Nikolas Rose and Peter Miller

8/12/2019 Nikolas Rose and Peter Miller

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Nikolas Rose and Peter Miller.

Political power beyond the State.


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Over-valuation of the problem of the

State vocabulary structured by the oppositions between State and Civil

society, Public and private, government and marked, coercion andconsent, sovereignty and autonomy an the like, does notadequately characterise the diverse ways in which rule is exercisedin advanced liberal democraciesp. 174.

El vocabulario clsico, que opone el Estado y la Sociedad Civil, elpoder y la libertad, etc., no es adecuado dentro del marco delliberalismo. Por qu?

Power: making up citizens capable of bearing as a free subjects.

Personal autonomy is not the antithesis of political power, but akey in its exercise, the more so because (tanto ms cuando)mostindividuals are not merely the subjects of power but play a part inits operations. 174


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The Governmet like a Matrix

Government is the historically constituded

matrix within which are articulated all those

dreams, schemes, strategies and monoeuvres

of authorities that seek to shape the beliefs

and conduct of others in desired directions by

acting upon their will, their circumstantes or

their environment. P. 175.


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The importance of the Knowledge in

the exercise of the Power Knowledge is thus central to these activities of

government is a domain of cognition, calculation,experimentation and evaluation. And, we argue,government is intrinsically linked to the activities ofexpertise, whose role is no one of weaving an all-pervasiveweb of socialcontrol,but of enacting assorted attempsat the calculated administration of diverse aspects ofconduct through countless, often competing, local tactics ofeducation, persuasion, inducement, management,incitement, motivation and encouragement

La importance del saber, del conocimiento, de los expertos,quienes problematizan, ofrecen soluciones, inducen,persuaden, motivan, etc.


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Governmental technologies

The Complex of mundane programmes,

calculations, techniques, apparatuses,

documents and procedures through which

authorities seek to embody and give effect to

governmental ambitions. P. 175.

Racionalidades polticas y tecnologas de

gobierno. El eidos y sus dispositivos. En elmedio, los expertos.


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Government vs the State

To the extent that the modern state rules, it does so on the basis of an elaborate network ofrelations formed amongst the complex institutions, organizations and apparatusses that make it up,and between state and non-state institutions.

El Gobierno no es un prctica estatal. Mejor dicho, No es que primero est el Estado gobernndolotodo, no. El Estado funciona sobre la bases de relaciones y racionalidades gubernamentales yafijadas, ya hechas.

En el mbito de la razn de Estado, existe una iniciativa por hacer el Estado, ello implica gobernarlotodo. De ah la importancia de los expertos. El Estado hay que hacerlo desde lo microfsico. Elejemplo de la biopoltica, la institucionalizacin de las disciplinas, que ya haban surgido pararesponder a problemas concretos en la familia, el hospital, el cuartel, como producto deproblematizaciones y organizaciones.

En el mbito liberal hay un cambio. Predomina la idea del dejar hacer. NO intervenir demasiado,cosa que nunca ocurri. Para producir libertad, hubo que intervenir. El liberalismo se enmarcadentro de la lgica de la razn de Estado.

La regulacin, el orden, el cuidado, la asistencia, no necesariamente tuvo que ver con el Estado,OJO. Slo a partir del siglo XVIII el Estado empieza a montar el ensamblaje a travs del Estado

Nacional. Las prcticas de gobierno fueron institucionalizadas por una entidad central.


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Knowledge/Power

El conocimiento como un vasto ensamblaje de

personas, teoras, y tcnicas centrales para

gobernar. Desde la filosofa a la medicina.

Esquemas de planeacin social, tcnicas

mdicas.


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Political Rationalities and the analysis

of liberalism Political Rationality.

Political discourse: formulation and justification of idealisedschemata for representating reality, analyzing it andrectifying it. P. 178

El discurso poltica, la poltica, el eidos, la formulacin deideas, esquemas, proyectos para representar la realidad,analizndola y rectificndola.

Las racionalidades polticas tiene un sentido moral.Aparatos prescriptores. They consider the ideals or

principles to which government should be directed freedom, justice, equality, mutual responsability,citizenchip, common sense, economic efficiencies,prosperity, growth, fairness, rationality and the like. P. 179


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Liberalism: una racionalidad poltica

Civil society: a natural realm of freedoms and activitiesoutside the legitimate sphere of politics.

Sociedad civil: eso es lo que no hay que tocar, porque es eldominio de la libertad. Hay que producir libertad accin a

distancia). El vnculo entre poder y libertad. Formar el espacio de libertad, crear libertad. Eso es lo que

no hay que tocar.

Liberalism: marks the moment when the dystopiandream of a totally administered society was abandoned,

and government with a domain that had its ownnaturalness, its own rules and processes, and its owninternal forms of self regulations. P. 179.

