Notes for NIPER entrance exam:

. Aliskiren is a renin inhibitor

. Penicillin amidase engyme convert penicillin into 6-APA in alkaline

conditions but in acidic condition it is used to sythesise penicillin from 6-

APA.

. read chapter Bioinformatics and computational biology in HARPER

mainly about BLAST.

.Preclinical testing- animal testing is done during preclinical testing.

. Clinical trials- done after preclinical testingdone after pical testing

Phase 0: microdosing is directly given to patient without any preclinical

testing.

Phase 1: done on 20-50 healthy volunteers for estimation of safety and

tolerability of drug.

Phase 2: also called controlled clinical trials. Done on upto 1000 population

of patients for estimation of effectiveness (efficacy) of drug.

Phase 3: also called expanded controlled or uncontrolled clinical trials. Done

on upto 3000 to 10000 popullation of patients. They bring about additional

information about effectiveness and safety.

Phase 4: evaluate the post marketing survivelence of drug

Drug development process steps-

-Target identification and characterization ( target means any

enzyme,protein or receptor)

- Synthesis of lead molecules

- screening of lead molecules

-Preclinical tesing

-Clinical trials

.on an average any new drug molecule take about 12 to 15 years to reach the

patients and the cost of us$ 400 to 650 million.

-Read birch reduction reaction

Animal models:

.Rotarod apparatus: used to determine muscle relaxant property of any

drug in mice(eg Diazepam)

.catalepsy: it is a condition cherecterised by loss of consciousness with

rigidity of muscles that keep limbs in fixed condition( haloperidol is used to

induce catalepsy during animal experimentations)

.PA2 value: defined as negative logarithm of molar concentration of

antagonist which will reduce effect of agonist to 50% of its maximm value.

SDS-PAGE( Sodium dodecyl sulphate-poly acryl amide gel

electrophoresis): this technique is widely used to separate proteins according

to their size or electrophoretic mobility . samples having identical charge/mass

ratio.

GHOST peak in chromatography: peak arises due to impurities.

. read polymerase chain reaction

. Alziemer disease: B amyloid and tou protein level increased in brain

. Pakisonism: sinuclein and perkin protrin level increased in brain

RT-PCR: laboratory technique for amplifying a defined piece of a

ribonucleic acid(RNA) molecule. The RNA strand is first reverse transcripted in its

complimentary DNA, followed by amplification of the resulting DNA using PCR.

. Read hybridoma technology

Biostatistics:

. Correlation: it determines the association between two or more variables

and concerned with measuring the strength of relationship between variables

. Regression : it is helpful in assernating the probable form of the relationship

between variables. It describe the dependence of a variable on an independent

variable

. ANOVA: it is most powerful statistical tool. It is general method of

analyzing data from desined experiments whose objective is to compare two or

more group means

. t-test: it is a special case of anova in which only two means are compared.

For applying t- test population varience must be unknown and sample size should

be small(less than 30)

. level of significance(alpha): it is the probability of rejecting true null

hypothesis

. z-test: applied when population varience is known and sample size is large

. Type first error: commited when a true null hypothesis is rejected

. Type second error: commited when a false null hypoyhesis is not rejected

. mean: we already know

. mode: the mode is a set of values is that value which occurs most frequently

.median: it devides the set into two equal parts(middle value) when all values

have been arranged in order of magnitude

. standard variation: it is a measure of dispersion. When it increases variability

increases

. in case of normal distribution mean mode median are all equal

. standard error of mean: it measures the precision of the mean. Smaller the

SEM, the more precise is mean

. read about proteomics and genomics

Best of luck to All juniors…………….

Nishant Bagherwal

M.S.(Pharm)

Dept. of Phamacology and

Toxicology

NIPER-SAS Nagar-Mohali

M- 9023433421