NIST Measurement Science and Standards Development

Aaron ForsterAaron Forster

Engineering Laboratory Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and TechnologyNational Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD Gaithersburg, MD 

NIST MissionGaithersburg, MD Boulder, CO

To promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancingadvancing• measurement science,• standards, andstandards, and• technologyto enhance economic security

NIST

and improve our quality of life

The NIST LaboratoriesManufacturing,  materials, fire, construction, building environment earthquake

NIST’s work enables

environment, earthquake...  

• Science

• Technology innovation

T d

Computing, mathematics, statistics…   

• Trade

• Public benefit

NIST works with• Industry

• Academia

• Other agenciesPolymers, ceramics, analyticalElectron, quantum, Other agencies

• Government agencies

• Measurement laboratories

S d d i i

analytical, surface chemistry, biotechnology, chemistry,thermodynamic...  

radiation, time, weight, optics, electronics, nano… 

For materials, polymers, biology, chemistry, physics; 28 exp. stations  

• Standards organizations

Materials and Structural Systems Research DivisionJon Martin, Chief

Polymeric Materials

Joannie Chin

• Nanoparticle Release During Life Cycle of Nanostructured Polymeric Materials• Photoreactivity of Narrow Band Gap Metal Oxide Nanostructures• Service Life Prediction for Pipe Materials and Building Sealants

Service Life Prediction of Photovoltaic Packaging Materials• Service Life Prediction of Photovoltaic Packaging Materials• Surface and Interface Characterization of Polymers

Structures • Fire Resistance Design and Rehabilitation of Structures

Fahim Sadek• Prevention of Disproportionate Structural Collapse• Wind Engineering and Multi-Hazard Failure Analysis

Inorganic MaterialsKen Snyder

• Doubling Concrete Service Life• Quantitative Characterization of Concrete-Making Materials for Performance

P di i d I d Fl A h U ili i i CKen Snyder Prediction and Increased Fly Ash Utilization in Concrete• Rheology-Based Processing of Concrete

http://www.nist.gov/el/building_materials/index.cfm

Service Life Prediction of Polymers

Outdoor WeatheringLaboratory Accelerated

WeatheringSameD d tiDegradationMechanism?

ChemicalPhysical

Mechanical

• Slow 2m Integrating Sphere

Mechanical

MetrologyM th d l• Non-repeatable

2m Integrating SphereMethodologyModels

• Shorten time-to-market of new polymer products for industryp y p y• Establish warranty periods• Minimize product risk and liability

Service Life Prediction – Unfilled Epoxy Coating

Successfully linked field and laboratory exposures for an unfilled model epoxy

0.8

Oxidation (1725, 1658 cm-1)0

Lab: 25°C,100% ND (16)

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

5/29

25

-0 6

-0.4

-0.2

ss o

f 125

0 cm

-1

, ( )35°C,4RH,4WL, 100% (64)45°C,2RH,4WL, 100% (32)55°C/75%RH,60% ND (16)

Outdoor: G4-17 (56)

0

0.1

0.2

0.31725

-1

-0.8

0.6

Los

00 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

1658/1510-1.2

-1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0

Loss of 1510 cm-1

Linkage of outdoor andlaboratory data sets

Law of Reciprocity is obeyed

Technology Development and NIST

Discovery / Proof of Principle• Peer-reviewed journal articles• Intellectual property, SBIR

• World-class measurements• World-class science• High impact publications• Nobel laureates National Academy

• Contact: NIST PIs

Cooperation / Consortia• Alliance for Regenerative Medicine

• Nobel laureates, National Academy

• Multidisciplinary programs• Alignment with roadmaps• Technology Innovation Program

• IBBR with Univ. of Maryland• Contact: NIST Laboratories

Rapid growth of an industry

• Technology Innovation Program• Cooperative Agreements

• Lead standards development• Industry-wide standard practices• Transition to manufacturing• Contact: NIST Programs

• Measurement solutions; Tech transfer• Material Measurement Lab

Mature industry• Greater focus on efficiency• Integrated network of stakeholders• Contact: All of the above

• Standards and standard practices• Calibrations services• ISO / ASTM• Manufacturing Extension Partnership