Sujetos con derechos. Equipados con derechos.


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Sobre el liberalismo. Accin a

distancia. Liberal doctrines on the limits of power and the freedom of subjects

under the law were thus accompanied by theworking out of a range ofnew technologies of government, not having the form of direct control byauthorities, that sought to administer the private realms, andprogramme and shape them in desired directions. P. 180.

Gobierno moderno: accin a distancia. Latour y Callon.

Liberal government identifies a domain outside politics, and seek tomanage it without destroying its existence and its autonomy. This is madepossible through the activities and calculations of a proliferation ofindependent agents including philanthropist, doctor, hygienists, managers,planners, parents and social workers. And it is dependen upon the forgingaliances. This takes place on the one hand between political strategies and

the activities of these authorities and, on the other, between theseauthorities and free citizens, in attempts to modulate events, decisionsand actions in the economy, the family, the private firm, and the conductof the individual person: p. 180.


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Accin a distancia

Las ideas de libertad estuvieron acompaados

de formadores de la subjetividad. El poder

mdico, la psiquiatria. Los formadores. Etc.

Lugares para la rectificacin y la

normalizacin. La prisin, los asilos. La familia.

(Donzelot). Mltiples intervenciones, que de

alguna forma desnaturalizaron al liberalismo. Ejemplo. S.XIX. Castro, Procacci, Ewald.


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Programmes of government: La

importancia de los expertos, OJO. La actividad de gobierno est problematizando permanentemente. Por

eso los expertos. Por eso la importancia del problema. Problemas parabuscar mejores.

Gobierno liberal. Alentar el saber. Las fallas y problemas para alcanzar su,los problemas, son la base para la intervencin cientfica.

Una tecnologa. Un sistema hecho de saberes para perfeccionar lamaquinaria del mercado.

La poltica: una extensin del sentido. Por medio del saber. Para gobernare imponer su idea. O mejor, proyectarla. Es Una proyeccin de sentido.

Quienes son esos expertos: Economistas. Expertos en diferentes materias.En diferentes mbitos.

Los saberes no son neutrales o autnomos, pues se proyectan y crean conun fin.

Inglaterra. USA. Hay unos ideales. Hagamos el montaje. Miremos haberdonde llegamos.


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Pensada: el liberalismo.

Espacios de Saber. Divisin Positivista. Para

colonizar un dominio, e intervenirlo.

La tcnica y la tecnologa.

Pero antes, el saber.

Poltica y tecnologa. Gradisima dualidad para

llevar a cano un proyecto poltico.

Historia de la Ciencia Moderna. Historia de la

Ciencia Poltica.


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Programa

NO son slo deseos e intenciones

La divisin la ofrece el programa.

Otras ciencias, ubicadas en otra tradicin.

La utilidad de las ciencias sociales, que por pensar el hombre, crearon ciertareflexividad.

Su origen fue la dominacin.

Programas positivistas. Son los que dividen.

Eso es una tecnologa. Saber-poder. Foucault-Rose Mejor a Foucault. Maquinariaintelectual de diferentes saberes. Al servicio de las sociedades liberales.

Las modas mejoradas: uno tambin es producto del capital.

Cmo pensar la moda en el mbito de la biopoltica. Un capital para el individuo. Elcapital moda.

Goperbar una esfera. Representrarla. Sociolgos. Trabajo social. Pensar un conflicto, un problema, para aplicarle una

solucin.

Para generar unas tecnologas, para organizar la sociedad.

Higiene. Los mdicos. Pensar la pobreza, las condiciones de los pobres.


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Technologies of government

El saber est sujeto a un programa

El Gobierno es un dominio de estrategias, tcnicas yprocedimientos por medio de los cuales diferentes fuerzas(sectores, sobre todo los saberes, la industria) (La empresa privadaha mejorado un montn de cosas. Ellas tambin tienen inters).

Buscan representar programas operables, Estableciendo conexionesentre diversos tipos de autoridades. Privadas y Polticas.

Tecnologas de gobierno

Por medio de las tecnologas de gobierno las racionalidades sedespliegan.

Un ensamblaje de fuerzas: jurdicas, arquitectnicas, profesionales,administrativas, financieras. La estadstica.

Bruno Latour. Poder: un efecto. Una intervencin transformadora,debido al impacto de la ciencia. Un actor poderoso: el que mobilisacosas con un propsito.


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Inscription and calculation as a

technologies government

Statistics or science of states, en la cual lasoperaciones del gobierno fueron posibles por laacumulacin y tabulacin de hechos en losdominios que son gobernados. Censos y

encuestas. Y Ejecutores. El gobierno ha inaugurado una gran labor de

investigacin para transformar eventos yfenmenos en informacin: nacimientos,

enfermedades y muertes, matrimonios ydivorcios, ingresos, tipos de dieta, formas deempleo y deseos de empleo. P. 185


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Expertise and guvernment

El Aumento de expertos est vinculado a la transformacin en las racionalidades ytecnologas de gobierno.

