Upload
tranngoc
View
217
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PERMISSION�REGARDING�DIETRICH�COLLEGE�SENIOR�HONORS�THESIS�
�
I�hereby�grant�to�Carnegie�Mellon�University�the�perpetual,�royaltyͲfree�nonͲexclusive�right,�for�educational�purposes,�to�reproduce�and�distribute�or�display�(in�electronic�format�or�hard�copy)�my�Dietrich�College�Senior�Honors�Thesis.�I�understand�that�this�does�not�prevent�me�from�
granting�nonͲexclusive�publications�rights�to�others�as�I�choose.�I�affirm�that�my�Dietrich�College�Senior�Honors�Thesis�is�my�original�work�and�does�not�infringe�or�violate�any�copyrights�of�others,�and�that�I�am�the�sole�owner�of�the�rights�to�my�Thesis.�I�understand�that�it�is�my�obligation�alone�to�obtain�any�copyright�permissions�necessary�for�my�Thesis,�and�that�I�have�obtained�any�needed�copyright�permissions.�
�
________________________________________________���������������_______________________�Student’s�Signature�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������Date��
_______________________________________________�Student’s�Name,�Printed��
______________________________________________________________________________Thesis�Title�and�Semester�Completed�
CarnegieMellonUniversityinQatar
AnalysisofInnovationEntrepreneurshipintheArabWorld
Advisedby:MaherHakim
NihalFathimaCarnegieMellonUniversityinQatarP.Box:24866Doha,[email protected]
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
1
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................................................................................2ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................................................3Keywords...............................................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................................4LITERATUREREVIEW..........................................................................................................................................................5RESEARCHQUESTION........................................................................................................................................................12RESEARCHMODELANDHYPOTHESIS.......................................................................................................................13METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................................................14RESULTS...................................................................................................................................................................................16GRAPHICALMODELWITHACCEPTEDHYPOTHESIS..........................................................................................30CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................................................................31REFERENCES*........................................................................................................................................................................33APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................................................36SURVEYQUESTIONS**.......................................................................................................................................................36
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to extendmy gratitude to my advisor Professor Maher Hakim for his undeniable
supportandmotivation formy thesis.His ideasandguidancehavemade this researchpossible
andsuccessful.
This research wouldn’t have been possible without the contributions of Professor Selma,
ProfessorDanielPhelpsandProfessorBenCollier for their advicesand ideas.Special thanks to
Professor Susan Hagan, Silvia Pessoa, and Alex Cheek for their commitments in organizing
researchworkshops.IwouldliketoextendmythankstotheResearchofficeatCMUQnamelyMeg
RogersandMahaKhanso,fortheirassistanceandcooperation.
I would also like to thank the authors for their work in this field who have made this study
possible.
Lastbutnottheleast;Isincerelythankmyfriendsandfamily,speciallymyparentsSyedKhadri
andAfsarKhadri,whohavehelpedmethroughouttheresearch.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
3
ABSTRACT
TheneedtosurviveinthiscompetitiveworldmadeArabgovernmentsrealizetheimportanceand
need for innovation and entrepreneurship for economic stability and development.They
implemented various initiatives such as developments in technology and the education sector.
However, there is still a dearth of an innovation driven entrepreneurship hub in the
region.Previous research conducted in this realm found that culture affects or rather defines
innovation initiation.However, no research has been conducted on howcultural factorsaffect
thebehavioral and cognitive skillsrequired for innovationentrepreneurship.Thispaper intends
tostudyifandwhatrelationexistsbetweenthetwo. Inadditionthispaperseekstoanswerthe
impactofArabcultureonentrepreneurship.TheresearchusesClayton’sInnovator’sDNAmodel
andHofstede’s5dimensionalculturaltheoriesonasampleofpeoplefromdifferentcultures.The
resultsshowedthatculturedoesindeedaffecttheskillsrequiredforentrepreneurship.Thepower
distance culture factor negatively affects questioning, observation and networking behavioral
skills. On the other hand Uncertainty Avoidance Culture factor negatively affects Questioning
Behavioralskill. InadditionUncertaintyAvoidancenegativelyaffectsaperson’scourage to take
risks.Governmentsneedtodevelopandmonitoreducationalprogramstoencourageindividuals
oninnovationentrepreneurship.
KeywordsInnovation Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Culture, Innovation Behavior in Individuals,
InnovationinArabworld,InformationTechnology
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
4
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the study is to understand the effect, if any, of cultural factors on Innovation
entrepreneurshipintheArabworld.TheresearchwillbebaseduponClayton’sInnovator’sDNA
model (Dyer,GregersenandChristensen,2011)aswellas theHofstede’s5CulturalDimensions
theory(Geerthofstede.com,2015).Theformerwillhelpinidentifyingandtestingthebehavioral
and cognitive skills of people in terms of Innovation whereas the latter would help analyze a
person’srelativecultureindex.
Thisempiricalstudywillprimarilyfocusonfindingifthereisanysignificantcorrelationbetween
theculturalfactorssuchasPowerDistance,UncertaintyAvoidanceandIndividualismprevalentin
acultureandthebehavioralandassociationalskillsinanIndividual.
This studywill involve surveying individuals about their individual behavioral skills leading to
innovation on one hand and cultural factors affecting their behaviors on the other hand. The
sampleofthisresearchwillconsistofindividualsfromQatarandUnitedStates,morespecifically
studentsfromCarnegieMellonUniversityPittsburghandCarnegieMellonUniversityQatar.This
willensurethatthesampleconsistofstudentsrepresentingdiverseculturesandethnicities.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
5
LITERATUREREVIEW
Toexploreandconductthisresearch,weneedtounderstandtheconceptsofculture,innovation
andtherelationshipbetweenthem.