Contact: All of the above

Workshops and Working Groups

Interaction with Hydrogen Industry: Hydrogen Pipelines

• Who• NIST workshop representing pipeline owners,

industry and standards organizations, academic researchers, national laboratories, and government agencies

• Topics• Materials

• Test Techniques and methods

• Codes, Standards, and Safety

• Non-metallic Characterization:• Permeation for different pipe material classes

• Joint Performance: joint geometry, bonding, mechanical fasteningda

rds

mechanical fastening

• Composition: FRP vs. Plastic materials

• Design: bending strengths and pressure capability

www.nist.gov: NISTIR 6649

es &

Sta

nd

p y

• Long-term Performance: degradation factors and fatigue performance specifications

Many of these factors remain unknown

Cod

e

Interaction with Nuclear Industry: NESCC

• Who• The Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination

Collaborative (NESCC) is a cross-stakeholder forum to identify and respond to the current needs of the nuclear industry.

• NESCC is open to all stakeholders, government legislative and regulatory bodies, industry, standards developing organizations, certification organizations, and other interested parties.

• Task GroupsA bl t h i l t tiliti SDO• Assemble users, technical experts, utilities, SDO representatives, and regulators

• Survey standards and regulatory documents

• Identify standards gaps, needs, and timeline to fill gapsIdentify standards gaps, needs, and timeline to fill gaps

• Produce a report:

NESCC Polymer Pipe Task Group (PPTG)NESCC Polymer Pipe Task Group (PPTG)Polymer Pipe Codes and Standards for Nuclear Power Plants

Task Group Membership

Report Organization

focus on HDPE standards; can’t do it all:PPI: TR-5 ~ 40 pagesASTM I: 87 DVS: 23DVS: 23DIN (German): 31ISO: 85 referenceEN:52BS EN ISO 150

Consolidated list of gapsCode case approach to addressCode case approach to address standards gaps

NIST and the Gas Technology Institute have developed a collaboration that will develop industrially relevant measurements and standards to comprehensively solve the industry and regulatory challenges for wide adoption of HDPEg y g p

Pipe failure due to crack growth

Crack damage structureCrystalline

chain morphology

Polymer crystal microstructure gmicrostructure

Gas Technology Institute (GTI)NISTT l t t i t i i ti f

focus = joint interface for bimodal PE

100 nm 1 um 10 um 100 um 1 mm 1 cm10 nm

– SCG test methods for bi-axial stress states– Tool set to measure intrinsic properties of HDPE pipe and fusion joints

– Linkage of microstructure to performance

– Critical Flaw Size: Database of realistic flaws, constitutive equations, and shift factors for bimodal pipe materialsFusion Optimization

– Feasibility and limits for accelerated joint standards – Fusion Optimization

– Simulations and fatigue test methods for life prediction

– Critical measurements to develop a fatigue standard for service life prediction

*hupyik.com*AWWA HDPE SLP report

Measurement Challenges

Examples

Ch i t d E i t I t tChemistry and Environments Interact

13

Tunnel AccidentBoston, Massachusetts: July 10, 2006

LoganAirport

Big DigProject

Ted WilliamsTunnel

Airport j

From NTSB

D Street Portal

I-90 ConnectorTunnel

NORTH

I90

NORTH

Source: Mass. State Police

Ceiling DetailsDiagonal rods

Vertical rods

TestTg or TE”

Support beams

TestEpoxy A Epoxy B

DSC 48.3±1.3 54.9±1.0DMA 50.3±1.5 52.2±0.9

From NTSB

NTSB – contracted with Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (FHWA) for long term creep tests

• Background studies: Creep and factors that control

– Time consuming so limited number or tests

creep– Use time-temperature superposition to predict creep

Predictions for Creep C liCompliance

Because of uncertainty due to deviations from thermo-rheologically simple b h i d t f ti ll diff t i ifi t

Differences are not small

behavior and transformation – small differences not significant.

smallEpoxy A is significantly more susceptible to creep than Epoxy Ban

ce (

1/P

a)

1 0 -7

10 -6ye

ars

R e fe rence T em pera tu re = 20 oC

creep than Epoxy B.Epoxy A is predicted to have significant creep in short timeC

reep

Com

plia

1 0 -9

10 -8

day m

onth

year

10

R educed T im e (t/a ) (s)10 0 10 5 10 10 10 15R

educ

ed C

1 0 -10

10E poxy AE poxy B Why when other

properties are so similar ?R educed T im e (t/a T) (s )

Is this prediction real ?