Los expertos surgieron como una solucin posible que confront a lasmentalidades liberales de gobierno.

The private enterprise. The private family. Government (Donzelot)

The vital links between socio-political objectives and the minutiae of daily

existence in home and factory were to be established by expertise. Experts wouldenter into a kind of double alliance. On the hand, thay would ally themselves withpolitical autorities, focusing upon their problems and problematizing new issues,translating political concerns about economics productivity, innovation, industrialunrest, social stabilily, law and order, normality and pathology and so forth into thevocabulary of management, accounting, medicine, social science and psycology.On the other hand they would seek to form alliances with individuals themselves,

translating their daily worries and decisions over investment, child rearing, factoryorganization or diet inot a language claiming the power of truth, and offering toteach the techniques by which the might manage better, earn more, bring uphealthier or happier children and much more besides. P. 188.


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Welfare and the gobernamentalization

of the state This mode of government, that we term welfarism, is constituted by a political

rationality embodying certain principles and ideals, and is based upon a particularconception of the nature of society and its inhabitants. This welfarism rationality islinked to an array of mutually transladably programmes, technologies and devicesranging from tax regimes to social insurance, from management training to socialcasework, from employment exchances to resideltial homes for the elderly.

Welfarism: gobierno social. Liberalismo se convirti en un gobierno social.

Lo social, como un terreno creado por el gobierno mismo.

Lo social: localizar ciertos problemas, trazar una maquinaria administrativa degestin de problemas sociales.

The programmes of social government that proliferated in the nineteenth centuryinvolved complex alliances between private and professional agentsphilantropist,charitable organizations, medics, polemicists and others, and the state formed

around problems arising in a multitude of sites the social body. 191. Todos esos mecanismos ya existentes fueron siendo vinculados gradualmente al

Estado.


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Governing the networks of wealfare

El Ejemplo Ingls, 3 grandes caractersticas.

1. relacin entre racionalidades polticas y redes de gobierno: welfarismis structured by the wish to encourage nationa growth and well beingthrought the promotion of social responsability and the mutually of socialrisk

Beveridge report: contrato: entre el Estado y los ciudadanos: del la vida ynosotros garantizaremos seguridad y empleo. Acabar con los 5 grandesmales: necesidad, enfermedad, ociosidad, ignorancia, miseria.

Nacionalizar el servicio de salud. Poltica de pleno empleo, seguridadsocial.

Pero los ciudadanos tenan obligaciones: ser ahorradores, trabajadores,socialmente responsables.

El welfare tambin responda a problemas concretos: delincuencia ycomportamiento anti-social; problemas familiares. Integrar a losciudadanos y moralizarlos.


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Welfarism: novel ways to govern

These were not novel problems, but in the post-war period theywere to be problematized by a multitude of official and unofficialexperts and, crucially, were to be governed in new ways. The keyinnovations of welfarism lay in the attemps to link the fiscal,calculative and bureaucratic capacities of the state to govern ofsocial life. The social devices of the pre-war period consisted of atangle (embrollo) of machinery for the surveillance and regulationof the social, familial and personal conduct of the problematicsectors of the population. The personnel, procedures, tecniquesand calculations that made up (componen) these devices wereattached to specific locales and organizations: the courts, thereformatories, the school and the clinics. Welfarism sought toarticulate these varied elements into a network and direct them inthe light of centralised calculations as to resoursers, services andneeds 192-193.


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Welfare and responsible citizenchip

Welfarism, embodied a particular relation

with the citinzenchips and the public powers.

Una relacin contractual. Plan Beveridge.


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Welfarism and the technicisation of

politics

The system of the social insurance embodied

definite politico-ethical aspirations.

Los expertos


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From Welfare to Neoliberalism

Critical to welfarism fron neoliberal rationality: Big government is not onlyinefficient but malign

Produce a culture of dependency.

At the rethorical and programmatic level, neoliberalism also embodies a profoundtransformation in the mechanisms for governing social life. In place of collectiveprovisions and social solidarity the new rationality of government proposes

notions of security provided through the private purchase of insurance schemes,health care purchased by individuals and provided by the health industry, housingoffered through the private sector and efficiency secured through the discipline ofcompetition within the market. P. 200.

Neoliberalismalso entails a reorganization of programmes for the government ofpersonal life. The language of the entreprenerial individual, endowed withfreedom and autonomy, has come to predominate over almost any other in

evaluations of the ethical claims of political power and programmes ofgovernment.

Crear una esfera de libertad, donde los individuos toman sus propias desiciones,siguen sus preferencias, buscan macimizar sus intereses y deseos.

Documents

Nikolas Rose and Peter Miller