf

rPHFiytilfpd;wJ.

,e;j tpupthd Nfhl;ghl;bay; rpe;jidfs; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f eilKiwfis

Muha;e;J kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; xU fl;Lf;Nfhg;igg; gupe;Jiu nra;tJld;> NkhJiffisf;

ifahStjpy; rHtNjr ,aYikapd; ,ilntspfisAk;> eypTfisAk; ftdj;jpnyLf;fpd;wd.

3. NkhJifj; jPHT eilKiwfs;

3.1 NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;;

toikahf> NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpy;; gy;NtW eilKiwfisg;; gad;gLj;Jk;

gy nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; <LgLtH. ,tHfisr; rkfhy eilKiwfspd; mgptpUj;jpia tbtikf;Fk;

ehd;F gpujhd FOf;fshf tifg;gpupTgLj;jyhk;.

• muRfSk;> murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd mikg;GfSk;

• mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kdpjNea mikg;Gfs;.

• NkhJifj; jLg;G kw;Wk; epiykhw;wk; Mfpatw;wpy; <Lgl;Ls;s rHtNjr murrhHgw;w

mikg;Gfs;.

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fspYs;s NkhJifj; jug;gpdUk;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpw FOf;fSk;.

,it xd;W$Lk;NghJ vOk; gpur;rpidfisg;gw;wpg; guprPypf;fKd;dH xt;nthU

FOtpdJk; jdpj;Jtkhd eilKiwfs; rpytw;iw kpfTk; RUf;fkhf Muhatpiofpd;w jlk;

1 ,d; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;;> mur> murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd mikg;Gfs; kw;watHfisf;fhl;bYk;

kpFe;j nry;thf;FilatHfshtH. Vnddpy;> ,tHfsJ nra;Kiwfs; kpfTk; NeubahfTk;

tYthfTk; NkhJifj;jug;gpdh; kPJ jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;JtJld; mtHfsJ ,ilaPLfspd; NeH

tpisTfSk;> kiwtpisTfSk; nghJkf;fs; ghHitapYs;sd. 1990fs; G+l;u]; G+l;u]; fhypapd;

'rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd epfo;r;rp epuy;" vd;w E}ypy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rkhjhdj;ijf;

fl;bnaOg;Gjy;gw;wpa tpupthd fz;Nzhl;lj;ijr; nray;gLj;jy;njhlHghd If;fpa ehLfspd;

ek;gpf;ifjuf;$ba fl;lj;Jld;> fk;Nghbah> ekPgpah> mq;Nfhyh> nkhrhk;gpf; vy; ry;tNlhH

mlq;fyhd mz;ika rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghLfSld; Muk;gkhapd.

96

`pA+ kpahy;

,t;tplaq;fspypUe;J I.eh rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; nghJthd xU khjpup

cUthfpAs;sJ. ,J vjpHj;jug;gpdiu epiyFiyj;jy;> epuhAjghzpahf;fy;> Nghuhspfis

cupa ,lj;jpy; itj;jy;> NjHjiy elj;Jtjw;fhd murpayikg;G eltbf;ifis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ijj; jhgpj;jy;> gapw;rp cl;gl rptpypad; murhq;fj;Jf;Fk;>

cl;fl;likg;Gf;Fk; Mjutspf;Fk; eltbf;iffs; mj;Jld; Njitg;gbd; cs;s+H nghyPrpd;

Nkw;ghHit> kdpj cupik eltbf;iffs; fl;likg;igg; Gduikj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd

,k;khjpup Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpaspg;gjhfj; Njhw;wpaJld; ekPgpah> nkhrhk;gpf; Nghd;w rpy

tplaepfo;Tfspy; Aj;jj;jpypUe;J rkhjhdkhd NkhJiffs; kPz;Lk; Njhd;wpd. IehTk;>

ngupa muRfSk; ,e;eltbf;iffspypUe;J njhlHe;J ghlq;fisf; fw;W tUtJld;>

rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; eltbf;iffSf;F cjTfpd;wd. c-k; ,dj;Jt ngh];dpah>

nfhNrhNth. rHtNjr ,ilaPLfs; ,tw;wpy; Nghiu epWj;jpapUg;gjhfj; Njhw;wpdhYk;>

mbg;gilahd Kuz;ghL vt;tsTJ}uk; epiykhw;wg;gl;Ls;snjd;gJ kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt

cs;sJ. ,dj;Jt Njrpathj jiyikj;Jtq;fs; njhlHe;Jk; ,Ue;JtUtJld; ,dj;Jt

gpuTfspd; ajhHj;jepiy mbg;gilapyhd jPHTfs; rkhjhdj;jpy; ,g;gpu pTfisg;

ghJfhj;Js;sd.