3.1Culture
Paul Herbig defines culture as an “Inclusive system of communicationswhich incorporates the
biological and technical behavior of human beingswith their verbal and nonverbal systems of
expressivebehavior”(Herbig,Dunphy1998).Insimplerterms,itisthewayoflivinglife.Culture
forces people to view and value social interactions differently. (Herbig, Dunphy 1998). For ex;
Indiansmaypreferremovingtheirshoesbeforeenteringanyhouse,Americansmaynot.
3.2CultureModels
There are various cultural models in use today; For ex: ‐ The seven dimensions of culture
(Trompenaars and Hampden‐Turner, 1998), Patterns of cross cultural business behavior
(Gesteland,1999) and Hall’s cultural compass (Hall,1998). However, for the purpose of this
research,wewillbeusingtheHofstede’s5CulturalDimensionsandTheory(Geerthofstede.com,
2015).AlthoughHofstede’sculturalmodel(Hofstede,1980)hasattractedmuchcriticism,itisstill
oneofthemostwidelyusedmodelsandresearchworks(Yoo,DonthuandLenartowicsz,2011).
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
6
Figure1:DiagramdepictingHofstede’s5culturaldimensiontheory(Geerthofstede.com,2015).
TheHofstede’s5 culturaldimension theory isa frameworkused foranalyzingandstudying the
effectsofcultureonthevaluesoftheindividualsandconsequentiallytheirbehavior.Thetheory
statesthatthereareessentially5factorswhichdifferentiatesoneculturefromtheother.
Power Distance: “Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of
organizationsandinstitutions(likefamily)acceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.
This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above.”
(Geerthofstede.com,2015)
GCCCountriessuchasUAE,andKingdomofSaudiArabiahavehighpowerdistanceintherangeof
90‐95whichisrelativelyhigh(Geert‐hofstede.com,2015).CountriessuchastheUnitedStatesand
theUnitedKingdomwhosepowerdistanceindexis35‐40(geert‐hofstede.com,2015).Countries
suchasIran,Lebanon,Syria,Iraqhavepowerdistanceindexesrangingfromaboveaverage(58‐
Iran)tohigh(75‐Lebanon),(80‐Syria),(95‐Iraq) This indicatesthatthere ismoredisparity in
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
7
powerdistribution, intheArabcultureandthisreflectsthehierarchicalstructureaswellasthe
strongandrigidrulesandbeliefs.
Long‐TermOrientation:“Long‐termorientedsocietiesfosterpragmaticvirtuesorientedtowards
futurerewards, inparticularsaving,persistence,andadaptingtochangingcircumstances.Short‐
term oriented societies foster virtues related to the past and present such as national pride,
respectfortradition,preservationof"face",andfulfillingsocialobligations.”(Geerthofstede.com,
2015)
There is not much data available for long‐term orientation for the Arab countries (geert‐
hofstede.com,2015).Thisfactorwillnotbeanalyzedindetailforthescopeofthisresearch.
Masculinity/Femininity:Asocietyreflectinghighonmasculinityreflectsitsneedtobedrivenby
individualswhoareaggressive,assertiveandcompetitiveratherthatit’soppositewhichreflects
individualswithqualitiessuchaspeace,care,empathyandsucharepreferred.
GCCCountries suchas Jordan,UAE,KSA lean just a bit towards femininity,with scores ranging
from40‐50on themasculinity scale.However, this trenddoesn’t apply to all countries such as
Iraq and Lebanonwhich have scores ranging from 65‐70, putting them towards themasculine
side.CountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdomrankhigheronthemasculinity
scalei.e.60‐65(geert‐hofstede.com,2015)
Individualism/Collectivism:Cultureseithergiveapreference to IndividualismorCollectivism.
Cultures encouraging individualismemphasizeonan individual’sneedofpersonal achievement
and taking care of their immediate family. However, cultures emphasizing on collectivism
encourage community bonding and take into consideration community interests. Individuals in
the former culture do not generally see themselves affiliated with a community or a group
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
8
whereasindividualsinthelattertakedecisionsbytakingcommunityinterestintoconsideration.
Arabworld countries rankmore on collectivism (scores ranging from25‐40 for individualism)
compared to countries such as the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom (89‐91)
(Geerthofstede.com,2015)
Uncertainty Avoidance: Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which uncertainness and
ambiguityistoleratedbythemembersofsociety.
Arabcountrieshavehigheruncertaintyavoidance(80‐85),moresothanthatofthewest(35‐50)
(Geerthofstede.com,2015).ExceptionsareLebanonandSyriawhoseuncertaintyavoidanceis50
and60respectively.
3.3CulturescalesforIndividuals
Although Hofstede’smodel has been reliable for studying and identifying cultures through the
years,itisveryinefficienttomeasureindividuals(Yoo,DonthuandLenartowicsz,2011).Thiswas
reflected in the disappointing results of psychometric scales (Triandis, 1982). In fact, when
Hofstede(Hofstedecited inYoo,DonthuandLenartowicsz,2011)triedtodo itonan individual
levelitwasfoundtobeinconsistent.Howeveritworkedonacountrylevel.Furthermore,several
psychometric scales have been devised which measure a single dimension of Hofstde’s 5
Dimensional cultural theory (Hofstede, 1980). ex: Collectivism (Triandis,1995) and long‐term
orientation (Bearden,Money et al 2006). But, these are inefficient since theymeasure each of
Hofstede’sculturaldimensions(Hofstede,1980)independently.However,therecentlydeveloped
CVSCALE (Yoo, Donthu and Lenartowicsz, 2011) provides a holistic approach in measuring
Hofstede’s dimensions (Hofstede,1980) at an individual level. It analyses Hofstede’s survey
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
9
questionnaireswhicharefocusedonnationallevelcultureandaccordinglyrelevantquestionnaire
weredevelopedreflectingHofstede’sculturaldimensiontheory(Geerthofstede.com,2015).