Results from FHWA2000 lb t t b l d i l d2000 lb tests - below design load– Similar elastic response– Major difference in creep

behavior

4000 lb tests - above design load but below allowable load

Si il l ti

Epoxy Abehavior

– Similar elastic response

– Major difference in creep behavior

Epoxy B

– Failure in less than 80 daysConsistent with our predictions– Superposition approach can

Epoxy A

strongly indicate trends

Epoxy B

Epoxy A used in D-street Portal– Not bad adhesive, but poor

from FHWA

B Not bad adhesive, but poor choice with sustained loads

Failure Modes Depend on Environment

Beha ior controlled bBehavior controlled by:Load only at high loads, but load and water at low loadsIndependent of amount of water in composite

Time exposed to load & water

LoadTest inwaterFatigue in 3 point bending

ress

Dry.85 σf

ress

DryWet

.85 σf

ress

DryWet

.85 σf

Time exposed to load & water

Interface cracks ad

Failure starts with interfacial cracks

Joint to pplie

d S

tr

.45 σf

.65 σf

pplie

d S

tr

.45 σf

.65 σf

Appl

ied

Str

.45 σf

.65 σf

Loaform

delamination

Grows to ultimate failure0 102 104 106 108

Fatigue Life (cycles)

A .35 σf

0 102 104 106 108

Fatigue Life (cycles)

A .35 σf

0 102 104 106 108

Fatigue Life (cycles)

A .35 σf

Liao, et al, 1998,1999, courtesy D. HunstonTime

Fatigue Life (cycles)Fatigue Life (cycles)Fatigue Life (cycles)

Multiple time and length scales of interest for large diameter, high pressure pipe:Measurement Science For Composite Pipes

• Short term:– Identification and control of essential variables for processing, fusion/joining, installation

– Early identification and measurement of factors responsible for performance

u t p e t e a d e gt sca es o te est o a ge d a ete , g p essu e p pe

y p p

– Effect of microstructure and failure process – processing and developing standardized material property measurements

• Long term:– Standards to address durability and damage tolerance key to safe operation

– Understand interactions between temperature, wear, UV, fatigue, creep/stress relaxation, aging, mechanical stress, aggressive chemicals

• Develop well‐defined accelerated tests that reflect use conditions and failure modes 

– Identification of condition monitoring and probabilistic models to support intelligent asset management

– Facilitate decision strategies for repair and replacement– Facilitate decision strategies for repair and replacement

– Effect of microstructure/heterogeneity/interface on crack growth rate

Microscale Measurements:

• Correlate performance to specificmicrostructure• Correlate performance to specific microstructure

• Extend this understanding to bulk performance and models

Improving Standards for Composite Pipe

Amato, Overview of ASME Hydrogen Codes and Standards Development, 5th Annual H2 Codes and Standards Conference, Detroit, MI (2010)

END• Questions?• References:

1. Pipeline Performance in Alberta, 1990 – 2005, Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Report 2007A, (2007)

2. Siewart, McColskey, Ricker, NIST Workshop on Materials Test Procedures for Hydrogen Pipelines NISTIR 6649 (2007)Hydrogen Pipelines, NISTIR 6649, (2007)

3. Laney, Use of Composite Pipe Materials in the Transportation of Natural Gas, INEEL/EXT-02-00992, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (2002)

4. Amato, Overview of ASME Hydrogen Codes and Standards Development, 5th

Annual H2 Codes and Standards Conference, Detroit, MI (2010)

5. Ochoa, Alexander, Composite Repair Methods for Steel Pipes, Minerals Management Service, Project Report CORA 1435-01-04-CA-35515, (2007)

6. Eds. Cardon, Fukuda, Reifsnider, Verchery, Recent Developments in Durability Analysis of Composite Systems, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands (2000)

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