,e;j caH Kf;fpak;tha;e;j tplaepfo;Tfs; gpsTgl;l rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpd;

fzprkhd msT <lhl;l epiyf;Fg;gpd;dH tYf;fllhakhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l jPHTfs;

njhlHghditahFk;. ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NkhJiffs; mit tYtilAKd; jLf;fg;gl;L

mj;Jld; Mokhd my;yJ fl;likg;ghd kw;Wk; ,yFthd my;yJ nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd

NkhJifj;jLg;Gg; gzpfs; xd;whf ,ize;J nraw;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F NkJifr; #oikT

kw;Wk; r%fq;fspd; fl;likg;G vd;gtw;wpyhd cz;ikahd khw;wq;fs; rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

epiykhw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.

cjhuzkhf> v];Njhdpahitg; nghWj;jtiu INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; ];fz;bNetpa

murhq;fq;fspd; MjuTld; Njrpa rpWthd;ikapdUf;fhd OSCE caH ];jhdpfupd; gpugykhd

,ilaPLfs+lhf Vw;gl;bUf;ff;$ba Xu; ,dj;jt NkhJifg; gFjpahfj; jtpHf;fg;gl;lJ.

khw;Wepiyahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l nghUshjhur; #oikT u\;a nkhopNgRk; r%fj;jpdUf;fhd

Cf;Ftpg;Gfis khw;Wtjw;F gFjpahf cjtpd. NkYk;> FWf;F ,dj;Jt thf;fspg;Gf;fhd

Cf;Ftpg;Gfis cUthf;fpa NjHjy; Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik Nkyjpf gpujhd

fhuzpahFk;. ,jd;tpisthf ,dj;Jt murpaypypUe;J nghUshjhu> gpuhe;jpa mf;fiwAila

FOf;fspd; murpaYf;fhd XH ,ilkhw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. v];Njhdpauy;yhj murpay;thjpfs;

v];Njhdpa fl;rpfspy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJld;> v];Njhdpa kj;jpa fl;rp jkJ mf;fiwfis

Nkk;gLj;Jk; xU fUtpahf u\;a nkhop NgRgtHfspd; Nguhjuitg; ngw;wJ. ,J 1991 ,d;

gpd;dH v];N;jhdpa #oikT khw;wj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l NkhJif Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;Fk;>

,dj;Jt ,zf;f mZFKiwfSf;Fkhd xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpahFk;.

,uz;lhtJ tifahd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhd

Kftuhz;ikfshtH. 1980> 1990 fspy; ,k;Kftuhz;ikfs; Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpg;Gw;w r%fq;fis

kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; Mfr;nryTkpf;f gzpapy; <Lgl;lJld;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtij

Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;%yk; mgptpUj;jpf;F Vw;glf;$ba Nrjj;Jf;Fg;

gjpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;ldH. rpy re;jHg;gq;fspy; mtHfsJ eltbf;iffs;> cjhuzkhf

nkhrhk;gpf;fpy; NjHjy; fisj; jpl;lkpl;lgb elhj;Jtjw;Fk; (RENAMO) upehNkhit murpay;

fl;rpahf epiykhw;Wtjw;Fk; nfhilahspfs; MjuT toq;fpaJNghy; Iehtpd; rkhjhdj;ijf;

97



ngl;b 5 tl nfd;ahtpy; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fg; gzpfs;

tl nfd;ahtpy; tuz;l epyj;jpd;kPJ mjpfupj;JtUk; mOj;jk; ghuk;gupa

fhy;eil tsHg;gpy; fyh\;epNfht; fyhrhuj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jy;Nghd;w

fhuzq;fshy; ehNlhb MaHghb rKjhaj;jpdupilNaAk;> mJNghyNt MaHfs;

kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik nra;NthupilNaAk; NkhJiffs; tp];jupf;fg;gl;L

jPtpug;gLtjw;F topNaw;gl;lJ. JHfhdh kw;Wk; NghNfhl; my;yJ Nrhkhyp

kw;Wk; nghuhdh Nghd;w tuyhw;W vjpupfs; rKjhaq;fs;$l jw;NghJ Aj;jj;jpy;

%o;fpAs;sd. ,e;j MaHFy rKjhaj;jpid ,uhZtkag;gLj;jpaik

nfd;ahtpdJk;> mz;ilg;gpuNjrq;fspdJk; ghJfhg;gpy; jPtpukhd jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpaJld;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fspidAk; Nrjg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jw;Fg;

gjpy;eltbf;ifahf xf;];ghk; mikg;G 1997 ,y; guhFth Nka;r;ry;

e pyf ; fUj ; j p l ; lj ; j py ; cs ;s + H Kj p Nah Hk PJ ek ; g p f ;ifitj ;J

rkhjhdg;Ngr;RthHj;ijf;F trjpnra;JnfhLj;jJ. ,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; xf;];ghkpdhy;

fl;bnaOg;Gk; eltbf;iffspy; MjuTtoq;fpd. gpw re;jHg;gq;fspy; Nrhkhypahtpy;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; mfjpfSf;F nfhilahspfs; Mjutspj;jJNghy; murpay;

jplkw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpUg;jpiaf;Fiwf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; Neubahf NkhJiffisj;

jzpf;Fk;tifapy; mgptpUj;jp cjtp topelj;jg;glyhk;. ,stajpduhd Nghuhspfis

kPspizg;gjw;F my;yJ tptrhaf;fhzpfisg; Gduikj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;F Mjutspf;Fk;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; rkhjhdj;ijf;fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; cjtf;$ba mgptpUj;jpg;gzpfSf;F

cjhuzkhFk;. ,aYik mgptpUj;jp> cs;ehl;L NkhJiffisf; ifahStjw;F MjuT

toq;Fjy; MfpaitAk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. tl nfd;ahtpy; xf;];ghk; NkhJif

epiykhw;wg;gzp mj;jifa gzpfSf;F xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cjhuzkhFk; (ngl;b 5