Thesurveyquestionsusedforthepurposeofthisresearchhavebeeninspiredfrombutnotreliant
ontheCVSCALE(Yoo,DonthuandLenartowicsz,2011).
3.4Innovation
There isnosetdefinition for Innovationand itsdefinitionvaries frompersontoperson.People
generally think creativity and innovation are the same, but they are not. Creativity is about
generatingideaswhichareabstractandmayormaynotbeusable.Innovationontheotherhand,
isacontinuouslyevolvingprocessorchangewhichleadstovaluecreation.Inotherwords,itisthe
processofchannelingcreativityorideagenerationtofulfillunmetcustomerdemandswhichleads
to value creation. Innovation is both a process and anoutcome. It is basically actionproducing
whereascreativityisideageneration.Inrelativeterms,creativityleadstoinnovation.Creativityis
theback‐endandInnovationisthefrontend(Venkat,2010).Innovationcanbeeithersuccessful
or a failure. The chances of success and failure depends on several factors such as time,
competition,complexitiesetc(More,2011).Successfulinnovationisdeterminedbyits(Returnon
Index )ROI,positive cash flowsetc. Inotherwords its ability togenerate income (More,2011)
(Anon,2014).Successfulinnovationiswhatcontributestothecountry’seconomyinameaningful
waytherebypushinggovernmentstoinvestinit.Thisdefinitionofsuccessfulinnovationiswhat
we will be using in our research. Innovative entrepreneurs create and sustain successful
innovations.
3.5InnovationModelsinIndividuals
Forthebasisofthisresearch,wewillbeusingClayton’sInnovator’sDNAModel(figure2).
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
10
Figure2:DiagramdepictingClayton’sInnovator’sDNAmodel(Dyer,GregersenandChristensen,
2011)
ClaytonChristenenanalyzesthebehaviorsofentrepreneurstoseewhatsetsthemapartfromthe
rest.
CouragetoInnovate: Asuccessfulinnovatorpossessestheabilityandcouragetochallengethe
status quo and take risks. Innovation requires one to dealwith ambiguity, take huge risks and
questiontheauthorityandthehierarchicalnatureofsociety.
Behavioralskills:Claytonidentifies5coreskillsaninnovatorpossesses:Questioning,Observing,
NetworkingandExperimenting.Thesearecrucial for innovatorsas theseallowthemto identify
innovative ideas by challenging the natural order of things. Questioning and Observing allows
themto identify theenvironmentaround themand theneedsof individuals.Networkingallows
them to gather more information and knowledge from sources outside their own whereas
Experimentingallowstestouttheirtheories.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
11
Cognitiveskills:Havingjustthecouragetoinnovatealongwithbehavioralskillsisnotenoughto
becomeaninnovator.Oneneedstobeabletosynthesizetheinformationandknowledgegathered
to be able to become a successful innovator. Clayton has identified this to be Associational
thinking.
3.6InnovationandCulture
Various research conducted in this fieldhasproved that there is a strong relationshipbetween
InnovationandCulture.“Culturehasaprofoundinfluenceontheinnovativecapacityofasociety.
Asociety’svaluesprovidesocialdirectiontotheprocessoftechnologicaldevelopment”.(Williams
andMcGuire,2008).Inadditiontothis,Kaasasuggestedinhis2008work,thatalthoughculture
unifiespeople, itmayalsoactasabarrier for innovationdevelopment sincepeople’sbelief can
“contributeorblocktheprocessofdevelopingandimplementingnewideas”(Kaasa,Vadi,2008).
Althoughpreviousresearchworkssuchas(WilliamsandMcGuire,2008), (Ahmad,2012),
(Herbig,Dunphy1998),(Kaasa, Vadi, 2008), agree on the effect of culture on innovation, there
havebeendifferentapproachesforstudyingtherelation.Severalauthors(Herbig&Dunphycited
in (Ahmad,2012)), (Kaasa & Vadi, cited in (Ahmad, 2012)) have used the direct application of
Hofstede’sDimensionaltheory(Hofstede,1980)tocountriestostudythenation‐wideeffectson
InnovationInitiation.(Ahmed,2012).Williamsconsidersthatcultureaffectseconomiccreativity
whichinturnaffectsinnovationinitiation(WilliamsandMcGuire,2008)whereasKaasaconsiders
that culture affects Innovation specifically measured through patent application (Kaasa, Vadi,
2008).
Howeverasmentionedintheprevioussection,wewillbeconsideringsuccessfulinnovatorsand
their innovation as the basis for conducting research rather than relying on other values of
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
12
innovation, such as, patents. Patents are one dimensional statistic measures for innovation.
Although, patents areunique anddifferent, theymightnot be tangible or cater touser’sneeds.
Moreover, the number of patent applications by a country may not directly correlate to its
economicdevelopmentandthereforethismeasurewasnotconsideredforthisresearch.
3.7InnovationandCultureinMENAregion
Traditionally,entrepreneursorArabprivateownersintheOilproducingstatessuchastheUAE
and Saudi Arabia preferred investing in zero risk and non‐innovative activities. They refrained
frominvestinginindustrialactivitieswhichinvolvedhighriskandvasttechnicalknowledgeand
innovation(Oukil,M,2011).Howeverthishaschanged. InternalandExternalgroupshavebeen
pressuring these countries to allow formore liberalization and diversification (Oukil,M, 2011).
Arab countries realized the importance of technology development and innovation as part of
economicdevelopmentaswellastostrengthencompetitiveness.However,eventhoughthereisa
lot of investment given in entrepreneurship training, there is still aweakness in creating Saudi
entrepeurs(AhmadZ,2012).Somebelievethatthereasonmaybebecauseoflackofresearchon
Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Oukil M 2011) while others believes the Middle Eastern
Cultureisahindranceinthiscauseasallculturalfactorsareoppositetoanidealentrepreneurship
culture(AhmadZ,2012).