Ig;ghHf;fTk;).

mgptpUj ;j p cjtp epr ;rakhf jpl ;lkplg ;gl ;l my;yJ jpl ;lkplg ;glhj

tpisTfisf;nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;> rpyre;jHg;gq;fspy; cjtp NkhJifj;jug;gpdhy;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l gpd;dUk; njhlHe;J G+ry; ePbf;Fk;. NkhJiffs;kPJ mgptpUj;jp

Ntiyj ;j pl ;lq ;fs pd ; jhf ;fj ;ij kj pg ; g PL nra ;Ak ; Rl ;bfspd ; fl ;Lf ; Nfhg ; G

xd;iwj;jhgpg;gJkPjhd elg;Gg;gzp rpwe;j kjpg;gPl;bid Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;Fj; Njitahd

fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpd;; Njitiag; G+Hj;jpnra;tjw;F XusT toptFf;fpwJ. (,j;njhFjpapy; khHf;

n`hg;khd;> Nkup md;lHrd; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;gpidg; ghHf;fTk;). mj;jifa Rl;bfspd;

rl;lfk; xd;W NkNy $wg;gl;lJNghd;w Kuz;ghLfspd; KOnkhj;j epiykhw;wj;ijg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba fl;Lf;Nfhg;G xd;Wld; ,ize;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,j;Jiwapy; mgptpUj;jp

Kftuhz;ikfs; mjpfupj;j Kf;fpaj;JtKk;> nry;thf;Fk; ciladthf ,Ue;j NghJk;>

mtHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l NkhJiffis khw;Wepiyahf;Ftijj; jkJ gpujhd nghWg;ghff;fUjhJ

(,g;gzp ,d;dKk; GjpajhfTk;> guPl;rpf;fg;glhjJkhfTs;sJ.) gpwuJ gzpfSf;F MjuTk;

Cf;ftpg;Gk; toq;FtijNa nghJthf jkJ gpujhd gzpahff; fUJfpd;wd. MfNt>

mNdfkhd NkhJif khw ;Wepiyahf ;fg ; gzpfs; murrhHgw ;w mikg;GfsplNk

tplg;gl;Ls;sd.

98

`pA+ kpahy;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;LtUk; gzp> gpujhd mk;rkhdJ ,k; kf;fspd; nfsutk; kw;Wk;

ed;dlj;ij xOf;fnewpNfhitfSf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; Kaw;rpAk;> guFth Maupd;

nrhy;tof;F kw;Wk; ,dj;Jtg; gFg;gha;tpD}lhf (Nfhdh 1999) mtHfsJ

NkhJiffisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJkhFk;. ,e;jtifapy; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd

rKjhaj;jpYs;s ngz;fs; FOnthd;W 27 mur mikg;Gf;fisAk;> tlfpof;F

nfd ;a ht pYs ;s murr h H gw ; w mikg ; GfisAk ; xd ; w pizf ;Fk ;

tiyaikg;gpidf;nfhz;l t[pH rkhjhd mgptpUj;jpf;FOit epWtpaJ. ,f;

FOthdJ Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gapw;rpaspj;J> 1993 ,y; Aj;j

epWj;jnkhd;Wf;F gq;fspg ;Gr ; nra;Js;sJld; gpuNjrj;jpy ; cs;s+H

NkhJiffisj; jLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapYk;> jPHf;Fk; Kaw;rpapYk; njhlHe;Jk;

<Lgl;LtUfpd;wJ. (NkhJifj; jLg;Gf;fhd INuhg;gpa muq;F (1999> 152> 1999>

b1> 243 - 47)

,q;F Muhag;gl;l nraw;ghl;lhsu; FOf;fs; midj;jpYk; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff;

Nfhl;ghLfSf;F $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ murrhHgw;w mikg;GfNsahFk;. nyluhr;irj;

njhlHe;J murrhHgw;w mikg;Gr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ePz;lfhyg;gFjpf;F epiyNgwhd kl;lj;jpyhd

<Lghl;ilg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wdH. mtHfs; NkhJifj; jug;gpDs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk; cs;s

kf;fSld; neUq;fpg; gzpahw;wp Kuz;ghLfSf;fhd %yfhuzk; gw;wpa Mokhd Gupe;JzHitg;

ngwKay;fpd;wdH. mtHfs; ciuahlYf;fhd xU tha;g;G mtfhrj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk;> rkhjhdk;

Nehf;fpa ghijapy; cs;SH my;yJ Njrpa khehLfisAk;> nraykHT epiyNgwhf

elhjJtjpYk;;> mgptpUj;jpf;fhd fisAk; re;jHg;gq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjpYk;> ePz;lfhy

mbg;gilapy; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk;> njhlHGfs;> kw;Wk; epWtdq;fisf;

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; ftdk;nrYj;Jfpd;wdH.