RESEARCHQUESTIONIndividual’sbehaviorsandthinkingareconstantlyaffectedordeterminedbytheculturetheylive
in,buttowhatextent?Andhowdoesitaffecttheinitiationof“InnovationEntrepreneurship”?This
researchaimstounderstandindividualbehaviorwithregardstoinnovationentrepreneurshipand
culture. Itwill answer the leadingquestionofwhat is the impactofArabcultureon innovation
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
13
3
entrepreneurship by incorporating Clayton’s Innovator’s DNA model (Dyer, Gregersen and
Christensen,2011)andHofstede’s5dimensionalculturaltheory(Geerthofstede.com,2015).
RESEARCHMODELANDHYPOTHESIS
Figure3:HypothesistestingresearchmodelcomprisingHofstede’sculturaltheory
(Geerthofstede.com,2015)andClayton’sInnovator’sDNAmodel(Dyer,GregersenandChristensen,
2011)
Figure3demonstratesthehypothesiswhichwillbetestedbelow.
1. PowerdistancenegativelyaffectscouragetochallengethestatusQuo
HighpowerdistanceLowCouragetoInnovate
2. Uncertaintyavoidancenegativelyaffectscourageofpeoplemakingriskydecisions.
HighUncertaintyavoidanceLowchanceoftakingrisks
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
14
3. Culturalfactors(powerdistance,uncertaintyavoidanceandindividualism/collectivism)
affectbehavioralskills(Questioning,Observing,NetworkingandExperimenting)and
associationalcognitiveskills.
To test theabovehypotheses,weconducteda studywhich tookstudents fromCarnegieMellon
University Pittsburgh and Qatar. This allowed us to study students of varied cultures aged
between 18 and 24, thereby giving us a diverse sample populationwhile reducing any skewed
error.
METHODOLOGY4.1SurveyandSurveyscale
A surveywas administered toparticipants.The first part of the surveyhadquestionsbasedon
cultural dimensions or cultural factors which assessed the individual's understanding of the
normsprevalent intheirculture.Thesecondpartofthesurveywasadaptedfromtheinnovator
(Dyer,GregersenandChristensen,2011)whohadquestionsbasedontheindividual'sbehaviors.
Thissectionassessedtheindividual'smotivational,behavioralandcognitiveskills.Itcontained36
questions. The firstsectionconsistedof17questionsrelatedtocultural factorsandthesecond
section consisted of 19 questions related to individual behavior. Asmentioned earlier, the first
sectionofthesurveyisinspiredfromtheCVSCALE(Yoo,DonthuandLenartowicsz,2011)andthe
secondsectionis inspiredfromthequestionsusedintheinnovator’sDNA(Dyer,Gregersenand
Christensen, 2011). The survey questions were developed by considering the student samples
fromCMUQandCMUP.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
15
A popular and trusted survey tool (SurveyMonkey®) was used for survey building and data
collection.This allowedusers to take the survey at their ownconvenience.Thedurationof the
surveywasaround5minutes.
4.2Participants
AsmentionedbeforethesurveytargetedtowardsstudentsatCarnegieMellonUniversityinQatar
as well as Students at Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh. The survey will target only
undergraduate students of majors in Information systems, Computer Science and Business
Administration.Both thegroups share similar interestsof technologyand innovation.However,
even though their interests and education are the same, both the groups contain studentswith
different cultures,backgroundsandethnicities.Thiswill thereforedeterminewhethera culture
influencesanindividual'sspiritofinnovationentrepreneurship
4.3Participantrecruitment
Students from CMUQ and CMUPwere recruited through their respectivemailing list. Thiswas
doneonlyafter receivingpermission forusing themailing lists from the respectivedepartment
heads.
Furthermore,onlypeopleof18yearsandaboveof thetargetpopulationwererecruitedtotake
thesurvey.Thestudywasconductedduringthespringsemesterof2015.
4.4DataAnalysis
The data, taken through survey monkey, was organized in an excel sheet. As shown in the
appendix,eachsurveyquestionhasoptionsrangingfrom1‐5,1beingthelowestto5beingthe
highest. Some questions were positive while others were negative. This was done to ensure
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
16
consistencyofanswersthroughthesurvey.Thescalesofthenegativequestionshadtobereverted
backtoensureuniformity.
Dataanalysiswasdonewiththehelpofregressiontools.Forexample,tostudyHypothesis2,the
average values for ‘courage to Innovate’ was taken as the dependent value and was plotted
againstaveragevaluesfor ‘powerdistanceindex’.Thecoefficientvalue’b’thusobtainedimplied
whethertherewasapositiveornegativerelationandthecorrelationbetweenthet‐valueandthe
p‐value determined if the study conducted was significant and reliable. This method of data
analysiswasrepeatedlikewiseforHypothesis1and3.
RESULTS5.1Participantscharacteristics
Therewerearound120responsesfromCMUQandCMUPstudents.Aftercleaningoutthedata,it
wasfoundthattherewere89completeresponses.Belowwerethegeneralcharacteristicsofthe
participants.
Figure4:Distributionofparticipants
Distributionofparticipantsbyvariousfactors
Gender Countryofresidence Majors
Males:45% UnitedStates:55% BusinessAdministration:
40%
Females:55% Qatar:43% InformationSystems18%
Other:2% ComputerScience:43%
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
17
As reflected in the figure above the male to female ratio was 9: 11. There were 48 female
respondentscomparedto40malerespondents.Thissuggeststhatthesampleintermsofgender
compositionisbalanced.
Furthermore,therewere40respondentsfromQatarand48respondentsfromUnitedStates.As
forthepeoplechoosingthe‘Other’option,itisassumedthatthestudentswereeitherfromCMU‐P
or CMUQ but not currently spending the semester on campus. This is because the participants
wereonlyrecruitedthroughtheirrespectivedegreespecificmailinglists.
In termsofmajordistribution,we can see that there are student responses fromall 3 targeted
majors. There are 35 student responses from Business Administration students, 15 student
responsesfromInformationSystemsstudentsand39responsesfromComputerSciencestudents.
5.2HypothesisTesting
To test the relations between the different variables, the research primarily used a regression
analysis.
Hypothesis1:PowerdistancenegativelyaffectsthecouragetochallengethestatusQuo
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
18
Figure5:RegressionmodelofPowerDistanceandChallengingstatusquo
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y variable in this regression analysis is ‘Challenging the status Quo’ and the independent
variableisthe‘PowerDistance’.Asseeninfigure5,thereisaninverserelationbetweenboththe
variables i.e. an increase in power distance of any culture leads to a 0.14 decrease in the
individual’sabilitytochallengethestatusquowhichinturnaffectsInnovationInitiation.This is
synonymous with previous research work expressed byWilliams (Williams & McQuire, 2005)
whosuggestedthatthegreaterthefreedomoftheindividualtoexploreandexpressopinions,the
greater the likelihood of new ideas coming into being. Therefore societies where freedom of
expression is low, i.e. high power index, innovation tends to suffer. In addition to this, other
research work also emphasized on how high power distance restricted creativity (Herbig &
Dunphycitedin(Ahmad,2012)),(Kaasa&Vadi,citedin(Ahmad,2012))
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
19
Furthermore,asreflectedintheregressionmodelsincethet‐statvalueof|1.34|islesserthanthe
recommended‘|2|’andp‐valuebeing.17>0.05,therelationbetweenboththevariablesisweak
andnotsignificant.Therefore,wecansaythattheHypothesisisrejected.
Hypothesis 2: Uncertainty avoidance negatively affects courage of peoplemaking risky
decisions.
Figure6:RegressionmodelofUncertaintyAvoidanceandTakingrisks
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y variable in this regression analysis is ‘Taking risks’ and the independent variable is
‘Uncertainty Avoidance’. As seen in figure 6, there is an inverse relation between the two. An
increase in uncertainty avoidance leads to a 0.38 decrease in a person’s choice to make risky
decisions. This is synonymous with previous research work on the topic. Hofstede (Hofstede,
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
20
1980) cited in (Mohammed,Ahmed,2012)) found that since cultures with high uncertainty
avoidancehave fearof failure, they tendtohavea lowinclinationto takerisks.Thisresearch is
supportedbyShane(Shane,citedin(Mohammed,Ahmed,2012))whosuggestedthatthecultural
valueofuncertaintyavoidancehasastrongrelationwithinnovationrates.
Comingbacktotheregressionmodel,therelationbetweenUncertaintyavoidanceandtakingrisks
is further strengthenedby the t‐statvalue |2.94|> |2| andp‐value .004<0.005which suggests
that the relationbetweenboth thevariables isverystrongandsignificant.Therefore,we can
concludebysayingthatUncertaintyAvoidancenegativelyaffectscourageofpeoplemakingrisky
decisions.Inotherwords,Hypothesisisconfirmed.
Hypothesis 3: Cultural factors (Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and
individualism/collectivism)affectbehavioralandcognitiveskills.
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforallthevariableswerecalculated.Thismainhypothesis
wasbrokendownintoseveralsub‐hypotheses.
Hypothesis3.1:PowerDistanceaffectsquestioningbehavioralskill
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
21
Figure7:Regressionmodelofuncertaintyavoidance,powerdistanceandcollectivismand
questioning
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Questioning behavioral skill’ and the independent
variableis‘Powerdistance’.AsseeninFigure7,thereisaninverserelationbetweenthetwo.An
increaseinpowerdistanceleadstoadecreaseinquestioningbehavioralskills.Thesignificantt‐
valuewhichis|4.99|>|2|andp‐value3.26e‐06<0.05suggeststhattherelationbetweenthetwois
verystrong.Therefore,wecanconcludethatPowerDistancehasastrongnegativeinfluenceon
aperson’squestioningbehavioralskill.Inotherwords,thehypothesisisconfirmed.
Hypothesis3.2:Uncertaintyavoidanceaffectsquestioningbehavioralskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Questioning behavioral skills’ and the independent
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
22
variable is ‘Uncertaintyavoidance’.Asseen inFigure7, there isan inverserelationbetweenthe
two.Anincreaseinuncertaintyavoidanceleadstoa.24decreaseinquestioningbehavioralskill.
Lookingatthehight‐valueandlowp‐valuesuggeststhattherelationissignificant.Therefore,we
can conclude that uncertainty avoidance has a strong negative influence on a person’s
questioningbehavioralskills.Inotherwords,thehypothesisisconfirmed.
Hypothesis3.3:Individualism/Collectivismaffectsquestioningbehavioralskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Questioning behavioral skills’ and the independent
variable is ‘Collectivism’.AsseenintheaboveFigure7, there isan inverserelationbetweenthe
two.An increase in collectivism leads to adecrease inquestioningbehavioral skill.However as
suggestedbythelowt‐valueandhighp‐value,therelationisnotsignificant.Inotherwords,the
hypothesisisrejected.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
23
Figure8:Regressionmodelofuncertaintyavoidance,powerdistanceandcollectivismand
networking
Hypothesis3.4:Powerdistanceaffectsnetworkingbehavioralskill
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Networking behavioral skills’ and the independent
variableis‘Powerdistance’.AsseeninFigure8,thereisaninverserelationbetweenthetwo.An
increaseinpowerdistanceleadstoa0.6decreaseinnetworkingskills.Thet‐valueof3.45andp‐
value of 0.0008 suggests that this relation is very strong and significant. Therefore, we can
conclude that power distance has a strong negative influence on networking skill. In other
words,thehypothesisisconfirmed.