RtL II nraw;gLeHfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwfSk;> fUtpfSk; cs;s+H FOf;fs;>

r%f ,af;fq;fs;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; FOf;fSf;F Mjutsp;j;jy;> tYg;gLj;jy;>

gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F mjpfhukspj;jy;> epWtdKiw mgptpUj;jp tiyaikg;Gg;gapw;rp

Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Fk;. ,t;tifahd gzpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cjhuzkhdJ cs;s+H

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; $l;bizg;Gld; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l gp[papYs;s ,yz;ldpypUe;J ,aq;Fk;

murhHgw;w (CR) epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhFk;.

k h w ; W t hf ; fs p g ; G Kiwik > mj p f h u g ; g q ; f P L Mf p ait

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd;Ngupy; 1996 ,y; Gjpa murpayikg;Gj; jPHTf;F Fwpg;ghd

gq;fspg;Gey;fpa mikg;ghd gp[papYs;s gpui[fs; murpayikg;G muq;Ff;F CR

Mjutspj;jJ (,izf;fg;ghl;L %ytsq;fs; 2000) Jujp\;ltrkhf 2000 Nk khjk;

gp[papNyw;gl;l ,uhZt rjpg;Gul;rp> FWfpa mbg;gilahd murhq;fk; kPz;Lk; Vw;gl;lik

Mfpad ,j ;jifa gzpa py ; vj pHnfhs ;sg ;gl ;l jlq ;fy ;fis kpfj ;njspthf

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. gzpapd; xU Kf;fpa Njitepge;jid FOf;fspd; $l;bizg;Gld;

kpfr; rpwg;ghf mgptpUj;jpnra;ag;gl ey;y Kuz;ghl;L Ma;thFk; (ngl;b 6 Ig; ghHf;fTk;).

fhyj;NjhL khWgLk; NkhJiffspd; ,af;ftpaiyg; gpd;njhlUtJ vd;gJ nghUj;jkhf

mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Nfhl;ghl;bd;kPJ nrayhw;wNtz;ba xU tplag;gug;ghFk;.

99



ngl;b 6 NkhJif Ma;T

NtH (1979) ,d; NkhJif> tiuglj; jpl;lkply; topfhl;b %yk;

NkYk; ngWkjpahdjhfTs;sJ. kpf mz;ika topfhl;bfis kpahy; uk;];nghjhk;>

Tl;`T]; (1999>92-3) Gs+k;gPy;l;> nuapyp (1998> 41-43) ypnahd;`hHl; (2000)

MfpNahupd; gzpfspy; fhzyhk;. mbg;gil cj;jpahdJ nraw;gLj;JeHfs;>

mf;fiwnfhz;NlhH> gpur;rpidfs;> njhlHGfs; Mfpatw;iw milahsk;; fhl;Lk;

NkhJiffisg; glk;gpbj;J> gpd;dH khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ltuf;$ba jFjpAila

nrw ;ghl ;lhsu ;fis> %d;whk ; jug ;g pdiu my;yJ tha ;g ;GtsKs;s

rkhjhdj;njhlHGfis milahsq;fhZtjhFk;. kpfTk; tsHr;rpAw;w NkhJif

fz;lwpAk; topahdJ Neufhyj;NjhL vr;rupf;ifnra;Ak;nghUl;Lk;> jhf;fq;fis

kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; nghUl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NkhJiff;fhd Rl;bfs;kPJ

jq;fpapUf;Fk; (\;kpl; 1997> n[hq;khd; 2000> ,j; njhFjpapy; gnyd;N`hy;rpd;

gq;fspg;gpidf;; fhz;f).

,WjpahTk;> gpujhdkhfTk; jkJ nrhe;j NkhJiffspy; khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fisf;

nfhz;LtUtjw;fhd mjp$ba nghWg;Gk;> re;jHg;gKk; cs;s+H nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;Nf cz;L.

NkhJifj; jug;gpdupypUe;J Njhd;wp ciuahly;fSf;Fk;> murpay; mtfhrtha;g;Gf;Fk;

toptFg;gjpy; gpujhd gq;F tfpf;Fk; ||epiyA+d;wpa %d;whk; jug;gpdUk;|| cs;sdu;. - cjhuzkhf>

tl maHyhe;jpy; N[hd; `pA+k; rpd; ngapdpy; murpay;tbt Nghuhl;lq;fisNehf;fp efUk;

elj;JeH khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ltuf;$ba murpay; fl;rpfSf;fpilNa cs;s FOf;fs;>

tl maHyhe;J FNshehHl; Jwtpklj;jpdhy; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;lthW murpay; fl;rpfspilNaAk;>

cs;s+H r%fj;jpdupilNaAk; ghynkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ngUk; nry;thf;iff; nfhz;Ls;s

rptpy; r%f nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; cs;s+H mur rhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fs;> mj;Ld; tuyhw;W epidTfs;

,zf;fg;ghl;L gpur;ridfspy; fuprdk; fhl;Ltjd;%yk; fyhrhu ghuk;gupaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;

kw;Wk; kPspzf;fg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s nfhupkPyh rKjhak; vd;Nghu; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;Gfis

toq;fpdH. Kuz;ghLffspy; ,e;j mikjpiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; gzpapd; jhf;fq;fs; vt;tsT

vd ngUkstpy; kjpg;gpLtJ fbdk; MapDk;> rpwpa mstpy; mjdhy; va;jf;$ba jdpg;gl;l

FO khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; $Hikahf czug;gl;Ls;sd.