Hypothesis3.5:Uncertaintyavoidanceaffectsnetworkingbehavioralskills
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
24
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Networking behavioral skills’ and the independent
variable is ‘Uncertaintyavoidance’.Asseen inFigure8, there isan inverserelationbetweenthe
two.Anincreaseinuncertaintyavoidanceleadstoa0.086decreaseinnetworkingskills.However,
thelowt‐valueandhighp‐valuesuggeststhatthisrelationisnotsignificant.Therefore,wecan
concludethatthehypothesisisrejected.
Hypothesis3.6:Individualism/Collectivismaffectsnetworkingbehavioralskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Networking behavioral skills’ and the independent
variable is ‘Collectivism’. As seen in Figure 8, there is a direct relation between the two. An
increaseincollectivismleadstoa0.16increaseinnetworkingskills.However,thelowt‐valueand
high p‐value suggests that this relation isnot significant.Therefore,we can conclude that the
hypothesisisrejected.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
25
Figure9:Regressionmodelofuncertaintyavoidance,powerdistanceandcollectivismand
observation
Hypothesis3.7:Powerdistanceaffectsobservationalbehavioralskill
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
they‐variableinthisregressionanalysisis ‘Observationalbehavioralskills’andtheindependent
variableis‘Powerdistance’.AsseeninFigure9,thereisaninverserelationbetweenthetwo.An
increase inpowerdistance leadstoa0.61decrease inobservationalbehavioralskill.Lookingat
the high t‐value (|‐3.45|) and low p‐value (.00086) suggests that the relation is significant.
Therefore,wecanconclude thatpowerdistancehasastrongnegative influenceonaperson’s
observationalbehavioralskills.Inotherwords,thehypothesisisconfirmed.
Hypothesis3.8:Uncertaintyavoidanceaffectsobservationalbehavioralskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Observation behavioral skills’ and the independent
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
26
variable is ‘Uncertaintyavoidance’.Asseen inFigure9, there isan inverserelationbetweenthe
two. An increase in uncertainty avoidance leads to a 0.12 decrease in observational skills.
However,thelowt‐valueandhighp‐valuesuggeststhatthisrelationisnotsignificant.Therefore,
wecanconcludethatthehypothesisisrejected.
Hypothesis3.9:Individualism/collectivismaffectsobservationalbehavioralskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
they‐variableinthisregressionanalysisis ‘Observationalbehavioralskills’andtheindependent
variableis‘Collectivism’.AsseeninFigure9,thereisaproportionalrelationbetweenthetwo.An
increaseincollectivismleadstoa0.33increaseinnetworkingskills.However,thelowt‐valueand
high p‐value suggests that this relation isnot significant.Therefore,we can conclude that the
hypothesisisrejected.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
27
Figure10:Regressionmodelofuncertaintyavoidance,powerdistanceandcollectivismand
experimentalbehavior
Hypothesis3.10:Powerdistanceaffectsexperimentalbehavioralskill
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
they‐variable inthisregressionanalysis is ‘Experimentalbehavioralskills’andthe independent
variableis‘Powerdistance’.AsseeninFigure10,thereisaninverserelationbetweenthetwo.An
increase in powerdistance leads to a 0.14decrease in experimental skills.However, the low t‐
valueandhighp‐valuesuggeststhatthisrelationisnotsignificant.Therefore,wecanconclude
thatthehypothesisisrejected.
Hypothesis3.11:Uncertaintyavoidanceaffectsexperimentalbehavioralskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
they‐variable inthisregressionanalysis is ‘Experimentalbehavioralskills’andthe independent
variableis‘Uncertaintyavoidance’.AsseeninFigure10,thereisaninverserelationbetweenthe
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
28
two. An increase in uncertainty avoidance leads to a 0.08 decrease in experimental skills.
However,thelowt‐valueandhighp‐valuesuggeststhatthisrelationisnotsignificant.Therefore,
wecanconcludethatthehypothesisisrejected.
Hypothesis3.12:Individualismaffectsexperimentalbehavioralskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
they‐variable inthisregressionanalysis is ‘Experimentalbehavioralskills’andthe independent
variable is ‘Collectivism’.As seen inFigure10, there isan inverse relationbetween the two.An
increaseincollectivismleadstoa0.04decreaseinexperimentalskills.However,thelowt‐value
andhighp‐valuesuggeststhatthisrelationisnotsignificant.Therefore,wecanconcludethatthe
hypothesisisrejected.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
29
Figure11:Regressionmodelofuncertaintyavoidance,powerdistanceandcollectivismand
associationalcognitiveskill
Hypothesis3.13:PowerdistanceaffectsAssociationalcognitiveskill
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Associational cognitive skills’ and the independent
variableis‘Powerdistance’.AsseeninFigure11,thereisaninverserelationbetweenthetwo.An
increaseinpowerdistanceleadstoa0.02decreaseinassociationalcognitiveskills.However,the
low t‐value and high p‐value suggests that this relation is not significant. Therefore, we can
concludethatthehypothesisisrejected.
Hypothesis3.14:Uncertaintyavoidanceaffectsassociationalcognitiveskills
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
30
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Associational cognitive skills’ and the independent
variableis‘Uncertaintyavoidance’.AsseeninFigure11,thereisaninverserelationbetweenthe
two.Anincreaseinuncertaintyavoidanceleadstoa0.1decreaseinassociationalskills.However,
thelowt‐valueandhighp‐valuesuggeststhatthisrelationisnotsignificant.Therefore,wecan
concludethatthehypothesisisrejected.
Hypothesis3.15:Individualismaffectsassociationalcognitiveskills
Theaveragevaluesfromeachquestionforboththevariableswerecalculated.Thedependentor
the y‐variable in this regression analysis is ‘Associational cognitive skills’ and the independent
variable is ‘Collectivism’. As seen in Figure 11, there is a direct relation between the two. An
increaseincollectivismleadstoa0.1increaseinassociationalskills.However,thelowt‐valueand
high p‐value suggests that this relation isnot significant.Therefore,we can conclude that the
hypothesisisrejected.