3.2 $l;bizg;Gk;> gy;Rtl;L ,uh[je;jpuKk;

gpw RtLfspy epfOk; ,ilaPLfSld; gaDWjpAld; vt;tsT rpwg;ghfg;

gzpahw;wKbAk; vd;gJ NkhJif khw;Wepiyakhf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd xU Fwpg;gpl;l rthyhFk;.

rpyrkaq;fspy kpfTk; gaDWjpahd tpla epfo;tpy; $l;bizg;Gfs; epfOk;> cjhuzkhf

krpNlhdpah tplaepfo;tpy; Nghd;W (ngl;b 7 Ig; ghHf;f).

vt;thwhapDk;> mNefkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtW RtLfspYs;s cs;sf> ntspthup;

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;; mNefkhf khWgl;l Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ltHfshAs;sdH. newpfSf;fpilNa

Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fis Nehf;Fkplj;J ,J Mr;rupakhdjy;y. cjhuzkhf> NkhJiffSf;F

td;Kiwaw;w jPHT xd;iwf;fhztpioAk; XH mikg;G jPHT xd;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;L

cs;s+H Gul;rpahsHfs;kPJ mOj;jk; nfhLf;FKfkhf gyte;j Kiwfspy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; XH

100

`pA+ kpahy;

murhq;fj;Jld; xj;Jiog;gJ fbdkhFk;. kWGwk; ntspehl;L mikr;Rf;fs; ,uh[je;jpuj;jpy;

murrhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fs; jiyapLtij toikahf tpUk;Gtjpy;iy.

mur kl;lj;jpyy;yhj NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; NkhJifg;

;gpuNjrj;jpd; fyhrhuk;> gpw nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; ,yf;Ffs;> kl;Lg;gLj;jy;fSf;fhd $UzHTld;

mtHfsJ Nehf;fq;fisj; njhluNtz;Lk;. jkJ nrhe;j Ntiyia mtHfsJ eltbf;iffshy;

ghjpg;Gwr;nra;Ak; gpw nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;;kPJ jhk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jKbahnjd;gij mtHfs;

vg ;NghJk ; e pidtpy ; ,Uj;Jjy;Ntz;Lk ; . NkYk; > NkhJif khw ;Wepiyahf ;fk ;

NkhJifg;gpuNjrj;Jf;F ntspNa cs;s RtL 1 mikg;Gfspd; nfhs;iffis khw;WtJld;>

njhlHGw;wjhapUf;Fk;NghJ mtHfsJ gzp NkYk; gue;jjhff; $Lk;. cjhuzkhf> NkhJiffs;kPJ

cyftq;fp Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jnkd;gJ mjpfstpy;

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtHfsJ nfhs;iffs;kPJ nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk;nghUl;L elhj;jg;gLk;

,af;fq;fs; ,t;thwhf NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fg;gzpfspd; xOq;fhd xU gFjpahfNt

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

ngl;b 7

krpNlhdpahtpy; $l;LwTg; gy;Rtl;L ,uh[je;jpuk; ntt;NtW RtLfspd; gy;NtW

Kd;Kaw;rpfs; cz;ikapy; KOepiwthf;Fgitahf tpsq;Fk; xU epiyikiaf;

fhzyhk; Njrpa rpWghd;ikapdHkPjhd OSCE caH ];jhdpfH (ntspthupr; RtL

I) ];Nfhg;[papYs;s jpwe;j r%fepWtfj;Jld; (cs;sfr; RtL III) ,ize;J

gy;fiyf;fofg; gpur;rpidf;F gy ,zf;fg;ghl;Lj; jPHTfis Kd;itj;jhu;.

Kd;ida A+Nfhy;Nytpah (RtL I) kPjhd rHtNjr khehL krpNlhdpahTf;Fk;>

,dj;Jt NrHgpaHfSf;Fkpilapy; xH ,zf;fg;gl;ilf; nfhz;Ltu Kad;w

mNjNtis> jilfis KbTf ;Ff ; nf hz ;Lte ; j f p u P] ; kw ;Wk ;

krpNlhdpahTf;fpilapyhd xg;ge ;jj;ij (RtL I) jpUN`hy;G&f;Fk;

mnkupf;fmurhq;fKk; nra;J nfhz;ld. ,U rKjhaq;fspdJk; nghJthd

Njitfisg; G+Hj;jpnra;af;$batifapy; ePz;lfhy epo;r;rpfis Fwpg;ghf>

midtiuAk; cs;slf;Fk; gj;jpupifj; njhopiy Nkk;gLj;jy;> nghJthd fyhrhu

kuGupikf;fhd kjpg;igAk; mj;Jld; #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ,U r%fq;fspdJk;

Kaw;rpfs; rk;ge;jkhf murrhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; nghJepiyg;ghl;Lf;fhd

Njly;> ntspafr; RtL III I mgptpUj;jp nra;jdu;(mf;fHkhd; 2000). ,U

rKjhaq;fSf;FkpilNa gjl;lepiy jPtpukhf ,Ue;J te;jJld;> nfhNrhNth

Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfshy; ,J NkYk; jPtpug;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. cz;ikapy; 2000 Nk

[{d; Aj;jk; rptpy; Aj;jkhf khwf;$ba mr;RWj;jy; ,Ue;jJ. FOf;fspd;

milahsj;ijAk;> me;j];ijAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjiy mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l

,zf;fkpd;ikfs; jPHf ;fg ;gltpy;iy vt;thwhapDk; ghuSkd;wj;jpy ;

,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd $l;lzp (RtL I) njhlHe;Jk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. td;Kiw

NkhJiffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,J gpujhd fhuzpahf cs;sJ. ,tw;iw

vOjpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jNtisapy;$l krpNlhdpahtpy; gjl;lk; ,d;Dk; epytf;

$baNghJk;> cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; NtWghfSf;F

,lkspf;Fk;nghUl;L caHkl;lj;jpNyDk; Fwpg;ghd jpwikia cUthf;Fk;nghUl;L

,d;Wtiu xd;whfg; gaDWjpAld; gzpahw;wptUfpd;wdH.