GRAPHICALMODELWITHACCEPTEDHYPOTHESISThebelowfigureshowstheacceptedhypothesiswithrelationsreflectedintheHofstede’smodel
andClayton’sInnovatorDNA’smodel(Dyer,GregersenandChristensen,2011).
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
31
Figure12:RevisedresearchmodelcomprisingofHofstede’sculturaltheory(Geerthofstede.com,
2015)andClayton’sInnovator’sDNAmodel(Dyer,GregersenandChristensen,2011)
CONCLUSIONTheresults fromthethesisaswellas findings fromthe literaturereviewthrewlightonspecific
realities.
First, previous research work found that Arab Countries rank from above average to high
(Geerthofstede.com,2015)ontheuncertaintyavoidancescale.Combiningthiswiththeresultsof
ourresearchsuggeststhatuncertaintyavoidancehasaninverserelationwithtakingrisks;wecan
conclude that people who have an Arab culture have a high tendency to avoid taking risks.
Furthermore,sinceresultsoftheresearchalsoprovedthatuncertaintyavoidancehasaninverse
relationwithaperson’squestioningskills,wecansuccessfully conclude thatahighuncertainty
avoidancefactorinArabculturerestrictspeople’squestioningskillswhichmayhinderthemtobe
asuccessfulinnovator.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
32
Second,previousresearches inthisrealmhavesuggestedArabCountriesrankaboveaverageto
highonthepowerdistancescale(Geerthofstede.com,2015).Theresultsfromresearchexpounded
on an inverse relation between power distance and questioning skills, observational skills and
networkingskill. Wecan thereforeconclude that thepowerdistance factor in theArabculture
negativelyaffectsthedevelopmentofbehavioralskillsrequiredforInnovation.
7.1Limitations
Fewresultsfromthesurveyshowthatthereisaweakrelationbetweenlowt‐valueandhighp
value.Wethinkthatthismaybeduetothesmallsamplesize.Thesizeofthesamplemayhave
preventedusfromobtaininghigherdataconfidence.Theaccuracyandreliabilityofthisresearch
canbeincreasedbytargetingmorestudents.Furthermore,sinceonlyuniversitystudents
weretargetedfortheresearch,theresultsmightbedifferentifpopulationatalllevelsintermsof
educationlevel,ageetc.wouldhavebeensurveyed.
7.2FutureWork
All in all, Arab culture has detrimental effects on innovation entrepreneurship behavior in
individuals.Inorderforthegovernmentstodevelopaninnovativeentrepreneurshipculture,they
need to focusondevelopmentofbehavioral skills to counter thenegativeeffectsof theculture.
Theycandothisbycreatingeducationalprogramsbothatuniversity levelandschool levelthat
specifically target on developing these behavioral skills in students. Furthermore, in order to
determine the success of these programs at university level, governments can survey incoming
freshmen and compare those responses with the responses they would have 4 years later as
seniors.Thiswillgivegovernmentsavaluetheycanbaseagainstfutureinitiatives.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
33
REFERENCES*Anon,(2014).1sted.[ebook]Availableat:
http://balancedscorecard.org/portals/0/pdf/Howtomeasureinnovation.pdf[Accessed20Sep.
2014].
Bearden,W.,Money,R.andNevins,J.(2006).Multidimensionalversusunidimensionalmeasures
inassessingnationalculturevalues:TheHofstedeVSM94example.JournalofBusinessResearch,
59(2),pp.195‐203.
CNBC,(2011).DevelopingYourInnerInnovator.[online]Availableat:
http://www.cnbc.com/id/44934190[Accessed20Apr.2015].
Dyer,J.,Gregersen,H.andChristensen,C.(2011).Theinnovator'sDNA.Boston,Mass.:Harvard
BusinessPress.
Geerthofstede.com,(2015).GeertHofstede|Home.[online]Availableat:
http://www.geerthofstede.com/[Accessed20Jan.2015].
Gestelan,R.(1999).Cross‐culturalbusinessbehavior:marketing,negotiating,andmanagingacross
cultures.(p.180).Copenhagen:CopenhagenBusinessSchoolPress.
Govindarajan,V.andGovindarajan,V.(2010).InnovationisNotCreativity.[online]Harvard
BusinessReview.Availableat:http://blogs.hbr.org/2010/08/innovation‐is‐not‐creativity/
[Accessed20Sep.2014].
Hall,J.(1998).PrivateOpportunity,PublicBenefit,FiscalStudies,19(2),pp.121‐140.
Herbig,P.andDunphy,S.(1998).Cultureandinnovation.CrossCulturalManagement,5(4),pp.13‐
21.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
34
ReviewArticle:GeertHofstede:Culture'sConsequences:InternationalDifferencesinWork
RelatedValues:1980,BeverlyHills/London:Sage.474pages.(1983).OrganizationStudies,4(4),
pp.390‐391.
Iveybusinessjournal.com,(2014).Whatissuccessininnovation?‐IveyBusinessJournal.[online]
Availableat:http://iveybusinessjournal.com/topics/innovation/what‐is‐success‐in‐
innovation#.VB2zi_mSwpV[Accessed20Sep.2014].
Kaasa,A.andVadi,M.(2008).HowDoesCultureContributeToInnovation?Evidencefrom
EuropeanCountries.SSRNJournal.
Mohammad,K.andAhmad,Z.(2012).THEROLEOFCULTUREONENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENTINSAUDIARABIA.JOURNALOFGLOBALENTREPRENEURSHIP.
Oukil,M.andothers,(2011).Adevelopmentperspectiveoftechnology‐basedentrepreneurshipin
theArabworldandNorthAfrica.AnnalsofInnovation\&Entrepreneurship,2(1).