101



3.3 eilKiwfspd; jhf;fj;ij fzpg;gply;

NkhJiffspd;kPJ ,j;jifa eilKiwfspd; KOnkhj;jj; jhf;fk; vd;d? mjid

,d;Dk; $WtJ fbdk;. rkhjhd tl;lhuq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfs;

,Ue;jikgw;wpa mwpf;iffs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf> nyluhr;rpd; gzp> (1997) mz;ika

gzpfspd; njhFg;gpy; ;ntspg;gilahd ntw;wpfs;gw;wpa kdjpy; gjpaf;$ba tplaq;fs; rpy

cz;L (NkhJifj; jLg;Gf;fs; vd INuhg;gpa muq;F 1999a,b).

NkhJif ,ilaPLfspy; fw;wghlq;fs; vt;thwhapDk;> mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; kl;LNk

NkhJifj; jLg;G> epiykhw;wj;jpy;; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl rkhjhd eilKiwr; rpe;jid (RPP)

NkhJif ,ilaPLfspy; fw;wghlq;fspy; rpy xg;gPl;L Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfs; jhf;ff;zpg;gPl;bd;

gpujhd khwpfis milahsq; fz;Ls;sd. ngHNfhtpr;rpd; Muha;r;rp (1996) mjpfhu tqqfs;

mlq;fyhd NkhJif Kifikj;Jt mDFKiwfNs jPHTfis toq;Ftjpy; kpfTk;

gaDWjpkpf;fit vd;W fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fpd;wd. kWGwkhf> ,j; jPHTfs; NkhJiffspy;

cz;ikahd khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jj; jtWfpd;wd. njhlHGfisf; fl;bnaOg;gj;

Njitg;gLk; ePz;l fhyg;gzp ,aYik tYtw;w FWfpafhy murpay; jPHTfis va;Jtijtpl

kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,dj;Jt NkhJiffspd; KbTf;Fr; rhd;whftpUf;Fk; KOnkhj;jr; rhd;Wfs;

njspNtw;gLj;JtdthAs;sd. 1945 ,y; INuhg;gpa> kj;jpa fpof;F kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;fhtpd;

rkhjhdkhfj; jPHf;fg;gl;l NkhJiffs; njhlHghd Ma;tpy; (ngl;];r; kw;Wk; nuhNyhg; 2000)

Ma;tsHfs; ,dk; rkak; my;yJ gpuhe;jpa jd;dhjpf;fk; njhlHghd 121 gpur;rpidfspy; 13

kl;LNk rkhjhdg; Ngr;thHj;ijfs; %yk; jPHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (,it myd;l; jPTfs;> tl vg;gpu];

rhH kw;Wk; njd; bNuhy; mlq;fyhdit). 51 jPHf;fg;gl;ld> 8 gaKWj;jy;fshYk; NtW

tbtpyhd gyhj;fhuq;fshYk; kw;Wk; 49 td;nray;fshYk; jPHf;fg;gl;ldntd;W njuptpj;Js;sdH.

rkhjhdkhfj; jPHf;fg;gl;l tof;Ffspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit 1991 ,y; rkhjhdkhfg; gpupe;JNghd

Kd;ida Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; FbauRf;fhd j[pfp];jhd;> ehnfhHNeh - fughf; vd;git mj;Jld;

Vida ,lq;fspy; td;nray; NkhJiffs; ,Ue;jNghJk; Kd;ida Nrhtpaj; A+dpadpy; td;nray;fs;

,d;wp epiykhw;wg;gl;l gy; ,dj;Jt NkhJiffs;; Mr;rupa%l;LgitahFk;.

,e;jr; rkhjhdkhd epfo;Tfis milahsq;fz;L Vd; td;nray;fs; jtpHf;fg;gl;ld

vd;Wk; vt;thW ,dj;Jt my;yJ cs;sf NkhJiff;F Kfq;nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gtw;Wf;fhd

fhuzq;fis epr;rapg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ xU gaDs;s gzpahFk;. MapDk;> NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;f Kidg;Gfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk; kjpg;gpLtjw;Fk; NkhJiffisr;

Rl;bahff;nfhz;L kjpg;gpLtJ kpfTk; nrg;gdw;wJk;> nfh^ukhdJkhFk;. ,jw;nfd kpfTk;

Ez;zpa> NtWgLj;jg;gl;l mZFKiwfs; NjitahFk;. rkhjhd kw;Wk; NkhJifj;

jhf;fkjpg;gPl;L (PCIA) gzpapd; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Rl;bfs; mj;jifa Xu; mZFKiwahFk;

(,j;njhFjpapy; N`hg;kdpd; gq;fspg;igg; ghHf;f). NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fis NkhJiff;

fl;likg;Gf;fs;> jug;gpdupd; ,yf;Ffs;> fhyNthl;lj;Jldhd gpur;rpidfs; vd;wtifapy;

NtWgLj;jKbAkhapd; ,ilaPLfis NkhJifapYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l epiykhw;wq;fSld;

njhlHGgLj;JtJ ,yFthFk;.

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd Kaw;rpfspd; jhf;fq;fis NkhJiffspy;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdupd; xU gpur;rpidahfkl;LNk fUjyhfhJ. rk;ge;jg;gl;l midj;J

egHfSlDk; mJ Neubahf njhlHGnfhz;Ls;sJ. midj;J NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fspYk;

102

`pA+ kpahy;

fhzg;gLk; rthy;fs;> rpukq;fs;> f\;lq;fs;> jilfs;> njhlHKaw;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ

'khw;Wepiyahf;FgtHfisAk; khw;Wepiyahf;fNtz;Lk;" vd;gJ GydhFk;. rkhjhdf;fy;tpiaAk;>

gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkk;gLj;jp Rarpe;jid> Md;kPfj;Jf;fhd re;jHg;gq;fis

cUthf;Fk;nghUl;L tbtikf;Fk; eltbf;ifspy; ehk; ftdk;nrYj;Jk;NghJ ,f;FOf;fisr;

NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; (ngl;b 8Ig; ghHf;f).

ngl;b 8: khw;Wepiyahf;fk;; nra;gtHfis khw;Wepiyahf;Fjy;;>

Gd;dif nra;tij xU topKiwahf Nehf;Fjy;

cyfpd; kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;Fgtu; xUtH

toikahf NkhJiffisg ;gw ;w p ve ;jg ; Gj ;jfj ;j pYk ; ntsptuhj >

NkhJiff;Nfhl;ghLfspy; Kw;wpYk; fhzg;glhj xU top Kiwiag;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. mt;topKiw Gd;dif nra;tjhFk;. '%r;nrLf;Fk;NghJ

ehd; vdJ kdijAk; cliyAk; rhe;jg;gLj;JfpNwd;. ,JNt jw;Nghija

fzg;nghOJ. ,JNt xNuahU fzg;nghOJ". jpr; ehw;fhd; vd;gtH tpal;ehkpa

ngsj;j JwtpAk;> ftpQUk;> jPtpu rkhjhdnraw;ghl;lhsUkhthH. NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;Fg; Gd;dif mZFKiwiag; gad;gLj;JgtH mtH

kl;Lky;y. jyha;yhkh> mlk; NfHy;> ney;rd; kd;Nlyh Mfpa midtUNk

,ay;ghfNt Gd;dif G+f;Fk; RghtKilatHfshtH. jpf; ehw;`hd; vd;gtH

kpfTk; rpwg;ghf Gd;difg;gJ kl;Lky;yhJ ghuk;gupa mwptpYk;> mDgtj;jpYk;

Nt&d;wpAs;s Gd;dif G+f;Fk; nfhs;iff;Fk; gapw;rpf;Fk; xU tpupthd

topfhl;liyAk; jUfpd;whH (ehw; `hd; 1987). ehk; mikjpahf ,Ue;jhy; ehk;

kfpo;Tld; ,Ug;Nghk;> ehk; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jhy; vk;khy; Gd;dif G+j;J xU

kyiug; Nghy; kyu KbAk; mj;Jld; vkJ mikjpapdhy; vkJ FLk;gKk; vkJ

KOr;r%fKk; eyd; ngWk;. NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f mZFKiwahfg; Gd;dif

G+j;jy; xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpAs;s $l;lhuk;gk; Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilapy;

mike;jjhFk;. Gd;dif G+f;Fk; gof;fkhdJ <Lghl;L mtjhdj;jpd; xU gFjpahf

,Ug;gJld;> ,e;eilKiwapy; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fk; nra;gtHfs; jk;ikj;

jhNk khw;Wepiyahf;Fjw;fhd nghWg;igAk; Vw;fNtz;Lk;. xd;wpnyhd;W rhH

$l;lhuk;gf; Nfhl;ghlhdJ xt;nthd;Wk; gpwpnjhd;wpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ

vdf; $Wfpd;wJ. rHtk; vd;gJ Vida midj;JlDk; MFk;. kynuhd;W

gFjpahf xU kyuhFk;. Mdhy; mJ mjDs; ntapy; kio kz; Mfpatw;iwAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. kyH kyuy;yhj $Wfshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thW vkJ

Rak; Rakw;wjhd $Wfshy; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehk; gpwupy; vk;ikf; fhzKbAk;

vd;gNjhL vk;kpy; gpwupd; czHTfs; ,Ug;gijAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;sKbAk;. ngsj;jkj

cstpaypd; gpufhuk; vk;kpy; khdrPf czHTfSk;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;l

czHTfSk; cs;sd (cs; kdjpy;). ehk; vk;ik kw;wtupYk; kw;wtupy; vk;ikAk;

czuKbAk;. fsQ;rpa czu;tpy; tpijfs; mgptpUj;jpAWfpd;wd. mit vkJ

khdrPf czHTfspy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ ehk; mtw;iw eP&w;wp tsHf;fpNwhk;.