Williams,L.andMcGuire,S.(2008).Economiccreativityandinnovationimplementation:the
entrepreneurialdriversofgrowth?Evidencefrom63countries.SmallBusEcon,34(4),pp.391‐
412.
Triandas,H.(1982).ReviewofCulture'sConsequences:InternationalDifferencesinWork‐Related
Values.HumanOrganization,41(1),pp.86‐90.
Triandis,H.(1995).Individualism&collectivism.Newdirectionsinsocialpsychology.American
PsychologicalAssociation,p.259.
Trompenaars,A.andHampden‐Turner,C.(1998).Ridingthewavesofculture.NewYork:McGraw
Hill.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
35
Yoo,B.,Donthu,N.andLenartowicsz,T.(2011).MeasuringHofstede'sfivedimensionsofcultural
valuesattheIndividualLevel:DevelopmentandvalidationofCVSCALE.JournalofInternational
ConsumerMarketing,23(3‐4),pp.193‐210.
*Harvardcitationused.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
36
APPENDIX
SURVEYQUESTIONS**This research is part ofNihal Fathima’s honors thesis.Nihal is supervised by ProfessorMaherHakim. For any enquiries regarding the survey, please feel free to contactNihal([email protected])orProfessorMaher([email protected])
Yourparticipationinthissurveyistotallyvoluntary.Youarefreetoendyourparticipationatanypoint.
Areyou18yearsorolder?*Yes[]No[]
Whatisyourmajor?______________
SelectYourGender*Female[]Male[]
Selectyourcurrentagegroup*18‐24years[]25‐35years[]36yearsandabove[]SelectYourCurrentplaceofResidence*Qatar[]UnitedStates[]Other:pleasespecify[__]
CULTURALFACTORSPleaseRatethefollowingquestionsonascale1–5(where1representsStronglyDISAGREEand5stronglyAGREE).PleaseselecttheanswerthatBESTdescribesyouASYOUREALLYARE.
MeasuringPowerdistance
1. InatypicalmeetingwithmyupperclassmenIamabletogiveacontrarymethod/opinion2. Myadvisorsfreelyaskmeformyinputtohelpmakedecisions3. Inatask,myworkcultureencouragescontrarybehavioralskills4. InadinnertableIamabletoopenlychallengemyparentsinaviewextremelyopposedto
theirs.5. Inmysocietytheacceptednormistoacceptthestatusquo.6. Myparentsareabletoacceptfullyacceptmyviewnomatterhowopposeditis.7. Inateam,myupperclassmen,TA’spaycarefulattentiontomysuggestions.
MeasuringUncertaintyAvoidance
1. Inthiscountry/cultureIamencouragedtoinventnewwaystodothings2. Ibelieveitisimportantforhigherupstogivemeinstructionsforanytaskstobecarried
out3. Ibelievefollowingrulesandregulationsaregood.4. Itisimportanttocloselyfollowinstructionsandprocedures.
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
37
MeasuringIndividualism
1. Thereisaspiritofteamworkatyourcampus.2. Individualinitiativeisencouragedinmyculture3. Iamexpectedtosacrificemyself‐interestbasedonthegroup’sinterest4. Iconsidermysuccesstobemoreimportantthangroupsuccess.5. GrouployaltyshouldbeencouragedevenifIndividualgoalssuffer**
INDIVIDUALBEHAVIOURPleaseRatethefollowingquestionsonascale1–5(where1representsStronglyDISAGREEand5stronglyAGREE).PleaseselecttheanswerthatBESTdescribesyouASYOUREALLYARE.
Takingrisks:
1. Iconstantlycreatedetailedplanstogetworkdone.2. Ipaycarefulattentiontodetailsatwork.3. Icarefullythinkthroughalltheissuesbeforestartingnewprojectsandventures.4. Iaimtolearnfrommyfailuresevenifitmeansfailing.
ChallengingStatusQuo:
1. Iholdmyselfandothersstrictlyaccountableforgettingresults*2. Iregularlyaskquestionstochallengethestatusquo3. Imusthaveeverythingfinished‘justright’whencompletingaworkassignment4. IhavetoacceptthestatusQuoevenifIdon’tlikeit.
MeasuringQuestioningskills
1. Iattendconferences(onmyareasofexpertiseaswellasunrelatedareas)tomeetnewpeopleandunderstandtheirissues.
2. Ifrequentlyask‘whatif’questionssothatIcanexplorenewareas.3. Myideasfrequentlydivergefromothers.
MeasuringNetworkingSkills
1. Igenerallytalktoadiversesetofpeople(example:differentorganizations,geographies,differentculturesetc.)tofindandrefinenewideas
2. Iliketoconnectandlistentoideasofpeoplewhodon’thavethesamebackgroundasme
Fathima Analyzing Innovation Entrepreneurship in Arab world
38
3. Mybestfriendshavesimilarbackgrounds(intermsofmajors/nationalityetc.)asme.
MeasuringObservationalSkills
1Iactivelyseektounderstandemergingtrendsbyreadingarticles,magazines,blogsetc.
MeasuringExperimentalSkills1.OftenIexperimenttocreatenewwaystodothings.2. I regularlyobserve theactivitiesof customers, suppliersorotherorganization togetnewideas.3.Toaccomplishatask,Istartwithdetailedplanandclearmilestones
MeasuringAssociationalSkills
1. Ioftenfindsolutionstoproblemsbydrawingonsolutionsorideasdevelopedinotherindustries,fieldsordisciplines
2. Myexperiences/workareallrelatedtothemajorIstudied3. Idoworklimitedtoonly1scopeofindustry/major/discipline
*Retrievedfrom(cnbc.com,2011).Innovator’sDNAmodel(Dyer,GregersenandChristensen,2011)ReferencetoCVScale(Yoo,DonthuandLenartowicsz,2011)