NkhJifapd;NghJ vkJ fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;l czHtpYs;s Nfhgk; kpfTk;

tYtilAk;tiu ehk; tpijf;F eP&w;WfpNwhk; . mg;NghJ mJ vkJ

103



rpe;jidfisAk;> elj;ijiaAk; MSfpd;wJ. Mdhy;> ,J jtpHf;f Kbahj

xd;wy;y. <Lghl;L mtjhdk; Fwpj;j eilKiwahy; Nfhgk;> Ntjid> ntWg;G

vd;gtw;iwf; fUiz> kfpo;r;rp> md;G vd khw;Wepiyahf;fk;; nra;ayhk;. NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;fq;fs; <Lghl;L mtjhdk; NghyNt mit tsHr;rpailAnkd;gijr;

rupahf mwpahky; tpijfis guhkupj;J> eP&w;wp tsHf;fpd;wd. $l;Lf; fsQ;rpa

czHT tpijfs; cwTfs;> NkhJiffs; vd;gitahFk;. $l;L NkhJiffspy;

khw;Wepiyahf;fk; nfhz;LtUtjw;F vk;kpYk;> vk;ikg;gw;wpAk;> vk;Kld; njhlHGw;w

gpwiug;gw;wpAk; Mokhd xU tpopg;GzHT mtrpakhFk;.

4. KbTiu

fle;j jrhg;jj;jpy; njspthd NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;Lg; gapw;rpAk;

mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd ,f;fl;Liu thjpj;Js;sJ. ,g;Gjpa mZFKiwahdJ

NkhJif Kfhikia NkhJifj; jPHtpypUe;J NtWgLj;jyhk;. %d;W rpe;jidahsHfSk;

NkhJiffspy;; ,ilaPLfs; njhlHghfg; gfpug;gl;l ghuk;gupa rpe;jidapy; jq;fpapUg;gpDk;>

,g;Gjpa mZFKiwia NkhJif Kfhikj;Jt ,ilaPLfspypUe;J NtWgLj;jyhk;.

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fk; gue;j gupkhzq;fSf;F (rpw;wpay;G gpur;rpidfspypUe;J

Ngupay;G tplaq;fSf;F> cs;s+upypUe;J cyfshtpa kl;lq;fSf;F> mbkl;lj;jpdupypUe;J

caHFb nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F FWfpa fhy ePz;l fhy NeumstPLfs;) Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;

mfy;tpupthd XH mZFKiwahFk;. tpisTfis> ngWtjw;F cjTij my;yJ jPHTfis

toq;Ftijtplj; jpwikia mgptpUj;jpnra;tijAk;> fl;likg;G khw;wj;Jf;F Mjutspg;gijANk

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mJ td;nray;fSf;F Ke;jpafl;lj;jpYk;> td;nraYf;F

gpe;jpafl;lj;jpYk; NkhJiffisf; ifahStjpYk;> toikahfg; G+ry; epfOk; ,lj;Jf;F

mg;ghy; gue;Jnry;Yk; td;ikahd NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfisf;

ifahStijANk ehLfpd;wJ.

,f;fl;LiuahdJ mjpfk; vjpHghHf;Fk; epiyg;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfs; gbg;gbahd

gFg;gha;T mZFKiwAld; ,izf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd thjpLfpd;wJ. mNjNtis> gFg;gha;Tf;

Nfhl;ghLfs; Neu vy;iyapYk;> Nehf;fnty;iyapYk; tp];jupf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,f;fl;LiuahdJ

NkhJiff; Nfhl;ghl;il #oikthd NkhJiff;F tp];jupg;gij Kd;itg;gJld;> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd

Nfhl;ghl;bayhd xU fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gg; gw;wpAk; MNyhrid $Wfpd;wJ.

,f;Nfhl;ghLnjhlHgpy; gy tpdhf;fq;fSk;> ,ilntspfSk; njhlHe;Jk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Gjpa nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Gjpa gpur;rpidfs; cUthjy; mlq;fyhd

NkhJiffspd; ,ay;Gfis NghJkhd mstpy; ifahStjw;FNtz;ba> Nghjpa> Fwpg;ghd

,af;ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; ,d;dKk; vk;kplkpy;iy. mNefkhd Nfhl;ghLfs; xd;wpy; NkhJiffspd;

fhuzq;fspYk;> mgptpUj;jpapYk; my;yJ rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; ,aYikia

cUthf;FtjpYk; ePbj;Jitj;jpUg;gjpYNk ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdNuad;wp vt;thW mjidj;

jLg;NghupdJk;> NkhJiffspd; fhuzq;fspdJk; ,ilj;jhf;fk; vd;dntd;gjpy; NghJkhd

Gupe;JzHitg; ngwj;jtwptpLfpd;wdH. gy;NtW RtLfspy; vt;thW nraw;ghLfs; xd;whfg;

nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gijg;gw;wp NghJkhd fUJNfhspd;wp> tpku;rdkpd;wp; gy;Rtl;L ,uh[he;jpuj;ijj;

jOTtjw;F rk;kjj;ijj; njuptpf;fpd;wdH. ,d;Dk; NkhJiffis kjpg;gPLnra;tijf; fbdkhf;Fk;

104

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Documents

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